A Multiphase Approach For A Unified Modelling of Fully and Partially Saturated Porous Materials by Considering Air Dissolved in Water

Euromech Colloquium 499: NONLINEAR MECHANICS OF MULTIPHASE FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA
Nancy (Fr), June 9 - 12, 2008
A multiphase approach for a unified modelling of fully and partially saturated porous materials by considering air dissolved in water
Lorenzo Sanavia, University of Padova ITALY Dariusz Gawin, University of Lodz - POLAND Bernhard A. Schrefler, University of Padova ITALY
A multiphase model for fully and partially saturated porous materials by considering air dissolved in water
Aim:
present a multi-physic model for deformable 3-phase geomaterials (mainly soil), based on a mathematical and finite element model for non-isothermal multiphase materials. Microscopic view of three-phase
material (concrete, rocks, soils)
LIQUID with DISSOLVED AIR
It considers two aspects usually neglected: air dissolved in water and air mass source during its desorption at lower water pressure. Literature: Olivella et al., TIPM, 1994, Gens and Olivella, RFGC 2001, Khalili
and Loret, IJSS, 2001. Gens et al. NAG 1998 (applied to CTHM behaviour of nuclear waste storages)
Final aim: to model water saturated and unsaturated porous media in a

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unified way.
Euromech Colloquium 499
Motivation
Mathematical Model F.E. results
Outline of the presentation

Motivation Basic aspects of air dissolution in porous media Mathematical model
(Hybrid Mixture Theory - thermodynamically consistent mechanistic theory)
(Finite element discretisation) Numerical results (Comes-Geo fem code):

Liakopoulos test - Strain localization test
Concluding remarks
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Motivation
MOTIVATION
liquid phase: water
solid phase gas phase: dry air and water vapour
Mathematical model for fully saturated materials 1. linear momentum balance eq. 2. mass balance equation for water 3. energy balance equation
Mathematical model for partially saturated materials 1. linear momentum balance eq. 2. mass balance equation for water and vapour 3. dry air mass balance equation 4. energy balance equation
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Motivation
I) applying a residual gas saturation in water saturated material (unphysical);
II) applying a switching procedure to eliminate the gas mass balance equation for fully saturated material (Gawin and Schrefler, EC 1996) (numerical problems can arise);
III) formulating the related Stefan problem (Nocchetto et al., MC 1991) (computational
costly).
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Motivation
A unified approach to numerical modelling of fully and partially saturated porous materials
liquid phase: water and dissolved air solid phase gas phase: dry air (including released air) and water vapour
1. linear momentum balance equation 2. mass balance equation for water and vapour 3. dry air and dissolved air mass balance equation 4. energy balance equation of mixture (Vaunat, Gens, Jommi, NUMOG 1997)
>
To model air dissolution in water and how can be released in the gas needColloquium to know physics of air dissolution in porous 6/45phase, we Euromech 499 Motivation Mathematical Model materials F.E. results
Dissolution of air in fully and partially saturated geomaterials

with:
150
AIR DISSOLVED IN WATER
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2,0E+08
AIR DISSOLVED IN WATER

approx. T= 0 C approx. T=25 C approx. T=60 C theory T= 0 C theory T=25 C theory T=60 C
DISSOLVED AIR CONCENRATION [mg/l] .
Pw= 0.1 MPa, T= 5 C
100 75 50 25 0 0,0E+00
Pw= 0.1 MPa, T= 25 C Pw= 50 MPa, T= 25 C
5,0E+04 1,0E+05
1,5E+05 2,0E+05
2,5E+05 3,0E+05
HENRY CONSTANT [MPa/mol fract.]
125
Pw= -50 MPa, T= 25 C
-1,5E+08
-1,0E+08
-5,0E+07
0,0E+00
GAS PRESSURE [Pa]

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WATER PRESSURE [Pa]
Motivation
Mathematical Mathematical Model Model F.E. results
Dissolution of air in fully and partially saturated geomaterials

1 dm3 of water saturated sand, having porosity of 20%, may contain, at 20C, (maximally) about 4.07 ml of dissolved air
when
decreases, an excess amount of air is released in form of const.)
small air bubbles, because the solubility of air in water decreases (from Henry law, taking
air released could accelerate the water desaturation
and,
could play a role of nuclei for cavitation initiation (as in case of strain
localization of globally undrained initially water saturated dense sand).
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Motivation
On the physics of cavitation in fully saturated soils

