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TANIS.
PAET
II.
^^^i'^
TANIS.
PART
11.
NEBE SHEH
AND
(AM)
DEFENNEH
(TAHPANHES).
W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE.
WITH CHAPTERS BY
A.
S.
MURRAY AND
F.
LL. GRIFFITH.
FOURTH MEMOIR OF
LONDON
TRUBNER &
CO., 57
&
59,
LUDGATE HILL,
E.G.
1888.
Mne
^rts
NEVyYORKUfilVEF'SiTY!
LIBRARY
/TANIS./
/
PABT
II.,
1886.
W. M. FLINDERS PETEIE
AND
E.
EL. GBIFFITH.
FOURTH MEMOIR, OF
LONDON
TKUBNER &
CO., 57
&
59,
LUDGATE
HILL, E.G.
750
CO
SECT.
NTE\T
S.
TANIS.
PART
II.
1.
As
of the
side
while
description of the
monuments
there
is
of Tanis, which
was
begun
in Part
I.
Ramessu
II.,
Each
laid aside
all in
;
the back of
its
recess
immbering of the
from Part
I.
same
on his
and
Tum
right.
the further
clearing
of the
two stone-lined
be given.
wells, of
which an account
will here
A
it,
similar
shrine,
at
way
&c.,
was found
Ismailiyeh
now
at
The great
suffered severely
every one of
in the dedications,
which
Their
however,
not so
much due
off
Both
are
the
surface from
most of them.
I.,
considerably
broken.
For a statement of their dimensions see Part sect. 24, where the plan number of the largest
misprinted 161 for 164.
is
On
either
side
of the
temple
stood a large
The
inscriptions, so far
69 to 82.
(Plan, 80, and 81), see pi. xvi. 6; the southern shrine
is
No 78
his 1
broken into
many
pieces
and several
them together
The upper
in
5, in
may
be seen
pi.
near to
it.
photograph,
xiv.
Part
I.
appear to
'NEW
YC'^K UNIVERSITY
J
LIBRARY
obelisks
The
Of the
(inscrip.
figures without
any demur
titles
We
see
These
42
48 in. wide, perhaps it belonged to the pylon of Ramessu, and not to the temple. The unfinished
figures in inscrip.
by metal pins
made
of thin
work as
in parts of the
Part
I.,
the
drill
23)
but
only
-^ inch
was ^ inch diameter, making a groove wide, and a part of the core still
is
inscriptions (Nos.
94
to
pearance of them
may
One
court
Part
I.
The
block inscr.
94
is
curious,
as
it
front,
(inscr. 109).
its style
can hardly
II.
be placed
This
his
is
Piamessu
II. cutting
3.
Among
of
up 77
31.
own work,
change
in
in the obelisk
I.,
(Plan), which
was noticed
Part
I., sect.
28)
third
instance, perhaps,
will
be seen in the
The
great
seem
it,
to
stood.
The
by Sheshonk
of
III.,
in
shown
in Nos.
110
to 118.
connection with
(Part
I., sect.
his
rebuilding
the
pylon
No.
19).
suffered even
banner of Ramessu
more than
the
first
of the
two
cut
lines
102
have
been
their
hawk above
it.
The
entirely
out,
and
then
the
reinserted in
however, paralleled by a
present
form,
before
erasure
of the
half
cartouche
by Sheshonk
III.
We
might think
Such
inscriptions
only he had no
insert,
to
the
cartouche
form
and
arrangement
other colossi
some
No
of these blocks
distinctively the
same
as that of
The
sculpturing
and
so
this
must be
credited
to
on block 110
temple of San
is
is
:
some vagary
of the sculptors.
110
b,
110
a, are
on
4.
fine statues of
himself
a curved surface which woukl not be exposed, and could notwell be built up, and that sidewould therefore
Both
;
are
now broken
fair
if
existing in
and have
Ramesside times.
condition,
The
inscriptions
up the
it.
bull
legs,
The
Nos. 3, 4,
which
remain
a,
and 29.
in limestone.
No.
must belong
some work
III.
in founding
;
II.
and Sheshonk
Now
while
Seti
II.
has
some
Of
whom
this
Ramessu III.
stone
this
can be ascribed.
surface
is
a curved
perhaps, no
has unfortunately
lost the
upper part
143)
;
The
of the figure.
in
The other
is
still
statue
(inscr.
is
much weathered
but
many
the shrine
holds
There remains
fragments of cartouches or
titles of
Ramessu, could
and such a
hard to attribute.
it
By
at
the
144 b alone
would
II.
;
be
once
but on the
task seems
quite hopeless
is left.
144
it is
A,
and
already given
much
had dovetailed
cramp-holes made in
Either, then,
Eamessu
or else these
king,
must belong
strikingly
to a later
Eamesside
The
this,
inscription
88
on the plan.
an instance of
No. 130
No. 132
(Plan, 262)
scale
;
hke
but on a smaller
Abu
Simbel.
arrangement remains at Abydos, only there the ra is placed immediately over the sotep as usual, and
not
as here
is
columns
;
this
due to Eamessu
II. himself.
of ruined blocks of
5.
can be attributed to
Siamen
at
; ; ;
before
in
inscr.
15
b.
is
7.
The
;
stela
of
Taharka
is
broken in two
in
inscribed in
one
line,
now
the
pieces
the
lower
was
to say
found
Mariette's
clearance, and
side.
From
the
Rouge, but
strange
arrived
no search
business
seems to
from the
and
from the crab-hole cut into the top of it, it has evidently been re-used, perhaps by Pisebkhanu,
since he built in the sanctuaiy. tions around the
the
opposite end;
Of the
inscrip-
up on a block of
granite, I
and then
;
enough remains
(inscr.
158)
is
bemg
down
by Mariette.
The
a squeeze aided by a
is
of course
examples of the work of Siamen, and should be the latter I found on clearing beneath preserved
;
the
immense
is
block. No.
236
in
plan,
and
it
had
8.
X., all
inscription
Coming now
to Ptolemaic
monuments on
pi.
No, 152
is
my
excavations
and yet having crab-holes cut ia it at a later time, it is probably before Sheshonk III., who built the
pylon where this
lies.
now
at Bulak.
No. 153
is
a very rude
The value of these tablets mainly lies in their naming Am the capital of the nineteenth nome
and shght
an
Am
is
said to be of
Am.
This pointed to
Am
being at
150.
are attributed to
6.
The
dealing
III.
more than
shown
half
fallen.
I., pi.
side is
in Part
and Arsinoe
II., will
pi. xv. 2, 3,
and these
sees.
;
finds
to
described
in
Part
I.,
38,
30.
Many
but
line 8, read
which
it
The.)
British
The whole
Museum,
now
in the
pi. ix.
No. 157
is
No. 167
is
a fragment of
in
and
is
is
a good piece
it
digging
of work of
its
age.
No. 161
remarkable, as
;
after
a Ptolemaic temple,
first,
on
tlie
and
no
furthfr.
soil,
aud then
filled
may
be seen in the
Ptolemaic temple.
a pectoral
carved on the
some way
to
the west of
connected by an
is
much denuded by
inscription
I
There
is
no trace
an
foundations originally.
The
170
is
The other
original
as plainly
found in what
work of Eamessu.
It is
much
poorer
work
more
than
any
the south.
Eamessu;
\\'ith
the
name on
the girdle
is
San
the
short
left for it in
titular inscriptions
like
here.
and
it
was recognized by
II.,
II., finely
but seems
wrought
The wig
quite
is
very
full,
somehow gained
the rank of
in a broad
wig of many
Museum.
inscriptions of
originally.
There
which
10.
may
still
San.
This
inscription
fi-ont
shows
how
which
pi.
found there,
and which
in
is
shown
in
No. 12 (Part
I.),
all
xii.,
and marked 40
most probably
Part
or
in
is
I.
usurped by Eamessu
mother was
like
Eoman
it
down
It
is distinctly
Usertesen
II. at
II.
The standing
(inscrip.
statue of Piamessu
like
of value to us as
Bulak
172)
is
that I found
some distance
It
San
it is
which
is
probably equivalent
late
in
life,
as
side,
(and nearly
in
it,
and
Merenptah
When we had
clear
it
holding a baton or
down
more usual
Eamessu.
in the reign of
The
from an
was impossible
go to the base of
it
years (4|
in.
per century).
The
From
level
this
it
is at
first
could excavate a
well in, for
much
the
mud
soil
below our
lowest
Further, there
months tends
would be no object
seems most
was
levels.
The
result
At Naulu-atis the
feet in
2500 years
different,
(4-^ in.
though
time of
further
step
would probably
Moreover, there
to
the
Some
and
in
these would be
somewhat above
water-level, as
the use of
them would be
l^ack.
to enable a
drawer of
water to
sit
and, therefore,
flight,
evident
and the
tf)
the
This well
now about 20
at
it.
beneath accu-
then
holding
shoulder,
and
hole to work
Unfortunately, the
men
to be able to
in the wellit
amphora would
rest
on the
doorway
Look-
and
it
was hopeless
to
examine
fully,
without
water
pump and hose to throw the and mud up about 40 or 50 feet. The
force
This would
levels observed
p. 51.
T.,
imply a
rise of water-level of
"
TANIS," PARTS
I.
AND
II.
Ll. Griffith.^
The
Inscriptious from
to 65 are published in
He
and
"Tanisl."
11. No. 1. Block of red granite from a doorway showing part of prenomen Pepi L,
at
Tanis,
Heliopolis,
Bubastis,
chronological order
during his
sixth dynasty.
2.
important reign.
12.
cf.
No.
3.
published also by
De Rouge,
23.
Front of throne
The two copies agree. " King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Ba men (beloved of Ra), wearing
the two diadems, loving the body
(?), triple
beloved
of
Ptah Res
Amenemha[t], living
."
I.
(Denderah)
with
Tentyra
a
Back support,
followed
3a,
tradition recorded
life
the
finding
of
by the
standard
The alabaster lid, pi. xii. 5, bears the same cartouche, and was bought at Qeneh, opposite Denderah, by Professor Sayce.
of
Back
all
The cartouche of Pepi, beloved of [Hathor], Ant and [Turn] of Anu, found in the temple
shows that he was a builder in the
lias
of Bubastis,
1
M.
ISTaville
corrected
the plates
of
inscriptions,
Lower Egypt,
lord of the
" Tanis,"
by and He has also looked through proofs of the whole squeezes. His notes to this chapter are distinof my translations. guished by the letter N. He kindly drew my attention to the publication of some of the inscriptions in Burton's "Excerpta Hieroglyphica," and especially to the name of Usertesen I., that appears there on the statue numbered 5 as well as to an interesting discussion of the in this work monuments which appeared in the " Melanges d'Archeologie," from notes taken at De Eouge's lectures in 1869, p. 280, &c., by M. F. Kobiou. 2 Cf. De Eouge, " Melanges," I.e. ' Discovered by Burton, cf. Rouge, " Etudes sur les Six Premieres Dynasties," pp. 115 and 116. N.
;
named
in the
2,
early inscriptions
13,
except those on
Memphite forms
of Ptah, Osiris,
M. Naville reminds me
temple
its
that -
is
the
name
of
the
of
Memphis.
But
did
at
not
the
phrase
period,
obtain
geographical
significance
a later
when even
^^
1
was
"^"^
i^
found, like
T'^^>^
title
geo?
of
Ptah
'
5-
""^
Memphite
Bast.
tomb gods.
Merenptah,
thee
and purity,
all
health, all
the form of Uat worshipped at Pe Dep, and may be considered as the representative goddess of the northern marshes.
4.
iu
Burton,
"
The
life
of
(?)
Horus
life
[life]
of births,
I., cf.
lord of the
two diadems,
of
births, the
and
hi (Usertesen
(?)
I.)
son
King
^">
Ra
like
x^pf^''
of
Anubis
life,
heaven, giver of
Ra, for ever."
Full titles of
giver of
life,
Ra, eternally."
Back (usurped),
bull, rejoicing in
Meren-
Back support, 4a, " King of Upper and Lower Egypt, lord of the two lands, Ba n ra
mer
neteru, son of the Sun, lord
truth
of diadems,
Lower Egypt,
lord of the
King two
of
lands,
Upper and Ba n ra
:
Merenptah
most
son of
This
line
belongs entirely
hetej)
hr
life
man (Merenptah
1.
Back
of base, 4a,
1 " [prince
on the two
may he
inherit the
.
.
monarchy
of
Hat
uart (Avaris),like
(2)
and purity,
Ra,
the royal
in
chief,
royal son
but" beloved
statue,
of Set,
Merenptah
(3)
The
. .
offering
."
is
made
Fragments sandstone
Usertesen IL
valiant
by "
{Ru x
x"P'^^')i
;
cf.
171.
Nile formula
7.
the
commander
of
the troops, the king's son Merenptah justified." Beneath "an offering of incense and Hquid."
:
tesen III.
"
Ra
x''
/'^^"^
(brightness of
the
Rougd, images of Ra), beloved of Osiris." Mul., I.e., mentions also a large limestone block
with the name of this king.
when
heir-apparent.
He
appears
father
also
172 of his
"justified."
5.
by Mr.
the
8.
Upper
Petrie to represent
line original
Burton's
titles of
of births), of
good god,
King
'
Usertesen
I.
Egypt (Merenptah
lord of iinkh taui."
'
by Merenptah.
Original scene of Niles, Oa, on left, partly repeated from other side, 5b. " He says I give to
'
The
For the hieroglyphic name of Tanis, see pp. 34, 35. "c:^ was carved by mistake in the middle of the
group
rl
line, as if for a
^^
but
JDL
N.
17
1.
3, " the
hereditary
favourite,
."
.
princess,
the
great
cious
12.
and Lower Egypt, lord of the two lands, Ba n ra mer neteru (Merenptat)." Mr. Petrie must
have
overlooked
the the
to
Black
granite
statue;
inscription
in
standard
statue
name
to
anJch
front, titles of a
Usertesen
statues
The leg
is
at Berlin.
9.
cartouches.
and purity,
dynasty.
like
by Rameses
Ra."
10.
Fragment
foot,
twelfth
10a
."
10b
(usur.
crown, possibly a symbol of the Horus which appears in the name of the nineteenth nome.
Beneath, scene of a king
(?)
Ra
offering to a
sliu
11.
dynasty
feathers;
Front
princess,
(original),
left
side,
"the hereditary
(N.), the very
same
of the king's
II.),
(?)
"beloved
(or
of
of
followed by others
(inscribed
difficult to
understand.^
the
desert
of
hills
the
Back
setep
by Rameses
II.),
giver
hfe
eternally."
The
bull,
Ba
maa
ra,
of his mother,
in the Louvre.
On Amenemname
titles
Left side
princess,
1.
In right
1.
1,
"the hereditary
the
hat
II. (cf
I., p. 7)
over
it
is
the
the
great favourite,
very gra-
of Merenptah
on base, right
(?).
cious
1.
..."
." " the royal mother, the mistress " the divine wife, the chief royal 1. 3,
. .
N.B.
The usual
2,
-|
beginning with Set and ending with mer'z, i.e. " Apepi, beloved of Set,'' seem to have been on
the right shoulder. On left shoulder, 14c, titles ;" on right, of " Merenptah, giver of life for ever
14e, "
Back
rt.
1.
1,
wife
."
.
.
1.
3,
1,
side
1.
him."
" the
divine
wife,
1.
2,
the
royal
Xeper
ra.
King of Upper and Lower Egypt, het' setep n rd (the upper crown, offspring
mother ..."
' M. Naville's copy reads, "The duat of the favourites of the palace " the ' favourites' are women
:
a
'
"
is
the
^ In the chapter on the Nebesheh inscriptions I have endeavoured to show that Horus wh xo^xet, or neb setu, is the god who was gradually developed in the course of Egyptian
history into
of Set!
I.
II.
was
Khem as the god either of the desert portion of in the the nineteenth nome, or of the foreign people settled
north-east portion of
Lower Egypt.
C
of
Amen),
the Sun."
inscription of
1 Jr., 17. Black granite statue of Mermeshau. " The good god, lord of the two lands, lord of
Shashanq
activity,
King
rii
of
Smenx
1^'a
Mer
life
mcsdiiy
of the
from the
het'
left
".
lord of
beloved of
I'teh res
Rd
two worlds."
infantry."
Amen mer
Isis,
Sasa7iq,
pacifying [the
King of Upper and Lower Egypt, the very mighty? {ur next (?)), lord of action, Rd het )(eper setep n rd, son of the Sun, lord of diadems. Amen mer Sasanq, beloved of Amen ra, lord of the thrones of the two spheres (14a) Apt (East Thebes), lord [dwelling in ?] " the very mighty in [all ?] lands of heaven
.
.
The name mer mesda means " chief of the It is the commonest military title, and was also the name of the high priests of Mendes. The cartouche occurs only on these
statues at Tanis, and doubtfully in the Turin
in the thirteenth dynasty.
Papyrus
The
style
of inscription
this date.
On
En ua
.").
beloved of
The
seems to have had much more connection with Thebes than with Bubastis. Thebes was the
unquestioned capital of the country and
inscription
is
(but
erased.
Amen
The reading
clear on
this.
of the throne
name
is
not very
supreme
15.
in the dedications.
Red
granite sphinx.
erased
titles
and purity
for ever
."
Side of throne (usurpation of Rameses II.). At the top the serpent goddess Vat of the north
On
eternal
Inscription
lands,
lyier
two
(?)
Amen
Amen
(beloved of
ra,
Amen
Saamen), beloved of
gods."
Amen
king of the
Upper and Lower Egypt and the hierogly]ihs, " She (i.e. Nekheb and Uat respectively) gives The Niles are binding life and purity like Ra."
the hieroglyph sam, unity, with water-plants,
Shashanq
I.,
might, smiting
all
Lower
torious in
16.
Til.
lands."
statue,
Brown-pink granite
Front right
Rameses
On
II.;
of the
cf.
At
18.
of Sutekli."
From
similar
statue
" as
Ptah of the
'
fair face
ruler of the
19.
two lands
for ever."
sanctuary,' N.)."
last,
ijr.t
10a,
1.
Ptah res
iinbuf, lord of
Ankh
taui."
"...
[made
it
to Set, lord
Re
ahtu,
who
(i.e.
3,
The
name name
in
of
Rameses
II. in
25d,
ahtu.
Merenptah on shoulder inscription of Rameses II. round base, 25a and 25b, running
of
sense out of
two ways.
left
Each
starts
near the
end of 25b
28f,
right to left
may be
completed by reference to
" Life of
broken obelisk,
is
important.
the fragment
bull,
Horus, strong
Sed
festivals
Tathnen
(?),
the
King
of
raised
Ea user maa
;
setep
The
of the obelisk,
n Ma, son of the Sun, lord of diadems Amen mer Bdmessu, giver of life, beloved of Set."
Inscription
from
bull,
left
to
right,
" Life of
Horus, mighty
of activity,
(1
aa arq, son of
it
as his
Upper and Lower Egypt]; Ba user maa. setep n ra, son of the
Sun, of his body, loving him, lord of diadems
;
Amen mer
Set."
Eainessu, giver of
life,
beloved of
be right in attributing
The inscriptions on the base are completed by two shorter ones, " Rameses IL, giver of
life,
Mariette.
21a. Part
of
stability,
and
purity, (seated)
early
obelisk
altered
by
is
of
Ra
for ever,"
Rameses
shown.
II.,
a poi'tion of whose
standard
life, stability,
part
of
13.
in-
scription of
Rameses
II.
on base, completed by
(erased), giver of
life
life,
like
door,
red
granite,
thirteenth
of
dynasty
Turn
and
"...
a cartouche.
the the
On the squeeze I could recognize name of Ba sehetep ah, i.e. Amenemhat I., first king of the twelfth dynasty. It may
was
placed.
It
is
On
27.
khanen.
Fragments
of
one
or
more
Hyksos
sphinxes.
c, on one fragment; 27b, "giver of upon the throne of Ra," " giver of life, 27c, part of stability, and purity like Ra." name of Rameses II. 27d, e, f on another fragment to which 27q Right shoulder, 27d and 27g, also belongs.
27b,
life
were made to
his statue.
on
large
II.
scale,
Rameses
25.
Sphinx
in the
25c,
shows
erased
inscription
of
Apepi
(?)
and
27 e, on
diadem,
protecting
Egypt,
binding
. .
foreign
;"
.
1.
ptah.
27f.
4, ;"
On
chest, cartouche.
Amen mer Pa
Ptah,
seb
1.
5 ".
."
.
Side inscriptions
".
" like
his father
King
(Asiatics),
King Rameses
II.
;
Rameses
"
Hyksos sphinx
on chest, 28c,
for
Son
of
Amen
On
life
ever."
of
the
1.
universal
2 "
.
lord,
;"
. .
life ;"
right shoulder,
28d, erased
Hyksos
in-
1. ;5,
I.
"what
is
pleasing to Harmachis
1.
:"
4, "
5,
On
ptah.
left
lord, given
by
like
(?)
stability,
On
n.
Rameses
and purity,
of
II.
Rameses
iir
II.
35b. Personal
loved of
35c. Personal
name Rameses
in
with ad-
Ra
dition
(Rameses
29.
"
;
The daughter
tlie
on chest,
in-
Amen
(?)
merit living."
29b,
same
35e. ".
35t'.
Names
of
Rameses IL
of
Amen
merit and
god"
visible in the
Hyksos
inscription.
On
base, 29c,
inscription
of
Rameses
Ra
It
in 35d,
md
hmt Ban-tau
of
Hyksos sphinx
(c5)
^"^^ ^^ ^'^'^
left side,
36a. Throne
name
of
Rameses
36c.
II.
Names
with the addition " beloved of Maa." of Rameses II. 80n. " The great
inscrip-
Rameses IL on
II.
base, 31a.
daughter of
Mr.
is
Rameses
33.
me
name
North colossus of Rameses II. at the Pylon. Inscription on back I. 1, "Lord of Sed festivals Hko his father Ptah very mighty
:
.
an eagle as
in
Do Rouge's copy,
copy also
is
pi.
cxxiv.,
Mr.
Petric's.
M.
Naville's
has
the
eagle.
The
like
Menthu
tlic
(?) in
;"
1.
".
Rii
giving
also confirmed
el
birth to
by an Yahudiyeh,in
nefeni by
king
'
.;"
3 ".
icr
Lcpsius at Abusimliol
He
strong
lord
bull
crowned
in
Thebes
for the
mouth
title
r.
He
41a.
aa in the
of her
father.
41c.
squeeze of
II.
37b.
Throne name
Horus, wielder of
."
enemy
Rameses
the
II.
37a.
Ra
wide
[his] terror
37c.
These
titles
of
Osorkon
II., I believe,
great
royal
Ba[n-tau
an]t
living."
Fragment
II.
38b.
of
cartouche,
and
" Lord
of
the
two
lands."
43.
Rameses II. 39a, b. Rameses II. and portion of standard inscription, "mighty bull, beloved of Maa(?), lord crushing every foreign of the two lands strong in years." mighty king people o9c. Personal name of Rameses II. Ovals of Rameses II. 40. Standing statue. three times repeated, twice horizontally and once vertically, with " giving life for ever and
39. Black granite statue of
Granite
II.,
triad.
43a.
Side
inscription,
Names
Rameses
spelt.
In
the horizontal
Tathnen
it
is
phonetically
appears to be
implied
by the determinative, as elsewhere. Inscription on back, 43b. The four centre lines are taken up with the titles of Rameses II.
" beloved " of
Tum,
of the
of
Khepra, and of
" Harkhuti
Tum
again.
On
giving
life like
Ra ";
(or
gives
all
loved of Anubis
Reshpu
?),
lord
of the
papyrus marshes.^
Grey granite statue, attributed by Mr. Rameses II. (Mr. Petrie agrees that this is probably of Osoekon II.) 41b. Cartouche on shoulder, "Amen mer sa Bast Uasadrken
41.
Petrie to
Rameses II., beloved of Harkhuti," and on the left " Ptah gives all life and purity to the king Rameses II., beloved of Ptah Tathnen (?)," Ptah and Harmachis therefore, with Rameses, formed the triad represented on the monument.
chief gods of
Osorkon
41a,
c,
(II.)
beloved of
of
Amen, son
of Bast."
metropolis of
d.
Portions
standard inscription
I.
on the sphinx 15c, and therefore probably Bubastite, and of Osorkon II. 41 D. " [Live the Horus,
M. Naville read the combination of signs following | word as a fish caught by a snare, and taking i=i: as part of the geographical name, translated "Anubis, lord of the lake of the net, of the fishing lake." This was from the original, but the squeeze, which so often proves clearer,
'
l\
The
the standard name in these hues besides the usual " beloved of Maa " varies to " son of Amen (god
of Thebes)," " son of Ptah (god of Memphis),"
in the last
variations
seemed
to
me
to
show
plainly a
monogram of c^fs
(2
and ^[F
I fear,
on Pyramidion, 44. North obelisk of the Hall Rameses, Harkhuti (Harmachis), lord of heaven,
;
mo
M.
Naville's interpretation
and appropriateness
to
of the
two lands
[of
On]
vertical
" Rameses
II. (in
TR.AJN'SLATIOXS
Turn,
OF THE IXSCRIPTIOXS.
II.,
and
.),
"
Amen ..."
Vertical
RamQses
II.
(in
standard
".
. .
Maa"
and
of
.,
lord of diadems,
.
youth
vahant in arm
the
nical
sun."
Ameii mer Raviessu, like Maher would seem to be a techSemitic term for some grade in the
.
.
golden
Horns,
master
of
times
There
were
male
Anaitis,
and female slaves devoted to with which one may compare Maker
Rethenu (Syrians) as
of
living prisoners,
obchsks in temple.
48.
North
obelisk.
;
expression for a
man
trained
to hardship, a
Vertical lines
title
and
on 47
king
as
ra,
(Rouge,
Inscr.
ccxcvi.,
Amen
On
and
pyramidion, Rameses
II.,
Ptah nefer[her]
?),
Ptah
res
iinbuf
(or
Tathnen
"the
II. (in
Rameses II. (in " standard " strong bull, mighty and valiant and " strong (?) bull, beloved of Menthu ?)," he
Other
lines,
. . .
"
very valiant."
Rameses
work
?
palace
very terrible?;
extending
waters
Menthu,
bull,
son of a
bull, sub-
his
arm from
its
his desire
the combat
roads, he subdues
it)
it
brings
to
bull in the
giver of
life, like
(?),
On
pyramidion, Rameses
. .
.
and
Amen
47. 40.
ra suten neteru.
First line, standard inscrip-
40 and
temple.
West
pair of obohsks
in
the
Vertical lines.
tion of
(Northern) on pyramidion, Rameses II. offering to " Turn, lord of the two lands, and? [of On]," " to Har[khuti ?]," "he
gives
Rameses II., beloved of Harmachis. Other lines, " Rameses II. (in standard " beloved of Ra" and .) opening the land
. . . .
.
to
his
father" and
to
"[Ptah
the land
of
Kheta, conquering
a
great
it
with
in
his
his
might,
making
.
overthrow
liki^
Rameses II. (in standard son of Ptah, beloved of Maa, and ...)... mighty, strong of heart hke ^lenthu in the conflicts, (protecting) his soldiers, making a mighty
Vertical lines,
victories:
the
well-beloved,
Tuin,
making bright the two lands, shining like the two horizons, image (N.) of the universal lord,
reigning in Ileliopolis, lord of duration
the sun,
like
overthrow of
Ra
in
heaven, Rameses
II.,
living for
On pyramidion Rameses
ever."
At tlie base, " The life of Horus, the good god Rameses II.," " gives white bread to his
father, performing the service of giving life
Rameses
offers to "
"
lord of On," to "Ptah Tathnen," and to " Ptah neb maa (lord of truth),
of heaven," to
"Tum,
before "
all
Amen
life,
ra,
pure
60.
like
Western obelisk
god."
On
pyra-
name
his
Rameses II. (in one standard Ptah "), king, son of Tum,
midion, Rameses
the great
(?)
II. offers to
mighty and
scimitar, bringing
them
valiant,
. .
to
Egypt
King
Sati,
" Rameses II. (iu standard, " beloved of Ra," " strong and valiant," and " bull, son of Khepra ?" or " bull Khepra? "),
Vertical lines.
with victorious
strong in
soldiers
.
scimitar,
striking
the
arm and
.
saviour of his
.
victorious
upon
(their?)
(?),
protect-
horses
."
. .
Ms
soldiers
all
53 North (Rouge,
terrors,
On
pyramidion,
liis
scimitar
(?) is
Rameses
II.
Tum
;
Rameses
II.,
royal child of
two lands
he
causes
(Arabia) to submit to
uniting
sun's
disk,
going
At the
or cake
?
base,
to
forth in heaven
Kash
(Ethiopia), subduing
?),
In a second scene the king " gives, wine " to " Shu, son of Ra, great god, lord of heaven, lord of earth, giving all life and stability.''
" beloved of
Ra ")
:
son of a bull
...
of
Ra
all
he puts
battlefields (N.),
temple.
51.
in
any land."
21).
North obehsk.
II.
On pyramidion names
of
55.
On
Rameses
pyramidion Rameses
"
Har
Ra
Tum,
Ptah
Har neb
lord of the
of
?)
On
to "
Rameses
II. (in
standard be-
ur dmaxf," to "
Har
maat."
Vertical lines, "
scimitar, beloved
?
dard "beloved of
kings,
repelling
of
Menthu, overthrower
the offspring of
always in a moment, he
is
is
courageous ... he
(Set
?)
Tum ?
when he
enters
the
conflict
mighty king,
The occurrence
foreigners " again
56.
of the
is
all
lands
interesting.
Sandstone obelisk
II. (in
wall
of
Pylon.
anew
as at the first."
" Rameses
Tum"),
great ruler of
."
On
On
pyramidion,
(lb
Ra
nefer
pjraraidion,
Tell
.
of
.
Zuwelen
Rameses
59.
II.
"...
The
singing priestess of
Mut
perfected."
Fragment of
obelisk.
On
pj-ramidion,
" Rameses II. gives wine" to " [Harmachis], great god, lord of heaven," and " a figure of
Mail to
60.
11.
offers
to
" Set
."
"
.
Har
."
.
khuti," "
Tum,
lord of On,"
Vertical lines, standards of Rameses TI., " very valiant," " son of Tum," " beloved of
Sesennu (Hermopolis
ning both ways.
in
Maa," "beloved
61.
of
Ra."
cf.
Refaced obelisk;
also
No. 13.
On
pyramidion, names of Rameses II.; in vertical lines, " Rameses II." in standard called " beloved of Maa," " beloved of Ra," " son of
Amen."
62. Part of obelisk, with
II. in
White limestone altar, Rameses II. " Live the King of Upper and Lower Egypt,
67.
names
of
Rameses
?
Rd
user
Amen
(or
diadems
maa setep n ra, son of the Sun, lord Amen mer Ramessu, giver of life
;
.
of
. .
Fragments
of
inscription
on base
Rameses
II.
Two
sixteen scenes of
Ramessu
On
of
names
the
(2) "
Ba
neb
Rameses
diadems,
II.
Down
the middle
"...
beautiful
dignity of (N.)
Tum
of
Ra"
the
roof
the most valiant, son of Nut," (4) ., (5) " Shu, son of Ra," (6) " Seb, father of the gods," (7) " Set, great god, lord of heaven, the
.
"as
memorials
. .
established,
Ra
in
most
valiant."
illegible.)
65. Pillar.
usual style,
the
da ankh."
On
Turn resting
second
from the
:
left
contained
the
standard inscription in the la.st line it is said that " he reduced the land of Kheta to
non-existence."
upon thy handiwork, King Rameses II. Thou dost flourish as king for ever and ever." Back of shrine. Upper scene. Beneath the winged disk Tum and Harmachis give the sign
of
life
to the
Note
No.
also in "Tanis,"
of the king.
He
gives
all
life,
all
stability,
5.
Alabaster
lid
and purity,
all
health,
all
liiippiiiess
to
King
Ant (Den-
derah) (see
p. 15).
Rameses Lower
II."
scone.
Rameses
II.,
2,
(Of. 44,
.
middle
line,
N.)
.
.
of Ra."
II.
is
Rameses
3, "
."
75.
1. 1.
1,
" slaying."
On
Rameses
II.,
3,
On "
two
" to
76. Obverse.
1.
1,
"
mighty, strong in
valour
1.
...
. .
his
arm."
fighting,
life
2, ".
" Tum, lord of Heliopolis." On right, the king, " beloved of Harraachis," " gives wine, performing the service of giving
life
"
3, ".
4, ".
all
lands at
"
(var.
").
On
home and abroad felt reverence for him. (When) his spirits came they bowed their heads ? " Reverse. 1. 2, King Rameses 11.
1.
Khepra
in
boat) "
gives
incense
to
3, ".
destruction (N.)."
1.
4,
.
King Rameses
II.
*11
Portion of granite
stela.
1.
1, ".
with
Tum
his strength ?
land, sallying
forth
1.
..."
"son
of the sun,
who "gives
2,
and
left
all
health."
..."
with him.
On
Tum.
much
3,
"all lands
II."
fighting,
King
god,"
instead of
Rameses
1.
4,
He
Fragment of scene from top of stela. Rameses II. " offers incense to his father Har69.
."
5, ".
own might,
its
machis," or Ptah
70.
ofi'ers
(?).
Fragment
to "
similar
Rameses
II.
71.
Fragment
on granite
commencement
II.)
of inscrip-
tion
stela.
beloved of
Maa (Rameses
.
many, sub-
cf.
De R.
duing
72.
Rameses
11."
stela.
this translation is
made.
his feet,
Fragment granite
Fragment granite
II.
.
.
" Live
Ra-
King
II.,
of
Upper
life
meses
1.
giving
.
life
. .
giver of
2,
ye
.
in battles, valiant
on
his
upon
1.
5,
"
my
spirits
of fury (N.).
1.
1,
Rameses
II.
(3)
mighty
bull,
repelling
every
foreign
his
(16) before
them
bull,
."
.
arms
defending
nine
Other
Ilorus,
side,
not in Rouge.
(1.
1)
"Live the
bows
as a
(4)
he
is
mighty
no land hon who hath tasted battle can stand before him; King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Rameses II. pntering the com;
;
King
bats.
(5) he doth not turn
back
he marches at
his
the
head of
his
warriors,
strong upon
horses;
scimitar
the land
is
possessed with
(?
rare word)
and victorious
;
his
arm holds
the
mace
fear
.
is
sandals, (they)
to receive the
King Rameses
bles
(5)
ever.
;
making
calling
?
King Rameses
He
he
rescues them
(6)
upon
their
of his might,
horses
a youth, mighty
victorious like
(this
Menthu,
is
them,
(7)
strength of
the
plains (?)
half-line
in the
land of
next
the Hittites
at the
(9)
.
head of his
.
