Quercetin

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Quercetin

IUPAC name hide! "#$%,&#dihydro'yphenyl(#%,),*#trihydro'y#&H#chromen#&#one +ther names hide! ,ophoretin -eletin .uercetine /anthaurine .uercetol .uercitin .uertine Flavin meletin Identifiers 11*#%2#) , 31)1#")#% $.uercetin CA, num0er dihydrate( 1! Pu0Chem )"45%&% Chem,pider &&&&5)1 U6II 2I7-5I)819 :rug;ank :;5&"13 79<< C55%42 Ch9;I C=9;I:13"&% Ch9-;> C=9-;>)5 Jmol#%: images Image 1 ,-I>9, sho?! InChI sho?! Properties -olecular formula C1)=15+* -olar mass %5"@"%3 gAmol Appearance yello? crystalline po?der 1! :ensity 1@*22 gAcm% -elting point %13 BC ,olu0ility in ?ater Practically insolu0le in ?aterC solu0le in

aDueous alkaline solutions 1! $verify( $?hat is: A E( 9'cept ?here noted other?ise, data are given for materials in their standard state $at ") BC, 155 kPa( Info0o' references

UF visi0le spectrum of quercetin, ?ith lam0da ma' at %32 nm@ Quercetin Ak?rstnA, a flavonol, is a plant#derived flavonoid found in fruits, vegeta0les, leaves and grains@ It also may 0e used as an ingredient in supplements, 0everages or foods@

Contents
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1 +ccurrence " -eta0olism

o o o o o

"@1 ;iosynthesis "@" .uercetin release in the rutin degradation path?ay "@% ConGugates "@& <lycosides "@) ,tudy of meta0olism using Cunninghamella elegans

% 9ffects of consumption 0y humans and other animals & Preliminary research

o o o o o o

&@1 Antiviral &@" Cancer &@% Inflammation &@& Fi0romyalgia &@) -eta0olic syndrome &@3 -onoamine#o'idase inhi0itor

) :rug interactions 3 Heferences * 9'ternal links 4 ,ee also

[edit] Occurrence
.uercetin is a flavonoid ?idely distri0uted in nature@ 8he name has 0een used since 14)*, and is derived from quercetum $oak forest(, after Quercus@ "! %! It is a naturally#occurring polar au'in transport inhi0itor@ &! Foods rich in Duercetin include 0lack and green tea $Camellia sinensisC "555I")55 mgAkg(, capers $1455 mgAkg(, )! lovage $1*55 mgAkg(, apples $&&5 mgAkg(, onion, especially red onion $121 mgAkg( $higher concentrations of Duercetin occur in the outermost rings and in the part closest to the root, the latter 0eing the part of the plant ?ith the highest concentration(, 3! red grapes, citrus fruit, tomato, 0roccoli and other leafy green vegeta0les, and a num0er of 0erries, including rasp0erry, 0og ?hortle0erry $1)4 mgAkg, fresh ?eight(, lingon0erry $cultivated *& mgAkg, ?ild 1&3 mgAkg(, cran0erry $cultivated 4% mgAkg, ?ild 1"1 mgAkg(, choke0erry $42 mgAkg(, s?eet ro?an $4) mgAkg(, ro?an0erry $3% mgAkg(, sea 0uckthorn 0erry $3" mgAkg(, cro?0erry $cultivated )% mgAkg, ?ild )3 mgAkg(, *! and the fruit of the prickly pear cactus@ A recent study found that organically gro?n tomatoes had *2J more Duercetin than Kconventionally gro?nK@ 4! A study 2! 0y the University of .ueensland, Australia has also indicated the presence of Duercetin in varieties of honey, including honey derived from eucalyptus and tea tree flo?ers@ 15!

