DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

Lab Test & Date : CBC Corrected WBC WBC Patient result Normal Range 4.5-11 4.5-11 Significance for the patient Critically high value indicates inflammation, infection, tissue necrosis or trauma High WBC indicates infection, inflammation, tissue necrosis, or leukemic neoplasia. Trauma or stress can also increase the WBC count. Decreased WBC occurs in many forms of bone marrow failure. Decreased RBC indicates decreased bone marrow production, hemolysis, chronic illness. Decreased level can be from bleeding at site of lesion, anemia or dietary deficiency. Decreased level can be from bleeding at site of lesion, anemia or dietary deficiency. Increased value means RBCs are abnormally large (seen in megaloblastic anemias; e.g. vit B12 or folic acid deficiency). Decreased value means RBCs are abnormally small (associated with iron deficiency anemia or thalassemia). It indicates the amount of hemoglobin carrying oxygen inside red blood cells is within normal limits It indicates the concentration of hemoglobin in a red blood cell is in normal limits It indicates high degree of anisocytosis, a blood condition characterized by RBCs of variable and abnormal size and can be caused from iron deficiency in anemia, hemolytic anemias. Decreased number of platelets indicates reduced production, sequestration, accelerated destruction, and consumption of platelets or caused by drugs such as sulfonamides, thiazide diuretics. High count indicates thrombocytosis (iron deficiency anemia and malignancy). Normal lymph nodes due to progressive breathing. High value may indicate bile duct obstruction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, liver disease, malabsorption, Vit. K deficiency, factor VII, X, V, I deficiency High value indicates the risk for bleeding and increase of bleeding-related events patient is onCoumdin Can be caused by factor XII. No common disease for increased level and congenital deficiency, liver disease and DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) for decreased level. Hyponatremia: weakness, confusion, lethargy, stupor, and coma. Hypernatremia: dry mucous membranes, thirst, agitation, restlessness, hyperreflexia, mania, and convulsions. Hyperkalemia: irritability, nausea, vomiting, intestinal colic, diarrhea, changes in heart rhythms. Hypokalemia: decrease in muscle contractility, weakness, paralysis, and cardiac arrhythmias. It indicates normal acid-base balance and hydrational status. Hypochloremia: hyperexcitability of nervous system and muscles, shallow breathing, hypotension, and tetany. Hyperchloremia: lethargy, weakness, and deep breathing.

RBC Hemoglobin Hematocrit MCV

4.5-5.5 13-17 40-50 83-101

MCH MCHC RDW

27-34 31.5-36 11.5- 14.5

Platelet

150-400

Lymph Abs Coagulation PT

1.0-2.5 9.3-12.3

INR APTT

1-1.5 25-35

Sodium

137-145

Potassium

3.5-5

Chloride

101-111

CO2 AGAP

22-30 8-20

It indicates normal acid-base balance. Indicates metabolic acidosis (low CO2) or alkalosis (high CO2). Elevated anion gap include an overproduction of lactic acid as a result of a respiratory failure, nutritional deficiencies that significantly impair the body's ability to metabolize lactic acid such as B vitamins, as well as an inability to excrete acids due to the presence of a renal disease. Dehydration and excessive toxins present in the body are also very common causes of a high anion gap. High value indicates impaired kidney function. Can be caused from acute or chronic kidney disease, damage, or failure. It may also be due to a condition that results in decreased blood flow to the kidneys, such as congestive heart failure, shock, stress, recent heart attack, or severe burns, to conditions that cause obstruction of urine flow, or dehydration. Low levels indicate liver disease. Normal aldosterone, sodium resorption, acid/base balance. No signs of hypokalemia. Chance for heart attack. Severe decrease in GFR can be caused by impaired kidney function, congestive heart failure, and dehydration Increased levels indicate altered renal function. Decreased levels result in debilitation and/or decreased muscle mass. Severe decrease in GFR can be caused by impaired kidney function, congestive heart failure, and dehydration Severe decrease in GFR can be caused by impaired kidney function, congestive heart failure, and dehydration High value can indicate chronic renal failure and diuretic therapy. Hyperglycemia often indicates diabetes mellitus. Hypoglycemia can indicate insulin overdose. Increased levels (hyperglycemia) can indicate diabetes mellitus, acute stress response, cushing syndrome, acue pancreatitis, diuretic therapy, acromegaly. Decreased leves (hypoglycemia) can indicate insulinoma, hypothyroism, Addison disease, extensive liver disease, insulin overdose, and starvation. It indicates normal parathyroid and renal function and calcium metabolism Hypercalcemia often indicates hyperparathyroidism. Hypocalcemia occurs in patients with hypoalbuminemia (caused by malnutrition and large-volume IV infusions). Decreased level indicates liver disease, malnutrition, and severe burns. Increased levels occur with multiple myeloma and other gammopathies. Dehydration can also cause elevation. Decreased level indicates liver disease, malnutrition, and severe burns. Compare albumin/globulin ratio for indication of collagen vascular diseases (if ratio is less than 1.0) Increased levels indicate obstructive biliary disease and cirrhosis in addition to other liver abnormalities such as hepatic tumors, hepatotoxic drugs, and hepatitis. New bone growth is associated with elevated ALP levels (can be related to Pagets disease, healing fractures, rheumatoid arthritis, hyperparathyroidism, and normal growing bones). Increased levels indicate hepatocyte disease, acute pancreatitis, musculoskeletal diseases, or trauma. Decreased levels caused by acute renal disease, chronic renal dialysis, and pregnancy. Increased levels caused by liver disease. When abnormal can indicate acute hemolytic anemia, primary muscle disease