Ann
arms
to
bull
Menthu on his
of
life,
right hand
Kush.
(10) by the
might
of his
(10)
smiting every
victorious, he
makes Egypt
rejoice,
Ta Merk
II.].
)Sati in their
?
78
1.
his.
2, I will
3,
... he
1.
Rameses
."
makes them
sc)((iin
1.
4,
.
camping-station provided
.
with every-
makes (read
it
thing
Rameses
II.
and Ptah
ofler-
Menthu upon his right fighting, King Rameses II. he travels (14) to him with their products, he opens
.
.
happiness."
Set aa pehti,
says I give thee all pure life and victory." Behind the king, " preserving life behind him
who
them he
seizes
. .
like
Ra."
Granite stela
(cf.
De Rouge,
Insc. pi.
apparently the
temple
is
compared
to
"the
from which
this translation is
made), scene
a. Eameses II. and Set aa pehti, lord of heaven, making him live. b. the king, beloved of Seb.
name
of
of
Rameses
II.
II.
Inscription,
bull,
name
[foreign countries
II.
Rameses
beneath] his
[feet].
King Rameses
master?
valiant,
and
same " giving wine to his performing the service of giving life."
;
harrjnng
all
Strong, mighty
god
is
named
King Rameses
his
Ra
of the Bast,
Tum."
"
giving
life,
smiting
scimitar, carrying
them
He
smites
Rameses
II. ;"
existence.
Similar.
Great of
Sati,
spirit,
Rameses
II.,
be-
making
101. Portion of the same. Rameses II., " beloved of Tum, lord of the two lands of On."
Rameses
works to
tion.
giver of
life.
The
[his palace]."
strong form of
Rameses
II.
" Thus it is the king, &c." is. " offers a figure of Maat."
:
In one of the scenes Rameses " Tum, lord of the two lands of? On.
83, 84. Portions of one obelisk of
II.
offers to
102. Granite
column.
Upper
inscription,
Ra
two lands
SeJ
like
his horizon.
83a,
line
1,
standard
inscription
of
(2)
Rameses
1.
of
festivals
2, ".
II.,
"
may
he be
II.,
2, ".
camp
of his soldiers
."
liii."
Rameses
the lord
Tum?
lofty in
" beloved of
Tum
(?).
Rameses
II.
name
Harkhuti, great god, lord of heaven." Lower inscription, " son of the sun, of his
body, loving him; Rameses
lord of heaven, king of the
of the sun, of his
II.,
of
Rameses
Rameses
II.
beloved of Ptah,
of
II.
mono-
two lands," and " son body, loving him lord of the
;
grammatic,
Ra
user
maa
setep
(?) ra.
scimitar
Rameses
II.,
beloved of
Ba neb Dada
name
of
Rameses On."
with name
II.,
'
Tum ;"
(Ram Ba, lord of Mcndesj." At the side of the erased scene " his admirer, who loves him, his son coming forth from ..." The latter half of the personal name of Rameses II. is erased, probably to make way for Sa Bast
;:
He
places
Maa upon
his hands."
both of
whom would
Ka
to Bast
lintel.
by changing the hawk's head to that of the lion. 10:3. Granite column, with fragments of similar
inscriptions,
"he made
Rameses
it
Rameses
II.
beloved of Harkhuti." 104. Portion of granite column. " Good god, likeness of Ra, avenging (fabricated " by " N.)
father
.
.
II.,
as ruler, happiness,
Horus."
132. Inscription
of
Rameses
on block
to every
re-used by Siamen.
133. " I
am
On
is
land."
134. 135.
inscription,
a curious
way more
Rameses
gods."
II.,
stone monuments.
105, 106, 107, 108.
inscriptions.
Fragments of column
For other
15.
inscriptions of
Rameses
II.,
see
names
of "
Rameses
1,
"Live the
of heaven."
110
118.
Mer
colossus.
Amen
Nile
ha n ra (beloved of
Amen,
;
112. "(says)
inscription,
god
Hapi."
This
diadems
See
Mr.
Petrie's note
on 110
probable
maa (Merenptah resting on Maa), beloved of Amen, lord of the diadems ? of the world." 1. 2, Same as last, but " son of Ptah Tathnen" in standard, and "beloved of Ptah
Tathnen."
1.
make
it
3,
" Sou of
Amen "
in rule,
strong in years."
1.
4,
6, 7,
;
" (great)
"
Ra
as king."
."
[Amen] ra, king of the gods dwelling The name of the city is unforlost.
1.
1.
Ra
as king of the
tunately
Amen
Miscellaneous granite blocks, inof
IIU
122.
life,
Sun, the
first for
scriptions of
Rameses
*'
II.
title
twice over."
of the
Round
loved of
capital
winged disk.
lord of
124.
The Hchud, great god, the ray, heaven, coming forth." Granite block with name of Rameses II.
Amen,
two lands."
The
is
usual
haa
other statue.
137. Standing statue Merenptah.
by Rameses
north
."
.
.
II. ? ".
An
29
King Merenptah, beloved of Ptah Tathnen (the god) whose feathers are
?
to
Ra
daily
151.
Khem
amen, who
as thy
says, " I
bows
high,
who
is
property (N.)."
]
138.
Name
52.
Name
of vulture Nekhebt.
of
re-used by Siamen.
139. Granite block,
153.
Siamen
Merenptah and
(The name of
and
illegible inscription.
Fragment
III.
of scene of
Ea
user
maa
setep
and by the seated figure of a god.) 140. Granite block, Merenptah and
141. Block of Seti
lands,
of
all
II.,
n ra
. .
.
Amen mer
Shashanq
159.
158. Similar to
last.
Ba
Fragment
of
creatures,
beloved
of
Amen,
lord
.
of
goddess Hathor, of
160.
h.
Tum
of
."
Fragment
kneehng statue
of
offerings. in
Rameses
Thoth, lord of
161.
holding table
bull,
Fragment
of
same date
(?)
with
Khem-
Horus, strong
great
Upper and Lower Egypt, lord of E^ user mad mer Amen (the veritable strength of Ra, beloved of Amen), son of the Sun, lord of diadems, Ramessu haq An (ruler of Heliopolis)
giver of life;" on table of offerings, "live the
like god.
162.
mer? Pteh
aa
of
These inscriptions, from 157, are on blocks The the pylon built by Shashanq III.
it
good god
Egypt
ra
number
of divinities.
17.
beloved of
Amen
.
.
."
144. A. ".
festivals
(i.e.
of milhons of years."
16.
by Rouge, "Melanges d'Archeologie," L p. 21, and Birch, Trans. Soc. Bibl. Arch., 1880, p. 193). His copy is diflFerent in some
places.
later king.
King
of
The
stela is
much
was
weathered.
revised
Mr.
Petrie's
excellent
copy
by M.
piety?
to
his
father,
Bel
netr
x^j?er
setep
mer amen sa
lord of the
son of
field
1.
.
my father?
. . .
.],
he [gave}
me
a goodly
of
Amen
rii,
2.
around
.
it ?
.
Block with
titles of
Siamen, re-used by
a later king.
" Live
(as his
share) of
it
the
Amen,
issuing
animals.
1.
took as
my
4
5. [I
.
all
the flax
?]
and corn
of Siamen,
1.
was brought up
.
appears to be unique.
147.
children
1.
6.
[lo
was] loved by
of)
my
father
more
148,
149,
150.
Siamen
7.
18.
Tablets
now
in
9.
[Now when]
all
.
,
placed]
1.
lands
.
[had
the
British
Museum.
10.
westward
1.
to
. .
The
of
11.
as sister
the
king,
palm
of
maic chapel.
I
12.
Behold
lord of heaven."
On
?)
Aw
of
13.
[For] he (that
king Taharqa
went
netnii
menxui
setep
n amen ra I'tah
(inx,
Now
offspring of
the
of
Amen, Lord
[and reaching this city]
after
Teta
It.
many
ever, beloved of
me crowned
(Ptolemy IV.
?),"
1. 15. I had received the diadems of Ra, had united the two urjei upon ? was 1. 16. [my forehead? the god .]
. .
Khem,
lord of
Amt, Horus,
(appears
protecting
1.
my limbs.
17.
[looking upon]
of
his
her
son
Horns
after he
had been as
heaven,
the gods."
(.s/r) all
She
all
pure
life,
19.
Then]
all
victory,
prosperity."
were
1.
the temple.
20.
...
Two scenes,
(1) the
King
of
ones
obeisance
?]
Ra
user ha meri
21.
[were
doing
Siin,
beloved
Amen, son
of
the
II.
22.
King
1.
of
[Horus so the queen finds] her son the Upper and Lower Egypt, Taharqa
Ptualmls (Ptolemy
Offers to (a) "
{h)
Thou
art
living
for
ever
in
prosperity.
1.
Amt." two lands, princess, lady of thrones (traces of same carAb'ia mer senn ? (very touches as in 166)
Khem, Lord
of
"The
Net, regent
the
24.
he (the god
will,
Amen?)
that
loves
him
(thy
indistinct),
he causes to join
things
brother
?).
25.
?)
.
beautiful
he
(2)
offers to
"Hor
mm tani
of
father
1.
pa
xred, dwelling in
Amt,
2<).
Thou
art
[as
fnr
tlif.
correct riradiii'
{aic)
aon
mer"
(Arsinoe
ah
Upper
lines
...
in order to
neteru
mer
is
is legible
Horus dwelling
ready (to attack).
in
As
He
Lower
Ecjijpt,
at
San and
Tell
el
Maskhuta.
that he made."
Thus Net must mean queen of Lower Egypt, and not simply " queen " or "queen bee" as
might otherwise be supposed.
khuta the
first
in Lepsius.
The standard name nem mesu does not occur The cartouche belongs perhaps to
19.
At Tell
el
Mas-
Ptolemy IX.
No. 171.
Statue from Tanis at Bulaq.
the heart of
Shu.''^
There
the
is
chapel
in
showing a
(?)
On breast Ra kha kheper (Usertesen II.). "The hereditary princess, the great favourite, the very gracious, the consort of Ra kha kheper,
beloved
mistress
. .
Ptolemy
(4) a
of
the
two
lands,
royal
offering to (1)
Khem,
(2)
Horus,
(3) Uat,
and
queen Arsinoe
(?).
167.
or
Back
." daughter " The hereditary princess, the great favourite, the very gracious, the consort of the wearer of
Roman
168.
period,
Inscrip-
tion doubtful.
"Hor
perfected."
II. at Bulaq, " beloved of Hathor, lady of Mat'" and " Apuat sekhem taui." " All
For
172. Statue of
Rameses
II.,
On
back, Rameses
Amen."
1872,
p.
Both
16
statues of Teos,
ff.
life, stability,
and
piu'ity, all
ditary (heir-apparent)."
II.,
. .
"lord
169.
"King Ptolemy
.
Ptah
beloved
(temples).
in
."
Apuat regent
of the
two
of
Ptolemy XI.
lands."
170. Limestone block. "Ptolemy (in the standard nem mesu " renewing birth") performs the ceremonies of house of (?) writing " before the goddess " Mer ? or Mehlt ? Ast
.
Front of
left
standard, Rameses
;
II.
"
beloved of Hathor,
(Isis) raising
gold."
high the offerings of the house of (The king holds a large paddle.)
heir-apparent Merenptah.
am
house of
my arms
.
Shu
. .
.
They are: "all life, sam {stahility), and health" (on left standard); "aU power and victory" (on right standard);
" aU Hfe, stability, plenty and health for the
hereditary chief of the two lands, the royal
scribe, the
and Tefnut
to
(?),
.
.
me
(?)
in the
hidden
house."
Beneath
in
is
Sam
side).
Merenptah
justified"
Bennut in his form of a black bull." " They bring ? him to ? the house of gold."
of Lycopolis
name
of the city
and
its
local worsliip
can then
is
be identified at once.
different,
very
Rameses II. On back, Rameses, " beloved by Set," " TumKheper," and "Nut"; and "conciliating the two hawk gods," i.e. Set and Horkhuti (?).
173. Seated statue altered by
The dedications
kingdom
all,
On
the sides he
is
of the underworld.
taui,
Ptah
Amen
II.
ru lord
neb
Rameses
of the capital,
were no doubt
beloved of
art even
Lower Egypt.
the statues and
Sekhet-Bast, Rameses
Thou
as
this, that if
Ptah."
dedicated in
the
The
above
name upon
these
The stela of 400 years, for instance, was re-buried by Marietta and could not be found. Some have been previously copied by the learned De Rouge, and his publications of the stelae are scarcely to be surpassed.
monuments.
'
One exception
is
me
They
though
still
in the hieroglyphs,
dynasty, and unlike the work of later times, the edges of the
signs being
sunk deeper than the central parts. (2) That it has been re-used at a later date, and bears no sign of usurping
work, as the
later inscriptions usually do. (3)
it
have
a complete
those remaining on
earlier
He
quotes
the ground.
Moreover,
some
entirely
new
i
discoveries were made in the Ptolemaic chapels and temples that are of great importance for
the thirteenth dynasty. (4) He has seen a scarab which bears the name, " royal son Nehesi," in the style of that time.
important
was
in
at
San before
en masse,
|
Magna, appears on the apex. This monument is distinctly dedicated to Set, lord of re ahtu, " the entrance of the fields,"
which if not actually the name of the district round Tanis, was possibly a designation of the entrance of one of the
roads from
tlie
worship
the
eastern desert.
The
objection
tliat
Ilorus,
geography of Egypt,
(3)
as
to
I therefore
append a few
and
liave
lord
of
all
these
roads,
does
not
perhai)s
apply
The
local
mythology of a
its
city is to be learnt
The same niytli may and each side may have a time of popularity or of preference by the autocrat. However, re ahlu nia}- have been in Upper Egypt of. Br. Rec. I. vi.
to all
different sides,
monuments adorning the temjjles. Often it is found that nearly every monument bears a dedication or an expression of homag(! to a purti\
is
in whicli Ilor
The
name
of
Usertesen III., as
De Kongo, who
records
it,
points out,
cular
into connection
Mel.
I.e., is
monuments
of the early
the
of the
The
us
Set
name
only one
now
legible.
This dedication
tells
temple,
unless
very
was the
and apas
by that god.
Heliopolis)
"Lord
in
of Avaris."
The nineteenth and twentieth dynasties bring a flood of divinities. The god of Thebes,
Ptah Tathnen,^ com-
Theban
In the twenty-second
in or
ra,
Amen
which
it
ra continues.
is
Aa arq
of
doubtful period.
Unfortunately
except
belongs
with
whom Rameses
II.
continually
has
not
;
been
it
by any one
it
pares himself.
Mariette
but
to the time
On
an
dedication
upon
a goddess Per
The ... is
hard to restore,
I have
royalty.
Tum
ap taui
is
The
marsh lands
of the Delta,
name
often
Amongst the other gods, while Menthu is made use of in warlike boasts of Rameses,
is
once, on a
who is called " the very valiant," and monument of Merenptah, " lord of
Set was the
was adopted also by other kings of the same family; and the bones from the jars have been identified as those of cats by Mr. 0. Thomas, assistant in the Zoological Department of the British Museum. This throws some light on the
condition and religion of Tanis at the period.
Avaris."
Hyksos
divinity
and an
The
Amen Ankhsnast
also
must
be
of
the
monuin the
There
is
ments to him.
dedication,
especial
to
It is
Set
was
the
god
of the city.
Compare the decree of Ptah Tatunen or Tathnen at Abusimbel (E. Xaville, Trans. S.B.A., vol. vii. p. 119, etc.), and below, p. 34, note. ^ De Eouge, Mel. I.e., also mentions Sekhet nelt Ant, mistress of the valley, and Hor aa pehti, as occun-ing at San.
'
up are the Ptolemaic remains found by Mr. Petrie. These point t\\'o ways. The monuments in the chapel are dedicated to the deities of Amt, the capital of the nineteenth nome; the block
from the temple
is
bull,
Horus
in the city of
Bennu.
name
34
give
must probably
was not a
the
single block
must have
cult
Amt
at Nebesheh.
The search
local
we
When
and the
capital of a
who change
nome: although
traditions at
of
old
Lower Egypt by
Ameu
of
the Ramessides
tites) there is
Amen
also
of
left
the Bubassufficient
no residuum
to
and
list
Horus
of the foreigners,
wear a semblance of
some extent, traces of which appear in the of Rameses II. in the temple of Memphis, while other lists of the same period follow the
lines.
locaUzation.
earher
It
given to the
of
riglit in identifying
stela of
400 years.'
Horus
II., is
of the foreigners,
of
Pa Ramessu mer amen. Its temple was filled with the name and monuments of Rameses II., who erected in it to represent himself the
No
city
non-
Egyptians.
21.
The
geography of Egypt
determine.
much
easier
to
The
was no hard
it
and
'
a position
the importance
of
Docs
into
which had been noted by the Pharaohs of the middle kingdom, and close to the very centre of
the Hyksos rule
the
than to the era of a king Nubti 1 The supposed Hyksos king has not the usual Kfi in the name. If so it records the four hundredth anniversary of the conquest of Lower Egypt, by
a position which
commanded
which Set (or Nubti) became king both of Upper and Lower Egypt. It was erected on the order of Raraeses II. by Seti, Avho was governor of the foreigners and of the fortress of T'al here Horus of Mesen, the especial enemy of the Asiatic Set, was worshipped. It would thus be a sign of the tendency of
communication
in
and^Rameses
rule,
Rameses II. to make a patronizing alliance witli the Asiatics and their gods, and his desire to adopt the worship of the It was Rameses II. and his father Seti that foreigners. first raised the northern Delta from the disgrace into which it had falleti, probably as the seat of growth of the Hyksos, and restored it-s temples. The head-dress of Set on the monument is very curious. The cap is that of Upper Egypt with a lotus flower instead
of the uraeus, while from the apex hangs a long riblion or cord,
who
])lcased
him most. Ptah Tathnen of Memphis, Harmachis and Turn of Heliopolis, Amen of Tliebes,
The
Abusimbol (published by Ed. Naville,
'
inscription of
end which reaches below the knees. It is probably this ribbon that is seen behind the figure of Set on the statue of Merenptah, son of Pa mcr kau, from Nebesheh.
forked at the
Trans. S.B.A., vol. vii. pi. i. p. 119, &c.) says appropriately that it was built " to strengthen the two lands of Egypt " (see
16 of the stela), and it is evidently counted as one of tho most important achievements of the king.
1.
the field of
and Psalm
Ixxviii. v. 43,
to him.
Thoth
of
Hermo-
an
altar.
noma may be
In
conit
We
must
Roman
times
have entirely disappeared, and that while occasionally limestone monuments were saved by
being covered up with rubbish,
portion
of
seems to have been the capital of a separate nome, the Tanite, with the worship of the same
we have
only a
the decorations
of the
temple to
fourteenth.
This separate
assist us in
There
is
a fragment of a
in
and on the blocks of the temple built by the Greek dynasty the city seems to have the name
local
of
of the
Inscription 114.
fourteenth
i.e.
nome
bears in the
lists.
of
Rameses
II.
II.
The name
the
of the city of
Rameses
occurs on
Tal,
at
Tell Belim.
Roman
also in the
Roman
San, in the
Bulaq
Museum, aud
is
therefore
remained to a very
late period.^
not
the
probable.
There are
still
many
questions to be settled
As
Gen.
to
the
in
Biblical
Rameses:
Israelites
land
of
in this region.
Rameses
Goshen,
which the
were
settled.
xlvii. 11,
v. 6.
22. Historically,
Rameses or Raamses, Ex. i. 11. If the land of Rameses, which was " the best of the land," means the district of the city of Rameses, then the latter must be sought for near Goshen.
If,
sum
Amen
ra,
however, the
district is
is in
Pa
Pa
Rames
is
probably Raamses.
M.
and the Tanite kings of the twenty-first dynasty were identical, and that Thebes was their
original
chief seat in
NaviUe's " Goshen," especially pp. 17 and 20. There is also the question whether Rameses,
home, Tanis being only adopted as their Lower Egypt, as seems to have
Israelites started,
was the
city
From Tanis
and would be
to Tel el
Masline
There
is
thirty miles,
at least
two days'
city in
XXIII. dynasty, which Africanus calls Tanite. The early monuments of Tanis are provokingly
suggestive of having been brought by Rameses
II. to
In
all
probability Tanis
capital.
It
absolutely proved
The inscription mentions Amen of Eameses in Pa Rames Other geographical names arc (i.e. Pa raraessu mer amen). Khent alt, name of the sixteenth norae, T'ar its capital, Mesen nut aat, " the great city," datu nu sexet fan,
'
that
this
was not
The truth about the age of Tanis can only be ascertained when deep excavations are made
in the
mound
itself
or a sufficient examination
TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTiONS.
The latter are in danger of being entirely worked out by the Arabs before the explorer comes upon The Saite kings may have built the ground/ Only one monua separate temple in the city. ment later than Taharqa seems to have existed but the site was at least in the great temple
;
of the
also intended
forth
the
his
mother
It is
as queen-mother.
The
stela
throws a good
on a porcelain disk. The decree of Canopus must have been placed in a Ptolemaic temple on almost the same
touche of Psamraetikhus
II.
was not
and no doubt he
ground as the great temple. The stela of Taharqa is an important monument, and
it
own
feud
in
the family
hinted at in the
is
it is
not
comparison of Taharqa to
following genealogical table
is
Horus,
and the
more
perfect.
Kashta, King
\
Thebes
IV. Ameniritis, clain>ed as daughter of Kashta supported claim of Shabako and Shabatok, reigned also in her own right, and married Paankhi, wlio thus became nominally king put down by
:
Aqleq
.Vmeniritis.
'lisplaced
by Taharqa
Taharqa
VI. Taharqa (Tirhaka) her son, King of Ethiopia and Egypt by force and conceded right of his mother.
VII. Urdamaue, stepson of Taharqa, king with Taharqa, and nfter Taharqa's defeat by Assurbauhabal remained King of Ethiopia. He invaded Egypt, but was driven back by Assurbauhabal. The same as Amen ta nuath of the hieroglyphic inscriptions ?
and Paanlchi, gave rights to her husband Psammetichus I., in Lower Egypt, one
year
?
That the five members of the families of Shabako and Ameniritis held together and
reigned contemporaneously
is
to have
in
rendered probable
stela at
titles of
Net, implying
by
their
sovereignty
over Lower
list
Egypt.
This
adds
Turin.
another to the
king.
with Shabako.
The
title
stcljE of
San.
There
queen of
is
Ptolemy Philadelphos.
In
Lower
It is important, now that the " Livre des Rois " of MM. Brugsch and Bouriant is in the
'
time
In 1884, Mr. Petrie made some trials at Zuwel^n at a when he was taking the first .stops in obtaining those
in
ilated series of
common
who
V)y
pursue the
his
As
M. Naville
III.,
p.
Historiquo de
that
all
method
and
will
greater
preci.sion
year
year
but
destruction of
tombs
Pinodjem
IG) showed
the
travellers is going
TRANSLATIONS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS.
to occur, reall}' bore the
wonderful coincidence.
of the fourteenth
with
Wiedemann drew
nome
T'al
referred to again
amen of Tanis and other places was the same as Herhor Saamen of Thebes. M. Naville, in a private letter to me, states
that he finds
at
it difficult
on the tablet No. 168, and of Mesen on the statue from the temple, 167, as well as on the statues of Teos, which
omit
all
Amt.
remark
is,
San
M. Naville
unless Tanis
that period
was in the nome of Am peh at and since the blocks of the Ptole-
that neither of
interesting
of
Am,
that
of
may
it is
he thinks
Nebesheh and Bubastis, occur in the lists of Seti I. at Abydos, and suggests that these nomes may not have been organized at the
time.
It
may
of the Delta
be said, however, that the Bast seems to have been more honoured
Possibly
had considered
it
but
rejected
for
two reasons.
Of the supposed
that has survived
nome
is
list,
name
Bennu, the territory and capital of a nome to which strong arguments point independently This would at least be a as being the Tanite.
and had to be content to omit those nomes which, like Athribis and many of the Eastern nomes, came late in their arrangement
of the
list.
now be made
PI. xiii., 3
PI. PI.
the statue
is
of Usertesen
I.
(above, p. 16).
P. 6, col. 2,
p. 17).
so also p. 32,
1.
8 (above,
P. 15, col.
2, 1. 10,
for Kamessu
II.
read Osorkon
II. (above,
p. 21).
Index of
11.
P. 15,
col. 2,
Amenemhat
II.
and Usertesen
read Usertesen
I.
38
written to
in reply to
some
1.
6.
is
nothing distinct.
have availed myself in correcting the as well as a point which I have noted in the
7.
translation,
"Kashta
il'Egypte.
nan
de
1.
11.
The
fir.?t
(.
II
me
I'expedition
Piankhi Jliamoun
Thebalde resta un fief de Tfithiopie, independante de la dynastie qui rcgnait dans le Delta." The squeezes of this stela, which had gone astray, have at After a very careful examinathe last moment been found.
tion of
'1
1.
13.
ta
meh
all
them
For
can
make
1.
18.
Cb
H.
the linos
Plate
1.
(ix.
Xo. 1G3):
1.
^^ read ^^^.
J
I I I
very doubtful.
1.4.
1.
1V'"#.--'^SS + M H
c
'^~ZZ>
5.
Some
>
by the
stela.
of the
fully stated in
list
Part
of
I.
(see fly-leaf
hence
it
numbers
of blocks
on the plan,
vs^ith
Plan.
40
(a) Chronological
Name
in
[
List.
]
(Some K. K. K. K.
royal
other publications.)
K. Shashnnq I., usurp., XII. Dyn., sphinxes, 14, 15 (partial). K. O.sorkon II., 41 (titles, see correction in text) usurpation ! K. Shashanq m., 157, &c j column lO"-'.
")
Pepi
K. Tahclq, 163
I., 2,
I., 3,
(stela).
Amenemhat
Usertesen
Usertesen
I.,
[23] (text).
4, [5] (text), 8.
II.,
6
(titles).
Q. Nefert, 171
K. Amenemhat
K. Usertesen
[K. Ptolemieus
III.,
?
decree of Canopus.]
K. Ptolemreus IV.
16.
164.
III., 7.
Q. Ai-sinoe, 1C4.
(title).
K. Apepa,
Mermeshau,
Bakakhuiu
17.
(statue),
Tanis
I.,
Frontispiece.
Ranie:<''s II.
(Hyksos) partial
usurpation,
(6)
Conquests o/
Hyksos sphinx monuments and usurpation ? 27, 28, 29. K.Eameses II. monuments, 32 135 and 172 174, including great colassus and [stela of 400 years].
Anu n
Kesh, 78.
Deshert, 50.
Kesh, 53.
Kheta, 47, 49, 65
Nehsi, 51, 78.
(cf.
K. Rameses
II.
usurpation, XII.
Dynasty (none
(partial).
certain).
36
b).
statue.s, 11,
173.
61.
Rethnu,
4.5,
47, 53.
obelisks,
.5.5,
1.
12.
Ra mat
Ra
neferu, 36 (titles).
merit or
Amen
e,
Ta Kenset,
45.
Q. Bantau ant, 35
P. Merenptah
37
c.
(heir apparent),
Ddti's.
(Tahelcj),
(titles).
Aali,
43 b (R.
ra,
II.).
140.
4, 5,
Amen
8 (partial),
163,
addenda
IT.).
(Siamcn).
(entire).
Amen Amen
ra,
ra
taui,
14 b (Shcshanq
I.),
102 (R.
11.),
136 (Merenptah).
151
Amen
(titles,
ra suten neteru, 15
II.).
n,
145
(Siiuiicn),
29
n (Piscb-
116).
Apuat
res
sckhom
tuf, 4
taui,
172 (R.
II.).
K. Pasebkhanu K. Ra aa
I.
Aptaui, 3 B (Merenptali).
(jtartial).
2731
Anjiu top
(U.sert. 1.).
II.).
41
Set,
5a
(Merenptab), 17 b (Apepa), 25
a, 78,
173 (E.
II.).
Asar
Asar neb ankh taui, 8 a (Usert. Uat Aptaui ? 3 b (Merenptah). Uat nebt Amt, 164, 165 (Ptol.
adopted by Merenptali).
Set nefer
pebti, 5
a (Merenptab).
Ba neb
Per
. .
Shu, 47,
etc.
(R. II.).
20
(TIa aa arq).
Ka qem
Tum, 26
II.).
(E.
II.),
141
(.Seti
II.),
heq An, 59
Ptah ur amakb ? f, 51 (R. II.). Ptab neb maat, 51 (R. II.). Ptab nefer ber, 16 a, Sebekbetep
Ptab
res
(R. II.).
Tum
III.,
45 (R.
II.).
anbuf neb
taui'?
3 c
(Amenemhat
I.),
neb ankb
taui, XII. and XIII. Dyn., passim. Ptab Seker neb sbetbit, 3 d (Amenembat I.). Ptab Tatbnen (in comparisons), 25 a et seqq. passim (in 137 (Merenptab), dedication), 43 b, 52 (R. II.),
GeoffrajjMcal
Names.
AtAment: 170 (Ptolemaic). Amt: Kbem, Uat, Hor sam taui, Anu (Heliopolis) Tum, 49, 50,
:
Tum
neb
taui
Anu,
P. T.
(?)
aa pebti, 45 (R.
II.).
Mentbu, 44
Mentbu neb uas, 67 (R. II.). Mart Ast, 170 (Ptolemaic). Met (Maut), 109 a (R. II.).
Neb
Ant Hathor, 2, XII. 5 (Pepi X.). re Ahtu: Set, 19 a (Nehesi). pa Abdu: [Anjpu, 40 (R. II.). bat Aat: Tum, Herkbuti, 68 (R. II.).
:
r ter,
34 (E.
II.).
II.).
II.).
re
A mu
(moutb
Ptab
of Nile
?),
48.
An, 125.
Ankh
2, PI. xii. 5.
taui
res anbuf,
I.),
Asar, 8 a (Usert.
II.).
Set, 5
a (Merenptah).
Uast
(R. II.).
Her neb mesen, 168 (Ptolemaic). Her neb setu, 13, 55 (Middle Kingdom, adopted by Her ber ab benu, 170 (Ptolemaic). Her ber ab set baa, 164 (Ptolemaic). Her kbuti, 47, etc. (R. II.). Her sa Ast, 163 (Tahelq). Her sam taui ber ab Amt, 164, 165 (Ptolemaic).
Hersbef, 19 e (Nebesil).
Khepra, 43
b,
Ptolemaic.
R.
Set
Haa:
Kbem
= Hor,
164 (Ptolemaic).
II.). I.).
3d (Amenemhat
Dadat (Mendes): Ba, 64 a, 102 (R. II.). Tal: Her neb mesent, 168 (Ptolemaic), ha? (lost): Amen ra sutn neteru, 114
.
(R. II.).
68 (R.
II.).
(e)
(Ptolemaic).
r^
>
78 obv.,
1.
8.
II.).
n^ffi^(?),
78 (reverse).
Sepd, 64 a (R.
II.).
II.).
Wi
(title of
queen), 165, 16
42
GENEEAL INDEX.
Abusimbcl Abydos
Altars of
...
PAGE 34 (note)
11 9
PAGE
Bennut
Berlin
31,33,35
17
II.,
Museum
uncertain
9,
R. II
Blocks of Rameses
10,
11
11
37
raised
by Shashanq
III.
and Siamen
18,20,35 18,35
30 33
of
British
Museum
inscription relating to
12
BuUding,
Bubastis
28
XXV.
of
...
Bulaq
Museum
18,35,37 13,31,33,35
31 15 (note), 16
ra
the
18,20,22,35
15
Amenemhat Amenemhat
I. (inscr.)
19
16
17
Buto not
Amt
II.
12
II
sphinx of
(?)
Cartouches of Arsinoe
Amen
(?)
merit
carrying, from well
...
20
14
Cat mummies
Cemetery of Tanis
Ptolemaic
at
Zuwelen
I.
33,
..
30.31 .. 33 36
19
12,30,33,37
30
28 22
Chapel of Amenemhat
30, 31, 37
...
35
11
1.-.
Colossus, great, of
Rameses
II., v.
E.
II.
... ...
...
Ankhsenast
33
15 (note)
Cramp-holes, dovetailed
Crypt, Ptah Seker, lord of the
Ankh
Antha
two
land.-!
22
10
Anu
of
Kush
16, IG, 21
26
(?)
Anubis
Denderah
Doorway, Ramcsside
15
10
Apepa
Aptaui (Uat)
18
15,16
31
(?)
ofPepi
Drilling in granite
15 10
Apuat
Appropriation by .Sha.shanq III.
10,
...
28
23
10
Arabia
Architraves of pylon
(?)
(note),
...
35
18,
...
...
35
35
36
oftemple
of Usertesen III
10
XXV.,
probable quarrel in
16
Ar-sinoc II
Arsinoc III
Avari,s
...
32 (note), 35
Edf u, myth
of
Horbehud
at
Engraver's mistake
Erasure, double, of cartouches on columns
...
10
Banta ant
Basalt statue, fragment of
...
20,21,22
..
Errata in Part I
12,37
23, 26
...
...
12,31
Ethiopia (Kush)
Eyes, inlaid, of early statur
Bedawin (Shasu)
Bekhtcn, princess of
23,27
...
13
21
Exodus
35
GENERAL INDEX.
44
GENERAL INDEX.
SAN
iz
h/h.i.t(.
RAMESSUII.
Ume.stont ALta-n.
6l>.
!tf
^BEB=MW*=^S V
^tf
l^^^4n^= (3^ 5:
u^S^^m^WMml
plcLn
/OS-
'''m3\\n.m\\>)^\\rTi^:
pin
I If.
-^y
.on
r.io
SAN RAMESSU
II
nmkBs^'^Hm^A'B^.%^\im^,
\
^%Tr\.^rzBrtm'^iin^.\ik.m\^.
m^: 'mb'^^(mbMht^-zii^3z,k
W^ik_^V^^'',ii^^^''^llU^
zf^^:ijS>^/^^f<.T^Li^:^!r$j^gE^^
^ liiti^B giiV
^^^ ^yC^i
^^'^'
:i^m^miiumm'^^^W^'i':^'^A
^'A ^ "B'kVjmiliv^O^.^^.h^
'|1^^.-?'H77<iff^T;MIf^V^JJ^/^Ml^
UU^K^-A^^J-=^'^AlSlAf)(MB*^
77 Hlbs'ib':!;-^
1^
aj^^i9A:a"r
^^gggnUj^^mi^fl^^^^l^
^itys^M-f-ss-^^^'*.!^
'Trr^Ate^^i^ ^1?:|^.'frT.i^;je
^I^iii^^IIiU/(r~T^W^^^^:;;^'>"
{l^i^L^vSi^^
'
'^^'.
tu^:=^t^
^^^^..^J^f f,l^C.^^^j,l^ J,c,-^i),Lx\\J
fi^i^.