[edit] Metabolism
[edit] Biosynthesis
Phenylalanine is converted to &#coumaroyl#CoA in a series of steps kno?n as the general phenylpropanoid path?ay using phenylalanine ammonia#lyase, cinnamate#&#hydro'ylase, and &# coumaroyl#CoA#ligase@ &#Coumaroyl#CoA is added to three molecules of malonyl#CoA to form tetrahydro'ychalcone using *,"L#dihydro'y#&L#metho'yisoflavanol synthase@ 8etrahydro'ychalcone is then converted into naringenin using chalcone isomerase@ 6aringenin is then converted into eriodictyol using flavanoid %L#hydro'ylase@ 9riodictyol is then converted into dihydroDuercetin ?ith flavanone %#hydro'ylase, ?hich is then converted into Duercetin using flavonol synthase@ 11!

[edit] Quercetin release in the rutin degradation pathway

8he enMyme Duercitrinase can 0e found in Aspergillus flavus@ 1"! Its su0strates are Duercitrin and ="+ and releases Duercetin and >#rhamnose@ It is an enMyme in the rutin cata0olic path?ay@ 1%!

[edit] Con ugates

.uercetin %#+#sulfate is a human plasma Duercetin meta0olite@

[edit] !lycosides
.uercetin is the aglycone form of a num0er of other flavonoid glycosides, such as rutin and Duercitrin, found in citrus fruit, 0uck?heat and onions@ .uercetin forms the glycosides Duercitrin and rutin together ?ith rhamnose and rutinose, respectively@ >ike?ise guaiGaverin is the %#+# ara0inoside, hyperoside is the %#+#galactoside, isoDuercitin is the %#+#glucoside and spiraeoside is the &N#+#glucoside@ C86#243 is a Duercetin derivative found in cottonseeds and cottonseed oil@ -iDuelianin is the Duercetin %#o#O#d#glucuronopyranoside@ 1&!

[edit] "tudy of metabolism using Cunninghamella elegans

Cunninghamella elegans is a fungal model of mammalian drug meta0olism@ It can 0e used to study the Duercetin 0iodegradation@ 1)!

[edit] #ffects of consumption by humans and other animals

.uercetin itself $aglycone Duercetin(, as opposed to Duercetin glycosides, is not a normal dietary component@ In a 0ioavaila0ility study in rats, radiola0elled Duercetin#&N#glucoside ?as converted to phenolic acids as it passed through the gastrointestinal tract, producing compounds not monitored in several previous animal studies of aglycone Duercetin@ All 0ut &J of the radiola0el ?as recovered ?ithin *" hours, ?ith 32J recovered in urine@ 13! .uercetin has neither 0een confirmed scientifically as a specific therapeutic for any condition nor 0een approved 0y any regulatory agency@ 8he U@,@ Food and :rug Administration has not approved any health claims for Duercetin@ 1*!

[edit] Preliminary research

[edit] $nti%iral
In a "55* study that assessed the anti#=epatitis ; effects of =yperoside, and that ?as pu0lished in the Acta Pharmacologica ,inica, it ?as sho?n that =yperoside $?hich is the %#+#galactoside of Duercetin( is a strong inhi0itor of =;sAg and =;eAg secretion in "@"@1) cells@ 14! In another study also pu0lished in "55* in the Archives of Pharmacal Hesearch it ?as sho?n that Duercetin, Duercitrin and myricetin %#+#0eta#:#galactopyranoside displayed inhi0ition against =IF#1 reverse transcriptase, all ?ith IC)5 values of 35 micro-@ 12!

[edit] Cancer
8he American Cancer ,ociety says ?hile Duercetin Khas 0een promoted as 0eing effective against a ?ide variety of diseases, including cancer,K and Ksome early la0 results appear promising, as of yet there is no relia0le clinical evidence that Duercetin can prevent or treat cancer in humans@K In the amounts consumed in a healthy diet, Duercetin Kis unlikely to cause any maGor pro0lems or 0enefits@K "5! In la0oratory studies of cells in vitro, Duercetin produces changes that are also produced 0y compounds that cause cancer $carcinogens(, 0ut these studies do not report increased cancer in animals or humans@ "1! ""! "%! From la0oratory studies is conGecture that Duercetin may affect certain mechanisms of cancer@ "&! ")! An 4#year study found the presence of three flavonols P kaempferol, Duercetin, and myricetin P in a normal diet ?as associated ?ith "%J reduced risk of pancreatic cancer, a rare 0ut freDuently fatal disease, in to0acco smokers@ "3! 8here ?as no 0enefit in su0Gects ?ho had never smoked or had previously Duit smoking@ In vitro, cultured skin and prostate cancer cells ?ere suppressed $compared to nonmalignant cells( ?hen treated ?ith a com0ination of Duercetin and ultrasound@ "*! In la0oratory culture studies, Duercetin increased the sensitivity of resistant colorectal tumors ?ith microsatellite insta0ility to the chemotherapy drug, )#fluorouracil@ "4!

