Abstract Investigation using laboratory experiment practice such as saponification of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) is necessary for an analytical procedure

to correlate the extent of reaction rate law for modeling plug-flow tubular reactors. Variation between conversion of the limited reactant and the volume of the reactor will depend on the chemistry of the reactions rate constant will be analysis using experiment data of the concentrations of EtOAc. Measurement of the concentration of EtOAc will dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) be conducted using a titration procedure with hydrochloride to solve for the unreacted amount of EtOAc.

Theory

A tubular flow reactor is governed by the deviations behavior between the flow field which is due to mixing in the longitudinal direction and incomplete mixing in the radiation direction. The degree of the reactions properties will greatly depend on the position of the point in the flow field which will vary from one point to another in the cylindrical tube. This experiment will studies the reaction kinetics of the saponification of EtOaC with sodium hydroxide.

The reactions rate law is found to be a second order irreversible reaction which is express as . In a special case, if the reactants are used in .

stoichiometric ratio Ca = Cb then the rate law is simplified to as For a plug flow reactor, the governing is derived with the assumption of:

1. No mixing in the axial direction 2. Complete mixing in the radial direction 3. A uniform velocity profile across the radius. 4. Steady State

From the overall material balance of the reactor (In = Out + Disappearance) ( ) ( ) and arranging with respect to conversion of the

limited reactant and rate law the designed equation based on an ideal PFR is expressed as:
( )

Experiment Procedure

1, For Caustic soda, place 10 liters of 0.1 m solution in tank A. Amount of caustic soda needed is its molecular weight * 0.1 * 10 = 40g in 10 liters. For Ethyl acetate, similarly 0.1m solution of 10 liters and amount needed is its (molecular weight/10) * 10 liters * (1/density) = 99 ml.

2, Set up temperature control unit and allow the temperature to reach 30C with stirrer on. Switch on both pumps and adjust flow rates for 0.10 liters/min for each feed. 3, After 30 minutes reactor will achieve steady state and then note the flow rates of NaOH and EtOAc and outlet temperatures.

4, Take 10 ml at reactor outlet and NaOH inlet tank and analyze for caustic soda concentration.

5, Repeat sampling and analyzing the process to ensure steady state condition.

the feed enters at one end of a cylindrical tube and the product stream leaves at the other end. The long tube and the lack of provision for stirring prevent complete mixing of the fluid in the tube. Hence the properties of the flowing stream will vary from one point to another, namely in both radial and axial directions. In the ideal tubular reactor, which is called the plug flow reactor, specific assumptions are made about the extent of mixing:

1. No mixing in the axial direction, i.e., the direction of flow

2. Complete mixing in the radial direction

3. A uniform velocity profile across the radius.

The absence of longitudinal mixing is the special characteristics of this type of reactor. It is an assumption at the opposite extreme from the complete mixing assumption of the ideal stirred tank reactor. The validity of the assumptions will depend on the geometry of the reactor and the flow conditions. Deviations, which are frequent but not always important, are of two kinds:

1. Mixing in longitudinal direction due to vortices and turbulence

2. Incomplete mixing in radial direction in laminar flow conditions Mass Balance For a time element t and a volume element V, the mass balance for species i is given by the

Following equation:

QA CA v t- QA CAv+v t - rAVt = 0

Where QA : molar feed rate of reactant A to the reactor, mol/sec

CA: concentration of reactant A : rate of disappearance of reactant A, mol/ltsec

rA

The conversion, X, is defined as:

X = (initial concentration - final concentration) / (initial concentration)

Since the system is at steady state, the accumulation term in Equation (10.1.1) is zero.

Equation (10.1.1) can be written as: -QA CA - rAV = 0 Dividing by V and taking limit as V 0

DCA/dV = -rA/QA

This is the relationship between concentration and size of reactor for the plug flow reactor. Here

Rate is a variable, but varies with longitudinal position (volume in the reactor, rather than with

Time). Integrating,

-dV/ QA = dCA/rA

At the entrance: V = 0

CA = CA0

At the exit: V = VR (total reactor volume)

Chapter 10: REACTION KINETICS

CA = CA (exit conversion):