Theory of non-homogeneous nucleation applied to soils (Or and Tuller WRR 2002)
the most important factor which could trigger cavitation nucleation in soils is presence of bubbles of air dissolved in water.
1,E-02
CRITICAL RADIUS [m] .
1,E-03 1,E-04 1,E-05 1,E-06 1,E-07 1,E-08 1,E-09 1,E+02
Pw= 0.1 MPa, T= 10C Pw= -200 MPa, T= 10C Pw= 0.1 MPa, T= 25C Pw= -200 MPa, T= 25C
Only air bubbles in water with radius R > Rcritical tend to grow freely and can seed cavitation.
(Gawin, Sanavia, TIPM, submitted)

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1,E+03 1,E+04
1,E+05 1,E+06
1,E+07 1,E+08
CAPILLARY PRESSURE [Pa]

Euromech Colloquium 499 Motivation Mathematical Mathematical Model Model F.E. results
On the physics of cavitation in fully saturated soils

1,0 0,9 Pw= 0 kPa Pw=-4 kPa 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 1,E-03 Pw=-10 kPa Pw=-1 kPa Pw=-6 kPa Pw=-2 kPa Pw=-8 kPa
to the value necessary to form gas bubbles of critical sizes from stretched water.
DESATURATION [-] .
Additional pores desaturation caused by mass of air released after a decrease of water pressure
2,E-03
3,E-03
4,E-03
5,E-03
6,E-03
7,E-03
8,E-03
9,E-03
1,E-02
CRITICAL RADIUS [m]

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Motivation
Mathematical model
based on: Hybrid Mixture theory Lewis & Schrefler 98, The finite element method in the static and dynamic ..., Schrefler AMR 2002 Hassanizadeh & Gray, AWR 1990
Assumptions (CTHM model):

local thermodynamic equilibrium state (slow phenomena) incompressible solid grains and water at microscopic level constituents microscopically non-polar vapour, dry air and their mixture: perfect gases phase change for water and its vapour (evaporation/condensation) quasi-static loading conditions & small strains
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Motivation
Macroscopic balance equations

(Gawin, Sanavia, Schrefler, in preparation)
Linear momentum balance equation (mixture; statics):
(thermodynamically consistent: Schrefler 1984, Lewis & Schrefler 1987, Gray & Hassanizadeh 1991)
where:
porosity water saturation gas saturation gravity acceleration vector second order identity tensor
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mixture density
Motivation

Mass balance equation (water & vapour):
where:
diffusivity tensor of vapour in the gas phase intrinsic permeability tensor [L2] relative water permeability parameter
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Motivation

Dry air mass balance equation:
Dissolved air mass balance equation:
rate of dry air mass released from water in the gas phase
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Motivation
Mathematical Model Mathematical Model F.E. results
Summing up the previous equations and introducing Henrys law
p ga = K ca cwa
Dry air species mass balance equation:
Valid in fully and partially saturated state (with pga common variable)
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Motivation
Dry air mass balance equation (in saturated conditions):
In fully saturated condition, pga means a value of air pressure in

thermodynamic equilibrium with air dissolved actually in pore water This model avoids the use of cwa as state variable
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Motivation
A simplified model can be derived by omitting the smaller terms (Gawin, Sanavia, Schrefler, in preparation)
ga w M a ga M a ga p w ga = p p = ga , etc. etc.) (e.g.: K ca RT K ca RT
Dry air species mass balance equation (case 4 model of numerical examples):
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Motivation

A more simplified model can be obtained assuming: a) Water saturated initial conditions b) Henrys constant independent on pw and T c) small grad (cwa), (neglecting advection and diffusion)
for this model, a residual gas saturation in fully saturated state is needed (case 3 model of numerical examples)
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Motivation
Energy balance equation (mixture):
State variables:
capillary pressure gas pressure temperature solid displacements
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Motivation
Constitutive laws: fluids

gas = mixture of dry air and water vapour Darcy, Fick: from linearization of 2nd principle of thermodynamics Clapeyrons equation and Daltons law
Kelvin-Laplaces equation Henrys constant (Gawin, Sanavia, TIPM, submitted)
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Motivation
Constitutive laws: fluids

Volumetric water content qw 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 Hydraulic conductivity kw (m/s)
0,1 1 10 100
pumice upper ashy lower ashy
Sw, krw, krg : experimental functions

(Cascini et. al 2003 for pyroclastic soils)
Sw = Sw(pc, T = const.)
1,00E-01 1,00E-03 1,00E-05 1,00E-07 1,00E-09 pumice 1,00E-11 1,00E-13 1,00E-15 0,1 1 Suction (kPa) 10 100 upper ashy lower ashy Suction (kPa)
krw =krw (Sw, T = const.)
Sg = 1 Sw krg =krg (Sw, T = const.)