V#fn:
~T^
5AN
RAMESSUII.
tt
snu.
.k-//////^^
S)
^-^ji^'
}-mi'^'B'kA^% ^.nLm
H/!lSt^^)l^MGil^t^i^' m^'i^^M'^^JL\i^M^^<'^^l
^/^
HAfia^t^s^iff f?
5^#
/,i<ic>v
z;^..
-r
a. n-u te.
f r a- a
m e,n.fs
b > o
JTt
l d.t
32. tkuJi.
A^*-V7-
II.
^Lay^iyo.
i:40
SAN RAMESSU
8/
II
|@t'i^^^i?^(^^
jo
LcLr^ Z64--
^Sffllf"
feL(x.y^!.bZ.
U8tMk6)>+
i:40
SAN. RAMESSU
II
t
lllllll
>(
/-''''
'
ill
i.
-
OB
H
V
//;
fe!
rir::
--i^
'X
^i
It
'\^\:\
1 li\lF
Ml
^;^,
^
,
^ ^ m
^V/^
v.
^^ ^-^^
/-^^<>^
jiLa-n.
4Z
i M
SAN. RAMESSU
11
pg^rrr^B^
fi--8rrTrnrsnirr^
^1,^^
"
m
A.
sUi
nS
-
f5
>^a>.
-JTZTTJr
>i--'
l^.M.F.P. ciU.
HY
\:io
SAN XIX-XXDYN
Mere^n
p t cuk, stdnd^n^
B^ ci.f
o.or.u.
VII
stitu.e..
^ ck
Mertnptah.stdncLinqstitue
SL^.^f 5;<i; j.v.
=;
a r t s s^u^ /?
m.Jr,c^Ur^j sbUuc
.""^
- --'
\a-,
a- ,:j.^
sid ^.f
r..n^
of
A-.nt
./i(ir.&
-.
^^
I 1
^ ^ M
liiiii
2$
it
y^^
143.
T5
shtrt.
(li
n
JJ?
2-2 k:t
nTin
1
f
-
#
^C^
/^
JI^LCLT^JO
^ '^-y
ri
.^U
YAniiigx
Wmy^^'k
n^^r^^
'~:n-j\
|^-^9V
M
/VV\/S/V\
p
LCLYI /4.Z
/V^VVWN
P Lan 104-
i^
SAN
XXI DYN.
yir
tS;ifiifKl5d^m^P?Xliili*=6C
JjT
if
g
mti
I
<^..!i.Jci jta!
p,La.n
bo
/"-
IP
SAN
XXIl-XXV DYN.
j:>LoL>^ 18.
t IrLl^t/V^rHg-J
iT::./f1^:L^liJ,!
14lJ:.JI[-lU^Zh^mW
r?rsL'^3f\:^
im
I-
c ^ i"^-^ w^ ^ ^
gfl(g^*il-if:r,
-^Ty^iw^fvf:;^
/)Zav^ /y
f>U^B^,^3.
HM.r.P dU.
SAN PTOLEMAIC
_J
SAN STATUES
N
1,
(^
AT
BULAK
XI
CL
-IX
cL
F e,T
t.
,^#-^'7'
Hi
^ ^ i I
\\l
L|
^^
s
^4
12
III
S ^
:if
^
IT
St^cLt^oL
S
III
tcL-tu^e.
of RcLme.ssu-
II
5 c
cL
e-
tec tu-e
a.ltiLy e.d
ic,
F^ dl. yy^. e^ j s u.
1I
ri:
5rt-m^ j'eve-rseit
\]m\
fPr)
(grl Li^J
:,{
;^
ia)
V V
fl?^
^[t|
(M
f^
(B
liHI
01^
., ir
-^^S
L,.ft SLcl,
ttdel
NEBESHEH
ANT)
(AM)
DEFENNEH (TAHPANHES).
W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE.
WITH CHAl'TEES BV A.
S.
MURRAY,
ANTIO.UITIES, BRITISH
MUSEUM
AND
F.
LL.
GRIFFITH.
FOURTH MEMOIR OF
LONDON:
MESSRS. TRiJBNER &
CO., 57
&
59,
LUDGATE HILL,
E.G.
AntiijuU'j
"
Ei.i/
CONTENTS.
Chap. V.
Inscriptions.
Pkeface Introduction
...
By
SECT.
F. Ll. GniFFiTH.
I'AOK
NEBESHEH.
Chap.
I.
28.
TheCity
of
Am
'
28
29
Present State
32.
33.
teries
34.
'
XlXth Dj-nasty Ushabti before XXVIth Dynasty Inscriptions of XXVIth Dj-nasty Sarcophagi of XXVIth Dynasty Ushabti of XXVIth Dynasty
. .
29 31
33 35
36
Chap. VI.
Gemaiyemi.
Chap.
G.
II.
Temples.
35. Position
By
3G.
F. Ll. Griffith.
7. 8. 9.
Temenos
...
...
10. Pj-lon
11. First
1 2.
40. History
41. Sites near ]S''ebesheh
...
13. Shrine
DEFENNEH.
Chap. VII.
42. Position
IG.
...
Cemetery.
19.
20.
21.
Tomhs Red Brick Tomhs Tomhs of the XXth Dynasty Cypriote Tombs ... Saitic Tombs
45.
...
I.
...
...
The Palace of the Jew's Daughter".. Pavement before the Entry Removal of the Greeks
...
22. Amulets
23. Objects from Saitic and later
Tombs
Chap.
IV. Town.
51
Chap. VIII.
Town
...
Form
... ...
fv
PLATES.
NEBESHEH.
I.
DEFENNEH.
to
Funereal
Objects,
XXtli
XXVth
of Kasr.
Dynasty.
II.
Funereal Objects,
,,
XXth
Dynasty.
XXIV. Greek
Figures and
III.
,,
Cypriote Tombs.
cent; B.C.
XXV. XXXI.
Plans.
&c.
XXXIIL XXXV.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
Plain Pottery.
House 100,
and
XXVIth DyDynasty.
XXXIX.
to
Bronze Work.
Objects from
X. Inscriptions, Xllth
XXVIth
XL.
Camp.
XL
XII.
XIII.
.,
XlXth Dynasty.
XLI. Small
Antiquities.
Stela.
XXVIth
Ushabti.
Dynasty.
XLII. Inscription of
XLIII. General Plan.
XIV. Plan
of Temple.
of Cemetery. of
XLIV. Plan
of Kasr.
XV. Plan
XLV. Plan
of Eastern Buildings.
of Weights.
XVI. Plans
Tombs.
XLVI. Types
XL VII. XL VIII.
XLIX.
Types of Weights.
Curves of Naukratite Weights.
Curves of Dafniote Weights.
XIX. Foundation
Deposits.
XX.
Bronzes.
of
XXI. Plan
Temple of Gemayemi.
PREFACE.
In placing before the public another record of explorations in Egypt,
a fitting opportunity to define the general j^rinciples
it
seems
which
have had in
of some such
The need
and
as it
may
some extent
as
an end in
itself, as
well as an explanation
it.
Just as one person has, for economy of time and means, to jierform
difi'erent functions in
many
so, in
it is
needful
for
many
w ise that
the explorer in striving for one end should not disregard the
In Avorking
on any
site
none of them
desire
it is
we would
The
collector,
whose
larger
and more
the student of
who
seeks to recover
links in his
dim pedigrees, must remember how much history can help him
is
restricted to
hieroglyjahics,
may
is
not the
to
name
grand
will
civilization.
To look
modern
doings
Works,
War
Ofiice.
Our
geographical identification, or a
new
construction
in
development of an
or the
art, or
mode
of living, but
is
of these together
Archeology
it is
to the history of
,i
TREFACE.
palaeontology,
are to
matter.*
language and political history are the grand sciences Avithin the
;
domain of archa;ology
sections,
Avhole.
little
to serA-e as lures for attracting the public to the education prepared for tlicm
it
but
is
Avorth
we
has
been better
originally.
FrencliAVoman,
" did not
come there
but then she should rather have visited the Crystal Palace or a
sIioav.
Avax-Avork
A museum
;
is
in
the
first
place a treasure-house
place
for
systematic and
an educational
in
no case should
it
To
reject anything
because
it
is
is
a concession to
mere showmanism.
each of the main discoveries of recent times Avere placed on one side of a gallery,
most
The
lines,
ascertaining of
facts
Avliose
But
isolated fact as
appears
as Ave
memory,
since
it is
of
all
that
is
Tliere
is
tlian.
"What
AVorth keeping
Sometimes one
pottery
may be
wortli
tlie
uiJ Art," two titles which have the tame relation as archa;oIogy and history, or archaeology and poetry.
PREFACE.
vii
keeping and recording, when thousands of sherds and pieces of bronze have
been rejected.
in
The
difference
themselves, or because
is
of the
position,
tall
and age
copies,"
fine
impart,
and the historian who studies the copies regardless of large paper or
binding.
Now
Yet
it is
it
will
all
unknown have
value.
all
and
private.
Here
lies,
and
strict excavation, in
we
already possess.
it
A specimen
may be
all
will
of
them
if it
has
its
history
and
as a
When
it
can
museum,
it
series will
stamping
it
with an
The aim,
may
wish to glean every fact which can be intelligibly built into the general fabric
of archaeology
;
and
recorded, and can only be ascertained by means of close attention to every step of the work.
Much
of the
work described
in the present
Griffith,
who
As
all,
at
he of course writes
quite independently.
this year
Of the
five,
plates
me
by di-awing
and Mr.
Griffith has
done
my
o\Yn drawing
and
I Avish
here to disclaim
point of view
;
artistic
consists
accuracy.
Mr. Spurrell
has also
generously helped
;
me
work
Avill
know
it
much
make
my
Avork in
have had
tlie
pleasure
of opening so mucli
new ground.
W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE.
EllO.MLEY,
KkXT,
INTEODUCTION.
The work
ever
of this year has lain at places scarcely
off
visited
wliicli
there
even
as
an
tracts
down
site, until
Lake Menzaleh.
The
old shekh
was delighted
seen
and
its
exploration
He had
much
in
my
flying
when
was
at
Tanis
and
Defenneh,
travellers,
his
far
Nile, about
Esneh
end of
last
March.
I need
it.
Of Naukratis
already described
there,
say but
little,
having
tales
of
his
and Abbas.
I stayed less
than a month
;
Falling into
but in
down
and
The temple
remained, as
came
out, so far as
it
He
feels his
state,
more
temenos which
and longs
for
some one
;
he
who
is
and
all
is
had
came abundantly to light, and a rich field was opened, which was most successfully worked out
by Mr. Gardner.
appeared;
all
He
the
who had
by
With
different
some
iron roofing
from
my
at Naukratis,
but only a
occupied
it
months.
contradistinction to the
fellahin,
in
whom
old
live
Of Defenneh no real account could be obtained before I left England I was told that it was inaccessible until near the
told there
Egj'ptian blood
is
prominent.
These people
summer.
At San I was
to
di-inli.
At
IXTKODUCTIOX.
Nebesheh
would be
heard of a farm
there.
All of this
The
The experivoked under several hours' journey. supposed; ment answered better than I could have there, far from though I had up to seventy people
all
and the place, be a fuU supply of fresh water; all the year. and the way there, is dry desert in the canal The water begins to turn brackish
about the time I went
fluctuates
there, in
had the least dwellings, in the desert, I never heard a squabble trouble with any one, and I never
two months. between them during the whole known them They worked as well as I have ever thoroughly work, they obeyed completely, and a always seen. contented and happy spirit was
March, and
as between better and worse according upper canals. more or less is let down from the on a few the sembbiest corn is grown
Some
Not only
to
so,
who used
our
of
attended to by its patches S.E. of the site, but it is place a dozen owners from the nearest inhabited
habitation is to be miles off, and no trace of any stray tent of the seen beside the rums and a
hunt
camp used
a mile
to be left without
my
Bedawin.
These tents they pitch out in the by bushes remotest edges of the lake, hidden up a ruddy and it is only when theh: fires send
glow
at night that
away
All the
less
marsh gi-ound of the north Delta inhabited by men who have fled
scription,
more or
and two
of
my
had we any while heading two months more smoothly than Yet the people had not much our desert camp. they came without any shelter, to content them what they wore they had dry but nothing and and drink eat, and brackish water to
; ;
nor yet nothing was ever disturbed, I never spent complaint to make.
bread to
liberty men of Zagazig, who had thus saved their inhabited land by settlmg^on the borders of the
day, most of them for they worked for sixpence a they had to walk but five days of the week, as
then- food. Some twenty-five to forty miles to fetch left the place, but had a of them, indeed, never over once a donkey-load of provisions brought
near Defenneh.
people at
Lon
my
Nebesheh were
clamorous to go with
intentions were me, and the questions about my When at last I more pressing as time went on.
started,
week.
we fonned a procession
of about forty,
;
mme
mounds, partly by digging a hole in the sand bushes ; some were booths'' of thin tamarisk
content M-ith
bole, while
lair
hardly more
than a dog's
boys with the hoes, be bought in th? desert,the their heads, with andthegirls with the baskets on In spite of the work a few hdlehs and utensils.
stUl being carried
some made an approach to distmct With all this, a chambers in their construction.
one or two merry party they were ; excepting a lad over twenty or older men, there was scarcely whole lot. Each night giri over fifteen in the
a
flickered their yellow a blazing row of camp-fires all along the line of stariight, the into flames up
on at
Nebesheh by Mr.
Griffith,
the people back from the difficulty only was to keep was a sort Defenneh at settlement This going. often wished for; I went with of experiment I had Muhammed a lad of about only my faithful rds and his younger cousin, a fine, sturdy
twenty, were all stray workers boy named Tulbeh; the rest before. whom I had never seen till a short time no We had no soldiers, no police, no shckhs,
guards,
canal banks mounds of booths which skirted the tamarisk bushes (in sand tufted over witli dark .IwcUings) backed the which they muaed tluir ruins of the kasr showed Une, while the distant
;
dimly on one
side,
nor
any of
;
the
usual
machinery
of
1
Egj-ptian rule
INTRODUCTION.
the howliug derwishes, for
hardship
is
taking ten
men
to do the
work of one,
they will
among us who
Perhaps some
and
food
supply
manage
I
easily without
group of boys
oiir feast
hearty game.
Such was
at last
of
this without
acknowledging
work,
tabernacles, where
we had
got clear of
what
a necessary part of
my
facilities for
the
official
curse of the
mammon
of unrighteous-
the characters of
selection
my
overseers.
I
By
continual
ness.
and weeding,
I respect
One
result,
is
that
it
is
men whom
know them.
and
The
three brothers
Mahajub,
el
Said,
Muhammed
abu
Daud
Gabri
have
who
had
already
to wait
know and
trust you.
At Nebesheh
proved unequalled for sturdy independence, unceasing goodwill and kindliness, obedience, and
readiness
for
any
service,
little
asked
or
unasked;
cousin, promises to be
continue
it.
equal.
between
it
me and my
the
clear
much abused institution, the corvee. It is now what natives will gladly do, and what
go
without, for
would be impossible
good
spirit
they will
the
lowest ordinary
men
inferior to
my
good
friends.
The
real
TELL NEBESHEH.
CHAPTER
POSITION
1.
I.
Tanis
islands
is
;
built
the
;
cemetery of Snellen
is
on
AJS^D
HISTORY.
another
One
many
bordering
on
the
salt
desert
swamj^s which
is
Nebesheh
is
the
mound
Eas
of Tell Nebesheh.
Originally
known
it,
as
it
Farun
or
regular
cultivation
site is
and
furthest
outpost.
acquired the
name
of Tell
Bedam from
of
the settle-
The whole
Bedawin about a
the town
names
on the eastern
side,
a hillocky,
future
so the third
name
The highest
of the plain
more than
fifteen
called after
The other names are, however, better known, and are sometimes marked on maps. The position, as may be seen on the
for archaeological pui-poses.
Bedawin
settled there.
War
Office
map
(Tell Badaui),
is
about 8 miles
miles
2.
N.W.
mound
But though the present elevation of this is so slight, it must have had a far more
it first
attracted settlers
At
this point
many sandy
swells
rises of
in this district
up from
All the desert
those of
so often
its
Egypt
is
it is
hke the entirely desert regions outside of the Delta but being at a lower level it has been
;
its
soil.
"
may
say that
LiBftARY
CHAP. I. POSITION
here
it
AND
HISTORY.
see,
almost
all
a level
Now
desert features,
having high
remaining.
constructed
some only
that
levelling action
been constantly
work
in the filling
mud
in
profound tombs
pierce
of the
deposits of the river, until they are all but obliterated, but a converse action has
at
Memphite
hills to their
very base.
From
the
work
may be
safely
mated
up and worn
all
down
to
have
but
Hence the
hills
disappeared.
The
we know
fifteen feet
The
it
depth
much
lower than
now is,
more of apparent
fifty feet in
Greek
times,
and about
this
same amount
at
Hence
now
see,
to be seen.
this afi'ect so vastly
what we now
many
parts
fifteen feet
lower than
it
now
is,
now covered by
feet
and
this
all
above
it
as sand islets
country.
But
tale.
The
is
of
mud
3.
To
now
factor.
At Nebesheh
if
of this denudation
of the
the tombs at
sight appeared as
they were
camp
at
Defenneh.
as
much
in height, has
But these tombs, while they seem have been like the modern Arab cemeteries of
yet bear in most cases the evidence
The bearing
dome tombs,
in every stage,
from
for
all this
storm of
is
an ever-ready trap
for
it,
into
and no such chimney with foot-holes could have been built by the side of a
;
goes
in,
again.
The
TKLL XKBESHEH.
across the isthmus of Snez, are less in area by far
same
How
far they
were related
if
yet undecided.
At
first it
seemed as
sand
was not the case to some extent especially since we see that the temple and cemetery of Nebesheh are larger and more important than would be
expected in proportion to the size of the town.
Snellen,
any need of
upheaval.
relj^ing
on
geologic
changes
it
of
about
three
miles
from
;
Tanis,
if
was
From
other considerations
is
not
and
a funeral
would produce
but at least
we have here to reckon with a factor capable of doing aU that we need to account for, and even more.
This fact of the denudation opens our eyes in a
eight miles.
nineteenth
The name of the city Am, capital of the nome of Lower Egypt, is closely condifferent
melancholy way
to the reason
why early
cemeteries
If
seem to be unattainable
in the Delta.
tombs
on eight
monuments
list
of
it is
Am,
the
for
scarcely a possibility of
city
Nebesheh not
still
vanished into
air,
entirely
denuded aM-ay
may
be
being this
of
Am.
This leaves
Only tombs of
nome
some accidental
shown by the
;
Am
was the
;
capital.
to our days.
We may
the
more
likely
legal
and religious
Am,
as
to superior position
its
or a dozen
before the
legal
superior,
much
Chatham exceeds
Greek
Then
from
in the reconstitution of
nome
was
case
called,
its
most important
city,
Tanis.
What,
Such seems, so
;
far as
we know,
to be the probable
I
of
mud
over
all
the works of
man
in the plains,
and
made
of
three years
fifteen feet of
Am, Khem
of
Am,
points to
Upper Egypt.
tance to rival
it
This fixing of
4.
Am, and
the
nome
first
of
Am
rdin,
From
it
is
at
Nebesheh
is
a step of the
class in tjie
Am
twelfth dynasty ;
history
is
probably parallel to
somewhere
Though no monuments
the the
of
otherwise
safely fixed
been placed
at Pelusium.
Now
in
it
is
twenty-sixth
temple, yet
found in
and out
place
arose
by the time
importance.
Aahmes
to
be
of
considerable
most probably
mounds themselves.
Apparently
some
Cypriote
mercenaries
were
Founded
the
temple of
Am
underwent,
hke Tanis,
II.
complete
far
rearrangement by Ramessu
How
to the
east.
Tombs with
building,
we cannot
learn
until
we
extract the
;
is
of the twenty-sixth
but
it is
dynasty,
Aahmes undertook
in the
of Uati, dedicating
beautiful
statue
of that
refill,
and
He
with
perhaps too
adopted a
much encumbered with rubbish, he new site at right angles to the old one,
it
same
material,
beside
covering the
w'alls
and
his inscriptions,
like those of
to Uati, of large
Gurneh.
the
temple of
reahze that
Private
likely enable us to
beautiful
statue
in
by Ramessu
II.,
he
placed
granite,
it
a great monohthic
shrine of red
this
The
temple.
Merenptah
continued
favour
the
place, as a unique
monument
at
of a free-standing
up
for this
some distance
in
pylon which
to
by the
entrance
the
new temple, as they were Aahmes constructed in the temenos. The other statues
which adorned the early temple were removed and placed in the later temple, though not all ot
them.
The tombs of this time are poor, and no monuments of Siamen, or the Bubastites,
neglected.
in
in place of small
chambers of crude
coffins,
formed pottery
we
find
Renascence
strange to
at last
Am, though
Tanis.
It
say
it
nothing for
cities
rather seems as
if
two
were too
much
to
The
place, however,
at
Tanis
Am
was
and
it
is
most
then
Am
again Tanis
we
find
that
the
temjjle
was
flourished
under
the
and Romans,
and the
desecrated in
the
Ptolemaic
times, and
small
while
Am
sunk to be a mere
finally ruined.
village,
in the temenos,
temple was
The
TELL XEBESIIEII.
town, however, continued to be inhabited in the Ptolemaic period, though apparently deserted
before the
was away.
to one side the temple site
Eoman
conquest.
however, spining
up
at
the
how much
had
first
Roman
times
was
pi.
Avbich I
xiv.)
;
on
pi. xvii.).
and the
site
the
if
middle of the
some building
blown dust,
it.
had stood
CHAPTER
II.
one showed at 12
0.
feet
On
its
first visiting
Tell
face of
mud
ago, I
which
from
to lay a building
pits,
we tracked
this
site
of the building,
and
pi.
iv.).
It
was
and
found
(First temple
known
Faruii
(Phai-aoh's
head)
or
Taget
Farun,
temple
sites
might be seen
up high
7.
was one
at
work on
remains,
will
all over,
and traced
in
the
the Hmits of
way about a
foot or
several inscribed
scattered
about
more
than the
intended
building,
was
built
marked
around
in
and a wall
of crude
bricks
which remained.
Shortly after arriving, and before
while making a plan, a line on
in
hard rammed
fiat
mud
work here,
I noticed,
was quite
partly
and
level.
Suspecting
it
was a
wall, I traced
as well
it
allow,
three
feet of
sand
filled
in
enclosed
the
I
This
;
between
its
foundation
courses
and the
wall.
showed that
and
after
to deal with
The depth
it
shrine,
may
;
began
This
film,
as
Naulu-atis;
little
it
is
usually 2 or
site
quickly,
feet
but at the
Ptolemaic
on the south
pylon were
uncovered
here
were
more
side of the
mounds
chips),
and a pair of
defaced, but the
more than 12
feet
deep, and
filled
up with
feet
Ramessu
II.,
one
much
dirty sand
and chips
for
feet,
and with 8
The foundation
deposits
ftxces in
three or
two
feet
four spots
on each
the
side.
The
wall
is
30
to
feet
thick
at
thinnest
point,
increasing
45
feet elsewhere,
and 63
It
on the N.W.
as
was not so
of
gigantic, therefore,
feet), Sais,
followed even
when
Tanis (80
or
sand plain.
stone,
The
retaining wall
sometimes of
Buto, but
Such
is
my
work
in
and Tanis 27
it
denudation), then
8.
Turning now
to pi. xiv.
we
9.
details
there represented.
far
The
in its
great
temenos
but this
wall
is
from regular
plan
so
far as
we know
unique.
It is a
column
;
may
for.
On
the
of red granite,
now broken
in three parts
its
general plan
be seen
it
how closely
surface
is
on the S.W.
not
being
sufficient
to
interrupt
the
The
dip
still
sculpturing of groups on
scenes
of adoration
its sides.
Around it were
by the king
it is
may
and
offering
Unhappily
to
too
much
of the
The north
to
side, it
willbe seen,
is
also
show much
flat,
askew
the
axis.
But while
planning the
quite
without any
it
;
moulding around
but
on the
flat
changes in
its
kneeling, overshadowed by a
fixed the
behind him.
the diameter
of a statue
The
is
total
height was 12
when
came
to
31 inches.
toj?
No
other example-
on the
so
that a line
drawn
Roman
on the plan,
seems, there-
It
approach.
far out as
Statues of
Ramessu
II.
were placed as
230
pylon of Tanis,
but no columns.
of a pair, as
it
was
and
re-
but though
many
trenches were
later addition to
it
was noticed
at the north-
dug around
this region,
east corner,
where
it
were
it
completely uncovered
but I could
column seems Asiatic rather than Egyi^tian, remembering the two great free-standing columns,
with special names, placed in front of Solomon's
men
for
just to
show the
temple
TELL NEBESHEH.
Persepolis,
some way
which
II.,
On
further
Passing this column, and a square base of limestone lying on the other side of the roadway,
we
come
The whole
been
built
Though none
substructure
of
the
temple of
re-
Kamessu
II.,
by Aahmes, when he
On
many
the deepest,
it
a fine portrait of
Kamessu
ment
slabs
8 inches of sand.
cleared by Mr.
No
I hope, be
added
I left
Nebesheh.
Fine Art
Museum
at Boston.
The
central
The width
70
of
feet,
it
of this propylon
less injured
stone,
and hence
less
worth
fitted together.
The
outside
is cylindrical,
;
feet
is
The
on the con-
or rather
more
in diameter
The edge
of
and
Another, similar,
site.
10^
feet wide,
and
10.
is
Beyond
this
front.
At the inner
two sphinxes
thickness
of black syenite.
One
sand hollow,
it
The
last
flank
it is
G7 inches long.
The
other,
on the
Thus the
Avhole four
down
by the extraction of
the foundations.
First carved,
and
name on
One
pavement
is
Secondly, they
in a fair state of preservation, the face braised, and part of the beard
off,
rather
official,
probably of
but othei-wise
syenite,
it
is is
perfect.
apparently
who
black
and
He
size.
It is
CHAP. II.TEMPLES.
nearly
all
Thirdly, there
is
gone.
The
was
and a
Fourthly, there
flank,
which also
an erased
Sixthly,
on which a statue of an
official
was found
this is a
;
lying.
Fifthly, there is
left
is
the
shoulder.
beyond
mass
on the chest.
and then,
for another
beyond
there
that,
the
of
left
shoulder.
foundation.
is
Ramessu
chest.
Aahmes
forebore
this
Indeed,
where the
is
formed
knocked
is
The broken
if it
surface
and stone
chips.
very
much smoothed by
when the
repeated rubbing, in
;
had been
course of
only broken
place was in
wall
is
a bank of earth
to
and
which
reaches
up
the
present
away the
surface.
It
seems rather as
it
if it
had and
observed by sinking
wall,
pits
through the
here,
as
to
show a clean
feet
section.
The depth
is
10 or 12
below the
frequented.
in the area of the temenos, are
present
the temenos.
When
by
I left the
work in Mr.
Griffith's hands,^
ment was found between the pylon and the temple, and just at the S.W. of the pylon is a piece of banded lotus column placed at the base of some
masonry.
This
is
after finding
pits, I
most of the
circuit of the
foundation
urgently desired
him
to finish clearing
if
the
foundation
deposits.
to
This,
un-
Ramessu
II.
The
ribs
happily, he
was unable
of
it
strenuous
water.
efi"orts,
25 inches
at
the
foundation of the
first
temple,
it
seems
S.W.
in
25 inches, and
at
the
N.W.
to
;
40
yet
most
in
likely that
front
of the
colonnade
of
Gurneh.
feet
diameter
or the colonnets as
22 inches each
across,
circuit of
175 inches
around
and forming
wall.
the
lower
part
of
the
retaining
This
limestone
inches
11.
courses, each
20
the
thick,
and 12
inches deep
back
Of the
first
temple
far as
scarcely
anything
remains
in situ, so
to
a depth of
5-1
c 2
TELL XEBESIIEH.
inches below the water.
of placing
fine
The
that
size
of
the
about
208x92
is
feet outside,
and
155x70
feet inside:
the permeability of
Amenhotep III., or either of the temples of Eamessu III. at Kaniak. The only statue found here was lying on the
northern part of the substructure, at the southeast corner.
It
is
is
impossible to reach
it
without some
soil,
It represents
an
Chapter
I.,
the country
Merenptah, son
of
Pa-mer-kau, whose
in the
is
has risen 10 or 11
was
tomb
cemetery
the original
(No. 35).
of
the cartouche
Hence the
below the
Eamessu
may
easily be
C or S feet
one
is
Uati, lady of
inscriptions
present water-level.
Am, and
shown on
There are
the other
is
defaced.
The
evidently this
the plan;
level,
its
it
base
is
is
and
IG inches thick.
those days.
ton.
The whole
beneath the
it
8 inches
of the
just
as
the blocks
would
recede.
On
weeks' Avork
it
pounds to clear
out,
Now
it is
much
still
the front of
the building, as
it
remains to be examined.
There
is
some
mass
which would
water-level there,
it
seems that
desiral)lo.
on the west of
12.
built
ill
brick mass.
It
seems
of this
.situ,
of the temple
of a thick double
and the
standing erect
rests
by
From
the
pylon,
The
front
may
it
the usual
front of
Egyptian temples.
As
columns on either
classical phrase
anils.
of
the
entrance.
In
would thus be
is
tetrastyle in
temples,
it
this
was a
dotted line
up
CHAP. II.-TE.MPLES.
either bide of the
door.
The throues
of these
left
iv.).
It
hy
They
with
Ramessu
II.,
were
seated
figures
of
Usertesen
III.,
new temple.
Beside this a group of three persons seated was found, holding a table of offerings in front of
knees.
The
i^lants
sides
of
the
throne were
twisted
is
One
of these thrones
in
good
group
total
on the
height
The
feet.
Am, and
of the
statues
was about 6
was found.
to
No
30).
The temple
about 76
itself
ft.
would seem
37
have been
47
outside,
granite
monoHth
in.
ft.
shrine,
which
first
drew
is
me
to
all
not more
than
G6
inside.
The
roof
examine the
15
ft.
This
over
high, 8
ft.
7 in. wide
at the
;
base,
rows of
parts.
pillars,
dividing
the
breadth in
three
and 10
in.
the total
divisions of
may
Thmuis, as that
18
ft.
was only a
one
sole
central deposit,
it
would
but
still it is
flat
and well
off
SO
this
in.
to
side.
It
seems most
likely that
neatly bevelled
to
At the
the cella.
of
about 30
in.
other deposits,
would
wide
;
away
irregularly.
The
in.
and
it
was decorated along the top by a frieze of crowned uraei surmounting the globe and wings,
so
Up
just
100
in.
All
that
can
be traced
is
in pi. iv.
The banner
it
and
cartouches
which
have
unthese
to
Aahmes
there
is
fortunately been
entirely erased.
Beside
Nekht-har-heb, or Nekht-neb-f.
latter kings here,
As
and Aahmes
deposits to have
Eamessu
II.
on the back.
From
at the
in.
sceptre,
it
and
Am.
The dotted
outline wall
ankles,
was about 75
statue, of
fit
in the shrine.
elevation
given are,
of
was about 90
in.
TELL XEBESIIEH.
same
plate.
The materials
In
all,
Tvere the
of the
brick
retaining
wall of the
are 17-9
foundation.
when
excavated.
The
8-9
5-2
carefully
The depth
shown
in the
inches.
I tried. after
The S.W. was the first deposit for which Here we came down on the pottery, and
I
water-level.
groped down
and could be
by the
fractures.
The
doorway and
Aahmes.
corner of
Many more
and
this
all,
plaques
That
further groping,
is
only 20
in.
thick.
The
were
a
positions of the
all
measured on the
jamb, which
lies
little
way
The bench
the arrange-
below water-level.
bare
all
evidently intended to
the deposits
What
ment
we
alabaster
statue of
we searched
others
;
far lower
for
the
Queen Ameniritis,
grey
gi-anite, in
still
fixed
on
its
base block of
and as a double
of plaques
was
the Bulak
Museum.
N.E. corner was accidentally not prepared pro14. Beside the large
statuettes
perly,
sui*plus
After
The
first
jamb
it
much
with
this,
though
cleared
Am
Two
was two
feet
later,
I searched to
On
the stone
plaques
arc
dynasty;
bore the
marked by
and
name
1)1.
of
Am,
but close to
punching
straight.
with
delicate
is
punches,
curved
X. 11).
No. 9
offerings,
Moronptah,
both
rather hard.
mention the
it
Am, making
four notices of
in this temple.
sukn
sclhet.
;
The
it
We
will
lastly
the
lead plaque
and the
foundation deposits.
In
be seen the
copper
is
too
much
was
iuseribed or not.
phxinly
vessels
sometimes of
therefore,
different
They
may,
be
the
more
vessels
times
under
temples,
either
as
the
in the temple.
The view
their
it
of consecrated articles
buried to prevent
likely;
seems the
more
and
would
he
the
ceremony
much
as
if
the
The
vessels Nos. 12
handle
if
may
19, 21).
The
these
full
catalogue of
is
:
all
that
was found
to
in
deposits
as
follows,
referring
the
numbers on
pi. v.
TELL XEBE.SHEII.
fine
lines,
and
high
poHsh
of
the
twell'th
dynasty.
The upper
of
it,
surface has
salt,
uufortunately
by long inscriptions.
suffered severely
off
from the
much
it
fresh light
on
much
This action of
salt
more shown
close to the
entirely
So
far
we
These were
crystals
frayed
into
their
component
by the
16.
To turn now
briefly
to
an
hjpothesis
suggested by these
facts.
We
find in the
Hyksos
together
alone.
surface,
so
Any
would hold
by
is
all
near
civiHzation
which
it
already
it
found
Egypt.
where the
out of the
damp
it.
earth,
always
which
it
dominated.
civil
And
yet
it
organization,
says,
if
Even mud bricks are frequently reduced to powder, and show as much salt as mud on cutting them through. The inscriptions added to this altar in later
large chips blistered out of
" at
after
length they
made one
king"
conquering and i^illaging the country (Jos. Cont. Ap. i. 14). ITe/sas Se implies " finally," " at the
end " of
of
all
They were
the
inhabitants.
The
nearest
historical
parallel,
case, is the
are effaced.
of oflScials
series
whose
titles
were singularly
Lord
Privy Seal.
or
Such
in
imply a unique
only be held in
position,
duplicate
by a viceroy
diflerent
province,
yet
we
see that
The
power of
is
seen
from
Hyksos
became Egyptianized.
much
as
But oue
it,
members
thing
they took
they found
all
the
of
bureaucracy who
managed
the
details
names and
many such are known, as for inhes, Se-neb, stance, Ha-sa-r, Ptah-ran, Ka-cm and Herfu. Senb-su-ma, Senb-a, Hor-em
titles
;
. .