[edit] Inflammation
,everal la0oratory studies sho? Duercetin may have anti#inflammatory properties, "2! %5! and it is 0eing investigated for a ?ide range of potential health 0enefits@ %5! %1! .uercetin has 0een reported to 0e of use in alleviating symptoms of pollinosis@ %"! An enMymatically modified derivative ?as found to alleviate ocular 0ut not nasal symptoms of pollinosis@ %%! %&! %)! ,tudies done in test tu0es have sho?n Duercetin may affect immune cells from releasing histamines ?hich might influence symptoms of allergies@ %3! %*! A study ?ith rats sho?ed that Duercetin effectively reduced immediate#release niacin $vitamin ;%( flush, in part 0y means of reducing prostaglandin :" production@ %4! A pilot clinical study of four humans gave preliminary data supporting this@ %2! .uercetin may have properties of a calcineurin inhi0itor, similar to cyclosporin A and tacrolimus, according to one la0oratory study@ &5!

[edit] &ibromyalgia

.uercetin may 0e effective in the treatment of fi0romyalgia 0ecause of its potential anti# inflammatory or mast cell inhi0itory properties sho?n in la0oratory studies@ &1!

[edit] Metabolic syndrome

.uercetin has 0een sho?n to increase energy e'penditure in rats, 0ut only for short periods $fe?er than 4 ?eeks(@ "2! 9ffects of Duercetin on e'ercise tolerance in mice have 0een associated ?ith increased mitochondrial 0iogenesis@ %5! In mice, an oral Duercetin dose of 1"@) to ") mgAkg increased gene e'pression of mitochondrial 0iomarkers and improved e'ercise endurance@ &"! It has also 0een claimed that Duercetin reduces 0lood pressure in hypertensive &%! and o0ese su0Gects in ?hom >:> cholesterol levels ?ere also reduced@ &&! An in vitro study sho?ed Duercetin and resveratrol com0ined inhi0ited production of fat cells@ &)! A 1"#?eek study of 2&1 adults found that supplements of )55 to 1555 milligrams of Duercetin ?ith vitamin C and niacin did not cause any significant difference in 0ody mass or composition &3! and had no significant effect on inflammatory markers, diagnostic 0lood chemistries, 0lood pressure, and 0lood lipid profiles@ &*!

[edit] Monoamine'o(idase inhibitor

.uercetin has also 0een sho?n to have -A+ inhi0iting activity, of -A+#A $IC)5 Q 14R5@"S-( ?hich may e'plain some of its pharmacological properties@ &4!

[edit] )rug interactions

.uercetin is contraindicated ?ith some anti0ioticsC it may interact ?ith fluoroDuinolones $an anti0iotic(, as Duercetin competitively 0inds to 0acterial :6A gyrase@ Whether this inhi0its or enhances the effect of fluoroDuinolones is not certain@ &2! A=F, :rug Information $"515( )5! identifies Duercetin as an inhi0itor of CTP"C4, and specifically names it as a drug ?ith potential to have harmful interactions ?ith ta'olApaclita'el@ As paclita'el is meta0oliMed primarily 0y CTP"C4, its 0ioavaila0ility may 0e increased unpredicta0ly, potentially leading to harmful side#effects@ )1! )"! .uercetin is descri0ed as an inhi0itor of CTP"C2@ )%! .uercetin is an inhi0itor )&! and inducer ))! of CTP%A& $in other ?ords, it reduces the enMymeNs activity in the short term, 0ut the 0ody responds 0y producing more of it(@ CTP"C2 and CPT%A& are mem0ers of the cytochrome P&)5 mi'ed#function o'idase system, and as such are enMymes involved in the meta0olism of 'eno0iotics in the 0ody@ In either case, Duercetin may alter serum levels and, therefore, effects of drugs meta0oliMed 0y these enMymes@