Brooks-Corey
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Motivation
Constitutive laws: solid skeleton
Classical rate-independent elasto-plasticity Drucker-Prager (non associated plastic flow, linear isotropic hardening), with (implicit) return mapping algorithm
(Sanavia, Steinmann, Schrefler, Comp. Mech., 2002)
H>0 H=0
H<0 E
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Motivation
Initial and boundary conditions

Initial conditions
Boundary conditions
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Motivation
F.E. discretisation (coupled non-linear eqs.)
Mathematical model: non linear PDEs
space discretisation: Galerkin method
Nu(x), NT(x), Ng(x) & Nc(x) Non linear system of algebraic equations
(semidiscrete equation system)
time discretisation: finite difference scheme (backward Euler)
(consistent) linearisation (directional derivatives)
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Motivation
Numerical results (Comes-Geo fe code)

www.dic.unipd.it/Comes-geo
1. Isothermal drainage of water from a sand column (Liakopoulos test)

2. Plane strain compression test of globally undrained initially water saturated dense (i.e. dilatant) sand (cavitation at localization)
(Gawin, Sanavia, TIPM, submitted,
Gawin, Sanavia, Schrefler, in preparation)
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Motivation
Mathematical Model F.E. results F.E. results
Isothermal drainage of water from a sand column

Liakopoulos test (Liakopoulos 1965)
ALERT Benchmark: (Gawin, Simoni, Schrefler, 1997)
Porosity, [-] Intrinsic permeability, [m2] Solid skeleton density, [kg/m3] Water density, [kg/m3] Youngs modulus, [MPa] Poissons coefficient, [-] Tortuosity factor, [-] Solid thermal conductivity, [W/(mK)] Solid matrix heat conductivity, [W/(m K)] Gravity acceleration, [m/s2] Linear elasticity
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0.2975 4.5 10-13 2000.0 1000.0 1.3 0.4 1.0 1.442 2.5 9.80665
Solid specific heat, [J/(kg K)] Water viscosity, [Pa s] Water heat conductivity, [W/(mK)] Water vapour heat capacity, [J/(kgK)] Water vapour heat conductivity, [W/(mK)] Irreducible saturation point, [-] Critical saturation point, [-] Cubic thermal expansion coefficient, [K-1] Biots constant, [-] Pore size distribution index, [-]
810.0 1.0 10-3 0.6 1805 0.0186 0.20 0.909 0.9 10-6 1.0 3
Geometry and boundary conditions
Material parameters
Motivation Mathematical Model F.E. results F.E. results

0,001
TOTAL RELEASED AIR [g/m ]
0,0009 0,0008 0,0007 0,0006 0,0005 0,0004 0,0003 0,0002 0,0001 0 0
case 4: case 4: case 4: case 4:
t= t= t= t=
1 min 4 min 20 min 120 min
case 4: t= 2 min case 4: t= 5 min case 4: t= 30 min
DISSOLVED AIR CONCENTRATION . 3 [kg/m ]
0,00875 0,0085 0,00825 0,008 0,00775 0,0075 0,00725 0,007 0,00675 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
case 4: t= 0 min case 4: t= 3 min case 4: t= 10 min case 4: t= 60 min case 4: t= 1 min case 4: t= 4 min case 4: t= 20 min case 4: t= 120 min
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
HEIGHT [m]
Total released air profiles at different time stations
HEIGHT [m]
Dissolved air concentration profiles at different time stations

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Motivation

-1000 -2000 -3000 -4000
case 2: t= 5 min
VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS [m]
0 -0,0005 -0,001 -0,0015 -0,002 -0,0025 -0,003 -0,0035

case 2: t= 5 min case 4: t= 5 min case 2: t= 10 min case 4: t= 10 min case 2: t= 20 min case 4: t= 20 min case 2: t=120 min case 4: t=120 min
REL. WATER PRESSURE [Pa] .
-5000 -6000 -7000 -8000 -9000 -10000 0 0,1
case 4: t= 5 min case 2: t= 10 min case 4: t= 10 min case 2: t= 20 min case 4: t= 20 min case 2: t=120 min case 4: t=120 min
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
HEIGHT [m]
HEIGHT [m]
Rel. water pressure profiles at different time stations:

without Henry (case 2 - SP) solid markers with Henry (case 4) empty markers
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Vertical displacement profiles at different time stations:


