O.D.

Corpuz

THE ROOTS OF THE FILIPINO NATION

THE ROOTS OF

THE FILIPINO NATION

Volume II

0.0. CORPUZ

.A
....... HI

AKLAID Foundation, Inc .

Quezon City, Philippines

Copyright 1989 by

0.0. CORPUZ

All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the author.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

- Chapter 12 TOWARDS BAGUMBAYAN: NEW TOWN, KILLING GROUND Towards Politics: Reformers and Demonstrators 3 A Mutiny and the Terror of 1872 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17 The Youth and the Terror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Chapter 13 "WE ARE THE ClllLDREN OF THE CENTURY OF PROGRESS": 1870s-1890s The Century of Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 The Flawed Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Chapter 14 THE PUEBLOS BEFORE THE REVOLUTION: 1870s-1890s The Tribunal and the Cockpit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pueblos, Fiestas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Students, Gobernadorcillos, The Girls of Malolos
iii

69 83 97

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The Roots of the Filipino People

CHAPTER 15 THE AGE OF FILIBUSTERISMO: 1870s-1890s Disturbances and Demonstrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Filibusterismo: Denunciations .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. 115 Filibusterismo: Deportations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 130

CHAPTER 16

INDIOS BRAVOS; REFORM AND RADICALISM: 1880s-1892 The The The The Indios Bravos: Romance and Patriotism . . . . . . . Propaganda: La Solidaridad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Propaganda: Intrigue Against Rizal . . . . . . . . .. Larger Propaganda; the Eclipse of Jjz Solidaridad . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. The Legacy of the Propaganda: Radicalism and Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 166 174 179 190

CHAPTER 17

THE KA TIPUNAN, THE REVOLUTION: 1892-1898 The The The The The The The Death of the Propaganda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 206 Liga Filipina: Bridge to the Katipunan . . . . . . .. 209 Original Katipunan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 211 Katipunan and the New Nation . . . . . . . . . . .. 219 Revolution: To the Fall of Cavite . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Execution of the Supremo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Revolution: To Biak-na-Bato and Hongkong .... 255

Contents

CHAPTER 18
THE REVOLUTION; THE REPUBLIC: 1898-1899

"Placing Their Lives in Danger a Thousand Times" 271 The People's Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 "The Filipinos Should Be The Ones Who Should Govern The Sons Of This Land" . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Chapter 19
TIlE REPUBLIC AND AMERICAN IMPERIALISM, 1898-1899

Jingoism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Turkey Shoot In the Bay, Sham Battle for Manila ... Three American Consuls and the Revolution: November 1897-August 1898 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . An American President's Piety and Imperialism: May 1898-January 1899 . . . . . . . . Challenges to Aguinaldo: July 1898-January 1899 .... Black Saturday, 4 February 1899 . . . . . . . . . . _. . . ..

342 346 349 358 378 396

Chapter 20
THE RLIPINO-AMERICAN WAR: 1899-1902

Serge, Serge, Serge: February-November 1899 ...... 404 How the Heart of a Patriot Beats: November 1899-April 1901 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 The Inglorious War: 1901-1902 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

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Chapter 21 The Filipino-American War:

1902-1906; The American Occupation

Patriots, Ladrones, Pulahanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Moro Wars: 1899-1912 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Purchase of the Friar Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Elite Politics, Independence Without Nationalism . ..

487 505 519 526 534

EPII.OGUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584 LIST OF SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680