[edit] *eferences

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U a b c .uercetin dihydrate safety sheet on http:AA???@pvp@com@0r $9nglish( + K.uercetinK@ -erriam#We0ster@ http:AA???@merriam# ?e0ster@comAdictionaryADuercetin@ + K.uercitin $0iochemistry(K@ 9ncyclopVdia ;ritannica@ http:AA???@0ritannica@comA9;checkedAtopicA&4*5%5ADuercitin@ + Christiane Fischer, Folker ,peth, ,onGa Fleig#90erenM, and <unther 6euhaus $1222#15(@ Klnduction of Wygotic Polyem0ryos in Wheat: lnfluence of Au'in Polar 8ransportK@ Plant Cell , $15(: 1*3*I1*45@ doi:15@115)Atpc@2@15@1*3*@ P-C 1)*5"5@ P-I: 1""%*%&*@ http:AA???@plantcell@orgAcontentA2A15A1*3*@full@pdf@ + U,:A :ata0ase for the Flavonoid Content of ,elected Foods + Crystal ,mith, 7evin A@ >om0ard, 9llen ;@ Peffley, Wei'in >iu $"55%(@ K<enetic Analysis of .uercetin in +nion $Allium cepa L.( Lady RaiderK@ The Texas J urnal f Agriculture and !atural Res urce $Agriculture Consortium of 8e'as( -.: "&I 4@ Archived from the original on Fe0ruary "), "55*@ http:AA?e0@archive@orgA?e0A"55*5"")1")3"1AhttpJ%AAA???@tarleton@eduA J*9t'GanrA"55%issueAarticle%@pdf@ + ,ari =@ =Xkkinen et al. $1222(@ KContent of the Flavonols .uercetin, -yricetin, and 7aempferol in ") 9di0le ;erriesK@ J urnal f Agricultural and " d Chemistry /0 $3(: ""*&I2@ doi:15@15"1AGf241153)@ P-I: 15*2&3""@ + A@ 9@ -itchell, T@ J@ =ong, 9@ 7oh, :@ -@ ;arrett, :@ 9@ ;ryant, H@ F@ :enison and ,@ 7affka $"55*(@ K8en#Tear Comparison of the Influence of +rganic and Conventional Crop -anagement Practices on the Content of Flavonoids in 8omatoesK@ J urnal f Agricultural and " d Chemistry 11 $1)(: 31)&I2@ doi:15@15"1AGf5*5%&&@ P-I: 1*)2555*@ + =oney Hesearch Unit + honey fingerprinting + Winkel#,hirley, ;renda $June "551(@ KFlavonoid ;iosynthesis@ A Colorful -odel for <enetics, ;iochemistry, Cell ;iology, and ;iotechnologyK@ Plant Physi l -2. $"(: &4)I&2%@ doi:15@115&App@1"3@"@&4)@ P-C 1)&511)@ P-I: 11&5"1*2@ http:AA???@plantphysiol@orgAcgiAcontentAfullA1"3A"A&4)@ + quercitrinase on ???@0renda#enMymes@org + 8he rutin cata0olic path?ay ?ith special emphasis on Duercetinase@ ,ylvain 8ranchimand, Pierre ;rouant and <illes IacaMio, ;iodegradation, Folume "1, 6um0er 3, pages 4%%#4)2, doi:15@155*As15)%"#515#2%)2#* + In vitro studies indicate that miDuelianin $.uercetin %#o#O#d# glucuronopyranoside( is a0le to reach the C6, from the small intestine@ Juergenliemk <uido, ;oGe 7erstin, =ue?ei ,a0ine, >ohmann Christina, <alla =ans#Joachim and 6ahrstedt Adolf, Planta medica, "55%, vol@ 32, no11, pages 151%#151*, I6I,8:1)%&21*4