SATURATION [-]
1 0,998
0,996
case 2: t= 5 min case 4: t= 5 min
0,994 0
case 2: t=120 min
0,1 case 0,2 0,3 0,4 4: t=120 min
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1 0,99
HEIGHT [m]
SATURATION [-]
0,98 0,97 0,96 0,95 0,94 0,93 0,92 0,91 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
case 2: t= 5 min case 4: t= 5 min case 2: t= 10 min case 4: t= 10 min case 2: t= 20 min case 4: t= 20 min case 2: t=120 min case 4: t=120 min
Water saturation profiles at different time stations:

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HEIGHT [m]
Motivation

105000 104000
CAPILLARY PRESSURE [Pa] .
10000
case 2: t= 5 min
9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0
GAS PRESSURE [Pa] .
103000 102000 101000 100000 99000 98000 97000 96000

case 4: t=120 min case 2: t= 5 min case 4: t= 5 min case 2: t=120 min
case 4: t= 5 min case 2: t=120 min case 4: t=120 min
95000 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
HEIGHT [m]
HEIGHT [m]
Gas pressure profiles at different time stations:

Capillary pressure profiles at different time stations:

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Motivation
Biaxial compression test of initially water saturated globally undrained dense Hostun sands
Desrues & Mokni (Grenoble Fr, 1992, MCF 1998) Failure plane
sig [kPa] 4000 3500 3000 Axial effective 2500 Cauchy 2000 stress 1500 [kPa] 1000 500 2 1
localization Essai Biaxial en Dformation Plane - S1 localization softening behaviour

9 10 11
U [kPa]
Water pressure 700 [kPa] 600

500 400 300 200 100 0
Failure
SIG'1 U
Dilatant shear band
-80 kPa
0 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 epsa Axial strain [-]
-100 0,14
cavitation
Experimental conditions: de-aired water

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Motivation
Mathematical Model F.E. F.E. results results
Strain localization in globally undrained dense sand

Porosity, [-] Intrinsic permeability, [m2] Solid grain density, [kg/m3] Water density, [kg/m3] Youngs modulus, [MPa] Poissons ratio, [-] Initial apparent cohesion, [MPa] Plastic modulus, [MPa] Internal friction angle, [deg] Dilatancy angle, [deg] Solid matrix heat conductivity, [W/(m K)] Solid thermal conductivity, [W/(mK)] Drucker-Prager model
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0.2
Solid specific heat, [J/(kg K)]
810.0 1.0 10-3 0.6 1805 0.0186 9.80665 0.5 0.20 0.909 0.9 10-4 1.0 3
1.0 10-14 Water viscosity, [Pa s] 2000.0 1000.0 30.0 0.4 0.5 -1.0 30 20 2.5 1.442 Water heat conductivity, [W/(mK)] Water vapour heat capacity, [J/(kgK)] Water vapour heat conductivity, [W/(mK)] Gravity acceleration, [m/s2] Tortuosity factor, [-] Irreducible saturation point, [-] Critical saturation point, [-] Cubic thermal expansion coefficient, [K-1] Biots constant, [-] Pore size distribution index, [-]
Geometry and boundary conditions
Material parameters
(Sanavia, Pesavento, Schrefler, 2006) Motivation Mathematical Model CM, F.E. results F.E. results

Without Henry t= 27.35s Case 2
Sanavia et al. CM 2006
With Henry no advection t= 21.98s Case 3
With Henry t= 29.40s Case 4
Equivalent plastic strain [-] contours at the end of the numerical simulation
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Motivation

Without Henry t= 27.35s Case 2 With Henry no advection t= 21.98s Case 3 With Henry t= 29.40s Case 4
Volumetric strain [-] contours at the end of the numerical simulation

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Motivation

Capillary pressure [Pa] contours at the end of the numerical simulation

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Motivation

Water saturation [-] contours at the end of the numerical simulation

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Motivation

Vapour pressure [Pa] contours at the end of the numerical simulation

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Motivation

With Henry no advection t= 21.98s Case 3 With Henry t= 29.00s Case 4
Total amount of released air [kg/m3] contour at the end of the numerical simulation
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Motivation

