BODY PARTS : Site of Infection Bloodstream Infections Intravascular (originate within the cardiovascular system)

DISEASE Infective endocarditis

DESCRIPTION and CLINICAL MANEFESTATIONS Infection of the endocardium commonly caused by bacteria.

ETIOLOGIC AGENT Viridians Streptoccoci Nutritionally deficient streptococci (Abiotrophia spp. And Granulicatella spp. Enterococci Streptococci Staphylococcus aureus Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonas spp. Haemophilus spp. Particularly H. aphrophilus Similar to those that cause endocarditis Increasing use of IV catheters Staphylococcus epidermidis Other coagulase-negative staphylococci Staphylococcus aureus Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Candida spp. Corynebacteruim spp. Other gram-negative rods

Mycotic aneurysm Suppurative thrombophlebitis Intravenous (IV) Catheter-Associated Bacteremia

Infection that causes inflammatory damage and weakening of an arterial wall. Inflammation of a vein wall. Occur primarily by two routes 1st route: catheter skin entry-external surface of the catheter-catheter tip 2nd route: inside of the catheter(lumen)-catheter tip

Extravascular (result from bacteria entering the blood circulation through the lymphatic system) -Meninges, epiglottis, periorbital region -Meninges, sometimes the lung -Meninges -Reticuloendothelial system -Small intestine, regional lympp nodes of the intestines, reticuloendothelial system Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract

Septicemia or Sepsis

-Infection that result from bacteria entering the blood circulation through the lymphatic system Haemophilus influenzae type b Streptococcus pneumonia Neisseria meningitidis and Listeria Brucella spp Salmonella typhi

BRONCHITIS: Acute

-Characterized by acute inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree. - Maybe preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection such as influenza or the common cold. -Characterized by cough, variable fever, sputum production. -Common condition affecting about 10% to 25% of adults. -Excessive mucus production -Patients with chronic bronchitis can suffer from acute flare-ups of infection. -Inflammation of the smaller diameter bronchioloar epithelial surfaces -occur during the first two years of life -clinical manifestations include onset of wheezing and hyperventilation, cough, rhinorrhea, tachypnea, respiratory distress. -Inflammation of the lower respiratory tract involving the lungs airways and supporting structures. *major cause of illness and death -symptoms are fever, chills, chest pain and cough.

Bordatella pertusis, B. paraperussis, Mycoplasm pneumoniaie Chlamydophilia pneumonia

Chronic

Mycobacterium tuberculosis M. avium-intracellulare M. kansaii

Bronchiolitis

Respiratory syncytial virus Parainfluenza viruses, types 1-3 Rhinoviruses Adenoviruses Influenza viruses Enteroviruses Human metapneumovirus

PNEUMONIA:

Community-acquired (acquired infection outside the hospital setting)

H. influenzae, S. pneumonia, S. aureus ( Children) M. pneumonia, C. pneumonia ( school age) Mycoplasm pneumonia (Young adults) Streptococcus pneumonia ( Adults) P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp,. Klebiella spp., other Enterobacteriaceae, S. aureus, Acinebacter spp., S. pneumonia, anaerobes, Legionella, and H. influenza. Other agents: RSV, adenovirus, and Influenza A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Hospital-, Ventilator-, and HealthcareAssociated Pneumonia ( acquired infection within the hospital setting)

Chronic Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Other Infections of the Oral Cavity and Neck Larynx

Laryngitis

-associated with the common cold or influenza syndromes -patients complain of hoarseness and lowering or deepening of the voice.

Parainfluenza viruses Rhinoviruses Adenoviruses Coronovirus Human metapneumovirus Parainfluenza virus is the major etiologic agent Influenza viruses Respiratory syncytial virus Adenovirus Mycoplasm pneumoniae Rhinoviruses Enterovirus Haemophilus influenza type b

Laryngotracheobronchitis or Croup

-relatively common illness in young children -Characterized by variable fever, inspiratory stridor, hoarseness, and a harsh, barking , nonproductive cough which lasts for 3-4 days.

Epiglottis

Epiglottitis

-infection of the epiglottis and other tissues above the vocal cords.

Pharynx and tonsils

Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis

-characterized with fever, difficulty in swallowing because of pain, drooling, and respiratory obstruction with inspiratory stridor. -Depending on the causative microorganism, either inflammatory exudates (fluid with protein, inflammatory cells, and cellular debris, vesicles, (small blisterlike sacs containing liquid) and mucosal ulceration, or nasopharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia ( swollen lymph nodes) may be observed.