BUN

7-21

B Type Natriuretic Peptide GFR Creatinine GFR-AA GFR-NAA Glucose

> 101 > 60 0.9-1.3 61-0 61-0 70-99

Blood glucose (POC)

69-111

Calcium

8.4-10.2

Albumin Total protein Globulin A/G Ratio Alkaline Phosphate

3.5-5 6.4-8.3 2.3-4.2 1.5-3.0 38-126

AST

15-41

ALT ACT

10-40

Bilirubin Total

0.3-1.2

Increased levels due to gallstones, extrahepatic duct obstruction, extensive liver metastasis. Decreased levels caused by hemolytic jaundice, hepatitis, sepsis, large-volume blood-transfusion, cirrhosis. When abnormal can indicate uncontrolled diabetes, malnutrition, malabsorption, hypothyroidism Increased levels due to gallstones, extrahepatic duct obstruction, extensive liver metastasis. Decreased levels caused by hemolytic jaundice, hepatitis, sepsis, large-volume blood-transfusion, cirrhosis. It indicates that there has been some damage to the heart, skeletal muscles, or brain.

Magnesium Calculated OSMO

1.3-2.1 270-290

Creatine kinase

Male) 55-170 FM) 30 - 135 0% Male) 17-106 FM) 1-66 < 0.03 7.35-7.45 34-46 80-100

CK-M % MB

Indicates increased level of cardiac ischemia and myocardial infarction. Indicates increased levels of myocardial infarction, skeletal muscle inflammation, skeletal muscle ischemia, skeletal muscle trauma, and rhabdomyolysis.

Troponin-I pH, arterial pCO2, arterial pO2, arterial

Indicates increased level of myocardial injury and infarction. Elevated pH indicates respiratory or metabolic alkalosis. Decreased pH indicates respiratory or metabolic acidosis. Elevated in primary respiratory acidosis and decreased in primary respiratory alkalosis. Also affected by metabolic disturbances. Decreased in patients who are unable to oxygenate arterial blood because of O2 diffusion difficulties, patients who have premature missing of venous blood with arterial blood, and patients who have underventilated and overperfused pulmonary alveoli. Elevated in metabolic alkalosis and decreased in metabolic acidosis. Negative base excess (deficit) indicates a metabolic acidosis. Positive base excess indicates metabolic alkalosis or ccompensation to prolonged respiratory acidosis. Indicates percentage of hemoglobin saturated with O2. As pO2 level decreases, percentage of hemoglobin saturation also decreased. At O2 saturations of 70% or lower, the tissues are unable to extract enough O2 to carry out their vital functions. When abnormal can indicate bacteria, pus, RBC, dehydration, overhydration, DI, fever, excessive sweating, jauncice When abnormal can indicate bacteria, pus, RBC, dehydration, overhydration, DI, fever, excessive sweating, jauncice When abnormal can indicate SIADH, diuresis, overhydration, dehydration, hypothermia, excessive sweating, decrease in renal blood flow s in heart failure When abnormal can indicate UTI, gastric suction, metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis, diarrhea, diabetes mellitus When abnormal an indicate preeclampsia, congestive heart failure, bacterial pyelonephritis When abnormal can indicate renal glycosuria, diabetes mellitus When abnormal can indicate high-protein diet, dehydration, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, starvation When abnormal can indicate hyperbilirubinemia, gallstones When abnormal can indicate glomerulonephritis, malignant hypertension When abnormal can indicate possible UTI When abnormal can indicate UTI, acute pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, and lupus nephritis When abnormal can indicate risk for ateriosclerotic occlusive coronary disease and peripheral vascular disease, myocardial infarction When abnormal can indicate acute myocardial infarction, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis Can indicate metabolic syndrome, familial low HDL, hepatocellular disease, hypoproteinemia Can indicate familial LDL lipoproteinemia, hepatoma, alcohol consumption

CO2, arterial Base excess, arterial

20-24 -2.0 2.0

O2 sat, arterial

96.0-97.0

Color, UA Clarity, UA Specific gravity UA pH urine Protein UA Glucose UA Ketones UA Bilirubin UA Hemoglobin UA Nitrite UA Leukocytes UA triglyceride Cholesterol HDL LDL

1.002-1.03 4.5-8

0-149 120-199 < 40 62-129