With Henry
EQUIVALENT PLASTIC STRAIN [-]
2,5E-01 1,2E-01
VOLUMETRIC STRAIN [-]
Without Henry
2,0E-01
case 1: inside shear band case 2: inside shear band case 3: inside shear band
1,0E-01
case 1: inside shear band case 2: inside shear band case 3: inside shear band case 4: inside shear band
8,0E-02
1,5E-01
case 4: inside shear band
6,0E-02
1,0E-01
4,0E-02
5,0E-02
With Henry no advection

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
2,0E-02
0,0E+00
0,0E+00 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
TIME [s]
Equivalent plastic strain [-] time history

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Volumetric strain [-] time history


With Henry
5,0E+05
With Henry Without Henry
CAPILLARY PRESSURE [Pa].
Without Henry
VAPOUR PRESSURE [Pa]
2340 2339 2338 2337 2336 2335 2334 2333 2332
3,0E+05
1,0E+05
-1,0E+05

-3,0E+05
-5,0E+05
-7,0E+05 0 5 10

15 20 25 30
10
15
20
25
30
TIME [s]
TIME [s]
Capillary pressure [Pa] time history

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Vapour pressure [Pa] time history


With Henry
1,1 1,0 2,0E-02
RELEASED AIR MASS [kg/m ]
inside shear band - case 4
1,8E-02
inside shear band - case 3
SATURATION [-]
0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
1,5E-02 1,3E-02 1,0E-02 7,5E-03 5,0E-03 2,5E-03 0,0E+00 -2,5E-03 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

TIME [s]
TIME [s]
Water saturation [-] time history

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Without Henry
Total amount of released air [kg/m3] time history

Concluding remarks
A deeper insight in the multiphysics nature of porous materials, i.e. by including air dissolved in water, a unified approach to multiphysics modelling of saturated/partially saturated porous materials can be developed. The transition from fully to partially saturated state can be modelled without:
1. formulation of the Stefan problem, 2. application of a residual gas saturation Sg > 0 in fully saturated condition, 3. switching procedure (pg = patm in fully saturated condition)
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Motivation
Concluding remarks
the dissolved air has a small influence on the overall results of numerical simulations, while histories of fluid variables differ from other approaches neglecting air dissolved Future works: improvement of the numerical modelling: - capillary dependent constitutive laws (e.g. Bolzon-Schrefler-Zienkiewicz - model or ACMEG-TS by L. Laloui, Lausanne, CH) - large strains & 3D parallel solver - regularization of the model for strain localization objectivity simulation Application to environmental engineering problems
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Motivation
0.25 equivalent plastic strain [-] 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 -0.05 0 5 10
equivalent plastic strain water pressure
7.0E+05 6.0E+05 5.0E+05 4.0E+05 3.0E+05 2.0E+05 1.0E+05 0.0E+00 -1.0E+05 -2.0E+05 -3.0E+05 water pressure [Pa]
15 Time [s]
20
25
30
0.16 volum etric strain [-] 0.12 0.08 0.04 0 -0.04 -0.08 Time [s] 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 outside shear band inside shear band
>
Desrues & Mokni (Grenoble - Fr 1992),Euromech MCF 1998 44/45 Colloquium 499
Motivation
Numerical results (case 2 SP) Mathematical Model F.E. results
Cited references
Gawin D., and L. Sanavia, (submitted), Modelling of cavitation in water saturated porous media considering effects of dissolved air, Transport in porous media. Gawin D., L. Sanavia, and B.A. Schrefler (in preparation), A unified approach to numerical modeling of fully and partially saturated porous materials by considering air dissolved in water. Gawin, D., and B.A. Schrefler, (1996), Thermo- hydro- mechanical analysis of partially saturated porous materials, Engineering Computations, 13(7), 113-143. Gawin, D., L. Simoni, and B.A. Schrefler, (1997), Numerical model for hydro-mechanical behaviour in deformable porous media: a benchmark problem. In: Jian-Xin Yuan (eds) Computer methods and advances in Geomechanics. Vol. 2, 1143-1148, Balkema, Rotterdam Gens A., A.J.Garcia-Molina, S. Olivella, E.E. Alonso and F. Huertas (1998), Analysis of a full scale in situ test simulating repository conditions, Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech., 22, 515-548. Gray W.G., and S.M. Hassanizadeh (1991), Unsaturated flow theory including interfacial phenomena, Water Resour. Res., 27,1855-1991. Hassanizadeh, M., and W.G. Gray, (1990), Mechanics and thermodynamics of multiphase flow in porous media including interphase boundaries, Adv. Water Res., 13, 169-186. Khalili, N., and B. Loret, (2001), An Elasto-Plastic Model for non-isothermal analysis of flow and deformation in unsaturated porous media: formulation, Int. J. Solids and Structures, 38, 8305-8330 Lewis, R.W., and B.A. Schrefler, B.A. (1998), The Finite Element Method in the Static and Dynamic Deformation and Consolidation of Porous Media. J. Wiley, Chichester. Mokni, M., and J. Desrues, (1998), Strain localisation measurements in undrained plane-strain biaxial tests on Hostun RF sand, Mechanics of Cohesive-Frictional Materials, 4, 419-441 Nochetto RH, M. Paolini, and C. Verdi, (1991), An adaptive finite element method for two-phase Stefan problems in two space variables, Math Comput., 78108 Olivella S., J. Carrera, Gens A. and E.E. Alonso (1994), Nonisothermal multiphase flow of brine and gas through saline media, Transport in Porous Media, 15, 271-293. Sanavia, L., B.A. Schrefler, and P. Steinmann, (2002), A formulation for an unsaturated porous medium undergoing large inelastic strains, Computational Mechanics, 28, 137-151. Sanavia, L., F. Pesavento, and B.A. Schrefler, (2006), Finite element analysis of non-isothermal multiphase with application to strain localization simulation, Computational Mechanics, 37(4), 331-348. >geomaterials 45/45 Euromech Colloquium 499 Motivation Mathematical Model F.E. results