Tonsils

Peritonsillar Abscesses

-Complication of tonsillitis

Nasal Mucous membrane or lining

Rhinitis

Oral cavity

Stomatitis

-Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane or lining -Depending on the etiologic agent, rhinitis is characterized by variable fever, increased mucous secretions, inflammatory edema of the nasal mucosa, sneezing and watery eyes. -Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity -Is suspected if whitish patches of exudate on an area of inflammation are observed on the buccal mucosa, tongue, or orophanrynx. -Inflammation of the salivary glands -Seen in very ill patients, especially those who are dehydrated, malnourished, elderly, or recovering from surgery. -associated with painful, tender swelling of the parotid gland; purulent drainage maybe evident at the end opening of the duct of the gland in the mouth. -Infection of the deep spaces of the neck

Streptococcus pyogenes ( or group A betahemolytic streptococci) Group C and G beta hemolytic streptococci Arcanobacterium (Corynebacteruim) haemolyticum Neisseria gonorrhoeae Corynebacteruim ulcerans Mycolplasm pneumonia Yersinia enterocolitica Human immunodeficiency virus-1 Non-spore forming anaerobes, including Fusobacteruim (especially F. necrophorum), Bacteroides (including the B. fragilis group), and anaerobic cocci. Streptococcus pyogenes and viridians streptococci may also be involved. Rhinoviruses Coronoviruses Adenoviruses Parainfluenza and influenza viruses Respiratory syncytial viruses Herpes virus

Oral cavity

Thrush or Candidiasis

Oral cavity-salivary gland

Acute suppurative parotitis

Candida spp. Enterobacteriaceae S. aureus Staphylococcus aureus Enterobacteriaceae Other gram negative bacilli Oral anaerobes Mumps virus

Neck

Neck infections- Mediastinitis, Purulent pericarditis and Pleural empyema.

Peptostreptococcus Various Bacteriodes Prevotella Porphyromonas Fusobacteruim spp. Atinomyces

Meningitis and other infections of the Central Nervous System

Meningitis:

-Infection within the subarachnoid space or throughout the leptomeninges. -marked acute inflammatory exudates with large numbers of ploymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) -maybe acute or chronic -Acute cases are characterized by fever, stiff neck, headache, nausea, and vomiting, neurologic abnormalities, change in mental status. -Chronic cases occur in patients who are immunocompromised (not always the case) Characterized by insidious onset of disease. -Characterized by an increase of lymphocytes and other mononuclear cells (pleocytosis) -Inflammation of the brain parenchyma -Concomitant meningitis that occurs with encephalitis id know as meningoencephalitis H. influenzae Neisseria meningitides Streptococcus pneuomoniae

Purulent Meningitis

Aseptic Meningitis Encephalitis/Meningoencephalitis

-Viral infections

Viral

enteroviruses (coxsackieviruses A and B, echoviruses), mumps virus, herpes simplex virus, and arbovirus ( West Nile virus, togavirus bunyavirus, equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, and other encephalitis viruses Naegleria fowleri Acanthamoeba spp.

Parasitic

Infections of the Eyes, Ears and Sinuses Eyes Blepharitis -Inflammation of the margins of the eyelids -symptoms include burning, itching, sensation of a foreign body, and crushing of the eyelids. -Inflammation of the conjunctiva. -symptoms vary according to the etiologic agent but most patients have swelling of the conjunctiva, inflammatory exudates, and burning and itching. Staphylococcus aureus S. epidermidis Streptococcus pneumonia Haemophilus influenza S. aureus Haemophilus spp Chlamydia trachomatis Neisseria gonorrhoeae Streptococcus pyogens Moraxella spp. Corynebacteruim spp.

Eyes

Conjuctivitis

Eyes

Keratitis

-Inflammation of the cornea -most patients complain of pain and usually some decrease in vision, with or without discharge from the eye. -Infection involving both conjunctiva and cornea. -Inflammation of the retina and underlying choroid or the uvea. -Infection can result in loss of vision. -Infection of the aqueous or vitreous humor, -Develops suddenly and progresses rapidly, often leading to blindness. Pain, especially while moving the eye, and decreased vision are prominent features. -A rare, chronic inflammation of the lacrimal canals in which the eyelids swells and there is a thick, mucopurulent discharge. -Inflammation of the lacrimal sac that is accompanied by pain, swelling, and tenderness of the soft tissue in the medial canthal region. -Acute infection of the lacrimal gland -accompanied by pain, redness, and swelling of the upper eyelid and conjunctival discharge. -Acute infection of the skin around the ear that occurs in the form of a pustule or furuncle. -Chronic infection causes irritation of drainage from middle ear, necrotizing infection of soft tissues and cartilage, and bone.

Eyes Eyes

Keratoconjunctivitis Chorioentinitis and uveatis

Eyes

Endophthalmitis

Eyes

Lacrimal infections; canalicultits

S. aureus S. pneumonia Pseudomonas aeruginosa Moraxella lacunata Bacillus spp. Refer to agents for Keratitis/conjunctivitis Mycobacteruim tuberculosis Treponema pallidum Borella burgdorferi S. aureus S. epidermidis S. pneumoniae Other streptococcal spp. P. aeruginosa Other gram negative organisms Actoranomyces Propionibacterium propionicum S. pneumoniae S. aureus S. pyogenes Haemophilus infleunzae S. pneumoniae S. aureus S. pyogenes S. aureus S. pyogenes P. aeruginosa Gram bacilli Anaerobes

Eyes

Dacryocystis

Eyes

Dacryoadenitis

Ears

Otitis Externa (External Ear Infections)

Ears

Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infections)