The
continued to
little
.,
probably
break in the
Beside
far as I
this
no other instance
usui-ped royal
is
known, so
Now
the
this is exactly
reigning
who has
monuments
in a
They
conquered
country
;
as
nomc, as
two
even a king
;
they levied
appropriated the
to let
it
for
lower
title
left
own ways.
had to adopt when the Hyksos made themselves a king. This is a point on which we must wait for more light.
ministration
Hyksos were
is
as
much
further
Egyptianized as possible,
brated fragment
of
the
first
Papyrus,
the
which at
least
undoubtedly refers
there
the Hyksos
period,
and
their rule.
letter the
In that we
we
read,
man
Hyksos Apapi
discreet
to be completely in the
hands of
Egypt,"
o^^Ti
. .
not,
let
officers.
.
the
South
in
a notice,
affairs
scribes
Thou
shalt be over
all
knowing
the
said."
continuity
so
than thou.
I
And
empire
it
exactly
have
agrees with the one or two fragments of information that remain to us, and
it
And Pharaoh
and put
it
upon Joseph's
from Asia.
:
Now to
There
is
men who
acted for
the king over the treasury and taxes, and over the royal decrees and public documents, bearing
Abrech
and he
set
him over aU
Here we read
of the investiture
him
royal
And,
further,
who
did
second
chariot.
now
see
was not an
them
to
up of a regular
administration.
office of
Here we have the exact description of a native vizier of a Hyksos king. We have but fi-agments
and suggestions to lead us, but every item that
CHAPTER
17.
III.
we can glean
on
to
THE CEMETERY.
The cemetery
to
this hypothesis,
of Tell
Nebesheh covers a
but does not
any other.
pi. xv.),
how
short reigns
seem
The tombs
all angles,
men who
viziers,
in the
Hyksos country
by
their
almost
though roughly
to the cardinal
were reckoned as
while
own
a
points in general.
countiymen
in
the
?
upper
seem
to
counted as kings
different title,
Nos.
4, 3, 5, 7, 8, 27,
all
31 of the
to
and acted as
in one part
considerably
the
No. 21
is less so.
another part.
Or the
viziers
the
TELL NEBESHEH.
18, 26, 29, 33.
The
later
nevertheless
still
They
also
which
is
twenty-sixth
little to
so
is
tomb No.
which
is
part of the
way down,
These
twenty-sixth dynasty.
marked "earher" and "later." A far greater number of tombs were excavated
than those here shown on the
tombs developed
into
map
many times
all
in fact.
But nearly
which
which
is
60
feet
walls and
space,
having stone
filling it
chambers
in the
few were
lost
and
up
mass
I always
of constructions.
The
Griffith
east
and west.
Those
my
return to Nebesheh to
all
make
was
the plan.
noticeable
that
Eamcssidc.
Head 2
E.,
complete.
2 W., 1 N., 1 S.
Cypriote.
6 E., 1 S.
clear
Sake.
17 W., 3 N.
Here a very
distinction
pi. xv.
and
xvi.).
Fkst,
called,
may
be seen.
may be
for a large
chambered tomb
No. 7G).
The chambers
is
in
them
and
it
classes.
The
position of the
;
tomb
well of entrance
seen,
the
Saites
top,
as in the sub-
tombs.
Many
of
these
have been
same
lines,
18.
The
earliest
place in them.
consequently very
confused
it,
seem
to have
at that time.
The
fell
on
it
we found
second class
and carried
in
in
my
them well
to
provided with
42, 20).
hand
but
it
me
promise
The entrance
my work
took
common
These tombs
afterwards.
forming an
ellipse
4^
Over the
head of this
21 on
pi.
i.,
coffin
Ramessu
II., it
may
be dated to the
made
The style of the two ushabti (see pi. i., top hue, numbered 35) also exactly accords with that period and some fragments of
nineteenth dynasty.
;
With
head of
this
E.
coffin,
i.
:
was
marked 21 on
it
pi.
by the
in this
tomb, again
agi'ee
Eamesside period.
of red brick in this tomb,
is
hheper ma,
represents
Ramessu V.
was a large
The employment
is
and
also Eamesside,
of great importance.
on the
surface.
In the
W.
i. ;
coffin
it is
clearly
and
it
appeared to be a
Now we
may
the
scarab cxhii. of
mud
Mr.
it is
Loftie's collection,
which
of the
same period;
Bulak.
made
of highly
is,
however, a
bricks in
Roman
the
tomb
tomb 21
;
and
at
Defenneh, 12-6
whereas the
Roman
rise
Dendera
to
they brought
me
have been
type marked 31 on
and
differing
from
ears.
These
baked clay
mud
bricks.
in point of age is
No. 21
(pi.
had been
vessels
This
is
entirely of red
baked
bricks,
smashed up
in
this antechamber.
The
The
The N.
;
and
the walls
N.E.
bricks
mud
washed
inside.
same work
top of the
same
hillock;
also
remains of fine
mouth.
tombs E. of
It
was
of very hard,
No. 25.
On
the
traced.
D 2
TELL NEBESHEII.
pi.
i.,
standing in the
in the
been smashed up in
cleared out
vessel,
earl}'
same chamber three terra-cotta ushabti of Patekh, From the style of of the type marked 41, pi. i.
the alabaster vessels and the ushabti
certain that this
it is
what remained.
27,
right
The broken
side
alabaster
i.,
marked
of
pi.
had
almost
apparently a
lid of slate
(shown above
it),
it
with a
turned,
tomb
is
knob of alabaster
to
Beside
on
The
3,
5,
best group of
ribbed
and
five
marked 27,
flask,
Nos.
7,
and on
pi.
8.
ii.
The
from these
tombs are
all
Tomb
8 I cleared entirely
dish, rather
Hke the
myself, and so
it is
Roman
glazed ware.
were
all really
found together.
20.
Beneath the
coffin of pottery,
We
now come
Though such
pottery
as the
and
j'et
feet
Saitic
them
in this class.
should
The Cypriote
class, then,
may
be defined as having
to one interment, is
result.
From
Moreover, as already
lie
tomb
is
tombs
the
W.
to
on
be seen on
pi. xv.
that
tomb
same
paint.
3,
of
No.
work, has
pottery,
found in tomb
;
unhappily
much
broken up
it
lid fitting in
Hence 17 and 18 must have been when tomb 2 was made. Yet, on the other hand, after tomb 2 was ruined, and the
stone sarcophagi in
intei-ment
in
it
We
this
several
smashed and
coffin
looted, a later
varieties of ushabti,
coffins.
a pottery
still
was
made over
Tomb 27
long
Cypriote
Cyi)riote
class.
Thus
it
is
clear
that
these
We may provisionIt
in the twenty-sixth
till
had
Persian period
CHAP.
these limits.
entire
Ill
THE CEMETERY.
the butt end, so as to get
better
grip of the
all unlikely.
absence of ushabti,
On the whole,
in the
therefore,
it
I.
when he
settled the
them
to stick
and that
some two
centuries or more.
As the contents
illustrated
of these
iii.,
all
form had a bar across the fork to prevent the thong slipping off in action. The fork from tomb
on
pi.
24 was intended to
staff of
fit
on
to a naturally forking
tombs
to
wood.
of this Cj-jiriote pottery so
mapped on
iron
jjl.
xv.,
it
The presence
monly
com-
was
really
from
this type
shown
in the plan.
of pottery that the Egyptians formed the "pilgrim bottle " type of red pottery made on a sand bag,
of
which has
pi.
i.
been
It
brought
away, and
lotus necks,
and of green glazed pottery so often found with and inscriptions impressed down the
represented on
hole,
edge.
Such forms
in
are,
so far as I remember,
made
intentionally, in the
is
head of the
coffin.
unknown
Egypt
were
Tomb 26
scarab
(fig.
of interest
viii., fig.
as
introduced.
The
Saitic
Tomb
As
Mr.
mid-bottom of
stone,
pi. iii.,
much
to be
the end
two
The
positions of the
several rougher
ones,
on the plans.
The use
is still
Thus
in
tomb
undecided.
11 (Plan,
pi. xvi.)
have a cross-bar.
The only
It will
plain
me
is
which had been 26 inches square and 15 inches high, had contained 45 ushabti, of which only 5
were inscribed.
flooring
end in a fork
at the base,
This tomb had part of a wooden and panelling which had been covered
;
with stucco
large
was part of a
In
was needful
yet a
flat coffin
and
means
tomb No. 39, again, were two boxes of ushabti; one had been about 17 inches square, and contained
TELL NEBESHEH.
154 ushabti
;
and another, 19
12^ inches,
In
I
is
in a very
inscribed.
bad condition.
is
Tomb No. 42
sarcophagus in
j
of
fine
19^
22
it,
the
and another
In
hd sloping
which
is
on
and Ta-asar.
The
finest of
in
bricks of this
tomb
are 14-1
C-9
The
all in
gi-eat
inches.
the cemetery.
cleared,
situ,
The two
amulets undisturbed.
pi. XV.),
This
was tomb 23
(map,
mnning
all
The
in-
(pi. xvi.).
Am,
had
who
is
been placed,
disappeared.
although the
It
wood had
there
entirely
The
great sarcophagus
seemed that
jars,
had been
and
a'
wooden
doorway.
22.
canoplc
wooden
boxes,
on the
lid,
wooden door
up of the
the four
mummies
upper part.
in
an enormous
is
were
by the workman's
cemented
in,
cor-
belonged to
of nearly all of
have mounted
For the
N.W.
of the cemetery,
a similar coffin
amulets of
fine
The
positions
were
TELL NEBESHEII.
by several examples.
and
gilt,
The body
was pitcbed
W.
of
No. 76.
glass edging.
known from
Thebes
this is fixed
by the amulets
to the twenty-
and
sixth dynasty.
But of
objects,
shown
in pi.
viii.
10 to 17, which
In another tomb
and
in
tomb
;
with
feathers
gold
we
III.
below this
bed
pi. viii. 1
built
as several small
may
There were
and portions
mound on
them
15
silver
gilt figures
of Neit seated, 3 of
winged
Isis,
;
and an
eye, similar.
Cow's head
size,
in
wavy brown
ears
also
rings on the
from
neck
a piece
of a
mould
black
to be
for
making patterned
;
pottery,
weight
gilt
;
paste,
some
scribbled on in Cufic
many hundreds
in
coarse
wrapper.
made
seemed
perhaps
of various ages,
only
century
two
old,
but
the
made by a
saw-cut
many dozens
made by
of small round
cymbals and
flask
Among
were
A double
plaques
(viii.
under the
2)
an
aegis of
Among
may
be
Quadruple
Amulet of
The pail has found deep in the sand in tomb IG. been wrought in one piece, with handles riveted on and the Hd seems to have had a leather (?)
;
Bes
seated,
work.
handle riveted on
it.
pottery jar
^\ith
two
inches wide.
G).
cups,
1|-
and 2^
in. across.
Bronze
base.
required to excavate
it.
It will
be noticed that
poor
Isis,
work,
on
original
wooden
lines of street
may be
followed,
Limestone
insula'.
In
them we can
amount of sepulchral
from
this
objects
may
is
still
be obtained
cemetery
but
it
doubtful whether
much
would repay
Such
is
now
CHAPTER
IV.
THE TOWN.
24.
We
of
is
may
a
begin
by
noticing
the
slight
some
articles
found
in
chamber 99 a
terra-cotta
remains
cemetery,
building,
which, though
in
site
the
of a
work
small chapel.
seen
(pi. xv.)
Others
of these pruning-hooks, probably for use in vineyards, were found in the town (see pi.
vii.
building."
Nothing
remains
of
this
but
the
14, 15).
chips of limestone
but in
surprise
tracing
it
out the
26.
The most
important
of the
house we cleared
digger
came
to
my
on
a foundation
was one
the
in that part
deposit in the
corner
of
the
temenos
is
carefully cleared
siderable
mound
of house remains,
objects
shown
at
the
foot
of
xix.
Their
positions are
pi.
vi.
at the top of
we
found in
is
it,
Nebesheh
;
and
it
So the burning of
curious
well as
house and
its
contents
Several
late
b.c.
No name
is
No
many
On
other corners.
N.,
712
S.,
The enclosure measures 697 in. 408 E., 405 W. so the building
;
In bronze there
the
feet
33
feet.
and the
4)
Nefertum
;
now
to the
will
worn
Osiris in bronze
and
In
be seen on
pi. xvii.
it
as
(fig.
2)
a rude
As
site
on which
filling
hawk
of
piece,
in limestone
Greek work, 1|
wide;
a marble tongue-
and
left
mummies
and a
money
TELL NEBESHEH.
the globular, bugle, ribbed, and truncated parallelepiped forms.
(fig. 1),
In
glazed
which seems
also a
In terra5)
the
remarkable
;
lamp
(fig.
vdth a
Greek pottery
of a tube
know
is
lamp
In ivory
the
female figure
rod.
in
(fig. 7)
numbers
are of
Ptolemy
I.
appearance
(fig.
20).
A
her
head,
Triad,
;
Khem, Amen
Ra,
and
Horus.
Three beards
gilt
;
hands
(fig.
on
the
hips,
and a vase
Osiris feather,
and feathers of
swing
high, with
basket.
(16).
l}r
23).
19).
Two
17
pendants.
Situla
Situla with
and
16),
handle,
incised
in.
high.
5f
(8),
in.
figures.
(2),
in.
Model
sticks
situla
and
arrows
colour.
Also, not
Bodkins
Bowl, 6
long.
kohl
across.
If high.
an
iron
Plummet,
asehead
slab
in.
brown
age
pottery,
are
Egypt
their
until their
We may
long,
also
note
in.
be
established,
origin
must
2
2;^
wide,
and f
,
thick.
of
iron
remain unsettled.
3j
the sarcophagus in
ground
as this
is
it is
more
tetradrachm.
An Athenian drachma.
(pi. viii. 4),
Silver ring
twenty-sixth
painting
still
with Har-pe-khruti
when
the
Ramesside
A
a recumbent female "
:
at
Am. Two
Of stone
(xix. 9),
objects there
is
Three
this
seems to
are Egyptian,
and not
of dark
pottery
whetstone, 5J
inches long,
another animal
sides.
Two
lotus
die of blackened
and a piece
of
with
very
rude
of
skull,
of the
extraordinary thickness
pattern.
A Bennu
mould
in limestone.
vii.
piece
inch.
21).
Eight-
The
The
is
The general
the
with in late
sites,
Nebesheh scarabs
unknown
this
at Naukratis
small
size,
high
finish,
implied that
;
with them
plainly
at
Defenneh
found
pieces which
and do not so
Of
showed them
to be corn-rubbers.
slit
Made
to the
we
down
may
notice
20
44
to 48,
63
to 67.
from end
slit,
to
down
The Tanis
figs.
smaller, as
80
to S3.
The
hetcs
fig.
36
is
not a
21
Three
dice
of
scarab, but a
relief
little
on either
side.
The
Of bronzes, a king
kneeling,
15
figures
of
of
to be of
Psamtik
by a double
No.
hardly to be
eighth
:
Osiris, 5 of Har-pe-khruti,
5 of Nefertum, 3
60 seems
Khem, 3
Khonsu.
II is
the
obscure
it,
TELL XEBESHEH.
as well as scarabs Gl
aud 02 of Xaukratis,
is
the truth.
one of
and
One
of the
?
carnelian
this be of
is
exactly of that
-mie of
it
tablets represented
and
Whether
I.,
Aahmes, one
Amenhotep
is
or of Nofertari or Meritamen,
II.
the
I
first
which
No. G3
is
one
Tanis, Pt.
I., p.
31).
Besides
Khonsu " or " devoted to Khonsu." The Tanite scarabs were brought over by my workmen who came fi'om there. No. 71 is of
Sheshank
I.
S.
from the
or Takelut II.
pylon."
that
From
these discoveries
it
was concluded
but
Amt was
the genuineness,
is
of Tanis.
remains
still,
quite important
enough
nome.
this
one
The name
side
of
Amt
occurs continually on
its
its
Eamcs-
The
others
do not show
great temple
anything of importance, beyond the general connection of the very rude schist scarabs with the
adorned with
San
district.
is
one
at San.
known.
Diimichen
shows that
the
;
wine of
Amt was
while in Ptolemaic
it
from Syria.
vines, being
scarcely
grow
The
desert
and to a great
size.
Some
knowledge of
local history
and
religion
in
tliis
comer
of the Delta.
The inscriptions on the sarcophagi and temple monuments show that here were the city, temple,
and cemetery of Amt,
capital
were perhaps used in vine-dressing, when under a better system of irrigation " the fields of Aanru,"
as the
territory of this
of the nineteenth
nome
of
Lower Eg^qit,
Am
pfli.
cro2)s,
Book
the
in
city.
meagre and stunted growth of the small part that At the present day tliere is is still cultivable.
only. a very
narrow
strip of
good
liuul
on
tlie
edge
of cultivation,
tilled
for
miles no
show a monument
of equal age.
ground
is
a small patch.
One is headless, and has been so for ages, the broken edges being worn
Nebesheh are
smooth
;
29.
The
earliest inscriptions of
the other
to
is
monuments
The
They seem
An
rough
ments of
king
this date.
of an altar dedicated by
is
Amenemhat
II.
The
appa-
this
is
6.
The
6c.
left
side is entirely
It is unforit
erased.
The remains
pi.
of that
on the northern
legible part
is
imperfect, as
might
sphinx are in
x.
The
shows
says,
was
is
.'"
and
"says,
'I
was chosen.'"
in later times
A
c)
hori-
This
zontal line
-'erpei
hd"
a king.
and
it,
with a
(d
and
e)
cut below
giving the
was broken
breast
The head of the sphinx had been recut before it off. Between the paws and upon the
were erased cartouches.
"the
chancellor,
On
the
right
nub mertu."
Those
on the
right
side
have
left
(pi. x. 6b).
They
are
This side
is
now
unfortunately
much
hiero-
his
name
lightly
upon the
front flaps
broken.
The
These early
The
Muqdam, and
recognize.
Maskhuta).
The
other two
monuments
of the cartouche of
Eameses
at
III.
lies
exposed
of the
The name
Nebesheh,
W.
name
to
of the second
fitted
the throne,
to
have
belonged
statue
of
30.
III.
The name
is
of the princess
who
not legible.
of the
Nebesheh,
too,
The
inscriptions
But from
monuments and
Seti I. has left
their
imknown
them we learn that Nebesheh has with San and Kliata'neh as one
to be counted
usm'pers.
II.
Even
no record. Eameses
of a group of
TELL NEBESHEH.
tions
still
remain there.
He
The family
at
of
Amt
we
see
by
a goddess or of Ptah
name
of Uat.
Of
his father
"beloved of
The
small
name
of
of
Merenptah occurs
granite
also
on a fragment
the
distinctly bearded,
and wears
another
monument from
temple.
Uat
is
titles
of this king.
He
The
in-
X.
5).
The
inscriptions
are cut
on the
interest.
other from
left to right,
right to
Before the
offerings
first
size,
and
was
one
figure.
Funeral
are
demanded
of Uati, lady of
Amt,
for the
judge Ai
Before
Meramen
the
Similar offerings
demanded
for
the
judge
and
scribe
Khemmes, and
a longer inscrip-
country, Pa-mcr-ejau,
and of the singer of Uati Ta-usert," while a deceased son of his was " first prophet of Uati,
named Se
Uati.
.
Uati, whose
^(enrat,
lOg.;
16c).
entitled qat'en or
Thoth, of
mouth ... on the 15th day, new year, the feast of Uag, of Sokar, of the going forth of Khem, in
? (of
the temple)
upon the
and incense
to his
prophets of Menthu lord of Uas, the chief superintendent of the buildings in the temples of the
statue (pi.
The
statue
was dedicated by
on the right
by a kind of
arm.
graffito
roughly
cliiselled
Amen
owing
scribe
(this god's
On
is
engraver)
the
of
the
Khemmes."
His
office
in connection with
is
the temples of
This person's
to
name and speech and Uat's speech him have been carefully erased. The figure
II., to
a sufficient reason to a
the
discovery
of
monument
of this
Thebau functionary
Amt.
His
name
to the
is
common one
feast
At Edfu
tlu;
doubtedly belongs.
himself,
was Moreuptali
of
Uat
is
from
l'2th
Amen-
relief
was found
at the
hotep
(pi. X.
15).
He
The
that of Set!
I.
An
to
One
district of
Ani and
priest of
Menthu.
It is
a puzzle
know -why this statue should have been found here in Lower Egypt. There is no local reference to Amt, or even to Lower Egypt, in any remaining
passage of the inscription, which
is
mason's mark
(pi.
xi.
17),
which
is
therefore
dynasty.
period
Another
xii.
fragment of
title
this
(pi.
4)
nearly perfect.
contains the
taui,
of a priest of
Amen
ra neb nes
It is
Amenhotep
dynasty.
to flee
is
name belonging
for
to the eighteenth
very
this
Perhaps
finely cut.
Rameses
III.
there
is
a complete blank
after
our
would prevent
its
being
brought from
Before proceeding
The name
II.,
of Merenptah, successor of
Rameses
built into
make
tomb
He
be placed earlier
and
ii.).
monument in front
colossal
figure
The
hawk
overshado-SN-ing
small kneeling
its
of a bearded,
mummified
figure,
;
resembling Osiris,
of the
king bears
of
upon
(pi.
sides
the
standard
name
Merenptah
of
x.
9a), alter-
not so
completely mummified,
and
nating with
(pi. X.
figures
Amen
The former
9h) and
Merenptah exchanging
the god for victory.
Nebesheh stood up
but nearly
all
who
upon the
His son
is
In the early
x.
Qh).
Eameses
the
(see
upon
x.
a
8).
block
of
pavement
in
the gateway
(pi. x.
(pi.
mummified
of liorbehud of Edfu,
capital
;
who was
is
god of the
of
city of the
fourteenth
nome
disk)
Lower Egypt
only
The collection from Nebesheh contains specimens of various materials limestone, sandstone, The style varies red pottery, and glazed ware.
:
all
over
the
entrance
to
temple.
A.
The
TELL XEBESIIKH.
gated, and the porcelain the most stumpy.
The
dynasty).
Tomb
Asar Pa
made,
41.
te^^
.
Three
. .
specimens,
inscription,
sht'
Those
clearly
in stone
now
illegible,
marked
in the cutting
lips
and
implements coloured
black.
moulded
and
inscription
One
entirely
6i-
painted
lump
of clay in the
;
inches
marks
side
of this shaving
on the
and back.
The
is
feet, \Yithout
Tomb
4,
incised
Tomb
of
chambers
3, 5, 8, 7.
7 and 8
are
The
The
legs
and
the innermost, a
man
may be
7.
Two
Son),
35.
The
inscription
8.
One very
pottery.
Three slender, red pottery, one being These are marked with incised
below waist.
efflorescence
coloured yellow.
lines (pi.
ii.
stone,
8) in front
hieratic script.
may be compared
with the
Wig
curves
lappets, small
title
They were found amongst the rubbish of a destroyed tomb in which red tiles had been used. (Two specimens,
from back to
basket
fair
work,
Umestone, rounded
coloured black.
front, crossed
hoe in
left
;
right, broad-bladed
in
hangs
between
shoulders,
Inscription in
shot'
vertical
down
tunic
and
legs,
Asar
Imes
(?)
5| inches (elongate)
Harud,
3.
&c., part of
and
G.\,
nineteenth dynasty).
31. Six specimens porcelain, pale yellow-
Two
of red pottery,
Tomb
brown
brown,
Also
ten
specimens
bluish
porcelain,
wig
amen,
Two
In
Pachnamounis,
the coast.
is
absent.
The
deceased
J.
named Rfunscsnekht.
down
Two
is
slender specimens.
A
ilie
hieratic inscrip-
tion
The
best of the
From
sarcopliagi were
up of red
tiles,
scarabs
examples
in
They
The
heads,
About
Lappets straight.
raising the
tools scarcely
2-2t6 inches.
(not Saite) porcelain, wig
But there
have
are besides a
number
many
peculiarities.
They
are all
made
of porcelain.
fifty
11 inches long.
featm-eless, cylindrical like
(A tomb
at
small
One specimen,
an
Amen
qemdt n
inches long.
They
with
2^ inches.
the arms, back
greyish
hoes.
colour, the
markings black,
is
holding two
painted
The back
upon
it
cut
flat,
inscription
impressed.
2 inches.
last are
These two
in the
uncommon
Saite type.
A
is
more
interesting
Tomb
six
and porcelain
specimens,
and
an
long,
alabaster
eye,
a double mould.
inches
very
at
slender,
The
but
roughly
modelled
and
ridged
the
back,
markings and
colour
pale
ground
-
No
visible,
blue
(twentieth
to
twenty
fifth
dynasty)
From Nebesheh
also
are the
follo-ssing,
but
There
is
The
is is
known.
They
smooth, as
impressed,
if
t'et
well bandaged.
The
prd
inscription
an Asar hn
. .
.
ntr
....
"says
of
."
mould.
cut
flat,
They
unfortunately
3^ inches
(?).
The arms
32. Pieturuing
fillet
now
to the larger
monuments,
found
in
and Amasis
11.
The name
of the latter
is
Another, of
much
finer work,
of pale-greenish
figure
'
elbows prominent,
that
of a
clay seal
Uat lady of Amt." Salle du Centre, Vitrine P. No. 3937 The monuments of Sais show that at this (see pi. li.). period Uat of Amt had a chapel dedicated to her worship
in the
seem
many
Egyptian
capital.
TELL NEBESHEH.
One
of these
is
carefully cut,
The
royal
titles
is
have been
almost
entirely
name
piece
it,
is
broken
the
the
other
is
rough
with
The same
letter
and portions
the
first in
former
name name
of
is
Uat and
Khem
remaining.
The
been erased.
No.
3.
I at first
is
In the hieroglyi^hic Usts and the papyri, Uat' always mentioned as the goddess of Amt, but on
to belong
it
to
is
clear that
they were
is
a triad
Kliem
standard
name
Horus sam
taui,
and
the
We
There
now
is
see that
was
made and To
monument.
dispose at once of the
left
When
the
an eye
To suppose
it
to be the
face.
These
much
scaled by decomposition of
should be part
The
inscriptions
lightly
name
of Osiris.
The
Squeezes
may have
set luia,
or
her ah
Amt, or even as
and rabbish.
It
was not
until the
in the British
Museum
By good luck
name
of
Amasis
at
it,
make
is
not so clear an
instance, as battered.
much
of the inscription
has been
These
monuments
are
undoubtedly
shadowed with
which are un-
from Sais.
If at
name and
titles
is
Below
this
tomb-chapel of a functionary
also
is
(for his
sarcophagus
and
in the British
if
figures of
Khem
king.
back to back
surprised
the people of
Amt,
same
Behind the
Below
titles.
He
is
"beloved
and
to
show
trp ^^as-xet."
queror
who had
ments,
shrine.
offended
him from
the temple
monu-
to tau, alluvial
-with
Heq
xas-
and the
Returning to the
built
latest periods,
may
Heq
It
is
not exclusively,
cut
up
in
order
to
be
reused.
Perhaps the
some
portion of the
nome was
called Set or
Xas haa,
(sar-
The
name
Osiris
Khem
was not
entirely
cophagus of Nekhtnebf
abandoned
hr
tep
x<^^X^'
'^^
^^^^^ i^
and herbage
(cf.
II.
The
triad then
seems
to
combine the
desert
god
pi.
x.,
Khem
13,
and
is
p. 7).
This Horus
This latter
sam
taui is
The
prince in the
nome
cartouche
on the pyramidion.
Beneath
probably has no
mythological reference,
hawk-headed
god who
is
Khem
head.
by the double straight feathers on his The king is " beloved of Horus neb xcsxet."
is
of the province of
Am
Buto or
city of
Uat.
of the
symbol of
this
god as
see that
well.
But on the
Saite
monument we
assumed the
god's
Horus
full
Khem
name upon
his head.
This reminds us of
to Horus.
the
Khem
and the
monuments from
the
Very
identical with
the cemetery.
The
fine basalt
sarcophagus
Nais-sharu
of
Khem, who takes the first place in the Ptolemaic triad of Am, and the second place on the block of Amasis, and is there called Hor her ah set haa. The word x^^X^^ ^^ considered by Brugsch to mean " foreigners," in which case Horus, at the
head of the foreigners, would be the god of the
Phoenicians and Greeks settled in the district;
of Psemthek,
(pi.
xii.
son
of Pathenf and
18),
servant of the
crown
Lower
and
priest,"
'
Amt
ones of Hmestone
(pi. xii.
menkh
ab, son
in this border-
The
line
inscriptions
upon these
But
it is,
one
TELL NEBESHEH.
both ways.
lady TeduiiSiir
meriti
(pi. xii.
21).
The chapel
of Osiris
may
be marked
with
hme
deposit,
making
it
impossible to take
with foundation deposits. In the temple was found the burnt fragment of a limestone statuette
(pi. x. 112)
The
titles are
The
of a priest (?) of
made up
the
Uat
of
Amt,
found in
the
pyi-amids,
house Se hotep
was
revived
under
The two
periods.
basalt statuettes
(pi.
x.
11
and 18)
is
the
in-
The
translation
of
the
:
inscription
work.
lines.
The
lid is as follows
" (says
upon
it is
in
two vertical
Several
the
of the
is
nome
of
Amt,
13
is
Psemthek whose
art perfected
mother
Nais-sharu,
Thou
leg of a
lower crown
colours.
(its)
many
it
are thy
The ushabti
is
It (the
It
rescued
Osirian
numerous.
Horus.
at
thy
spirits
the moulding
much
deeper, sharper,
Psemthek
urseus
the
head of the
forehead.
on
it
thy
Eise
may
be distinguished.
flat,
Probably
broad, and
Psemthek,
Nut while
not
in-
Be not dispmted be
Horus places thy
all
down be not
at the
....
exaggerated.
The
telligence at the
head of
intelhgences,
thy
in
small
specimens.
power
head of
all living,
Osiris servant
The irnplements
a basket.
in the
father is
Pathenf
'
'
coffins or
come
"
Psemthek son
of
Pathenf
And
found two
of ushabti
is
much damaged.
They
are
xii.
tomb.
The
tomb
ruin,
tlie
but
some
of the
the
tomb
and
tigniis
The name
Psemthek
II.
nionkli
iib
points to the
a rectangular group as
time of Psammetichus
4G, over
of
an inscription in one line down the middle of the lid, containing an address to " Osiris meriti, in
the midst of
These
Amt,"
for the
commander
of infantry
the
same type of
features
is
The
is
most
remarkable specimen
from
Nelx'sheh
form, but
filled
son of Ta du ast,"
J
Other names are 50 b "Hun," o " A her un nub e, " T'ed nub," h "Peduchonsu," " Ast? " son of " Ta hetr," and the two more
glaze.
to be
The name
is
difficult
to read, but
seems
commander of ? troops of Khent abt (fourteenth nome), " Pef (a) chonsu son
of the mistress of the house
?
.
.
."
very
much
Teduasar.
four inches
Asames, which
of the larger
6^ inches,
is
town probably it was a keepsake when the family of " Pef a chonsu " removed to the nineteenth nome) and B, governor of the
tions in the
:
great house " Pef a (?) net deceased, (son of) the
se)(em hau
though of small
size,
has no
of Sais ?
Sebek
(or
Se sebek) and
mark
of
."
and
is
probably
later
than
it
difficult
to find
any
classical
name
to
cor-
Some
Perhaps
75.
it is
the Arabian
Buto of Herodotus
II.,
2\ inches high, (e) in the plate is of this type. The ushabti of " the chief of the singers, the
priest
CHAPTEK
By
35.
VI.
Har
for
ut'a son of
Uat
CxEMAIYEMI.
F. Ll. Griffith.
hat,"
tomb
40,
is
perfect
material
and workmanship.
is
The
har-
On
the
right
This
may
be taken
as typical of
The specimens measure seven inches with them were found some well-worked figures only 2^^ inches high, more stumpy. Of the later style are a number of figures
brought in together, one of which
is
mound
plain
of
Gemaiyemi.
It stands
northward
From
inscribed
(/), a
Amt it is
visible as a high,
Her ha
ar neb, or
Hor kheb
ar
neb
(?).
reddish-coloured
hill,
in the British
Museum,
mountain-like
heaps of Tanis.
As one walks
is
name
dication of date.
almost
lost.
rise
hill
mounds
barriers
As to the inscriptions upon them, we find one " erpa ha" (tomb 39); eight "commanders of troops " (tomb 39 50 a. " Hor, son of Khabes "),
;
on
all
sides,
12 ("Hor
pesh
tion,
?
heb, son of
Ment
?"), 11
("Pa hor
on the
round
the
little
desert
the
of
perhaps g
(but
the
inscriptions
such heaps
run
together into
From
numerous ushabti of
and no two are
troops (?)
. , .
alike),
and
("
commander
k,
of
/
and
Arab huts,
on
.").
Amt
on the
TELL XEBESHEH.
west.
Beyond
rises the
ft.
from east
to west,
by 310
ft.
north to south.
The
ft.
Northward he the
now
the
as completely
The massive
brick,
It
San.
South-west along
the
sometimes even
that
being washed
away.
28
ft.,
Abu
Qijh
and
built of bricks
on
all
but the
east side.
mound
of Khata'neh
is
many
of the courses
The mound
remains
of
of
Gemaiyemi
brick
the
base
being
inclined
breadthwise at an
crude
houses,
dating
from
The
Roman, Ptolemaic, and perhaps earlier times. Arab remains are absent. Round it, on the
north, are the walls of isolated buildings almost
with
one
or
two
thicknesses
The whole
of the east
ft.
of
washed
from the
Eastv,'ard
lined with
its
bricks 7
13-rV
earthenware
however,
is
coffins.
a place of
more promise,
limestone
space
with sand,
chips
on
at the corners as at
the
surface,
enclosed by a
brick wall.
About
of the
temenos.
will
On
mound
I
It
is
This latter
tested
several places,
no
importance.
Denudation
had
and west
walls.
If
there ever
it
existed a
carried
to the foundation,
has completely
A
of
or
so
pottery.
From
I
the
bricks
appeared to
be
substructures
stone
gateway,
and were
Ptolemaic, but
ment
30.
of them.
This
late
The
is
of greater
It is quite possible,
'
The
everywhere where there was a slope. The water does not generally run in deep channels, bat washes over the surface of the lower slopes, wearing them down nearly evenly year by year. Much of the loose and crumbling material must be carried away by the hi"h
'
visible
and Gemaiyemi.
east wall
is
As
have
pointed
out,
the
all
same
itself,
mound
winilp.
have
to
earlier
entrance.
building,
closure,
Within
the
enclosure
was
large
CHAP. VI.-GEMAIYEMI.
the middle.