A Multiphase Approach For A Unified Modelling of Fully and Partially Saturated Porous Materials by Considering Air Dissolved in Water

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A Multiphase Approach For A Unified Modelling of Fully and Partially Saturated Porous Materials by Considering Air Dissolved in Water

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Euromech Colloquium 499: NONLINEAR MECHANICS OF MULTIPHASE FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA

Nancy (Fr), June 9 - 12, 2008

Final aim: to model water saturated and unsaturated porous media in a

Euromech Colloquium 499

Mathematical Model F.E. results

Outline of the presentation

(Finite element discretisation) Numerical results (Comes-Geo fem code):

Euromech Colloquium 499

Mathematical Model F.E. results

solid phase gas phase: dry air and water vapour

Euromech Colloquium 499

Mathematical Model F.E. results

I) applying a residual gas saturation in water saturated material (unphysical);

Euromech Colloquium 499

Mathematical Model F.E. results

Dissolution of air in fully and partially saturated geomaterials

AIR DISSOLVED IN WATER

AIR DISSOLVED IN WATER

DISSOLVED AIR CONCENRATION [mg/l] .

Pw= 0.1 MPa, T= 5 C

Pw= 0.1 MPa, T= 25 C Pw= 50 MPa, T= 25 C

HENRY CONSTANT [MPa/mol fract.]

Pw= -50 MPa, T= 25 C

GAS PRESSURE [Pa]

WATER PRESSURE [Pa]

Euromech Colloquium 499

Mathematical Mathematical Model Model F.E. results

Dissolution of air in fully and partially saturated geomaterials

decreases, an excess amount of air is released in form of const.)

air released could accelerate the water desaturation

Euromech Colloquium 499

Mathematical Mathematical Model Model F.E. results

On the physics of cavitation in fully saturated soils

CRITICAL RADIUS [m] .

1,E-03 1,E-04 1,E-05 1,E-06 1,E-07 1,E-08 1,E-09 1,E+02

(Gawin, Sanavia, TIPM, submitted)

CAPILLARY PRESSURE [Pa]

On the physics of cavitation in fully saturated soils

CRITICAL RADIUS [m]

(Gawin, Sanavia, TIPM, submitted)

Euromech Colloquium 499

Mathematical Mathematical Model Model F.E. results

Assumptions (CTHM model):

Euromech Colloquium 499

Mathematical Mathematical Model Model F.E. results

Macroscopic balance equations

Linear momentum balance equation (mixture; statics):

Euromech Colloquium 499

Mathematical Mathematical Model Model F.E. results

Macroscopic balance equations

Mass balance equation (water & vapour):

Euromech Colloquium 499

Mathematical Mathematical Model Model F.E. results

Macroscopic balance equations

Dry air mass balance equation:

Dissolved air mass balance equation:

Euromech Colloquium 499

Mathematical Model Mathematical Model F.E. results

Summing up the previous equations and introducing Henrys law

Dry air species mass balance equation:

Euromech Colloquium 499

Mathematical Mathematical Model Model F.E. results