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+ -eta0olism of Duercetin 0y Cunninghamella elegans A8CC 2"&)@ Jiachen Wi, Jonathan Faliiante, Jia Weng and Ji'un Whan, Journal of ;ioscience and ;ioengineering, Folume 11", Issue &, +cto0er "511, pages %35#%3", doi:15@1513AG@G0iosc@"511@53@553 + -ullen W et al@ $:ecem0er "554(@ K;ioavaila0ility of "#$1&(C!Duercetin#&N# glucoside in ratsK@ J Agric " d Chem. 2/1. $"&(: 1"1"*I%*@ doi:15@15"1AGf45"*)&s@ P-I: 125)%""1@ + U, F:A, Center for Food ,afety and 6utrition, .ualified =ealth Claims ,u0Gect to 9nforcement :iscretion, April "55* 1! dead lin#! + Wu, >>C Tang /;, =uang W-, >iu =W, Wu </ $"55*#5%#"*(@ KIn vivo and in vitro antiviral activity of hyperoside e'tracted from A0elmoschus manihot $>( medik@K@ Acta Pharmac l gica $inica@ http:AA???@nc0i@nlm@nih@govApu0medEtermQInJ"5vivo J"5andJ"5inJ"5vitroJ"5antiviralJ"5activityJ"5ofJ"5hyperosideJ"5e'tracted J"5fromJ"5A0elmoschusJ"5manihotJ"5J"4>J"2J"5medik@@ + Tu, T;C -iyashiro =, 6akamura 6, =attori -, Park JC $"55*#5*#%5(@ K9ffects of triterpenoids and flavonoids isolated from Alnus firma on =IF#1 viral enMymes@K@ Archives f Pharmacal Research@ http:AA???@nc0i@nlm@nih@govApu0medEtermQ9ffects J"5ofJ"5triterpenoidsJ"5andJ"5flavonoidsJ"5isolatedJ"5fromJ"5AlnusJ"5firma J"5onJ"5=IF#1J"5viralJ"5enMymes@@ + American Cancer ,ociety, .uercetin + Ferschoyle H:, ,te?ard WP, <escher AJ $"55*(@ KPutative cancer chemopreventive agents of dietary origin#ho? safe are theyEK@ !utr Cancer 1, $"(: 1)"I 3"@ doi:15@1545A513%))45*51&)4143@ P-I: 14551"52@ + HietGens I-, ;oersma -<, van der Woude =, Jeurissen ,-, ,chutte -9, Alink <- $July "55)(@ KFlavonoids and alkenyl0enMenes: mechanisms of mutagenic action and carcinogenic riskK@ %utat. Res. 10/ $1I"(: 1"&I%4@ doi:15@1513AG@mrfmmm@"55)@51@5"4@ P-I: 1)21&"1"@ + van der Woude =, Alink <-, van Hossum ;9, et al. $:ecem0er "55)(@ KFormation of transient covalent protein and :6A adducts 0y Duercetin in cells ?ith and ?ithout o'idative enMyme activityK@ Chem. Res. T xic l. -3 $1"(: 125*I13@ doi:15@15"1At'5)5"51m@ P-I: 13%)2141@ + 6euhouser -> $"55&(@ K:ietary flavonoids and cancer risk: evidence from human population studiesK@ !utr Cancer 14 $1(: 1I*@ doi:15@1"5*As1)%"*21&nc)551Y1@ P-I: 1))*""21@ + -urakami A, Ashida =, 8erao J $+cto0er "554(@ K-ultitargeted cancer prevention 0y DuercetinK@ Cancer Lett. 2., $"(: %1)I")@ doi:15@1513AG@canlet@"554@5%@5&3@ P-I: 14&3*5"&@ + 6Zthlings U et al@ $"55*(@ KFlavonols and pancreatic cancer riskK@ American J urnal f &pidemi l gy -.. $4(: 2"&I2%1@ doi:15@152%AaGeAk?m1*"@ P-I: 1*325"12@