-n-all
of
coloiu'ed
glass
lay
among
the chips,
came
at
were
8
numerous
chambers,
bricks
socket.
In a few momenta
it
the
block of chambers of
5 in. brick
was
built
on
bronze figures
of
remained of extensive
level,
higher
destroyed by denudation.
it
on delicate ground.
sand with
mosaic
that
in
They were
They
my
situ.
fingers,
bare a piece
of
at
work
point,
and hastily
fetching
tent
from
and were
filled
was not
had passed,
sand.
The remains
had made out something of the nature and plan of the buildings, and had determined how to rescue some of the mosaic, that we proceeded with
and
I this delicate job. laid bare, I scraped
off bit
thickness in parts of 18
of limestone rubbish
and took
by
a small panel of
hawk
of blue
The
110
bricks
measured 8^
17
in.;
ft.,
length of the
east
to west
ft.
up nearly
Beneath
In
foundation
deposits,
aa or x) of pale greenish-blue, alternating with Below this rectangular plaques of lapis blue.
As
in the temple of
Amasis
at
Nebesheh,
came a row
line.
of baskets neb,
much
disturbed,
The whole
deposits,
of the
to
A bronze rod
stretched
within the
18
in. of
sand.
in
it
in Ptolemaic
Two pits had also been sunk and Eoman times, and filled
The positions of the marked upon the plan.
few hours, and
had been
inlaid
on a panel of wood.
entirely decayed
away and
left
gaps between each minute piece of the mosaic and its neighbours, and no backing, it was
difficult
to save
sand
a time.
when
it
One
of
my men
was
left
larger
pieces.
ths
Cairo, to which I
TELL XEBESHEH.
transferred
it,
it
broke into
many
pieces
on the voyage
home.
Of
course, the
Upper Eg^-pt would have preserved the whole cache just as it was deposited. This find consisted of (1) Four bronze rods of
climate of
Perhaps
finished
all
same un-
work of
On
32i
inches,
pits
were dug.
partially gilt
rings.
blue porce-
When
similar
glass,
chambers on the
S. side.
to
them
thick rings of
38.
The
the
following
is
list
of
the
principal
which
objects found.
In
(see
large
building
foundation
in
deposits
The
PL
xix).
the N.W.,
S.E., and
S.W.
There
with them.
was no deposit
clean
They were buried about 18 inches deep in the sand, and 4 or b feet above the base of
The centre
of each corner deposit was
the wall.
them
(2)
at 2 or
3 inches distance.
lay in two planes sloping
The
objects
down
at the
the
corner
and
measured about
16x18
inches. of
They included
size,
of the rods.
being
large
three
Of one panel very little remained, and it seemed The other I have to have been left unfinished.
already described.
all
These were
the comer.
details
all
The height
also a limestone
mortar
in
This ai'rangement
in
its
and
probable
3| square.
holes
The bronze sockets were C inches high and They were intended to support some
inches wide, in order that
it
that
some
In the
N.W.
a model bronze
might be
itself is
The
earned
like a
sedan chair.
The socket
square.
Cement
sides.
and a spear-
therefore
in
the
sockets
when
gilt
They were
evidently deposited
and light-blue
linen
or
canvas wrapping.
inches
The two
high,
kneeling
Several
model
and socketed
fan.
The
seven
large
head,
inches
high.
(xiv.
all in
and
xv.)
?) platters.
corner of
it
it -ft'ith
one or two
Cyhndrical pieces.
These are
coarse and
platters
crumbling plaster.
From some
come the
a
large
fore
legs
broken from
small
sphinx, in
with three
harder plaster.
Two
in
(6)
An immense
mouth, sa\Mi
in at
of
them
4f inches
diameter.
in diameter,
The
third is
much
it,
larger,
8 inches
was the
found.
Traces
of two
wooden
to
on the edge
reflector.
it
XX. 2).
It
seems to be a lamp
mosaics, were
surface.
the
of
lamp was
to be
is
used with
The
as a bin,
No
seem
such thing
for corn(?).
The
others
(7)
sides.
Two
They were
large
and
finely
worked
in
figure in stea-
perfect condition
It repre-
On
many bronze
figures of
Now
in a
at Bulaq.
filled
Beyond
marked
these,
pit
with late
There were
and
III.
disk,
Some were
is
of parts only,
showing that
small
and Anubis
and similarly
on the
The
list
of
them
(i.)
Osiris,
complete
on throne, beardless, 30
inches high,
(ii.)
and beard,
(iii.)
bronze
rods,
upper
part
down
to
waist,
15
(iv.)
inches,
Isis,
winged
The
figure
(v.)
complete
Some of these objects must have been thrown out when the Koman pits were
dug
in the sand,
the arms of
Isis,
broken.
inches,
inches,
(vi.) The same much The same, front only, 18 (viii.) The same, back only to knees, 10 (x.) Khem, (ix.) Same as last, 8| inches,
(vii.)
many
objects
were found.
At the
(if
N.E.
corner,
apparently
made
to
me was
correct),
2| inches high,
(xi.)
The
of a
same,
(xii.)
left
Back
TELL NEBESHEH.
liou,
later disturb-
gradually drifting
wood was
fastened
in;
fine
bronze
Ptah,
away.
shrine
to
The
many
forms.
The
larger figures
usually
made
in several pieces.
than
the
rest),
objects,
perhaps capitals of
and patterns.
sides
The
of the staircase of
xx. 3, 4).
are various
(the
glass),
(?),
of
com-rubbers,
the
upper
one with
;
distinct handles,
modelled in hmestone
and two
The
The deep
and
small
bronze
This
The pale
white.
Of
iron
Another
nail, a chisel,
and the
tip of a
same
together to an edge.
in breadth,
inches high.
This
There
was found
few
many
of this kind, without the inlay, and feathers, &c., of two or three colours.
Or
(2)
by mixing colours
marble
(red,
dif-
mould
in
white,
and green).
Or
(3) to
by laying rods of
by side
in
The remains
into sections.
The
finest
in this
They
consist of
moulds
in limestone
same
quality
all
wall;
pieces
glass,
&c.,
throughout.
Several
bars
were found,
of
Clear evidence of
is
manner
in
found
similar
in a piece
and been
left in
the rear.
43
is
flying,
and measures 8
the
wings,
It
is
inches in length.
of glass in
relief.
Each
feather
is
a separate piece.
The
five
long
visible
brown.
The small
many
pieces of
glass.
The long
gi'een,
five
colours.
of the
blue.
wing are
contains the
those
These wing
The commonest
rarer and the
colour
is lapis lazuli
blue,
and
the
The head
relief,
is lost
To economize
mixed
were
and of
bird's
different sizes.
cut and
mounted on hot
of a
leg
Some
shown
Of hieroglyphs, part
the
The
name
of
Khem
is
at
The
following are
some
sizes
in
and either
;
or in relief.
sepa-
high
these
are in red
Woman
seated,
wig
separate.
Bird
rate, the
They
made
tlie
in
several
pieces.
the
Hawk.
Owl.
glass).
for a tunic
of different
pieces are
stelae
flat
small
with
if for
decoration (amongst
them
are
several
or narrow lines of
manipulation of the
piece,
rods
in
and
like
(this
turned
which
is
is clearly
composite.
sideways
There
red glass
hawk).
Pieces
of
relief,
In
relief also is a
well-worked
anything
else.
from a
girdle,
and a hand
fist
in green glass.
all
A
G
are worked
round.
was shaped by being run into moulds. For the hieroglj'phs and elaborate forms earthen-
The
glass
TELL NEBESHEH.
ware moulds were used.
are
moulds
for the
no
exit.
The
They
it,
or
wooden
objects
had decayed.
The
same
seem
large
is
to
for the
is
not either
tomb
or a temple.
On
The
to ^V of
many
some of them
It
is
The panel
of small value
of the
raised all
over
the
building in
these objects.
with
Appearances are
all in
favour of this.
at the
back of a group
Some
on
to the
small lots at
some time
of panic.
the panel
quired,
may now
bo
and then
gilt stucco,
traced
somewhat
as
follows.
There was no
and cement,
the
like the
Isis in
Museum
of Practical Geology.
twenty-first
or
twentybuilt.
Amongst
ments of the
of
cartouches.
These
Of
the
this
nearly
wall
square
building
tlire(>
sides of
made
is
separately
great
remain, together
willi
small
no certain
the hierorfi,
name amongst
glyphs found.
These include Su
(ten) se
&c.
The occurrence
his son,
This
is
may
and the
in
gateway looking E.
I trenched
The
The hawk upon the panel was no doubt the hawk of Lower Egj^pt overPtolemaic cartouches.
now entirely
shadowing a king's
title.
An
early Ptolemaic
no doubt served
to
which the
Greek pottery, a small black and buff bowl of bad glaze, but probably made at the end of the
of
it
fourth centuiy.
PictuiTiing to the buildings in the
pi.
was rei)aired;
Icmcnos (see
xxi.),
the walls of
W.
towards
of
N.W.
In this
is to
faneral oiTerings.
Upper and Lower Egypt, Sankhqara, to grant The names of the two persons
and
feet.
be
remains
The
dynasty
dynasty, celebrated
an expedition to Punt
officer
The
named Hennu,
some
unusually massive,
makes
this
possible.
built,
A
and
with chambers.
But
this -was
name has
city.
first
Persian inartistic
It
was
unknown
It is
worthy of
false
now almost
seem
to
washed away.
Here
they
at
San
(Tanis, p. 10,
when
panic.
their trade
to
by a
The artisans buried their unfinished work and some of their less portable stock in trade before
taking
flight,
the squeeze.
to
is
belonged
I,
a chapel or cenotaph of
Amenemhat
It
The village, however, still flourished, and a new camp or enclosure was built on the S. But later
the place declined, and before the Arab conquest
at a
or in Middle
King Sankhqara
god
at Hata'ne.
Faqus
mounds on both
He may
sides
afterwards
of
the
railway,
sebakhin.
In Baedeker's
memory was
We
must
recollect,
Rameses
any of these.
Sema'ne, F. Eng.
are intended.
2.
West
of this
is
a stretch
Geziret
Dedamun,
and remains of
a sand-island, so called
(Fr.
Ed Dedamun
Dahdamoun)
buildings.
western edge.
with granite
immediately N.W.
3.
Hata'ne (Eng. El
of
5.
Qantir, F. Eng.
II. is visible in
The base
of a
column of
west
the
Piameses
the cemetery.
A quantity
of limestone remains
also
to the king
limestone, 2G inches
F. denotes the Atlas Geographique of the Description
I'Egypte
;
The hollow
is
The
in-
tie
Eng., the
Office
of
tlie
Delta.
scription runs,
The hereditary
liere in "
TELL XEBESHEH.
the
commander of the troops Set her khepshef," and name of Rameses II. is inscribed in the centre. The mound here is very shght, but almost con6.
These are
all
pre-Saite.
From
another tomb
came some long beads, and from a third bronze and lead eyes and eyebrows with long beads.
These are probably of the twenty-sixth dynasty.
Samakin
(=
Amarin, Eng.)
is
name
that
trees
of
Zuwelen
is
mile N.,
Some palm
;
Geziret
beyond Pelusium belong to this clan. Abu Qeh (Abou Qahar, F. Abu
town remains
N. end.
This
is
only 2^
Kabih, Eng.).
8.
its
finds at
p, 29.
11.
San
Hagar
SAn
rarely used.
(Fr. Eng.).
granite shrine
Tell
Dengu
and is called at Faqus Taqiyet el Far'un, or " Pharaoh's cap," which is not inappropriate,
though evidently arising from a mistake.
local
Its
a large
mound
covered with
^Vi-ab brick.
It is lofty
sides sloping
name, however,
i.e.
is
Taq'at
el
Far'un, or
Et
almost
an
taq'a simply,
Pharaoh's niche.
In future the
The
bricks
mound
is likely
to be
known
Large
named Muhammad
settled
en Nebesheh,
has
recently
there
and
13.
;
Hamadiu.
El Menagi
(el
Mehallet
cl
Ga-
11,
Kebire
el
and
es
sagire).
nam,
F.).
Several in F. Eug.
At M.
10. Tel
Zuwelen (Zawalin, F.
Tell
;
Abu
Uelin,
Eng.).
The name
of two sandhills
the southern
is
a block of sandstone, 16
20 inches (see
the site of
pi. xlii.).
There
is
the Bedawin.
an extensive ancient cemetery now ravaged by From one tomb I obtained about
Sam
over the
Sam
tunic
50 ushabti of a priestess of Amen Ankhsnast. Amongst them was a piece of limestone cut into
the shape of a tent peg with a head similar to
those of the ushabti.
Nekhtuebef.
standing and
visible
The
his
and
feet
of the
king
arm
raised in
adoration are
Uati
An
is
inscription
from the same tomb are a portion of a gi-een porcelam vessel with long spout and small false
handles projecting above the rim and pierced
with small holes for suspension, a lion's head of porcelain, porcelain rings, with sistrum and hawk's
restored with
god.
as follows
"
Uati
lady of
^(cpcr
Bu
all
head and
disc
on bezel
Isis
cometh, ho
work, wig colom-ed black, on back of throne Ast nebtaui; Neb qau, porcelain scorpion with human
;
good things of the North country, tliat he (the " (of which the l;ordcr Nile) may give all pure life
of rt"x ""* ^^ emblematic).
and
porcelain,
and
innumerable short
beads.
AND HISTORY.
Nekhtnebf must
into
Egypt along
this
history.
Immediately after
auspices of
miles distant.
On
bounded on three
sides
by water
Menzaleh
lies
monument
the usual
of another king.
el
The canal
Baqar (Eng.)
usually
W.
It
This
site
it
is
which
is
name
faces
was, therefore,
and
to
Kamesside times
it
was occupied.
Till this year, so far as I
Hamadin
of Habres.
before
is
the
great
canal
or so-called
Pelusiac branch
name
beyond a stay of
reis of the
Bulak
of the
15.
Samakin
Museum.
But
my
16. Qassasin.
much
17.
Salhiye (F.
Es
Srilahiyeh, Eng.).
The
first
evening that I
CHAPTER
TELL
42.
VII.
DEFEXNEH POSITIOISr
AND
HISTOKY.
(for I
my surprise in my
el
mind), that
was known
as the "
Kasr
Bint
el
from the cultivated Delta, and on the other hand from the Suez Canal, stand the ruins of the old
frontier fortress of
is,
it
impossible
to
disconnect the
or Defenneh.
been selected
but
it
may seem
;
strange at
first
sight,
modern name, Defenneh, from the ancient. Indeed the identity of these names seems to have been taken for granted by most writers on the topography of the Delta.
are
map on
All traffic
43.
The
earliest
are
more
fertile
From
this
the occurrence of
Lake Menzaleh, or
region which
ancient times.
swampy and
of the desert
canalized
site
may
have
occupied that
in
The edge
was the
clear that
in the nineteenth or
for watering.
This line
is
now
TELL DEFEXNEIT.
Herodotos bears upon
Sesostris
this;
he says
(ii.
107) that
It will
be scon that
on his return from an Asiatic campaign, invited to a banquet by his brother at the Pelusian Daphnai,
(Eamessu
II.) was,
Defenneh, and
it
is
no
on that hne.
44.
We
which Psamtik
stationed at Daphnai
Psamtik
I.
give positive
still
The foundation deposits here discovered monumental evidence that the fort
was
founded
whom
them
in
remaining
by
is
Psamtik
I.
them
as far
of Herodotos
very valuable.
He
and yet
to
ofl'cnding the
Egyp-
of
them by posting
guards were stationed in Elephantine against the Ethiopians, and others in the Pelusian Daphnai
against the Arabians and Syrians, and others in
them
in the line
Marea
against Libya;
and even
in
my
time
guards of the Persians are stationed in the same places as they were in the time of Psammetikhos,
for they keep a garrison in Elephantine
we cannot be far wrong, if we date the founding of Not long this fort and camp at about 6G4 b.c.
after this
fort,
and
in
Daphnai "
(ii.
30).
So
probably
of
them being
set
built witliin
It
what might be expected; but there is another passage which is apparently show^l by the excavaAt tions at Defenneh to concern Daphnai also.
Defenneh, the bulk of the population seems to have been Greek; Greek pottery abounds, not
only painted vases in the palace,
first
great block.
was most
tablet at
Psamtik
I.
who
up the great
Defenneh
in the
is
but
all
the
to
but there
if so, it
is
an indication that
in
it
contained S;
common
tools
marks
and
all
would be Psamtik,
accordance with
as at Naukratis
and
camp were
built, the
Greeks
there
seem
The
garrison
at least in part.
And
camp, especially on the eastern part of the plain. considering that Herodotos says, " From the
time of the settlement of these people in Egypt,
Here
tlien
tioned by Herodotos
"To
we Greeks have had such constant communication with them, that we know accurately all that has
happened
till
to dwell in opposite
in
of Psammetikhos
each other, with the Nile flowing between; these The lonians and Karians were named Camps.
. . .
now"
(ii.
is
below the
And
slips
this again is
shown by
his continuing,
"The
154).
habitations, existed
up
to
my time." The
"docks"
shipping
appear to have been nearer to the sea than to Bubastis, as they are tt/jo? 6a\daari<;, and o\iyov
f<jrcign traffic
CHAR
would seem most naturally to be the
VII. POSITIOX
slips
AND
HISTORY.
up
vessel on.
The settlement
civil
camp
is
awaited a chance of
and
returning.
The
last
The
reign of
Nekau
gave, doubtless, an
long before.
whom
fell
he
when
that king
made
had
were
set up,
was quickly
all
slain, the
country
into
Assyria.
Then
anarchy, and
left fled
who
into
Egypt
to avoid the
vengeance of
of Kareah,
all
Nebuchadrezzar.
and
all
the
all
The
Judah
women,
Greeks.
"The
16).
children also of
guard had
left
Ahikam
panhes
(Jer.
ii.
Egypt
:
voice of the
Lord
Tah-
Judea, and
at
all
who
fled
panhes "
(Jer. xliii.
7).
The
last
act in
Tahpanhes
this history is
In short, during
the troubles
Egypt
captives,
and
599
(in
them away
to
above
all
in the
B.C.,
Hebrews"
(Ant.
ix. 7).
As
588
all
the
men
is
most probable
and
he
war
fled,
every one
who sought
into
to
avoid the
miseries of war, or
would naturally
politically obnoxious,
whom
Egypt.
Such
could.
"such as are
46.
We
are
now
in a position,
after
finding
whom
would by the
strictly
country.
of the Jewish
five
successive
largely,
or perhaps
mainly,
;
TELL DEFENXEH.
with the Greek settlers must have been
gomg
on,
in
Egypt
to
and a
-wider intercourse
one building
Here were
numbers of the upper and more cultivated classes continually thrown into the company of Greeks
all
came with a
if
more important
Here,
had
to
become more
language
or
acquainted -with
Greek
and
It vias
not a case
such
and here to
this
in
awe
by that garrison,
daughter.
Jew's
return to their
own
is
and
finally
lonia of a large
" Then
in
of the
The whole
tlic
thine
give
best
which
is at
words and Greek ideas among the upper classes The bearing of this on the of the Jewish nation.
men
of
Judah
saith the
will
Lord
send
of hosts, the
God
and
of Israel
Behold, I
objects
among
the Hebrews, at
is
removal to Babylon,
too obvious
my
servant,
will
set his
;
pected light
is
And he
;
shall
come,
such as are
-17.
fugitives
8 to 11).
Now
this
is
surprising,
short time
But as
But
it
is
not at
all
impossible that
part of as the
On
the Plan
be seen a
Jewish quarter
prominent part
N.W.
it,
of the fort.
This
sort of
as -R-ould be likely.
full
such as
is
now seen
in
might
Yet two connections with the Jewish residence may bo noticed. First there is the remarkable
space
is
door,
generally
along
the
of the
house,
name
of the
;
fort,
(laughter "
else in the
no such name
kno-wn anywhere
is
not
whole of Egypt.
This
much On
and
-tt-ith
their neighsettle
a great
man mil
would be used
for foundation
These were
;
business
to
is
generally
transacted
this
there.
of Suez
and they
Such seems
platform
;
large
apparently belong to some place where Nebuchadrezzar had " set up his throne," and " spread his
royal pavilion."
road, and
fort, to
As he only passed by the Syrian Daphnai would be the only stoppingcome from
to
unlade goods,
and
to
transact
the
is
bhshment
after
there.
just explained
by the
From
the platform
denuded
up
49. There
much
Haa-ab-ra
(Apries)
many
pavement.
there-
found;
stamped with cartouches were of Haa-ab-ra only one plaque with his
single sealing;
which
is
at
the
entry
of Pharaoh's
house in
Tahpauhes."
Jeremiah
fugitives
Aahmes many
important
took
the
chiefs
of the
Nebuchadrezzar "spread
royal
pavilion."
would be
of the site
precisely applicable
Jewish refugees.
step that
we can
trace in
to find the
the
result
of the
accession
of
described by Jeremiah.
Aahmes.
He
had,
as
have pointed
out in
turned over
all
"Naukratis"
Some
in
blocks of lime-
its
had
In consequence he restricted
it
embedded
fort,
and were
Daphnai was
pletely break
the
place which
;
suffered
most
com-
The
is
however,
is
and
in order to
probably connected
but
is
unhappily
it fell
not to be looked
Bulak
Museum
As Herodotos relates of the Karian and Ionian guards, "These at a later time kingAmasis took
away from hence and planted
at
inscription of Nebuchadrezzar,
an ordinary text
Memphis, making
H 2
TELL DEFEXXEH.
them
his
(ii.
lo-l).
The
civil
But
it is
at least
desolate.
varieties of
forced to
make
the best of
liis
way
to Naukratis,
else
(ii.
the
name
garrison of Egyptians
fort,
was put
in
to
D:!3njT
circ.
G09
(.Jer.
ii.
IG),
but
many MSS.
keep up the
as
is
objects of the
age of
read as follows,
Drasnn
j
588
(Jer. xliii. 7,
8;
xlvi. 14).
30).
Aa^v
Tacl,vai circ.
454 (Hdt.
ii.
30, 107).
Jer.
200 (LXX,
Coptic.
Itiu.
and Ezek.).
An
Taphnes
Dafno
Ad(f)ur)
Anton.
Steph. Byz.
Dcf'neh
modern pronunciation.
The
latest
and yet
if
the the
it
till
H.G.Tomkins
it
is
certain
Chapter XFV.).
The
total
consequence.
privileges of Naukratis;
in the
nothing
to
date
it
Roman
glass,
&c.,
on the
there
the canal.
Some tombs
we may
that all
to belong to
an
earlier period,
and possibly
at that time,
B.C. as the
extreme
mav
be found there.
to the varieties of
Greek vase-
CHAPTER
50.
VIII.
One mention
of
Taplmes occurs
in the
to his
Apocrypha;
aid
. .
summoned
all
that were in
mass of the
of the "
As has been already mentioned, the ruined fort at Defcnneh is known by the name
Kasr
el
Ramessc, and
Bint
cl
Jew's daughter.
garrison fortress
That
is
this
come
This
to the borders
is
indicated
it,
certain additional
9, 10).
manifestly
chambers
built
around
articles that
common
require
paiutecl
Greek pottery,
belonged to the
fine sculptured
;
Many
of these chambers
in
Kasr
their vaulted
;
by the
be used as store-rooms
all filled
and that
up
and by the
name
The
is
form
is
Pharaoh's house
Beth Pharaohused
Icalah),
by Jereit.
them,
not
chamber
{Msn or
but a palace-fort,
;
"W.
of 35.
Tlie
live
and as
either hollow
air store
and vaulted, or
a deep open-
mounds
to
place, as
some
large
blocks of fallen
it.
The
to attract
attention,
form of
its
name of Kasr,
On
more
but
many
up
When
once
On
referring to the
Plan
be seen
a chamber
to detect
is filled solid, it
needs
much
searching
it,
The
original fort
same material
and
mud
brick.
When
I first
began
all
of
Psamtik
I.,
B.C., is
marked
it
full black.
Unhappily
had
disappeared
by denudation,
and
nothing that
The whole
pile of the
on which the actual dwelling rooms were placed. Yet the height of the highest parts
the bases of the chambers.
of the top
is
24 feet above
beneath
them
from
was about 30
chambers
feet
Even the
out,
several of the
main
walls
had to be found
show signs
corners
;
of the springing of
domes
in their
and
fort
it
was
all
52.
in the
Tliere are
many
indications of
changes
construction,
this
its
in a different alignment
lines in the
16
feet
4 inches wide.
Remembering how
chambers)
An
indi-
chamber.
chamber
35 adjoining
this there
On
TELL DEFENXEII.
where a cliamber
sho'sved walls
breaking
line, I
made
them
to the outside
wooden slope or
clear
staircase, as
no
trace of building
was
and bare.
outer -walls of the fort were covered with
;
The
do not clear
The
up the matter,
and
later wall,
mound
found this
the Karians
all
the bricks.
when
ment occurs
chamber, where
lounged around
it.
The
bricks
had been
mortar
with
mud
stiffly
further,
and
a coat of mortar.
All the chambers, except one or two
of the
and some
filled
with
solid brick-
of pottery which
cannot be referred to
In
fine
many
flakes
of
The foundation
evidently
on purpose to reface
hard limestone, of
it.
In cham-
work,
now
at
Bulak.
type
pi.
Then the
jar sealing of
rough-faced red
but poorly
ware,
on the flooring of
fairly hard,
made
was
rough pottery
line
wavy brown
on a white
which might
late
it
at first be almost
was stopped
to work,
for a
time
Roman
must
oven
fine colouring
fell
off
53.
How
unknown.
seems
which
51.
find
belonging
to
this fort
was on that
side
and
it
had become
finding
most
wooden
steps,
them
Mr.
at Naukratis,
Griffith's
and twice
at
at Neljoshch
;
beside
find
Gemaiyemi
but
nothing was known about the arrangements for brick buildings ; indeed I much doubted whether
AND CAMP.
alabaster
it
At
last I
(fig. 1-1) is
of un-
is
paralleled
by a much
little
the
two
most
orders,
accessible
corners,
the
late
unfortunately at the
man
disobeyed
and began to
Nebesheh
is
:
(pi.
xix.,
Nebesheh,
fig. 7.).
The
me
following
with cartouches
each corner
who was
the
founder,
and proved
the
fruitfulness
of brick
foundations.
my
position of everything.
datum
In
the
(pi.
No
But
at the S.E.
me
there I
of an ox, in
com
grinders of
full size
15,
16)
mere models
hmestone or
each household.
at all,
some part
Below the
(fig.
13) of
Here
ore
also
copper
(figs.
11).
May
these
have
Greeks here, as
?
or
may
TELL DEFEXXEH.
joins the fort --wall on the X. side.
This apparently
sticks
rain,
and
Berred as a
new entrance
At a
level of
The
W.
wall,
tiie
which
was the
sill
of the
complete baking
doorway leading
still
to these
chambers.
^v-ith
The block
shown
in the
On
it
may
remains in position,
its
a block beneath
beam
holes below
it,
upper
side, as
it,
but washed
above
it.
passage,
lower part.
14
feet
Within
The north
Nekau
xxsvi.
2),
which proves
that
the
was before
includes
his reign.
we cannot
feet
more than 22
it is
hori-
in
antiquities,
as
it
a line
of
zontal
but
it
The
As
its floor is
group of chambers 2,
3, 4, 9, all
sill
entered by one
now about 18
or
20
feet
remains), was
N. wall only GO
feet,
were found in
most of these
chambers.
The
course
if
were a slope.
The
filled
and
up with earth
to a
and only 2
feet
when
ex-
In No. 17 was
On
the
W.
side
(pi. xxv.),
which
is
and
finest
discovered at Defenneh.
moulding; these show that the outside was decorated with a limestone top, as well as the
inner court.
After this block had been built, a second
was
in
99
been carried
and thrown
away as
broken in the
first
disused
room
mass
;
The
further chambers 19 a, b, c,
level ,
had no doorways
the long
for a
was added
all
this
on the ground
N.
side, so as to leave a
staircase or ladder.
On
tlie
N. and
W.
sides of
them (chamber
a smooth clay
sloping roof
platform.
22).
floor,
19
A are
of the
slight,
buff"
Greek vase
flat knife,
(pi.
17).
and
other things
were
found
here,
beside
several
AND CAMP.
xli.
In the floor was a large sink -jar, placed In 19 c was a recess on the
(pi.
been
lost there.
E.
side,
and a
on the
The body
thick of
of the
mastaba
is
from 20 to 40 inches
mud and
washed up.
The
sink-jar
was
full
of pottery
of the
fish
altered
it
by
enlargements or otherwise
but so far as
It
could
to
be detected
it is
it,
here marked.
as
it
was useless
try to follow
slope,
into a
At a
period
later time,
it
was
that
side
was inserted
to block
ofi"
communication
side, leaving
it
On
an
the
W.
W.
This block
is
wall, at least
on
20
feet high,
and had
to
the
awning was
Later
still
the long
make a
was
It
built
9,
shady corner.
The two
seem as
in, so
court,
and 17
From
ofi"
this
which was
;jG.
all in
B afore
describing
the
lesser
buildings
or
mastaba;
this
causeway
11
feet
4 inches
wide,
around, we will
now
pavement
xliv.).
raised ledge, or
All the
N. end of
its
is
this
is
so completely
limits
brickwork
up to the causeway,
The southern
The mastaba
feet
ticularly, were,
was about 3
feet
made
failed
it
not at
to
all
me
such
work
it
will
be observed that
have
wished.
To
at
determine whether
any
stones
still
as
those
or
mentioned
by
away from the fort there being a complete drop down to ground
carefully kept
fort,
Jeremiah
remained,
any cylinders of
undenuded,
(excepting
cut
a drop of
Nebuchadrezzar
I
10
feet
on one
side
and probably 40
feet
on the
of
S.
the
mastaba
other, with
The
wall
was
on
the
side left as
evidence)
N.W.
corner, but
away
to over a foot in
the top
The
entrance,
it
will
I
be
TELL DEFENXEH.
noticed,
is
well
protected;
an enemy's force
must
the
collect
mastaba; but
inch or two of
find
it
it
is
so
nearly
all
gone (only an
pletely
open to attack
above;
mud
fort
while
low
roadway ran
it
by cutting cross
the southern side
could
be
On
built to
cross attack
two
sides,
and
no
shelter
could be obtained by
means
Why
is
belonging to
it.
fort
The burnt
mastaba
is
brick wall
in the
not intelligible.
One
result
At the
beneath
stood
eastern end
the
it
was
distinctly seen to be
undisturbed
surface
of
the
mastaba,
and
exposed by denudation.
This
is
probably of
chips,
Hamesside age,
as compared
with
Eamesside
bricks are
the stones
12,
when
The chamber
at
red-brick tombs at
Nebesheh.
The
12-GxG-2x3-2,
'
the
Nebesheh
up
bricks
being
of all
the fort;
led
to the entrance
was
It
can
down
to the
camp
within which
and there
is
In
fact,
on each side
may
To turn now to the other buildings around The oldest, so far as evidence goes, is the Kasr. the chamber 8 on the W., as in this the jar But from sealings of Psamtik I. were found. various indications (such as the stamp of Nekau
57.
for
most of
nowhere
all
Why
this
Fully nine-tenths of
in
in
the
depth
of
remains
below
chambers
II.
18
and 19
it
bed of dust,
articles
Psamtik
all
and Aahmes)
would
seem that
to
of the time
of Psamtik
Chamber 8 seems
to
have
been
devoted
entirely
unsealing
they
led
me
to begin
large
it,
jars;
not a single
jar
was
found
iu
work
at 18,
and then
chamber 29
also.
sealings.
At
1, just
at
the
N.W.
corner of the
The bed
floor.
mud
from
G)
The
After clearing
of
it
chamber adjoining
at the comers.
18, I then
The foundation
down
a (piantity of twenty-sixth
of
Khem.
this
But
it
would be strange
if
a temple
Yet
seems as
if it
but
the stela, as
it,
many
flakes
it.
later.
lie
all
aroimd
The account
Mr.
v.)
;
of the in-
Griffith's
chapter
most unhappily, a
The
name
of
it
ends in
we
Psamtik
II.
can say.
belongs
of painted Greek
5G5
b.c.
On
to
595
to
But, as
be seen in the
as
more
as a
all
Greek trade
might,
left
w^alls.
565
though
it
Away
to the
in
knife,
Iron arrow-
stone
at the north
end of
same
of bronze
slag abounded;
all
w^ere found.
As
we
will notice
camp
(see
xliii.)
In front of
the
;
and
yet,
wall, with a
gateway in
it
I determined,
down two
or three feet to
wall, as
that
is
and takes
is
up a large share of
on
The
wall
only
to
remove
it,
sherd
and
in this
way about
six acres of
ground
chips on
outer side
the brickwork
is
com-
were
all
Someanything
pletely swept
away
to the ground,
and
of
stone,
and limestone
lie
chap.
xi.
must be
referred to.
and
destroyed here.
stone,
the road-
way up
half
I.,
stood here.
On
had stood,
it
was dedicated
in
the temple
I
but
no
foundation
deposits
TELL DEFENXEH.
here.
of the
camp
It
was a custom
in
most rooms
a
littlo
The
wall of the
into
into,
lined
no
it
had holes in
out.
its
let
the water
wash
from
of
mud around
tent to the
its site.
walked across
my
At
last I noticed a
and finding
could track
it
southward to where
it it
it
alwaj's covered
was the
wall of
to be
On
cutting into
it,
was found
though
S.W.
of the
depth to
had some
and
the sand,
all filled
Sometimes jars
as
is
tixiug
it
at
the
N.W.
it
corner,
small sinks,
shown
in
No. 37
(pi.
xxxiv.).
is
so
much mud
identical with
settle
it
lies
around
it
mound
On
excava-
little to
be noted
ting in the
;
mound, largo
quantities of limestone
some
pieces of
map
(pi.
in aitu, as well
map
^pl. xHii.).
the
site of a
The
same
Koman. This
may
over
and sinks
for
the side of the road, or, from the fine stones used,
plan of these
perhaps a temple.
It is
given in
pi.
xlv.
all
slow,
the
soil
One
skilful at this,
and often
it
took
Itut its
me
was
It lies also
axis of the
branch
fancy directed.
was obtained, as
road turned
the camp.
to
that
we
cleared,
in
pi. xxiv.
iit
iutirviils
all
over
tlic
" Ptolemaic."
This was
The
as
it IS
great
plain
deserted.
Naukratis.