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+ Pali?al ,C ,undaram, JC -itragotri, , $"55)(@ KInduction of cancer#specific cytoto'icity to?ards human prostate and skin cells using Duercetin and ultrasoundK@ 'ritish J urnal f Cancer ,2 $%(: &22I)5"@ doi:15@15%4AsG@0Gc@335"%3&@ P-C "%3"52)@ P-I: 1)34)"%2@ http:AA???@nature@comA0GcAGournalAv2"An%Aa0sA335"%3&a@html@ + /avier, CristinaC >ima, CristovaoC Hohde, -ikkelC Pereira#Wilson, Cristina $"511#5&#15(@ K.uercetin enhances )#fluorouracil#induced apoptosis in -,I colorectal cancer cells through p)% modulationK@ Cancer Chem therapy and Pharmac l gy $5%&&# )*5&(: 1I2@ doi:15@155*As55"45#511#13&1#2@ U a b >aura 7@ ,te?art, Jeff >@ ,oileau, :avid Hi0nicky, Whong .@ Wang, Ilya Haskin, Ale'ander Poulev, -artin -aGe?ski, William 8@ Cefalu, and 8homas W@ <ettys $"554(@ K.uercetin transiently increases energy e'penditure 0ut persistently decreases circulating markers of inflammation in C)*;>A3J mice fed a high#fat dietK@ %eta( lism 10@ U a b c J@ -ark :avis, 9@ Angela -urphy, -artin :@ Carmichael, and ;en :avis $"552(, K.uercetin increases 0rain and muscle mitochondrial 0iogenesis and e'ercise toleranceK, Am J Physi l Regul )ntegr C mp Physi l 2,. + Phys 9d: Is .uercetin Heally a Wonder ,ports ,upplementE ;y <retchen Heynolds@ 6e? Tork 8imes, +cto0er *, "552@ Hevie? of the research@ + ;ala0olkin, IIC <ordeeva, <FC Fuseva, 9:C :Mhunelov, A;C 7alugina, +>C 7hamidova, -- $122"(@ KUse of vitamins in allergic illnesses in childrenK@ * pr sy meditsins# i #himii 53 $)(: %3I&5@ P-I: 1&2"%2&@ + =irano, 8C 7a?ai, -C Arimitsu, JC +ga?a, -C 7u?ahara, TC =agihara, 7C ,hima, TC 6araMaki, - et al@ $"552(@ KPreventative effect of a flavonoid, enMymatically modified isoDuercitrin on ocular symptoms of Japanese cedar pollinosisK@ Allerg l gy internati nal + fficial , urnal f the Japanese $ ciety f Allerg l gy 13 $%(: %*%I4"@ doi:15@"%%"Aallergolint@54#+A#55*5@ P-I: 12&)&4%2@ + 7a?ai, -C =irano, 8C Arimitsu, JC =iga, ,C 7u?ahara, TC =agihara, 7C ,hima, TC 6araMaki, - et al@ $"552(@ K9ffect of enMymatically modified isoDuercitrin, a flavonoid, on symptoms of Japanese cedar pollinosis: a randomiMed dou0le#0lind place0o#controlled trialK@ )nternati nal archives f allergy and immun l gy -/, $&(: %)2I 34@ doi:15@11)2A555"5))4"@ P-I: 12"2)"&5@ + -ainardi, 8C 7apoor, ,C ;ielory, > $"552(@ KComplementary and alternative medicine: her0s, phytochemicals and vitamins and their immunologic effectsK@ The J urnal f allergy and clinical immun l gy -25 $"(: "4%I2&C DuiM "2)I3@ doi:15@1513AG@Gaci@"554@1"@5"%@ P-I: 12"5%3)"@ + .uercetin, University of -aryland -edical Center, http:AA???@umm@eduAaltmedAarticlesADuercetin#555%""@htm + ,haik T;, Castellani ->, Perrella A, Conti F, ,alini F, 8ete ,, -adhappan ;, Fecchiet J, :e >utiis -A, Caraffa A, Cerulli <@ KHole of Duercetin $a natural her0al