The
can be
is
tlatetl later
than the
century, B.C.
it
vessels, their
been able to
there
times.
is
or a distinct neck,
Roman
these
and
slight
narrowing
distinctively
Greek.
Scarcely anything
was found
in
like the
early
down
and
chambers.
a lot of late
found.
this
form
is
always
xxvi. 8.
On
pi.
Eoman
Tombs
(xxiv.
9)
is
earlier
than
8),
the
of
was found
here.
also exist,
and some
is
the prototype.
And
the fragment
of a stamnos with
PET
incised
upon
it
retro-
my time
With
idol
this pottery
3),
(xxiv.
the
4),
and
CHAPTER
IX.
The
finding
THE rOTTEKY.
58.
occupation
here.
The
is
For once
it
can be
we have
figures certainly
century.
site, is
The
will
Naukratis
marked
by
the
its
relations
and
sites,
which
painted
one of the
most valuable
Of the circum-
The types
are
Nos.
1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12,
14 without a base,
main
find of
Greek vases
16, 19, 21, 22, 35, 37, 38, 39, 63, 75, 78, 93.
The
earliest potteiy
its
59.
The bulk
the
style, is that
among
away
to the
remarkably
at
different
E. of the Kasr.
(pi.
found
Naukratis.
The
from
xxiv.
12, 13)
non-
difference
partly
lasted rmtil
Eoman
far
The main
at
common
reduction
in the temples of
Naukratis; with
most usual
Naukratis
brim they
at Naukratis.
Defenneh.
deto
and on
Buff and
Naukratis.
Hundreds
dicated Apollo.
One
piece
reaches
(Naukratis
x. 4, 5, 6).
plain.
the
white-faced
Aphrodite
bowl
of
TELL DEFEXXEH.
Xaukratis.
Defenneh.
on
some cases
like fig.
of Eg}-ptian origin.
situla
(fig.
" Hundr.;ds de- One piece White-faced " Aphrodite bowls plain. to dieated (Naukratis x. 1, 3). Apollo and Aphrodite " Rhodian " pir.akes, black and Hundreds of Xone.
red radii and
circles of spots.
On
1)
pi.
xxvi.,
designs
on vases
be seen
is
hawk
is
on
basket,
which
a purely
neh.
pieces
in
town
" Korinthian " vases "Phoenician-Greek." Xaukratis lines, purple
wliite.
Egyptian
Xone. Xone. Xone.
fig
sign, being
the hieroglyphic
lu
Common. Common.
and
General.
a direct
drawmg
pi.
of an Egj-ptian, which I
On
the other
hand
the shaving of
Situla-form
X
Xone.
Rare.
Common.
General.
Fikellura pattern (xiviii.). Fan lotus pattern (xxvi. 8). White spots and crosses (xxix.). dancers, with Imbricated, sphinxes, ic, (ixi. 2).
Common.
General.
Xone. Very r
Xone.
mode
of fighting (which
is
just
what
is
seen in
Common. Common.
tilings,
show
The
again
On
looking
at
such a state of
this hst includes
it
and
lotus
gi-oup
is
remembering that
to think
most of the
not a
flowers
the lotus
It
seems impossible
to these places in
of
Egyptian
ofi'erings.
came
artist's eyes.
If
then
Asia Minor.
Even
if
made by
good reason
Phcenicians,
a wholly aheu people, such as the Samnites or it would be unlikely that the Imes of
to
trade would be so absolutely isolated to two cities in the Delta at the same period ; but when both
exactly the
same source the stamii, which are of same clay, and decorated with the
same
fan-lotus ornament.
With regard
to the age
all
those
cities
of the
pottery,
it
Greek
derived their
The
imports through that Greek trade, this isolation To agree that each is the more extraordinary.
of these types peculiar to one or other site
was
5G5
B.C.
;
Few
but
sites
made on
little
of all the
period
may be
scarcely allowed by
painted fragments
so closely limited as
is
the
case
point
bulk
of the
pottery here,
which comes
this
from
unmistakably
in that direction
chambers 18 and
which
refute.
29,
as
B.C.,
may
be dated
with a probability
exception
of brittle
some vciy
clear
could
is
known not
to
the
most
have been
must be accepted
The
situla-
of
vase
(pi.
xxv. 3, xxvi. S)
at
unknown,
it is
We
there
until discovered
now
Defenneh, and
obvi-
Egypon
Defenneh
common from
this period
the
are
result
is
to Ptolemaic times.
The
following
styles of
"Naukratis"
I.
TELL DEFENNEH.
and xxxi. 11, were done on the uufired
not after
it
clay,
and
Some
tum
is
bakmg.
to tbe unpainted pottery,
amphora(Xauk.
Gl.
To turn now
we
at
century(Xauk.
p. 21).
Here
tbis
form
is
bebeved to
We
find purely
strange fact
is
pottery
and we bave
distinguisb between
Aabmes
white
see, if possible,
wbetber tbere
is
facing,
and red
lines
about
their
surface.
Whether
Greek
make tbe
Tbese
until
latter questions
we cannot
finally settle,
we bave examined pm-ely Egj'ptian sites of Tbe figures iu plates xxxiii. xxxvi. of types are numbered continuously, so tbat we sball not need to quote tbe plate number for
tbe same age.
tbese
in
ported in
jars
skins
Greek
is
and sealed
;
doubtful
or
possibly
imis
tbe
following
account.
And
tbe
found at
tbe
numbers
band
of eacb type,
red lines,
refer to tbe
of sites,
red lines,
number
of forms as
The
here
is
shown
witb
pole
passed
through the
it),
of sucb vases
Greek
letters (or
Karian in some
be approtypes
are
mode
of carrying
is
incised
common
B.C.,
Tbus
figs. 1, 6,
10, 12,
tbis
and 39 may
530
when
it
priated.
Besides
some
otber
It is
common
alily
at Naukratis,
;
whiter, sometimes
more green.
The bottom
is
it
Greek
such as
And we
may
also to
Greek bauds,
5,
afterwards.
Tbe
massive
cylindrical
Of Egyptian
by
its
mucb may
in
be distinguisbed,
other Egyptian
the
surface, but
crack through
is
the jar
wIk'U
broken.
The form
sites.
weight,
45, 52, 53, 54, 55, GO, 01, 03 to GO, 09, 70, 75
to
100 may be
when
carry-
in
ing
it
suspended
or resting
it
it
on tbe ground.
sand
When
floor
placed in store
68, 72,
up
to
and
tbis fine
exam-
and 74.
where
As something
found else-
ple,
which
rings clearly,
was preserved by
amphora;
sideways
rather inclined
standing thus
to attribute
around
it
in
is
new type
the long
skin
bellows
its
such seems to be
for trays or
:
are found at Nebesheh (pi. iii.). It seems Qnmistakably the parent of the long barrel-shaped pilgrim bottles of the second century a.d., such as
The stands
dishes, 8
and
all
9, are
not
common
elsewhere
is
found in
The
platters
may
be a
yellow- faced
twenty -sixth
until
35 and 36 are of the white or brown ware, which characterizes the dynasty, and is found at Nauki-atis,
It looks as if it
The "
610
fine
B.C.
the
close
drab pottery
which belongs to
form found
at
Naukratis
it
(Nauk.
xvi. 6).
While
Nauk.
The
it
may
is
made on purpose
amphora chamber
was
found
in
19. b.,
showing that
The amphora 39
19
A.
chamber
of un-
The
curious form 13
seems to be a cover
flies
They
The forms
say.
40,
all
be placed on ajar
it
we cannot
found
at
also
40
is
purely
Egyptian, being
and with
Nebesheh.
as
if to
The pot 55
and one
3.
filled
is
as
is
They
are of
brown-red
ware, faced
with
large
disc-shaped
of the
finest
"n^ith
a perforated
Whether 57 is early, or not, is uncertain it was picked up by the Bedawin and brought to me,
;
bottom to
it,
and
its
unknown.
all
The types 19
and are most
dynasty
:
to
25 are
purely Egyptian,
characteristic
is
of the twenty-sixth
ing
The Bes vases 64, 65, 66 are useful as showhow early that type began, and what its
the ware
forms were.
fragment of the
it
fine
drab ware
hkewise.
perfect.
is
76,
found
shown
of the
amin
by the
by
"Bacchic handles" of
the
earth.
The
greater
number
of cups
are
ment
of
Museum.
The type 29 bears on the origin of the " pilgrim bottle" form (67) but it looks, with the neck on one side, as if derived from the
;
The
only
common, but
one has
survived with
asJios,
The base of a large one was found in 19. The various types of lids are placed together
K
TELL DEFENNEH.
on
pi.
xxxvi.
of
figs.
80
to
100.
They
are
the
found iu each
site
may
be given.
Where
sites
commonest
foiuid
perfect.
all
together.
They
fine
close
The
earliest is of the
beginning of Psamtik
I.,
drab,
the
polished
thick
Then
brown.
95, 97,
on a
jar, like
96 or 19, 20,
all
probably of
a jar neck.
if
And
Then chamber
lids of
92) seem as
intended to
the cups 75
lids at
79.
many
to
88 type,
The reason
for
such an excess of
its
Defenneh
93.
Then 28
may
all
be seen in
liquids
jars,
Under 19
a.
was
flies
This so
form.
is
century B.C.
illustrated
The
84,
sealing
up of the jars
xxxvi.
by the
examples on
pi.
earlier,
Of the first half of the sixth centuiy, or possibly we have in chamber 35 type 19, and
In the chambers
2, 3, 4, 9, the
was put in and then fastened down and chap, xi.) ; some
have cross grooves, as 85, and others single
and
(no
handles), 30, 31
34, 47
(flat
99,
and 100.
In the
but that
so generally broken
up that
is
its foi-ms
can hardly
be
ascertained.
It
perfectly
characteristic
31
(also
and
therefore the
the
rubbish chamber on
were
many
0,
finely finished
a few
also
On
t)ie
east of the
fort, 16,
given
in
;
15;
70,
it
81,
91,
94,
thinner in 70 and 80
while
and
in the other
Another very
is of-
fine
met
with,
Beyond chamber 18 at site 25 were types 19,30 (no brim), between 31 and 35,01,
between 91 and 93, and 92.
14,
88,
glassy surface
it
is
flat.
The
sites
marked
to
S.W. of the Kasr, 21, were types 2, 4, In the dry well east 79, and 98.
of
19,
of the types
46.
In
the
dry
-ft-ell
S.
of
the
Kasr,
it
is
Pegasos,
observed that Bellerophon, mounted on is kept to one side of the vase, while
54 and 80.
than other
coarse,
later
side.
More than
that, the
and 98.
drawing
though
full
the
illustrations
were types
5,
7,
may
19,
28
(28 without
two parts
things
79, 83,
Bellerophon was a
The
lid
85
is
the latest
Corinthian hero, but the scene of his adventure with the Chimera was Lycia, and it is conceiv-
drawn, as
was found
in the
Ptolemaic mound.
had chosen his subject from a consideration that any scene thuslocalized would be attractive to the Carians and lonians in
able that the vase painter
CHAPTER
REMARKS OX
SOLIE OF
X.
DaphnjB.
on which he rides
62. [Mr.
by Perseus.
ment,
Perseus
as
on the
may
reasonably supply a
the
missing
companion
figure.^
those of other
sites
and I gladly
avail myself
them
here.
W.
M.
F. P.]
on the throne of Apollo at AmykliB by Bathykles of Magnesia, and those who believe that this
subject had been
first
" Nothing
is
archteo-
worked
view by the
which painted vases are on all hands examined and discussed. It is noticeable also that a
large share of this discussion turns on questions of date
occurrence of
it
in so
63.
On
a fragment of a situla,
pi.
xxvi. 4, is
and the
local origin
of this or
In these circumis
the
pottery of Daphnas
a most
work
it, i.e.
'
Compare the
sphinxes,
and
The
figures of bulls!,
and local influence or origin, the Daphnsean vases present some interesting points of view to which attention may be called.
of
date
remind one
is
of the animals
while there
ornament employed
two.
to
fill
vacant spaces
is
but there
is
always
For example,
it
is
it is
Attic.
But Furtwaengler,
who
cit.,
when
K 2
Vases, No. 1682, does not go further as to date than say that it is older than the Fran9ois vase.
TELL DEFENNEH.
mos, marble
father
and
rise
son.'
The
wings of the
in
some
of
respects,
Kike
latter
from
her back,
and
not,
" tails
then,
we,
decide
name
if,
this
figure
Boreas,
which
further,
we expect on
side of the
manner.
Both
are
alike
in
having
wings to their
Possibly
we
shall
have no
difficulty in identifying
the figure actually there with one of the windgods, sons of Boreas, either Zetes or Kalais, both of whom Pindar " describes as " men with
Archermos
was reported^
first
in
true,
and
if
The
would
not
being
beardless
and
winged,
one from which it originated, then the statue must be older than the vase. There was, however, another
answer
Boreas.
start
perfectly, so far, to
It
is
true
that the
wings do
from
his back;
Nike wings
view
of
Aglaophon,
this
uncertainty
we may perhaps
fairly decline to
report.
which
Pindar
here
in
celebrates.
The
figure
appears to be
On
another of these
situliB (pi.
xxv. 3)
is
wind-god.
In the
field
associa-
body ends
in
we know
of
was not
the
for it was in the Ser; bonian lake near at hand that Typhon lay buried, according to the legend referred to by Herodotus
(iii.
some
believe.
On
and one
of his sons
and here
may be
pi.
noticed
5).'
This
to
much
is
on the fragment,
xxvi. 5*,
belongs
yT)yei^el<;,
the
class
of
earthborn beings,
clearly points to
giants.
fact attested
The drawing of Boreas and his companion figure seems to be more archaic than that of Bellerophon and the Cliimajra already
symbols.
spoken
See Petersen in the Mittheilungen des
pi. xi., p.
of.
painteil
in
l)]ack
Inst, in
Athen,
1886,
' '
372.
Scholiast to Ariatophancs, Birds, 573. Pliny, N.H., xxxvi. 11, gives the genealogy of Archermos, and states that his two sons, IJoupalos and Athcnis, made a
statue of
attended
slip
is
by
this
disadvantage, that
off,
white
apt to peel
it,
design with
who
llourislied
from which
Pyth.
iv.
182, ai'Spa?
7rT(pOL<Tiv
vCra
iritf>inKOVTa.% H/xtfita
Pra^.
7,
says
that
tV
Trop<{>vpOii.
'
Thucydides,
i.
G,
V. 19. 1.
ilo4
To8uiv ila
tliey
happen
to
blished, that
to the
is
slip.
Amphiaraos
On
was represented had apparently come by the potters of Daphnge, or makers of these vases may have lived. For in another class of vases yielded by Mr. Petrie's excavations, we see
to be perceived
decide,
also
the
chariot race,
with
and a horse
race.
wherever
else the
phon ou our
while
is
an
that
the
figures
and next
fired at a
known,
other
the
rightly
wrongly, as
Cyrenaic.
On
and has
glaze.
at the
vacant spaces of
Among
xxx.
o).
It
in
On
claims
it
as of
Coi'inthian
and the
But
this
may
representation
of
games held
at the funeral
if
games
in
Kypselos,
on the
throne of
On
the
Apollo at Amykla3.
On
is
also to
Pausanias
(v.
17, 4),
tripods
were
here.
represented
in the scene,
they are
its
resem-
with purple
colour, as
if
to
Thucydides
his
But on the upper band of it there is the remains of a scene which bears a striking likeness to the ujDpermost band of the Frangois
vase. This scene has represented the
6)
tells
us that
it
hunt of the
Calydonian boar.
In the centre
is
Antgeos lying
Olympia.
had been given up in the games at There is, however, a vase, known as
the
ever
case
at
Olympia,
much
Thucydides.
little
later
p.
and more
of
contesting
fully esta-
Annalideirinst., 1874,
110.
pis. iv., v.
TELL DEFENNEH.
advanced in
style.
to
66.
Another
stand between these two vases in point of Over the body of Anta^os is the boar, date.
behind which are the remains of a dog leaping on the flank of the boar, and the remains of
pi.
xxix. 4,
on
two heroes, who on the analogy of the Francois vase ought to be Kastor and Pollux, while on the analogy of the other vase just mentioned they ought to be Meilanion and some one
else.
back
behind her
an eagle
the space
among her horse's feet is partly covered by a The great size of the horse compared with dog.
the rider, the use of a saddlecloth, and the form
of the bridle and collar, are features which
we
We have
two two
find also
on the Fran9ois vase, with strong resemblances also to scenes on other, apparently more archaic vases, found in Etruria,
parallel scenes
phagi from Clazomense,^ and on archaic reliefs from Xanthus in Lycia.* These are features which may be traced to the influence of Persian,
or at
all
Nude women
Daphnas
not
said
but bearing inscriptions in the Corinthian alphabet. There is no more difficult problem at
present, in the history of vase painting, than
these vases found in Etruria with Corinthian
inscriptions; the
Amazons
riding
by Herodotus
his
army,
1).
of Kypselos.
of
no inscription.
have
its
may
possessed.
With reference
hide of the boar
of
manner
in
is,
which the
when
there
is
rendered, that
short incised
lines,
Asia
]\Iinor, if
not of Persia.
on
this
pi.
xxxi. 17
is
identi-
most
More than
among
century
B.C.,
from which
it
is
to bo seen that
Mod.
Problcme
'
45.
'
amphora, Mon.
Isracne
B.C.,
See Dumont et Chaplain, C^raraiques, p. 261, where the dell' Inst., vi. pi. xiv., with Tydeus killing
Museum
engraved in
Ilellen.
Joum.,
iv. p.
is assigned to the second half of the seventh century and the vase, Mon. dell' Inst., vi. pi. xxxiii., with the banquet of Hcrakles is assigned to the sixth century. Fur
in Constantinoi)le are
liv.
*
The two sarcophagi now engraved, Mon. dell' Inst., xi. pi. liii.,
19,
fig.
14.
i.
i>\.
v.
left
case it may have had its origin in observing these amphoras sealed up over the mouth.
w-Iiicli
manner
of the
Burgon
vase.
They have
also, in
common
with that
is
apparently accepted
CHAPTER
XI.
On
front a Harpy,
will
is
be
best to notice
first
good b.c;
One
of
our fragments,
sxxi.
5,
century
sixth
century
and
lastly,
the
later
Burgon
vase,
drawing may be a
fragment.
found at Defenneh and elsewhere in the neighbourhood, reaching down to Cufic times.
"Whatever
The
posits,
earliest objects
Burgon vase
B.C.
are probably the very rude figures found in the buildings on the plain, eastward of the Kasr (pi. xxiv. 1 to 4). These
games were
assign
it
instituted.
defined in age
figures
at
Some
to b.c. 550.
It
may be added
was
stele of Aris-
Naukratis,
could not
be decided
tomb
of Aristion
i.e.
of the earliest
and as the
Greek times
work
or archaistic,
and belonging
to
the
de-
we may assume
to
the same
Now
is
such
fio-ures
site
which, by
With reference
amphora, which
xxxvi. 5,
it
not even as
is
them
to
may be
tom
and further, as we know that nothing of Greek work here (unless, possibly, an
the archaic period
ancient
object
been found
dimensions,
imported)
at
can be
earlier
than
665
class
B.C.,
we
always
of
comparatively
of figures.
The horseman
similarity to
(fig.
1)
was
is
But
useless
for
ordinary purposes,
unknown
(fig.
but
its
because
It
is,
it is
3),
Greek
both
filled and emptied from the spout alone. The shape of the vase has thus every appearance
warrants us in dating
it
seventh century.
it
of being a derived,
Pettier iu
up
at
Naukratis
(Nauk.
Ji'
Dumont and
The stone
317.
were
it
TELL DEFEXXEH.
not for a ledge rcpreseiiting the
feet, it
miglit be
six different
xli.
seals
of inspectors
almost doubted
with a notch to
(fig.
if
it
those in
it.
pi.
32
35)
were impressed
tie
a string
The
terra-cotta
still
upon
4)
is
very
royal cartouche.)
This
rude.
figs.
This and
like
12 and 13. The terra-cotta (fig. 2) is much some of the idols found by Dr. Schlicmann
fig. 4.
in the early
Greek
sites
date
it
to
b.c, but
its
who capped
and sealed
precise locahty
of plaster,
all
known, as
surface.
it
over
But even
The
the neck
5) is
an instance of a successful
;
bung
inside
smashed through, so as to
;
wine
at Naukratis
out
is
5,
though
it
was
and was
16).
in
quality;
imitate the
button of shell
(pi. xl.
10)
is
new form
xxiv.
5)
Egyptian remains.
The
piece
of
it
a whetstone
(pi.
is
break
off"
noticeable, as
evidence.
The
jar
is
cartouche by some
one who
Imew nothing
of
the pentagon on
incised, like a
pottery at Naukratis.
09.
The
sealings of
tlie
The
The number
series
of
sealings
I.
l)egins
with
largo
of
Psamtik
(pi.
may
be seen by the
(pi.
a quantity of lids in
chamber
is
on the west of
(pi.
xxxvi. 5),
the Kasr.
xxxvi.
of
2),
Next there
22.
found on the
mud and
mortar
floor
II.
First a large
bung of
pottery,
made
hollow,
chamber
3),
all
(fig.
and
were
some
ones,
like
as
thin as muslin
may
it.
be seen in the
;
those of Psamtik
plcte jar-necks
II.,
might be
Two comfine
all
here
it
was a
into
top
now
at
in
The
strings also
the vase-chambers,
little
very neat
it,
lump
The Egyptian
lets.
amu-
will
material
pottery,
;
bone,
&c.,
gold,
is
beads, sealis
silver,
bronze,
the
and iron
for
though
this
the
usually
least
rational
arrangement,
yet
natural
rhomb
(pi.
xli.
here
the
impossibility
of
separating
Egyptian
name
nefers
from Greek work, and the main need of showing the special work and products of the place,
other side
this
was
doubtless a
charm.
small
hawk
in greenish-
make
70.
Taurt, cynocephalus
;
are the
;
curious
ape,
in haematite
lion curled
they are
round,
ram with a
hawk, lion-headed
39) of very
gether
(pi. xl.
8 to 13).
The
papyrus in beryl
schist
;
up
fig.
to rather
crocodile
kind, as in
12.
and frog
in steatite.
The cover
from a
of an eye, hemi-
approach
that they
to a
spherical, probably
cat's
head,
is
brilli-
eye produced.
in the
board marked by
rows of
pits in the
sand
camp, cut in
2)
also part
made by the fingers, as the Arabs do The form of the head-dress is peculiar
rises in a ridge
at present.
it
generally
piece of
in
fig.
11,
it
resembles a wig.
These were
all,
all
many
in one side
one of them
Of limestone
(pi.
xl.
stamp
ring,
and draughtman.
scarabaei are not
14,
14a
This
the
is
reverse
side)
found in
The
important.
One
is
;
(xli.
chamber 27.
fore before the
clearly Greek,
and there-
of the
it
comes
the style of
it is
attri-
of
Defenneh.
Fig.
54 looks
its style.
xxix.)
may
in
common
lia-
earlier
("Tanis,"
40).
Two
scarabs of dark
I.
With
drop
name Psamtik
57,
is
for
attributing
or
Uah-ab-ra) and
Ba men,
patterns
B.C.,
the
or
perhaps sixth,
imitative
The obsidian
paste scarabs,
tatives at
scarab,
fig.
new
king,
century
instead of to the
Roman
to
Two
blue
archaistic taste.
Two
2^ inches
4 inches
Nau-
TELL DEFEKNEH.
isolation
of
these
to\\-ns.
Two
are
small
bronze
in
chamber
9.
Also
large
plate
scored up
into 3 X
Many
other
Of stone-working
Four
jjlain
there
many
examples.
Two
lucent calcite
lized calcite
(fig.
idle Hfe
(fig.
objects to be
elsewhere.
is
A A
curious
little
piece of a
distinctly
Greek
the
xl. 3).
whistle in the
cores from tubular drillings were found of alabaster, obsidian, syenite, basalt,
much
like a whistle
and jasper
all
also
lazuli,
showing
those
Many instances
Many
camp and
in a
;
chamber
and
of
demotic inscription
;
Whetstones abounded
two of veiy
demotic inscription
large vase, pi.
cutting,
xxv.
and
mches
An-
ments of demotic inscriptions on pieces of jars and cups. Also a shuttle of Neit incised on pottery, by rocking an edge-tool about | inch wide
from side
to side to
inches, of a
produce a line
and an incised
hills).
worn rounded by sharpening knives on it, was found in chamber 19 also a similar piece, 4|
;
inches,
was
in
chamber
17.
A
of
large
number
of
72.
is
a blue ushahtl
tapering
square whetstones
;
sandstone
were
green Tahuti.
blue-glazed
1).
Two
basalt
down
to the thighs,
crowned
One
breast.
green-glazed
monkey
was found,
kratis.
like the
A
all
A piece of pumice was found in chamber 19; and some pieces of lead ore (galena) in the
ore, like the pieces of the
foundation deposit. Of flint the only objects were a burnisher 2^ inches h^ng, and three struck flakes.
73) in chamber 2 or
a small crown of
Lower Egypt,
chamber
Some
lid
finely
Isis
I
made symbolic
draught-board,
made
in
slab of ten-a-cotta
marked
with
of imbricated
in
X 10
squares,
found broken
chamber
buttle"
7.
in
Some
dnuiLrlitinon
of
form spherical,
flat-
and an Anubis
in
55
(pi.
xxxv.), the
3.
browTi, found in
chamber
in
And
from cham-
some
73.
incense,
chamber 17.
and pro-
Coming now
10)
it.
many
objects
of glazed
ware
the
violently A\Tenched
some
object,
and as they
probable with
the
of
of feather fly-flaps.
(xl. 7),
The plaque
seems as
if
of Haa-ab-ra (Hophra)
which
below the
this
lotus, it
seems
most
tray,
made
was
that
found in a chamber in the camp along with other Many varieties of " pilgrim bottles " of potter}'.
green or yellow paste, with necks of lotus and
The body
was
cast
palm
patterns,
some very
Avith
graceful,
and wreathed
;
many
The whole was polished and bm-nished quite smoothly, so as not to show any joint. No trace of the inlaying remained when this was found,
but the two flowers were bent one half over the
other,
(pi.
xl.
4)
"
May
all
Neit give
children,"
is
it
beautiful
it
souls."
One
bottle
very
Thus, found in
it
peculiar
is
as other than
arises,
band of
bright,
green glaze
;
around the
is
some
soldier.
it
thin and
when would an Egyptian soldier loot a piece of Egyptian work ? And we see an event which
would exactly account
for this, occurring at the
civil
before
Roman
times.
large
number
will
of blue-
the
most
likely time,
during the
It
war between
likely
be kept tostyle
Museum
to
show the
known work
A
(pi.
thus
is
It
lbs.
of
41).
A piece of a pot
frit
of refractory material,
silver in
in
which blue
the
of the Kasr.
furnace,
for blue
paint,
was
also
found in the
in the scarab
Another
(xli.
fine
object
is
is
Ra
camp
it is
just like
what occurred
9),
which
of the finest
work of the
was
8),
the sliding
Hd
left slightly
drawn
An
15),
to
the sixth
-^o
iiich
and forced inwards, showing the toes of the figure. It is the more satisfactory to find it so, since not only is this little suspensory bos a unique object,
but
it
from the
camp.
A large
foiuid within
is
TELL DEFEXXEH.
the
side
to be broken
open to
precious metals.
We
see then
by
all
;
these signs
remove the
of
uninjured.
and
if so,
my workmcu
on the
and brought
to
me
may
found
much
of the
Greek gold-work
pi. xli.; all
with
quasi-oriental
?
designs
all
Here are
the elements
to
2 to 7), of
frag-
Assyria, living
making jewel-
a large scale.
of
;
chains (14,
pieces of
17)
symboUc eyes
(figs. 18,
26,
30)
chain
(figs.
7-j.
Of
silver
several wrought
objects
were
silver,
24, 25)
beads and
foil
oniaments
;
found, and
many pounds'
weight of lumps of
1923,
tase
27)
setting of a
stone (29)
and a
Where
it
this diop-
20
to
200
clear;
is
now
only
seems most
on considering
it,
copper-mines of Sinai,
be found there.
is
not impossible
may
74.
Among
sign of a silversmith's
place,
but merely of a
lumps of
silver
silver
the place.
the
or-
and
httle
dumps
one
of melted gold
scraps of gold
chiselling,
bowl is
6iJ
it is
cut out of a
plane
surface
by
and
a
above
all,
piece
chiselled
out bearing
(a),
beautiful
hieroglyphic
feather
evidently
circles.
With
this
was found a
form
as
for
twisted up.
Both of these
now at Bulak.
33) on the
xli.
2),
Many
surface,
silver rings
The
as
if it
was
still
Placing
pavement
of
the
Kasr.
They
all
all these
facts
but
that
officials
xh. 32 to 35).
especially as scraps
scarabseus
(36)
scarab
in
know
of.
a profusion of minute
thirty or forty grains,
weights,
A
xh.
fine
(mi
it
(pi.
many
of
11),
four grains;
over
thousand
was found
a bronze Apis.
much
worn,
for
weighing
complete the
list
at
76.
in the
camp,
77.
Iron
is
as
common
as bronze, or rather
particularly arrow-heads, of
commoner, and
these
this
were collected
to do
(pi.
principal objects, or
remains
divided
belong.
into
those of interest.
broadly
and
civil.
Of
inches
deep
(pi.
shown on
Two
small pans,
xxxvii. The horses' bits are sometimes bars which have had loops of cord or leather at the
which from
their
ends, as in
fig. 1,
fig. 2,
ment, as in
as in
1 is 4)
of
Aahmes
(pi.
xH.
76) was
figs. 5,
oa, 6.
The
twisted pattern of
fig.
shown
also in 5a.
Several lance-heads
(fig.
still
retained the
(xxxix. 19,
The bident
it
wood
in the sockets.
(fig.
may
may
be
Nebesheh.
The sword
at
(fig.
7)
fig.
21, however,
from
chamber
3.
24
to
this
had a
the
rib
on each
some
little
kept at Bulak.
of interest, as
;
A
it
staple found in
chamber 2
hilt.
The handle
and
bronze vessel
its
a washer of bronze
tangs before
its
prevent
by
was probably fastened on, without a chance of their galling the hand such a hollow also would
;
A
;
was kept
the
at
Bulak
over with
if
some
string
or
they seem as
part of
some
furniture, or
end of the handle to balance the blade. Another form, more Hke an ordinary knife, is fig.
17; the thickness of the middle of blade (the
section being rhombic)
possibly, a
tents.
More Egyptian
are
an Osiris
this
was
2f in. high in chamber 3, another 85 high in chamber 14, and a double-ended kohl-
The
;
20)
may
be perhaps for
civil
uses
stick in
chamber
18.
evident
;
rivets
of iron.
The
objects
8 to 11 are
the
difficult to
explain
possibly they
:
may
be orna-
ments
for the
peaks of helmets
bits of slag in
many
parts,
some leather
object,
Of
lead
a few pieces
of
ore
(galena)
were
|
and yet
TELL DEFEXNEH.
to the barbed
form
these barbs
could
hardly
would
scarcely
be
strong
enough
spike
Thus the result was mass three deep sideways and two deep from top to bottom, making the whole mass six scales thick at every part. The inner surface showing
the stitching holes
is
out
from
anything.
On
given in
fig.
19,
and the
Similar
outer surface at
fig.
19a.
at
Bulak.
Iron
ai'row-heads
78.
Of civil
are chisels
(pi. xxxviii.
of the
camp
many
They
and not
socketed, which
for
chamber 19.
in
fig.
broad form of
bronze arrow-heads
the reason
is
that the
wood
in
chisel is
shown
The
(12,
solid
was found,
(fig.
form
is
the
commonest
;
13),
2).
though some are bladed (14, 15, 16) none are of the three-blade type of the bronze (xxxix. 9, 12).
Two
none
new
to
us
(fig. 1),
this being
found at Naukratis.
knife
(fig.
The
The
(xxxvii. 18)
is
probably a
(figs,
large double-edged
6) is
a splendid
The
scale
armour
most unusual
find of all
at
19a
is
very
armour
is
represented
of
on a statue
II.,
plain,
both the
Kamak, probably
scales is
Ramessu
a corslet of
there
is
Three pokers
(figs,
probably of Sheshonk
for.slet
while a piece of a
from
Naukratis.
small
23) was
Sheshonk,
is
in the Abbott
The
also
(fig.
8)
was
to have
large auger or
is
thrown away
it
shown
of
in
fig.
4,
borers in
figs. 9,
shown
19b
(all objects
on
this plate
thm
sheet-iron,
punched
all
an inch thick
below
arc half-size), which were originally about ~i^ of these scales were sewn on by six ;
like
cone
base,
and
fitted
sort of rat-tail
file
five
and each scale lapped over two-thirds of the previous scale in the row ; thus as each scale was
put on the right-hand pair of holes was stitched through, going through the middle pair of the
previous scale, and the Icft-liand pair of holes of
of
them
in
chamber
21
The axe
24)
is
of
but
fig.
seems to be a socketed
plough-share
!
of rough form.
block of iron
was found
at
the
bottom of the
CHAP.
ANTIQUITIES.
glazed pottery amulets of late work, prob;
chamber adjoining
site 1
tity of
The
number
logued.
are worth
The
use.
fish-hooks,
fig.
Khnum
5,
4,
5,
Tahuti
4,
Shu
5,
4,
Taurt
2,
5,
Naukratis.
The
object,
7,
is
of
unknown
camp,
Hapi
5,
bull 5,
Lion
Monkey
4,
Ram
Rabbit
5,
scraps, apparently a
in the
bit,
Scarabs
Eyes
Papyrus
sceptres
arrows,
Lower crowns 5, Upper crowns 5; beside some much smaller and ruder ones, Shu 2, Bes 1,
Cynocephalus seated
Rabbit
2. 2,
sheet-iron,
;
Hawk
6,
Cat
6,
Lion
2,
f,inch, &c.
a piece
Of stone
bourhood.
to describe
objects the
main
and much
thin
As
the age
is
;
uncertain,
suffice to
useless
and
iron,
them exactly
forms
discoid,
are
S.E. of
The amount of slag found all over the the camp was astonishing; some was
away,
including
brought
complete
crucible
Some
very
It is evident that
beside
irregular
The
for smelting,
and the
light
amethyst,
(red,
carnelian,
clear
chalcedony,
agate, jasper
black, green,
and yellow),
workmanship
is
of
permanent value.
and
mother-of-pearl.
79.