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compound( in allergy and inflammation@K J ;iol Hegul =omeost Agents@ "553 Jul# :ecC"5$%#&(:&*#)"@ %4@ + Papaliodis :, ;oucher W, 7empuraG :, 8heoharides 8C $"554(@ K8he flavonoid luteolin inhi0its niacin#induced flushK@ 'rit J Pharmac l -15 $*(: 1%4"I4*@ doi:15@15%4AsG@0Gp@5*5*334@ P-C "&%*211@ P-I: 14""%3*"@ AA???@nc0i@nlm@nih@govApmcAarticlesAP-C"&%*211A@ + 7alogeromitros, :C -akris, -C Chliva, CC Aggelides, /C 7empuraG, :C 8heoharides, 8C $"554(@ KA Duercetin containing supplement reduces niacin#induced flush in humansK@ )nternati nal , urnal f immun path l gy and pharmac l gy 2- $%(: )52I1&@ P-I: 144%1214@ + =ong >ei, Jing >uo, >i 8ong, >i#Din Peng, Tao .i, Whi#guang Jia, .un Wei $"511(@ K.uercetin 0inds to calcineurin at a similar region to cyclosporin A and tacrolimusK@ " d Chemistry -20 $%(: 1132I11*&@ doi:15@1513AG@foodchem@"511@51@112@ + >ucas =J, ;rauch C-, ,ettas >, 8heoharides 8C $"553(@ KFi0romyalgia##ne? concepts of pathogenesis and treatmentK@ )nt J )mmun path l Pharmac l -, $1(: )I15@ P-I: 13)32%&"@ + :avis J-, -urphy 9A, Carmichael -:, :avis ;@ $"552(@ K.uercetin increases 0rain and muscle mitochondrial 0iogenesis and e'ercise toleranceK@ Am J Physi l Regul )ntegr C mp Physi l. 2,. $&(: H15*1I*@ doi:15@11)"AaGpregu@252")@"554@ P-I: 12"11*"1@ + 9d?ards H>, >yon 8, >it?in ,9, Ha0ovsky A, ,ymons J:, Jalili 8 $1 6ovem0er "55*(@ K.uercetin reduces 0lood pressure in hypertensive su0GectsK@ J. !utr. -50 $11(: "&5)I11@ P-I: 1*2)1&**@ http:AAGn@nutrition@orgAcgiApmidlookupE vie?Qlong[pmidQ1*2)1&**@ + 9gert , et al@ $"552(@ K.uercetin reduces systolic 0lood pressure and plasma o'idised lo?#density lipoprotein concentrations in over?eight su0Gects ?ith a high# cardiovascular disease risk phenotype: A dou0le#0linded, place0o#controlled cross#over studyK@ 'r J !utr -42 $*(: 153)I15*&@ doi:15@151*A,555*11&)52%)21"*@ P-I: 12&5"2%4@ + Tang JT, :ella#Fera -A, Hayalam ,, Am0ati ,, =artMell :>, Park =J, ;aile CA $"554(@ K9nhanced inhi0ition of adipogenesis and induction of apoptosis in %8%#>1 adipocytes ?ith com0inations of resveratrol and DuercetinK@ Life $ci. 32 $12I"5(: 15%"I2@ doi:15@1513AG@lfs@"554@5%@55%@ P-I: 14&%%*2%@ + 7na0, A-C ,hanely, HAC Jin, FC Austin, -:C ,ha, WC 6ieman, :C $"511(@ K.uercetin ?ith vitamin C and niacin does not affect 0ody mass or compositionK@ Applied physi l gy- nutriti n- and meta( lism . Physi l gie appliquee- nutriti n et meta( lisme 5. $%(: %%1I4@ doi:15@11%2Ah11#51)@ P-I: "1)*&*4*@ + 7na0, A-C ,hanely, HAC =enson, :AC Jin, FC =einM, ,AC Austin, -:C 6ieman, :C $"511(@ KInfluence of Duercetin supplementation on disease risk factors in

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Flavonol %# sulfotransferase Phenolic compounds in ?ine

Phytochemical .uercetin ",%# dio'ygenase .uercetin %#+#

.uercetin#%#sulfate %N# sulfotransferase .uercetin#%#sulfate &N# sulfotransferase

methyltransferase
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercetin 20-11-12 14.06

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