We
now
Ten examples
Roman
of which
is
who hunted
the
neighbourhood for
me
carnehan, some of very good work of its period. I found half a Cufic seal of lapis lazuli at Tell Sherig. Of glass a tolerable amount was obtained, both
of beads and of pieces of vases
;
Behm
The
the
as they call
it) at
all
probably of
the
Roman
age,
The beads
objects of a
later period
green with yellow, fluted, zigzag, hexagonal mock beryl, flatted hexagonal blue, amber polyhedra
searching
it it
during
is
my
stay there
is
but at the
the
and
fluted, clear
N.W.
of
a mound, which
highest
Defenneh
black with red waves, green stripe with red and white eyes, blue and white millepore with red
Roman
times.
In
ends (hexagonal prism) twisted yellow, black with red or white zigzag, and covered with broken
scraps stuck
in.
The fragments
Roman
glass
millepore,
pan with
a handle
green, yellow
in brown, red
and
TELL DEFEXNEH.
yellow in green, white in purple, and yellow iu
till.
Bronze
wavy "Phoenician" of white on blue, white on purple, blue, yellow and brown on brown, yellow and white on blue, jasper-red on
white;
black, yellow on blue
blue,
:
common, 33
in all being
brought up,
interest,
mainly
Roman and
Cufic, of
no particular
is
Egyptian, minutely
wavy cups
of pink-opaque,
convex,
pierced
with
for
a bar
the
concave back
pentagonal,
for
a bangle of clear white with twisted red yellow glass " Phoenician " heads, figures of Bes
white
sewing
Beads,
Swivels
hexagonal,
and
round.
putting
links,
flat,
in yellow,
Baubo
in clear green
(xli.
78), a term
through eye-holes.
Chain of
and of 8
all
and of woven
wire.
Nail-heads of
forms,
cat in
lion
brown
(xli.
77),
glass,
of
amber
(xli.
and Cupid with goat (xli. 81) head of Anubis (?) of green
from a bottlefor in-
Earrings of the
Also
tj'pe of xliii.
and
of
wire.
many
5.
small
pieces
of
glass
unknown
use, such
as xxxix.
curious seal
knobs or bosses
yellow,
white,
blue, pink,
and
tails
is
worth notice
(pi.
green
Une patterns,
Many
43
in all,
of yellow
and blue
some
considerable
to
the
N.
of
slips
also a
wing and
Ciific
will scarcely
account
Two
brought to
me
there
may be
the
latest
glass
objects.
another
to the notice
found
many pieces
windows,
of the two
from
at
Tell
Sherig
pm-ple, pale
This
district is
An
already described
may have
81.
CHAPTER
XII.
THE WEIGHTS.
of small objects
but
it is
needless to do
season at Naukratis.
of deities
7,
were,
Osiris
9,
Horus
4,
10,
last
and Honis
Tahuti
1,
Anubis
Nefertum
Khonsu
1,
came
0,
Amen Ra
1
,
1,
loft still
part of Xeit
upper part
from the native diggings, and after I more were brought, so that he returned with 358 altogether, which I have worked out
and treat of
in
thus
in
we
The usual
sistra,
have
874
weiglits
from
Naukratis
two
seasons.
found.
were
But
at
the
bell 3 3 inches
haustible.
one dnv.
here,
to
bj
the
Bedawin,
who
find
them both
at
Defenneh, and at
to Tell Belim.
sites to the
north of that on
there in two
much affect
;
in
results
for
months was 397 stone weights and 1600 metal weights. Altogether over 4000 weighings were performed, of which Mr. Spurrell most kindly did nearly a thousand. Unhappily, owing to the weights of Defenneh being found exposed
on the surface, they have on the whole suffered more by weathering than those of Naukratis,
which are found bedded
prevented any access of
all
much value
The
as
any
the
distribution of different
limit of
2%
of
in stiff
air,
mud
that has
which I saw need to impose in dealing with the Naukratis weights before, I have still
maintained as essential to a proper treatment
of the results.
Defenneh
set
have therefore
for
another hmit,
when a
;
needful to
aside
a special
research
in air
and
and
it
of balance)
show a standard
as accurately as a
serious matter to
work out
proved to consist of
alloys,
all sorts
and conditions of
copper
from almost
pure
down
to
substance.
distribution
Under
weights (as
sented),
it
the
standard
most
even the
specific gravity
40
show us the internal state of a weight and fresh modes of examination must be worked out and formulated before we can say anything exact as to the original values. The whole subject of the modes of patination discussion, and some unexpected requires
results
of the shekels
and
kats.
number of
this
low and high Jrd kats, may be too low a limit, and 60 grains
erratically
might be safer ; but, at least, if the source of these stray groups is noted, not much harm
will
have appeared
as,
sponge of metal
from the whole mass, leaving a and the last stage of this
;
The general arrangement of the catalogue on the same lines as that of last year, and therefore the prolegomena need not be repeated. The only difference is that where
82.
of weights is
and polish
of the original.
Thus are produced those strange casts of coins, vv-hich appear as if made artificially in plaster The whole of the stages (see " Tanis," p. 40). and proofs of this alteration I hope to work
out and state in future
:
a weight is under the limit of size a bar is put across the change column, " Ch," to call attention to it;
call attention
suffice to
mention
it
more than 2% of change, and the broken ones are marked B. The numbering
suffered
TELL DEFEXXEH.
of the weights
is
NAUKR.\TIS.
II.
number alone
No.
(107).
these works.
The types
form are
also
same as last year; only as several between 50 and 100 were not required
for reference, this year I have substituted for
numbered the
them on
pi.
xlvii.
the
100,
In defining the
necessary to use
may
be
was far from my present object, and as few names have been used as would suffice to mark the most distinct groups of materials. To avoid
well studied on such a collection, but that
misunderstanding,
it
will
be as well to give
made
of these
Basalt
black,
fine-grained
grey,
uniform
silicate,
green,
or the
:
fracture, except in
crystalline.
brown which
is
sub-
Syenite
felspar,
quartz
visible
scopic
felspar
magma.
or
quartz,
:
mica, and
felspar
hornblende.
all
:
Diorite
and
liornblendc, including
silicates.
cates.
Gneiss
crystalline
schistose rock," according to the " very vague " but convenient definition men-
tioned by Geikie.
Porphyry
Silicate
a lighter hard
silicate, and homogenous nature. The
silicate dispersed in a
darker hard
:
not
hornblendic.
silicate
it
any
hard
of
undetermined
is
ha3matite,
should be noted,
almost always
very rough, and coarse brown, often a mere pebble or nodule ground on one side; thus
quite unlike the exquisite polished weights of
Ijlack haematite
from Syria.
Present.
Ch.
Ancient.
Basalt, br.
Sandstone, br.
Basalt, bk.
3740 1143
Bronze
Basalt, bk. Basalt, br.
Limestone, wt.
Syenite, bk.
3843
37 105 38
Bronze
Basalt, br.
Limestone
Glass, dark Basalt, bk. Basalt, bk. Basalt, br.
Basalt, br. Basalt, bk. Basalt, bk. Basalt, bk. Pottery, brown Basalt, gr.
3031 4044
33
1464-0 2928-8 293-5 39-4 49-0 737-9 738-5 1447-7 745-9 1479-3 1476-8
71-8
1464-4 2932293-5
49-0 738-0 738-6 1447-7
739
1479-3 14S074-
296-3 5866-6
74-1
296-3
5930
74-1
5-43
41
10-35
112 65 33
Limestone Lead
Syenite, gr. Basalt, bk. Basalt, br. Basalt, br. Basalt, br.
1484
296-9 297-6 2976-4
3191
300-3 3010-6 753-0 1506-6 301-4 75-4 151-3 41-4 303-8 29-0 3062-7 307-5 77-4 2228-8
1054 2733
33 33 84
7530
1506-6 301-4 75-4 151-3 37-9 303-8 25-4
Limestone, gr.
Basalt, br.
Quartz, bk.
Bronze
Syenite, br. Syenite, bk. Basalt, bk. Basalt, bk.
54 44
33 33
3065
307-5 77-4
3100
(90).
26
Alabaster
Bronze
Serpentine
Bronze Bronze
Limestone, wt. Bronze, L. ? Bronze
Alabaster Alabaster
TELL DEFEXXEH.
Form.
Present.
Limestone Bronze
Basalt, bk. Basalt, br.
19-33 5859
79
3302-3
3303
529-
50
8
'
66-06
5547
1321-5 3297-3 1319-2
001
Oii'll
1322-3
1136
33 18
3309
1323-6 662-0 662-
33-37
26
3337 2633
102
1345-7 129-2
1328 133
20 50 20 10 10 20
001^
00-lS
001>(I
(;o-2
00-4
,
Basalt, br.
.Syenite, gr.
Biisalt, bk.
2310
38
71
742 Bronze
7-13
714 Basalt,
7-1.5
br.
3-8
667-3
6680
267-1 33-4 515-3 133-8
267-1 33-4
74G
7-17
1417
33
27 36 55 33
Bronze
li:isalt,
535
133-8 67-1
3.357-8
7 1
7l'j
bk.
br.
Limestone,
Gneiss, gr.
1
671
3357-8 2674-7
134-5 67-2
7.JO
3738 33^10
134-5 67-2
1345 13470
1349-1
756!
'
B.isalt, br.
39-40
10
13491
254-4 27) 9-3 670-2
757 Alabaster
758; Basalt,
br.
1910
33
271 2720
759 Bronze
761*; Basalt, bk.
40
33
27271
136-4 1364-5 137-3 1371-3 6867137-6 11-9 136-4 1365-5 137-3 1374-
761
76-2
7ti:i
Basalt, bk.
Basalt, bk.
44.15
1138 1038
26
;
7'i 1
7i;.5
6871
137-6 11-9
(15).
1938
21
772 773
bk. bk.
hematite, red
U.salt, bk.
(ineiss, bk.
7m
Form.
TELL DEFENXEH.
Ko.
Material.
Attic
1131 Hfematite 1132 Silicate, bk. 1133 Basalt, gn.
113-1,1
Dbachma Standaed
(43).
316
14r-17 33
Basxlt, gr.
2633 3840
5 33 33 33
1137
1 1:!S
Hiematite, bk.
Basalt, br. Basalt, br. Basalt, br.
1139 1110 1141 Gneiss, bk. 1112; Basalt, bk. 1143 Syenite, bk.
I 1
1.53-0
No.
77?
51-4
154
154-2 164-2 154-4 154-6 166155-7 156-7 156-0 156-0
1.56-2
3100
51-9 1557*1 52-0 52-0 312-5 52-1
(55).
2141
IIU
Flint, br.
br.
3813 3839
520
312-5
br.
521
156-3
Basalt, bk.
1516 517
16
2326
115 108
Bervl
118-
IISG
119
ll:ii;
120-
120-6
Limestone
Basalt, bk.
911
15
1210
20-3 43,950 123-0
121
121-8 121-8 122-1 123-0 124-
Mica
slate
64
18-85 20-3
2033
33 33
43,950
122-2
2031
32
44,420 43,480
8-0
44,700 44,500
12-5 41-7 12-55
124 125
12.5-1
Limestone, gr.
Steatite, bk.
Chlorite
Basalt, br.
Alabaster
12.5.5
l-2i;1:2(;-
Limestone Limestone
Diorite, bk. Basalt, br.
2462-8
12-65
2520
63-2 12-65 759-2 15,200 3807-3
12-7 10-6 12-75 12-75
126-
Limestone,
-wt.
15,200 3807-3
12-7 10-6 12-75 12-75
Haematite
Basalt, gn. Syenite,bk., wt. Basalt, br. Basalt, br.
2224
33
7641
1276-4
10-65
7649
1276-4 10-65
Homstone,gn.
Basalt, br. Basalt, bk.
3068
34,480
42-8 2491-7 635-8 42-9 1274-5 12-8 763-3 1247-1
3068
46,000 42-8
128
128-4 128-6 128-6 128-7 128-7
2570 643
42-9 128712-9
185
Basalt, br.
iisi;
117 II 88 iisy 1190 1191 1192 1193 J 194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199
1-JOO
129
129-0 129-0 129-3 129-6
1-29-G
4^35
43 111
774 1290
2586-5 43-2 43-2
Limestone
Basalt, gn.
2585-8
42-85 42-75
516
1238
high 33
Basalt, gn.
Limestone
Granite, gr. Granite, gr. Slate? gn. Syenite, bk. Basalt, gn. Basalt, gr.
1261
21,320 33,070
43-6
1560
26,000 39,000
43-6
33
3340
16
3336
23
8384
br.
Limestone,
Basalt, br. Basalt, bk.
20 44
15,720
1315
43 8
44-1 44-2
1201
3640
2586
4000
TKLL DEFEXXEH.
JEgixeta.v
Dbachma Standaed
(10).
No.
Material.
larger
and
more
extended
in the
commonness
is
collection
might just as
likely
have blotted
standard
existed
;
standards
out
all
cised in later
became
fixed,
chance
distribution
but
when
we
see
details still
and even reinforced into more striking proportions, no one can doubt but that there is a distinct meaning in almost
prominent,
every turn and twist of the curves.
transmitted and
the
used contemporaneously in
same
place.
The
lowest,
is
the
In fact
standard of
the
earliest
coinage
later
the
they represent
a whole
history
to of
of changes
unravel which
other
see ages.
information
in
detail,
Looking at them
80-grain
wo
that the
and not
which seem
to
curve
1885,
has
lost
is
the
slight
dip
it
varieties.
had
in
and
carried
is
rather lower.
enlarged,
re-
The
Persian
still
curve
precisely
Having
then,
by the
close
similarity
though
into
very small.
The iEginetan
two
different collections
more markedly the sudden division which we might distinguish perhaps as the monetary and the commercial.
tains even
two
varieties,
reality
fluctuations
of
standards,
we
Some examples included in it last year should, now think, be otherwise attributed; Nos.
results to see
the
Defenneh
fluctuations ex-
tend.
415 and 416 to the Persian, and Nos. 419, 420, 427, 429, 431, 434, and 436 to the Jrd
On
pi. xlix.
and uth
kat, since
more
of these are
now unfollows
shown
in full line,
doubtedly found.
in the curves.
in dotted line,
height in the
Attic,
much
at
and
to
the
shows
the
and brought
the Egyptian
out.
The Attic
is
a fine case of
Lastly,
The
results are
most
instructive.
The ranges
though
in
reinforced.
way
140
is
of the curve
^ginetan and Phoenician) The 80-grain certain groups are missing. has a main development high up at 81 grains. The fluctuations of the Phoenician The Assyrian, are seen to be purely local.
some cases
(i.e.
it,
hump
is
developed into
though irregular in the scanty beginning of swells up at just the same point, 126 grains and has a corresponding fall between
;
85.
The meaning
of
all
these fluctuations
this
at
TELL UEFENXEH.
may be
Darics
all
called
the
monetary
standard,
the
Here, after a
ples, there
little
The Attic
is,
65%
this
The
dip at 139
extends
higher
at
grains
is filled
may
be accounted for by
of /jrd
plus
here
suflBces
is
extinguish
;
it.
The
made here
to
and
-^ths of
the
correspondence
most remarkable
and the
stretcli
the Attic
fact
it is
drachma
kats
meet
it
by the
oboli.
In
more
firmly
than any
^rd and
intended as
examples
suffices
to
Attic system.
In the
whick are the most perfect owing to the large number of examples, we have the most complete accordance. Not a wave of the Naukratis curve is lost in the Defenneh curve two cases at 143 and 150 are smudged and reduced to mere humps, but still the same cause is plainly at work whick produced the stable types of the
;
usually
and yet a change omitting or including a couple more weights almost any point would impair the resemit
blance between
As many
of these weights
88.
We
different
families
of
kat
broader
to the
common
?
masked
in the
whole of
son
Egyptian
weights
Unfortunately
process,
and
that
these
rally diffused in
somewhat
been
entire
There
is
close
dealing with;
and we are
site
in
almost
manuits
ignorance of the
Still,
scripts;
MS. can
be assigned to
(including
much again
the curve
wo have
These families of
certain archetypes
:
shown in dotted line in the top diagram of pi. 1. Here we sec the Naukratis curve of the kat, the Defenneh curve, and the curve of all previous
collections, given
New
Testament, the
on the
same
scale.
Italic, Syi'iac,
Coptic,
from
Syria are
result
is
compared with
that
these.
The
In
general
the Asiatic
Assyrian,
more perplexing, but there is also far more to work on they vary, in short, in n dimensions,
;
though showing the same general range as the ISTaukratite, does not develop nearly so markedly
in the higher values.
Still
very close
and we
to be
much
in
its
lead-
it
that what
now needs
Naukratis
was
own
com"
pure archetype of each variety was as closely as we can (like the pure text of a version), then to
settle
not
merely
dependent on
of
by waves
is
when
This type
not nearly so
version),
and what
in this
scientific
On
see
to
it
the study
of
we
as
though not
in close of the
MSS.
conformity
we
same range and the same general position of the most frequent examples as those curves, which are here translated by X V so as to meet it on its
Assyrian curves,
of just the
own ground.
the
The
results
from
from them.
derivation
Phoenician and
Assyrian had been quite lost before the Naukratite families arose, or they
would be repreits
and
silver,
it
sented
as proposed
by Brandis
families
is
and curves.
In
fact,
though
source the
strongly
shown by
the agreement in
we
are
bound to
Phoenician
But the other theory, that of Mr. Head, deriving the Phoenician drachm of silver from being of an equal value to the -^
rately tested.
derivation of the
Assyrian standard.
is
readily tested on
ships of metals,
it
yet
is
According to
this the
Assyrian
shekel
shekel.
X V
we have
studying.
We now
it.
and
Babylonian)
of
while
have provisionally
it
was derived
by a binary
TELL DEFEXXEH.
a -weiglit of 5 shekels, and
supposed that
it
Silver crater
might be
local to Naukratis.
In classifying the
distinctly stood
last there
4
.31
ladle
craters,
mean
,,
1125-^ 2000 = -502 -554 277-^ 500 -554] 144- -^ 1 250 = -576/
Defenneh weights
censers,
34-8 -^ 34
60
6
2
I
vessels,
tablets,
and at
was
2870o-r-
50-5
= =
-580
Here we have
which are
all
a long
series of
quantities
kats, but
all
We
and not to any of the other standards. therefore now see that it was more wide-
spread, and
we may
agree
well examine
if
it
were a
general standard.
the
On comparing
pi.
1.
together in
55
80 grains.
Taking the
lower
diagram of
the Naukratite
examples,
we
are
78-0 85-0
Hence
the kat,
if
these are
all
variously reported
it
owing
would be fixed
to
between 78 and 79
fluc-
bably
it
and
it
was not therefore derived in Egypt agrees much more nearly to the style
its
tuated, so that
lower varieties
77 and 80 grains
truth.
Now
Can we then
traces of
it
varieties
We
the
from 77 to 83 grains.
Now
Asiatic,
it
will
is
all
in a series usually of
smothered over
Kili-
and the
silver
probably came
Persian unit:
from Asia,
the Khita.
might not be
trifle
over
that.
lists
the
tribute
and
its
presence in coinage
the
rather confirm
Thothmes
III.,
Kilts.
we
find
from the
Kate.
Mcnns.
1100-^
ijyS-i-
2000=
-5.5
1100O-i-i.'000O
Eutcnnu,
Kliitii,
golil
later times
drachma, on
gold rings,
mean
.'57C-2 -f-
rnil."?
-^ 00000 -^
10
t'l -f.
20;
wood "
mentioned by iElian.
'.il.
At Defenneh we
liave
foi-
tlie first
;
time
the
And,
obtained
many
sets
of weights together
mean
5-.'r,-f-
1
3.',
11-H
GGG-i.
plates,
4
= -52G. = -520 / =
-530 )
12'=-.532r'
j
camp
-^
was obtained.
Hence
avc
variations
we know
of
how
by side indifferently. Or, in other words, what amount of error was treated as negligable
in ancient sets of weights.
This
is
a question
and unknown.
all
The
published in the
and hence
the
list
it is
needless to repeat
their details
that
is
required.
in the
The large
they are
will
find
(numbered
all
find 58)
;
and as
errors of standard
be larger
mean
scale are
the
mean
TELL DEfENXEH.
Eronze kat 1129
of
the
10
2
2
152-7
1134
997 1041
10G6
153G
143f<
highest point;
this
from
purely arbitrary
inches,
datum
1461
7379-'
level
was
called
500
and the
10
1461
147-G
levels
of
all
points
were
is
recorded in inches
50
Here the
716-0
1287
811-8
1422-8
10
10
The
sandy plain
highest
the
may be
(i.e.
142-3 142-7
145-6
1427-5
291-2
75-0
13S-S
the
point
walls
at in
the
sand
beneath
i
1
150-0
138-8
1442-8
1557-1
10 20 4
I
144-3
chambers 8 and 3G being at this level, the sand between the mastaba and the fort being 230, and the sand beneath the mastaba about
235, which probably
312-5
48-5
was raised a
little
again
295-2
751-5
probably built a
the ground.
little
The
150-3
9040
1384
299-8
47-5 28-9
50-2
.
40
10
2
920 1107
iVnothtr
138-4
140-9
to
The present sea-level according Lake Meuzaleh in May, when scarcely any
it, is
973
IJronzc kat
rises to 227.
This
is
probably
much higher
chamber
1010 1116
Now
reviewing
tliese
weights
found thus
cases there
dynasty alone,
it is
must
connectedly,
we
see that in
many
have sunk as
the 8-foot
one
family,
but
some
almost
identical
in
standard.
since
may be
seen, as in 19 a,
On
1
the later
tell
by deposit
mud.
1482-8
10
148-3
of forms
and materials of
still
reinain to be examined
after
may
is
The
Kasr now
is
below
CHAPTER
it:'..
sea level.
flat
two feet below even Nothing but the evaporation over a plain almost at water level keeps the water
for these to be reached.
by
down enough
In a
few centuries more Tell Defenneli will be an island in Lake Menzaleh, like tlie many other
tells
corner of the
fort,
410
at the S.W.,
;
414; at
at the
N.E. of the
wticli appear
now
in the water.
498
94.
The ground
and 187
at
448 ; at the S.E. of the fort, and the highest point of all just west of chamber 22 was, 500 inches above datum. Judging from the beginning of doming, to be
;
N.W.
it
500
These S.B., or 1^ to 2^ feet below the ground. and the deposit levels, are shown in pi. xxiii. The sand beneath the mastaba is about 235, and the top of the mastaba varied from 268 to
Those buildings were very height, at least to the watch would thus easily commuand Tell Sherig.
were noted in
mean 270, or 3| feet above the general ground. The north wall of the mastaba reaches down to 199, being a retaining wall for the whole mass. The raised road along the west The levels of the palace up to the entry is 277.
272,
It
The
elifferent
of the sand in different chambers, &c., is as follows: In .36 and 8, beneath wall, 227; between mastaba and fort, 230 ; in 9, beneath
mean
of
E.N.E.
S.S.E. side
walk 251
in 42,
254
in 4,
;
259
in 41,
260
W.^^'.W. side
in 43, from
275 at
and
in 38, 299
4-9
16-3
The mid-chamber
is
put in to
fill
up the
245
;
chambers.
22, 265
;
The
;
in
These are
Port,
erratically
long,
and
ex-
269
279
11,
in 4, 271
pavement at
sill
cluding these,
II
for the X 8-0 X 4-4 X 8-7 X 5-1 16-1 X 8-0 X 5'0 lG-0 X 7-8
16-4
17-2
in 11, 283
in 10,
284
the stone
of
,,
later date,
additions
331;
sages,
sill
of
the
period
16-5
.
mortared
and pas,,
J!
period
E
.
.
16-1 16-1
368
this
X. of E., period
offices
stood at about 2 to 5
level,
Wall round 19, period F Chamber 8 (Psamtikl) Wall between 8 and fort
.
X X X X
X X
X
4-2
4-1
X
X X
3-5
3-7
7-3
8-1
Walls
S. of fort
16-4
4-5
known
part of the twenty-sixth dynasty, and show well how much variation may be expected in various
lots of bricks of the
of the ruins,
same general
period.
The
310 ; general
on west part of
fort,
324
on
fort,
329 ; along south side of 342; and in middle, 349; at the N.W.
usual sizes of 16"4 agree closely to those of bricks of the same age at Kom Afrin 16-3, and
Sais-
agree to
TELL DEFEXXEH.
the longer length of
sizes are in
1
7'3.
The only
erratic
Hat
hor, E, y\, V,
Atlior, G,
chamber 8 and the walls by it, and in the wall around 10; and these warn us that the sizes, though generally a close indication of
age,
Horus, P,
Hor, P,
Hotep, B, L,
lietp,
;
R K
Har, B,
hotpou,
;
may
standard.
The
down by
;" Khem, E, G, P, R xem, P Chem, :\Iiu, M Ames, R. Khmim, E Khnoum, 51, P xnum, P Chnuin, AV, R Knum, G. Khonsu Khoiis, B, E, G, P ;;(onsu, P Chonsu, R Chunsu, G; Khonsou, M; Kliimsu, E; Chens, R.
; ;
;
hctop,
"\V.
Khita,
Chela,
S-7
X 50
]\Ierenptah, P,
^eta, P.
;
:Mineptah, 11
Meneptali,
Mienptah,
which seem
the Kasr.
to be therefore of the
same age as
L; Menephthah, R.
Xekbt-har-heb.
Neit, P,
Next-hor-heb,
P;
Necht-Hor-heb,
W;
Xeclit-har-heb,
l^ext-liar-heb,
;
L
;
Xakht-hor-heb, E.
Gi'
31.
NOTE.
The names
transliteration of
W;"Neith, G, R Xit, M; Net, Br. Nokaii, L, R, \\ Xecho, R Neku, P Xeko, il Xeqo, E. Xofer, E; Xofir, JI; Xofro, R; Kefer, Br, P, R,AV; Newer, P. Pianklii, E P-anxi, P Pianchi, "W PiGnkh, 51 Panxi, L. Psamtik; Psemtek, \\ Psametik, E, P; Psamitik, M;
;
Psammeticlms, G, R.
Ptah, B, E, P,
Siamcii
;
Phtali, 51,
;
R
E
Ptah,
Se-,
W.
;
varies so
much
Siamoun, 51
S;h-,
Sa-, Br,
W.
any single system which could be followed would be but in a small minority.
scholars, that
Sekhet, E,
Sheshaiik,
R;
Sechet, R,
W;
Sokhit, 51.
5r
to
by
Tahuti, L,
R;
Tliotli,
R;
Tahuti,
E;
Thuti,
W.
;
Tum,
Uati
;
Toum,
M
;
Atum,
AV
Uah-ab-ra, P,
Uat,
R
;
Uahbra,
;
G G
Atmu,
Tmu, R.
Uahiibra, AV.
;
Ualiabra,
fe
Persons not familiar with the literature of Egyptology readily suppose that
some system must prevail, and
they happen to be familiar with.
fore put together here
Uat'i,
Ueti,
Uedji,
Bouto, 51.
Usertesen;
Sesurtesen,
L;
TJsortesen,
E;
Usertsen,
R;
may
Osirtasen,
Ousirtasen, 51.
therefore
usabti,
uschebti, "W.
The above
will serve as a
sample of what
may
some
spellings used in
names
premising that
of the
many
same
CHAPTER
By
9G.
XIV.
QANTARAII.
F. Ll. Griffith.
name according
I usually follow
incurs
For four weeks from the middle of April was at Qantarah, the village at which the
is
B, Birch Br, Brugsch E, Ebers G, Gardner Wilkinson; L,Lepsius; M.Maspero; R, Renouf W, Wiedemann. P, Pierret
; ;
quite
modern,
dating from
the
time
up
Aahmes, B, E, G, R Aahma.s, L Ahraos, il ; Amasis, li, G ; Ahmcs, ; Ahmus, P. (Pre-nomen Ra-nem-ab, or Ra-knum-ab.) Amen, B, E, G, M, Animon, E, Jf, R ; Amon, Cook ;
and
neighljouring
now
village having
It
is
Aniun, L.
a wealthy
little
community, owing
its
existence to thocaual,
and
its
Amenaftas, R.
a mosque,
and a
are
necessary for
Roman,
must have
going.
On
all
sides
is
its
The mound lies two miles E. of the Suez Canal, N. from Qantarah, and three-quarters of
meagre vegetation, or the salt marshes which support no life but wild fowl. The inhabitants, with characteristic indolence, which has spread also to the Europeans amongst them,
have
never
looked
into
The
the
desert; their
and along
bounded by the dry bed of Lake Balali, and the dry bed of Menzaleh on the N. and W. is less than two miles away. Thus there were marshes on three sides, and the title " Lord of Seshu," or the marshes, given
southern side
is
the canal.
god on one of the monuments, is not an inappropriate one, notwithstanding the dry and desert appearance of the district at the
to the local
On
the
Arish
and forwards between El Arish and Qantarah, no survey was made for it, and little or no information can be obtained in this direction.
marshes of Pelusium.
yards,
Maps
of
this
district
are
not to be
the best
stated, I
The mound measures from N. to S. 500 from E. to W. 700. The Ramesside blocks lie near the centre, and close to them
I
trusted.
are
guides,
my
own
eyes.
In Qantarah, near the west end of the old Canal Company's buildings, stands a peculiar
measured 58^ inches square, and was built up of separate blocks. Round it at two levels were traces of pavements, made of small
chips
cemented
monument of sandstone, inscribed with the name of Rameses II., his father Seti I., and his
grandfather Rameses " house of Horns."
together.
in
two miles E. one finds remains of a similar monument, likewise mentioning Rameses II. and Horus, Lord of Mesen. On this spot
then was a temple of Ramesside epoch.
ever, a fortnight spent in trenching the
to
the
paw
crossed
over the
right.
It
was
inscriptions.
Howmound
dis-
' It is not necessary to suppose that the Kamesside monuments were brought here to adorn the Eoman camp. The early settlement, which probably existed only for a short time, may have been entirely destroyed, and being abandoned
even
if
when new
buildings
metre was
sufficient to
bring up desert
The
^
were erected, might itself be carried away by wind and rain. bricks everywhere were small, 13 inches being the largest
measurement.
was
The
nearly
all is
QANTAEAH.
squares of fine
limestone
measuring
about
'
80 inches, apparently bases of monuments. The mound had been much trenched at the
time of the excavation of the canal, partly perhaps for antiquities, partly for the sake of
words
And
we know
as
that Diocletian
A large well, the limestone and burnt brick. which doubtless supplied the settlement with
brackish water, was at that time completely
styled
himself
Jovius,
being supreme in
council,
brave soldier.
Thus
it is
clear that
we have
Hmestone lining this was S.W. of the sandstone blocks, which were discovered at the same time.
its
Egypt.
The
inscription
is
dated
in
The
revolt of
Egypt under
appears that
Upon
it
was a Latin
inscrip-
From
it
from the
and
The forms
is
Maximian, and recording the dedication by these emperors of the camp of the first ala of the Thracian cavalry, termed the Mauretanian on account
The
distinctly
some honourable service in North Africa,' to Latin inscripJupiter, Hercules, and Victory. tions are rare in Egypt, and it is curious to find
of
have completed the inscription in the plate by dotting in words from the Manfalut inscription.
"Where the two can be compared they agree
exactly, except
in the
published in the C.
tion
L., vol.
iii.
p. 8,
an inscrip-
abbreviations
and the
us
from a basalt block built into a Coptic church near Manfalut,- in which the camp of the
first
give
much name of
;
Aug.
prist.
The
ye.ar
and
to the
same
deities.
garrison, the
Notitia Dignitatum,
The explanation may be found in history. known that when Diocletian had raised Maximian to the position of his colleague in the Empire, and had entrusted him with the
western part of
'
enumerating the imperial offices in the time of Constantino, mentions Pelusium, Sella (Sile of
the Itinerary), Thaubastus, and perhaps other
but
it,
he turned his
own
attention
also
mentioned in an inscription
of the
The
deI.
however, strengthen the proof of its being Sile. In the mound itself there were remains of a
thick wall of unbaked brick that seemed to be
Thrac.
The
was stationed at Rinocolura (El Arish) when Perhaps one may supthe Notitia Imperii was drawn up. pose that these garrisons were not changed for a century, and that the ofhccrs of the two frontier stations on the land route between Egypt and Syria clubbed together to set up The Notitia places the ALi I. the statue of Septimius.
first
This
part of the
camp enclosure
of Diocletian.
Besides this inscription, I found a fine bronze vase in the form of a female head with inlaid
eyes of glass, of good
p.
422.
Roman
work, kept at
CHAP. XIV.-QANTARAH.
the Bulaq
Museum.
?),
viously, or
trappings
cemetery in
from
its
size
and
position,
with button at
much
would seem to belong to the caravan route as as to the town, from which it is threeits
Of
glass,
fragments of a large
of dark blue,
nearest point.
in the
form of a bird
of clear glass.
and
99. I proceed to give a list of sites
^
Roman bottle
moulds
6,
Several disks of
in the
Earthen-
neighbourhood.
Tel Farama (F.^ gives a good idea of the
ware
cord
for
glass
hieroglyphs, knotted
and cynocephalua.
maa.
Several
of the
earthenware, of limestone.
feather
pieces
limestone
E., but
com-
in black ink.
Coins of
The E. mound is
98.
Qantarah
high
usual
Roman
type.
is
made out by
well preserved.
Between
this
also the
modern
The more distant half of this is ments. Some of the bodies, none
mummified, have been enclosed
of
branch ran.
narrow,
well
all
is
long and
gradually
of
which are
formed
sloping
in coffins
two
jars
marsh level, except where the Arab citadel (see French map) in the centre of the N. side rises abruptly from the
down on
middle
some
in terra-cotta coffins
flat
rounded at
edge.
The N. and
S.
walls
of this
measure
Some
are
!
W.
about half as
crouching
position,
much.
The
principal
gateway
is
on the N.,
mound
collect,
is
(not
at
Place names
are
ahvaj's
difficult
to
and
so, since
the population
very
in
constructed
rubble.
chambers
brick
or
stone
The
scanty, and the sites are often at a distance from the beaten and seldom passed even by tlie Bedawin. Tell Dahab and TeU Fadda, which were the names appHed to the mounds of Pelusium by Mr. Chester's guide, who came from Salhiyeh,
names, and the Bedawin about Qantarah only once mentioned Tel el Fadda, by which the mound E. of Pelusium was perhaps
!
I trenched in
all
intended.
Qantarah.
I
interments,
Tel Farama was known by report to every one at Tel el Dahab I never heard mentioned there. " F." refers to the Atlas Gcographique of the French " Description ;" " Eng." to the Map of Lower Egypt issued
-
except where
by the EngUsh
War
Office.
QAXTARAH.
marked
in F.)
It is
much to be
the extreme
first travel
W.
blocks are so weathered that not a trace of " working " remains, except where a column or
The
no doubt
extreme end.
changed greatly, and remains would be found far below the level of the marsh, which now
dries
built the
in spring.
mound
At
and
greater
It
forts.
At
to
be a
is
would be
frontier
gateway.
a
lie
Pelusium, the
large depression,
the
centre of which
in
making three
sides
a rectangle,
now
may be
vanished.
They
lie
level.
They
are
all
of red
it
added to the catalogue of Eastern nations who struggled for the possession of this " key of
Egypt,"
but classical historians can take us
to
make
difficult to
back
Outside
gate
lie
two granite
it
Beyond on the
granite
other,
to
was made the frontier fortress, garrisoned, as appears from the remains, by Greeks and The notices of Pelusium as the chief Carians.
object of attack before this time
mound
and
lie
four red
may be due
to
columns
evidently
parallel
close
each
by the mediasval insome open space in the town (as one sees them now at Kosetta), and after its desertion denuded by wind and rain, and left lying high and exposed. They are large, but
rolled together
habitants in
This
is
solved by excavation.
There
is
no doubt of
apparently of
Roman
date.
S. of these is
of
grey
and red granite almost buried, scattered over a space of 150 yards square. This is evidently
the site of the principal temple.
N. winds, and the marshes are almost dry, but there is a heavy dew, and occasionally rain. The distance can easily be accomplished in a day with a camel, passing Tel el HOr. A supply of water should be taken, as none can be obtained on the journey fit to drink. The place is quite deserted. In
the desert E. of Tel
el
Hor
Further E.,
no milk can be obOnly in the date season do Arabs pass Tel Farama on their way between Port Said and the scanty groups of There was only one camel to bo palm-trees in the desert.
of breeding camels with their young, but
tained.
pavement
In a depression on the
The Coptic name of Pelusium, nepEJUtOVft, was perhaps name Farama, and possibly represents
Nothing, however,
is
known
Tel Farama
ii
The air
is
Prumen, except that it was situated the Delta, and even the reading of the name
in this part nf
is
uncertain.
Heroa strip
is
Trll
"Old Qantarah"
of
(Q. el
dotus (Hclt.
ii.
141).
is
Qadhne) by
village, is the
inhabitants
the
modern
It is not
Along
of sand
called
tlie
coast N. of Pelusiiim
vegetation.
mound E.
of Qantarah.
-with
fort
N.W.
(Qala'et
et
marked in the French map in its proper place. The large mound (marked Euines), 3 or 4 miles
S. of its true position, is
it.
There
is
Qantarah "bridge"
invariably
Qrt?uf fir
mound about
mile
S.,
covered with
Arab
on
the
W.
This
of the
river or canal,
main mounds.
100. Tel
el
Failda
is
said to be the
name
of an
insignificant
mound 30 yards
from the marsh
(F.
crossing, which seems to have been only a few hundred yards S. of the modern vihage.^ As Tell abu Sefe lay on the S. side of the jST.E. end of the isthmus between the lakes, so a small
station
represented
now by
a low
nameless
begin to
rise
level.^
mound on
TelelEcr
Her
mound
It stands
on the
S. side of a spit
of sand run-
Mr.
map shows
its
position
most
100
It is conspicuous for a
high mediseval
gone over map in hand, it will, I think, appear that much that is marked as marsh was really sand. About a mile farther along the
carefully
is
road
the heap
known as
Qaliioet
IhraMm Bam,
yards square.
it,
Tel Farama
is
" Ibrahim Pasha's coffee-house." The road then passes by a southern outlier of Defeneh (F.,
Tell Defeineh) to Salhiyeh.
on the
S. side
of the caravan
This succession, T.
route
Farama, T.
However,
it
is
a landmark from
is
its
colour to
Her, [T. Habwe,] TeU abu Sefe, Qanatir, the nameless mound, [Qahwet Ibrahim Basha,] Defeneh, seems to mark the
el
el
Fadda, T.
worth noting, as
it
occupies
It
seems strange
of the maps,
identifi-
here, as
The it was
latter
name
to the
quite
left
Lakes Balah and Menzaleh should have been unguarded from the time of Eameses
almost to the Romans, but the history of his
here on
the map.
mound on
is
important corner of the Delta and of the desert E. of it, as well as the whole question of the
ancient routes,
is
as yet too
little
known
for
connected
with
one to venture on
much
speculation.
fine.
^ This is confirmed by the name Qanatir in the French map, where two channels from Menzaleh to Balah are marked as crossed by the caravan road. Abu Asab is the name of a conspicuous hill, visible even from Defeneh, and lyin" perhaps 15 miles on the caravan road from Qantarah.
QAXTAIJAII.
Only S.E. of Tel Habwe, by tlie side of lialf-adozen palm-trees, there are the remains of a few
red-briek and other buildings.
the N. edge
as the
is
of
Defeneh.
el
This
On
the other
is
now known
Bahr
Baqar, or
certainly artificial, as
its
running through
near Defeneh.
The occurrence
ing, &c.,
miles
W.
into
the
the N. a
difiSculty
in
ascertaining
to
Memphis, Daphno
is
the
first
station
up
of
the lake.
We know
from the
fact of village
in places wliich
all
mentioned. It therefore followed this channel or " short cut," by the side of which a road
the
marshes' at that
(at the E.
is
the winter,
end
of the
Wadi
Tumilut) to Pelusium
given as
We know
also
from
viii. (viiii.).
swamps all over the district in early times. The canals of such a district would require We continual attention to keep them open.
Magdolo,
Pelusio,
xii.
xii. (xv.).
in
know even
is
Roman
likely place is
The
identi-
for instance,
round
Farama
Magdolon was formerly identified with Tel Semut. The latter, however, does not exist. Tel el Her is more probable. It stands on the direct road, 11 or 12 miles from Tell abu Sefe,
and 6 from the E. end of Pelusium, which
is
20 yards
rest.
than the
Under such circumstances it is hopeless to look The only method is to seek for for channels.^
lines
of
mounds, natural or
banks.
artificial,
which
I
would cxcludi
upon
its
may
From this moiuid there is still observable a peculiar line ?) strewed with pottery, running S.W and cutting the Suez Canal close to a group of deserted houses. I found I picked up on the mound a late Ptolemaic coin. also two double corn-grinder stones of a peculiar form, being shaped like a doubly-concave vertebra and pierced: On each side is diameter 18 inches, length 14 inches.
^
a hollow
socket, the
sides
of
Farama, and between the eastern and western mound, past the small red-brick mound S.W.,
past another low
Hfir, past
'
mound
visible
from Tel
el
mound
The socket must have been for the wooden lever fixed by a thin rod or wire It was then evidently worked on a convex The material stone, the upper bowl being kept full of corn. One of the convex stones for a similar mill resembles slag.
ference of the stone.
insertion
of a
of
The French map, however, marks a distinct channel W. Some traces of this may exist. I the Pelu-siac mouth.
visit that part.
lies
li.)
on the mound N. of the canal at Defeneh. (See I'latc No doubt these are Roman, and the material is
did not
These distances
for
would
Daphno (xvi., really about xxvi.) from Pelusium. The Arab fort at Tel el Her, wbicli is by far the
most important
in appearance
liyPrisse(or a friend of his) when it was in a much more complete state, and with the help of his plate (Prisse, Monuments, pi. xix.) I have been
able to make almost a complete restoration of
it.'
On an oblong
by the Semitic name Magdolon (Migdol,' or "tower"), which would point to an early date.^ South of Qantarah I have
same kind,
called
nothing to record. There is said to be a ruin " as of a single house" near the canal W. of
it,
nor did I
neighbourhood of Pelusium in
by a cornice. On the top of this stood a colossal hawk, the figure of the god Horns, There were inscriptions on each face and round the base. Above the inscriptions were scenes of offering. The details of these are as follows Front (Prisse, Monuments, xix. 3). Scene.
:
Seti
I.,
am
The
name
in the
Farama,
and
of
El Belahah.
I heard of no
more mounds in the W. portion the lake cut ofi by the Suez Canal.
shows the back as in the plate. The front is completely broken away, but portions of the eight lines of inscription shown in Prisse remain on the right side, and seven on the left.
village
The
is
35 inches.
Prisse figures
the front, back, and left side of the obeli.sk (the left side only repeating the inscription of the right), but omits the
inscription on the left side of the base, which is necessary to complete the sense. His figure is misleading, as the monument appears much more broken in the plate than it really was. Probably he had never seen it himself. His copy of
101. I will
now proceed
monuments at Qantarah and Tell abu Sefe. I saw in all five fragments of inscribed The sandstone, belonging to two monuments. first of these monuments, a large part of which
glyphic
the inscription
is
fairly correct,
but
is
again misleading in
now
'
pi. h.),
was copied
is
the front of the base, where a7ix hor qa neyt maa mr and dnx sut xbt Ra user mad sotep n rd should be read in the two lines, starting in the centre and running both ways. The
top was lost in Prisse's time, but fortunately one of the remaining small fragments on the mound shows part of the
A maMv
in the neighbourliood
II.
title
of Horns
which they speak of with the town of Seveneh (Syene) as a boundary of Egypt. It was, no doubt, the first place in Egypt reached on the northern road from Syria. See Ez. xxix. 10 and xxx. 6 ; Jer. xliv. 1 and xlvi. 14. It probably differed from the Migdol of the Exodus, which must have been on the southern road through the Wadi Tumilat. Another route from Pelusium is across the Delta past Tanis and Thmuis.
Heraclius, xxii.
Tanis, xxii.
The
and there
is
worked
Above the titles is the cornice and a top, which is flat and polished for a
few inches from the edge, after which is an irregular rise, where something has been broken off. This is evidently tlie upon tlie top, which from the shape of the base and from the dedication to Horus must have been a hawk. Thus we can restore the monument completely. The only question is whether Eameses II. did not take the No other monuments were place of Seti on the left side.
last trace of a figure
Thumuis,
xxii.
;
"
Abou
Seyfeh, I'ancienne
TeU
Sehrig,
R),
visited
by Mr. Petrie, is an important mound lying between Pelusium and Tanis, and must be Heraclius or Heracleopolis. This place was capital of the Sethroite nome, according to Ptolemy, and the nome and city lay outside the Delta, i.e. E. of the
Pelusiac arm.
Magdolum, ne presente plus aujourd'hui que des monticules couverts de tessons de poterie, parmi lesquels on
Jligdol ou
voit
les
II est
de gres
second
gANTAKAH.
Horus, lord of Mesen,
pedestal,
Titles
\\]\o
stands on a low
of
life
I.,
Back
(sec plate).
Scene, apparently',
Rame-
and
purity.
Inscription.
Seti
beloved of
his
bull, &c.
"
He
set
up
image
Rameses
carved
II.,
good and enduring work. Behold, the desire was to establish the name of his father, King Rameses I., before this god
(this)
monument
I.,
of his grandfather,
Ramebegin-
in the
temple of Horus."
in
and ever." The scenes and inscriptions on the two sides appear to have been similar. Prisse gives the remains of the scene on the right, representing
for ever
Inscription
round base
two
lines,
An^
Rameses I. crowned with the cdpf {ntr nfr rd men j)h) kneeling before a figure enthroned, of
which the upper half
Harmachis).
holding
is lost (perhaps Turn or Behind Rameses stands " Horus,
Qamt
2.
uafset,
xpt
Rd
Rdu
user
maa
stp
rd se ra
Amen
mrl, Sfc,
ma
rii.
Left side
(drnf
Anx
sut xpi
1.
Anx
hor qa next
maa
mr'i
liq
iiut
ah neh dr x<d
Rd
Behind Horus
is
Uati,
"mistress of heaven,
Right side
(Jior)
2.
user
maa,
^c.
some
of this
n hn
f met?
asaiu.
lines
Below the scene were eight narrow vertical The first two lines of inscription. and titles of Seti I., contain the name
"beloved of Horus, lord of Mesen,
11.
The meaning of the last phrase is not clear. The monument was therefore a monolith figure of Horus as a hawk upon a pedestal,
which Seti
temple
of
I. had intended to dedicate in the Horus in memory of his father.
cles
u."
3, 4.
"
He made
this as his
monument
to his
Rameses
the
II.,
like
dutiful
son, completed
li>ft
father,
des a, setting
monument which
parallel
was
a
unfinished
up his image
of excellent
Ahmar)
ever
at Seti's death,
and joined
in the dedication.
acting as a son
last
is
for
to this on
large scale
may be
generous, and
fitting.""
;
The
fifth"
line
found in the temple of Qtirnah, dedicated to Rameses I. by Seti I., who is accompanied by
addresses Rameses
Mesen.
Harmachis promises
and
with
happiness;
Tum
all
promises food
of
nil
kinds,
Rameses II. The second mdnunicnt was also of sandstone. The remains of it consist of two fragments from the upper part of the back, which fit together.
life,
They lie close together in the middle of the mound. The sides are straight, and are surmounted by a cornice, beneath which run tlirec
lines of
'
m bat
sides.
t'iiT
written, and
Ka men peh
portant variants in
Ea men
are the
of the back.
The top
cornice
is
flat
two
*
Below
inches.
the
the
back measures
remain
of
and unpolished. 38
the
hu
iifjer.
Nearly
40
inches
pedestal of
man and
with
its
a colossal hawk,
made
in a separate block.
The
it
fi'ont is
completely destroyed.
Perhaps
claws like knives, af mci des, jjursued them as they fled into the desert, and slew many, and
offering, or
The
side inscrip-
tions
end
in the
commemorative titles were given to the god, and the place was named Tal and Khent abt.*
sailed
in
xbt
Ba usermaa,
&c., da
had taken
da anx '>" ? Eight: (An-x) hor qa uexf maii Ba user maa, &c., da aux (hor) her
&c.
to the water.
sut
^
They
sailed
x/'i
xht
mr,
remnant
enemy.
Second line;
se ra
qemt
lutf set
Amen
:
mr'i, &c.,
ru
ma
refers
In this test the expression uf rnu des evidently to the same thing as m des a of the
Right
ses (sic)
aa nxt
se ra Barne-
Qautarah inscription.
to see.
Third line
left
{Ar nef
m mennuf)
n t f hor
se ra
nb mesen
selia
nef semf
m an
n bd ar n nef
The general meaning is clear, and would suit a hawk as well as a lion. From the shape of
the Ramesside pedestals
it
Amen mr
Right
:
Bamessii.
identical with the last.
is
lions.
But
^bt,
this
same
The name
ments were
hor,
of the place in
god was a
lion,
Tarn
x^'^^
the lion
set up was the temple of Horns and the god of the temple was Horus, The same form of Horus, the lord of Mesen. winged disk of the sun, was worshipped at Edfu under the name of Horbehud, and the inscriptions on the temple at Edfu relate the history
Pa
(Naville,
is
Mythe d'Horus,
is
pi.
ii.)
the form
repre-
perhaps
referred
to in the epithet
0em a
seems to be con-
of a
war
in
of his
father
7ieb
mesen.
The former
to
the
rebels
According to the legend, Horbehud and Harmachis, accompanied by other gods in the bark of Ra, attacked and defeated them Driven thence the four times in Upper Egypt.
Asiatics.
asleep, or resting,
gate of Egypt.
to this
form of Horus.
enemy
fled
and only
when
they
reached
the
passed
in
his
twenty
second
Thothmes year on
III.
his
way to Syria, was capital of the fourteenth nome Xent abt (beginning of the East). The
determinative of
its
These 40 inches
inscriptions
to complete the
are
mentioning a
that
it
hill
in the
Edfu
texts, suggest
the
original
measurement.
remains.
'
Ko
portion,
however,
of the front
face
was
in the desert
Delta.
title of
The waters
This
birthplace,
Horus and the following one refer to his Chemmis, near Bute, and the marshes in which
he was hidden.
Mesen
in this account
is
QAXTARAII.
All
tliis
of
number
of fortresses,
of "Wadi Tumilat
or to
nome.
Kanana.
It is clear
from the
and papyri
Pithom lay
neither
mentioned
of
in inscriptions
II.
-will
of the time
Eamescs
at
and Merenptah,
nome
But there are no such reasons against concluding that the fourteenth nome was in the Perhaps district which I have been describing. the canal (?) of Sqedi had been successfully cut through the rocks of El Gisr and to the Red Sea, or perhaps the gods sailed up the Pelusiac branch, and then turned into the ancient canal
cut by Sesostris in the "Wadi Tumilat.
The sculptures
Paxdm
n Tal as
Ta denat,
fish
filled
with
crocodiles
and
filled
(Menzaleh
?).
There
is
a bridge
But although we
of Tal at Tell
god
W. end of the bridge. The canal was cut perhaps between Lakes Balah and Menzaleh, and the fort guarded the point where
lying at the
conclude that
itself.
we have found the city of T'al The name Sile or Sella with which the
is
the
and the
place,
frontier.
Ij'ing
The
importance of the
as
mound
nome
now
satisfactorily identified
might
to the
correspond
to T'al.
But
if
we turn
the
route
have
lists of
Ptolemy,
we
who
Egypt which lay outside the Pelusiac branch was called the Sethroite, and the capital of the This city, Sethroite nome was Heracleopolis. as we have seen (p. 103, note 2), lay at or near Tell Belim, and cannot possibly have been Sile. And the name suggests the worship of a god victorious in many combats like Horus of
Mesen, and very likely
there
are
it
down
to
the Ptolemies,
stone
with the
exception of
monuments of the magnificent Pharaohs, Seti I. and Rameses II., who founded and adorned a chapel to the heroUnder Merenptah it was a god of llesen.
the
station
is
Tal
itself,
for
part
of
his
Belim
or
in conformity
T'al,
hill
For a long period after the nineteenth dynasty it must have lain in ruins. The twenty-sixth dynasty no doubt
dominions to another.
learned a lesson from the Assyrian invasion,
name
of
the
Sethroite
nome.
In
it
was a
fortress,
Paxelm n Tal or I'axetm u nti m Tal, " the fort of T'al " or " which is in T'al," frequently mentioned in tbe inscriptions and papyri of the nineteenth dynasty, and the history of this fort agrees exactly with the remains at Tel abu Sefe. It is first mentioned in a campaign of the first
year of Seti
I.
powers of the Mediterranean and of intercourse with other countries by sea, it became of more importance to the kings of this and following
dynasties to defend the sea coast
and river
route.
abu
Sefe,
fortified
to
of
107
Egypt," and instead of the little fort at tlie " bridges," we find a great camp established at
Defeueh, from which
all
8.
rain of heaven
the
13th day
of Pharmouthi.
to
the
sove-
defence could be easily reinforced, while provisions conld be obtained in sufficient abundance.
reign lord
10
according to the
of
.
When
measure
n.
thing.
if
any founda-
]\Iajesty
new
his Majesty. The heart of his was pleased with it more than anyThe soldiers began to adore his
.
buildings.
The settlement
of
witli
its
garrison
Majesty.
12. (saying)
. . .
Roman
thy
spirits,
mighty king,
marvel
no trace
Arab occupation.
any Arab
took
13.
(?)
Qantarah.
With regard to the extent of the nome of Khent abt, we have two points to help us in The Sethroite nome under the fixing it. Eoman Empire lay on the E. of the Pelusiac The south-western end of Khent abt branch. lay perhaps between Defeneh and Menagi at the latter place the Pelusiac arm touched the edge of the desert, and the nome goddess Uat
;
mount
of Punt,
14 ...
in
this
month
in
which the
rainfall
came
life
to thy soldiers.
of the nineteenth
nome
appears.
16.
great offering to
103. In connection with this nome, however,
must discuss one other place, and that is Defeneh, and the inscription which Mr. Petrie
I
and
eternity.
set
up
this
found there.
The sandstone monument upon which the inis cut has been a large stela. The upper part is entirely destroyed, and the rest,
scription
(?)
!
Khem
(?)
lines, is
much
lost.
The
tail of
The
name show
is
which
1.
.
it
.
of Qebti.
The date
. .
of the stela
2.
which
is
in Sais of !N"eith
3.
.it
was good.
They
said
to
Majesty
...
.on
.
of the twenty-sixth
is
so fragmentary
its
its
4
5.
.
His Majesty
purport.
No
said
6.
The
last lines
mention
soldiers ?
.
cycle of years.
He
an extraordinary
district,
fall
of rain in the
Red Sea
it
Perhaps
was
in
commemoi'ation of
2
this that a
copy of the
stela,
QANTARAH.
if
not
tliis
stela itself,
was
set
up
at the repreat
it
is
perhaps
sentative
city
of
the
The
fifteenth
Defeneh,
Daphnae, Tahpanhes.
identifica-
may
canal at
Defeneh. Perhaps the completion and formal " opening " of the palace and camp there was
the event chiefly intended to be recorded, while
the rainfall in the same
But I will offer a further suggestion. Bennu, "the phoenix," was the name of the iiu of the fourteenth nome, and it is quite possible that there was a Ta ha pa hennu
Daphnae
mountains was taken as a sign of the favour of heaven upon the undertaking. On this view
the stela would have been set up by Psam-
("house
of
the
phoenix") in the
nome.
To
distinguish
it
from the
Ha
bennu of Hehopolis,
may
metichus
I.
which Mr. Petrie thinks he discovered of the name of Psemthek upon a fragment of the
stela.
in tlic desert
Ta-hapanhes''
The phoenix
of DaphnjB
or
The name
one that
Tal.'
is
may
be compared to
the
black ibises
mentioned
in
Hdt.
ii.
75,
nome
in a city
Bennut or Ta Beunut. This might well But Bennut seems to be the capital of the nome, and the same as Tal, which
stand for Daphnse.
certainly
'
N.W.
if
Herodotus's
Ncbcsheh, which
classical
may there-
In the
name.
Since the above was printed I have received a notice of the Qantarali inscription by M. Mowat, inserted in the "Bulk-tin Epigraphique " (vol. vi. 1886, pp. 243247).
It
was
originally
:
formed in IMauretania
thus at
first
it
of auxiliaries
recruited in Thrace
of Africa.
The learned author restores the text from the inscription of " Hieraconpolis " (meaning that of Manfalut, see p. 98), and
quotes a diploma of Domitian (C.
I.
L.
iii.
which shows that the ala 1 Thracum Mauretana (of Qantarah) was in the year 86 in Judsea, together with the cohors 1 Aug. Pnct. Lusit. of the Manfald^ inscription.
there written This proves satisfactorily that out in full is to be restored in the Qantarah inscription.
Later
timius
it
is
found in garrison
at Alexandria,
under
Sc])-
Severus.
on
p.
98 must,
I suppose,
MAVRETANA
name
in garrison at Qantarah.
M. Mowat's
slightly
intcrjiretation of the
fiom that given in llarquardt and Mommsen, whose view of the meaning of such titles I had followed. lie draws the following conclusions with regard to the
history of the ala
:
Hieraconpolis at
the
Notitia.
el
Dcr
.Mr.
1!.
140122
V. Head has kindly examined the coins which I picketl up at Tell abu Sefe. They include a Ptolemaic coin, two of the family of Constantino; with others of eariier Roman emperors not
identifiable.
An
Arabic coin which was in the packet was, I believe, from one of the neighbouring
sites.
It
seems probable
up soon
was compiled.
NEW
imTJ
1015. Gold
18, 19.
foil
20 29
28.
and
scarabs
found
3.
Bronze standard.
Bronze
bell.
together.
4.
5.
Pottery lamp.
6.
Bronze bowl.
Plate XX.
1.
7.
Bone
(All
figure.
flask.
One
8.
Blue glazed
2.
3.
Lamp
Bronze Ptah.
Hinges of shrine of Ptah.
Hind-quarters
bronze.
(1 to
9.
Incised pottery.
3a.
11. Pottery sistrum-mould. 12. Figure holding breasts. 13. Incised pottery.
14. 15. Iron pruning hooks.
16.
of
animals
from
stand
4 from Gemayemi.)
6.
Bronze
pail
Small
flask, pottery.
Tomb
16.
Plate XXIV.
1. 2.
Unusual pottery
figure.
Limestone horseman.
Pottery figure.
3. 4.
5.
Limestone
figure.
Pottery figure.
Plate VIII.
1.
6.
7. 8.
Heads
2.
deities.
3.
4. 5.
Horus
of
Am.
1. 2.
Plate XXXVI.
Seal of Psamtik I. Seals of Nekau.
6.
7.
Amulet
of green glaze
KalanfiJm ?
3. 4.
5.
Seal of Psamtik IL
Seals of inspectors, on inner side. Seals of Aahmes.
8.
9.
Gold pendant.
Man
TELL DEFEXXEII.
Plate XXXYII.
1, 2.
9.
in the shrine
No.
8.
Horses'
10.
bits.
having
:
3. 4.
Trident.
at right angles
is cast,
Lance-head.
Pieces of horses' bits.
5. 5a, 6. 7.
Sword.
soldered on.
S 11.
12
Helmet peaks
Arrow-beads.
with lumps of
?
the
camp on
the east
16.
Defenueh.
from a statuette
Swivel ling.
12.
of
Khuum.
Camp, Defenueh.
earring,
trihedral
Large
soldered globules.
Plate
1. 2.
XXXYIH.
14.
discs soldered
Pickaxe.
Chisel.
15.
16.
Gold Gold
foil,
foil, floret.
3. 4.
5.
Socket of chisel.
17.
globules.
;
Auger
Large
probably a
Bident.
knife,
C. 7.
chamber 19
a.
19
23.
link.
Gold
foil
ornaments.
8. Piazor.
9. 10.
Cones of sheet
iron,
punched
rasps.
20.
hollow, sheet,
same both
Spring?
flat
back.
14. Fish-hook.
1520.
Chisels.
23. Knife.
24. Axe.
Plate
XLL
tells,
"
priest of
"the
crown
unless specified.)
1.
Tum"
(?).
2.
Gold earrings,
solid.
8.
Psamtik-se-Ncit."
35. Silver bezel of ring of " servant of Neit, Hai--
partly
in,
as
when
found.
em-heb."
schist.
61
67. Scarabs.
made
at
Naukratis.
70,
most
delicate work.
Chamhcr 2
71
i
or 3, Kasr.
72.
Taurt.
Chamhcr
7,
Kasr,
40.
Dcfennch.
73,
reverse.
Chamber
7,
Kasr,
DefClinch.
74,
Block
for a seal,
damaged
white
in drilling.
Pale
calcite.
Bronze
seal of
Aahmes.
43
54.
Scarabs.
11.
Dcfennch.
Amber-coloured
glass,
or Haa-ab-ra.
Dark
79.
on
lion.
Eoman.
Eoman.
stamped on clear green
green jasper.
57. Scarab of Ra-nefer-ankh, fourteenth dynasty?
Term,
Obsidian.
58. Scarab of
80.
Head
glass.
of Anubis,
Ea-men
;
Eoman.
glass,
Twenty-
81. Amber-coloured
driving coat.
Tiomau.
E E K A T A.
The
arrival of the
monuments
sign seps
frrn
NcVicshcli (!n:iblos
mc
The
is
joined to the
tail
of
to correct
some
:
errors.
PL
X. 5a, G
The
li:is
apparently lion-headed.
PI.
The name
PI. xi. IG'/.
is
The
figure
is
certainly of a god.
There seems
to be a c/iihl
behind
Cf.
p.
col. 1, line 3.
Mr. Potric
h:is
pointed
Ht;itue
:
liini.
out to
it
me
that there
The
walkin-.
F.-Ll. G.
INDEX.
PAGE
Nebeslieh
:
pylon
foundation deposits
altar
cemetery
town
plan
inscriptions
stela
Nebucliadrezzar's invasion
...
Nekau
Orientation of tombs
Pail of bronze
Pavement
Pelusium
at Defenneli
. .
Pentagon, incised
Phoenician characters
Venus,
Pilgrim bottle type
Plaster models,
figures
Gemaiyemi
Pottery of Defenneli
(.e.
Vases).
inscribed
Psamtik
I.
founds fort
deposits of
jar sealiugs
stela of
. .
Psamtik
II.
sealings of
scarabs of
Qantara
monuments
Eamessu
Uati
buildings by
statues
headof(?)
at Qantara
Eamessu
Easps
III.
inscription
Eamesside tombs
Saite tombs,
&c
Sand, denuded
Sarcophagi: basalt
limestone
Scale armour, iron
r.4
DY NASTY.
PI
i:4
3,5,7,ab8,(on E
tomb)
xx^"
dynasty
PL
11
r.., cc^ott>.
c^co^a
Su^clih
Ti.rra.coCU
Limsr^m
Ur
/T
^A,
/o.^^.
i:4
To-mhsl.l
VI!-VCtNT
B.C.
PI
III.
/e-
to
th,
toyy.l>^
)V.
M.
r P.
oLe.L
UNIVERSITY
J^.:i COLlfSE
LIBRARY
\:2.5
ESH EH
or
SHRINE or
UATI.
XXVI DYN.
PlIV.
-^^^^^OiVv/^M^^
.<^-.
/rK^
rrrfy
W.M.F.P
oLi-L.
XXVT" DYNASTY.
Pi.
V.
1 1 1
El.
'
tv.
M.
F P del.
DEPOSITS
,^.JU.T,i.l.-U'
Pl.VI.
a..-)
Vlftr
&
toHcy^ of PI
SI.
to^
yet ^
o/
A/,
h/.
e.
o s
(R
^v-
3h/
i-
pO
TAt
*i.,,.4.ri
//,-
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w.M.r. p-
du.
is
1.
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PL
VII
Ft-cv^
Tl.^^,
A ic^t
230
B.C.
W M.r.
p.
cLL.
'^ '^
)V.
M.
r.
p. eL<U.
NEB E5HEH
'nm
^if-^^^m^^ ^i^^r^wr^-^.
PL. IX
'^^.
te tv
5ni(oaf^i
!ijiL_iziiiir::3
inri
-ft.
^0^
-V
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fv'EU
NEBE5HEH.
P..X
[J
^^217
1
:c;iTY
Si
N E B ES H E H
si^Kot.
o.^
it-rOt..^
y^^ ^*^'
Pl.Xiu
PI
p^^
1i^^
fef
cr~ii
I
x:>-^-^
rx
\
I
I
,V1/WW
/VWN/k'WVX
Q
111
o.
/V-.'\AAA
I
/Vvvw\
yy
NEV
ilTY
BESHEH
%\L
i
1.
rffii
h-nt/
1
D
^1
Lv
D
rt
1w^
:^
rrr rrr
H
5
^
4a
'j2
/=
AJ
rrr
o
-!-
I
I
a
i
/
4^^!
X
.^IS.
^
,11
E B E S H E
PLXlll.
nii&iUii
JJ
^
J.
\l
Am
'
PI.
XIV
PL.
XV
38/
3.^
E?
B--'
i<3
JO
.j;.aAi
"^
O?
w^^,
3*3
CEMETERY
OF
TELL NEBESHEH
SCALE
i:2C00
friiK /;>*.
^.j.j. rt.i..
M^.
j(
t-t.
1:200
NEBESHEH. TOMBS
PI.
XVI
-^
Pt
XVII
W]
^^\
M.
F. P. de.1.
A Y
E:
FOUNDATION DEPOSITS.
Pl.XIX
NEBESHEH. BUILDING
IN
CEMETERY. See
PL. VI
PLAN.
ac0
'zCTTK
=1;
L=j
Q
:.T~
r-^ii.-r
u
e,v^
.wtu
re:.n. bci
NEBESHEH
AND
GtMAYEMi BRONZES
PL.
XX
iijy
PI.
XXI
>-
<
O
0-)
h-
m:..
OF
KASR.PSAMTIKI.
XXVI DYN.
PLXXII.
.^'^
^^
S%
E
tl
OI^E
AD ORE.
iOPPER
BONES
OF
THE
OWER, Cot>,N
fkUBBEP,
W.M.F.P.
dU.
i:io
DEFEMNEH.
PL.
XX
II
ti
o n.. 5.E.
P
////^^^/o
cu
rx.
S.E.
5^^"
5M- DiLpoilt
cLc
z
^ w
Lost.
tuLr b
e.<L
a->^.<L
Tk^
'^^b^r-,
of fA. o(rJi^n
r^f^r
tZ
bL.U Ch^ p tU
of
M.M.F.P.
J-il.
iNtWYORlUJ
SITY
r.z
^^
1
C E N
T.
B.C.
Pl.XKIV.
i:3
DEFENNEH. KA3R,
17.
Pl.XXV
DAPHNIOTE WARE
PI XXVI
1:3
FENNEH.KASR.
Pi.XXVll
-^^r^
-.3
DEFENNEH. KA5R
PI. XXVIII
SWMMF
On Shou-Uty
o/
cc
s,:.^iL.y
VoLii
:^
Puttfr>^ on sh.o^LoLty
OLy^cL
Piqu-re^^ on SLrr^iUr
mmmmi
W Mr. /^
p. elt.1.
V.l
DtFENNEH. KASR
PLXXIX
iN
M r P
de-i.
1:2
DEFENNEH,
KASR
PLXXX
WM r
p. di-L
:.S"
DEFENNEH, KASK
Pl.XXKI
M. r. P-
J-
iL
1:4-
PI. XXXII
M.M.F.P.
dU.
iNEWYORKUNlVERSlTYl
LIBRABY
\:&
EFENN
EH
PI. XXXIII.
DEFeNNEH.
PLXXXIV
w.M.r
p.
J.U
DE FENNEH
PLXXXV
NL
r'3
DEFENNEH.
JAR-LIDS AND
A L N
I
S. XXVI DYN.
PL.XXXVl,
Mr
J t/.
Pl.XXXVil.
-.2.
D E F
EN
E H.
CIVl L
IRONWORK.
PI.
XXXVIII
y^Si
\:z
DEFENNEH
N Z E
PI
XXXIX.
NEW
l:l
D E
Nl
E H.
CAMP, vr^CtNT.B.C.
PL
XL
2E~ln.)i
Cj-r^^e-U.
Ski-U au.ttcy,.
w.,M.r.P. <ta.
DEFENNEHETC, XXVr"DYNT0ROMA
%v
=
PL.XLl
r'
<
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iO rm^f
NE'
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PL.XLII.
Mt^o-^
^ SX^l
iNtV
PLXLlll,
5 00
EL
("T Jv
KASR
e
EL BINT
d-
EL YEHUDI.DEFENNEH.
D
d u
PL.
XLIV.
Si
of tlit Jt^w's
^nttr" T
a.
a.-nkcs.j
PLdn.
NEV
D E r E
:-J
N EH
TYPES
OF
WEIGHTS,
PIXLVI
DEFENNEH TYPES
OF
WEIGHTS
Pl.XLVll
r
^^-
:/
r~^\
3i
S O
'ehi
-?
r^3
y
13
W M-r
p.
:/tI
NEWYOP;v':^!VERSlTY
l;
NAUKRATIS
DEFENNEH CURVES
OF
WEIGHTS
PL, X
LI X
NEW
:ty
NEW
ITY
K A
NTA
R A
PL
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LIBRARY