Nitride
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In chemistry, a nitride is a compound of nitrogen where nitrogen has a formal oxidation state of 3. Nitrides are a large class of compounds with a wide range of properties and applications.[1] The nitride ion, N3 , is never encountered in solution because it is so basic that it would be protonated. Its ionic radius is estimated to be 140 pm. Related to but distinct from nitride is pernitride, N22 .
Contents
1 Uses of nitrides 2 Examples 2.1 Nitrides of the s-block elements 2.2 Nitrides of the p-block elements 2.3 Transition metal nitrides 2.4 Molecular nitrides 3 References
Uses of nitrides
Like carbides, nitrides are often refractory materials owing to their high lattice energy which reflects the strong 3 attraction of "N " for the metal cation. Thus, titanium nitride and silicon nitride are used as cutting materials and hard coatings. Hexagonal boron nitride, which adopts a layered structure, is a useful high-temperature lubricant akin to molybdenum disulfide. Nitride compounds often have large band gaps, thus nitrides are usually insulators or wide bandgap semiconductors, examples include boron nitride and silicon nitride. The wide band gap material gallium nitride is prized for emitting blue light in LEDs.[2] Like some oxides, nitrides can absorb hydrogen and have been discussed in the context of hydrogen storage, e.g. lithium nitride.
Examples
Classification of such a varied group of compounds is somewhat arbitrary. Compounds where nitrogen is not assigned 3- oxidation state are not included, e.g. nitrogen trichloride, nor are ammonia and its many organic derivatives.
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Molecular nitrides
Main article: Transition metal nitrido complex Many metals form molecular nitrido complexes, as discussed in the specialized article. The main group elements also form some molecular nitrides. Cyanogen ((CN)2) and tetrasulfur tetranitride (S4N4) are rare examples of a molecular binary (containing one element aside from N) nitrides. They dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Both undergo polymerization. S4N4 is also unstable with respect to the elements, but less so that the isostructural Se4N4. Heating S4N4 gives a polymer, and a variety of molecular sulfur nitride anions and cations are also known.
References
1. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). ButterworthHeinemann. ISBN 0080379419. 2. ^ The Chemistry of Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides S. T. Oyama, Ed. Blackie Academic, 1996 ISBN 07514-0365-2. H.O Pierson (1996). Handbook of refractory carbides and nitrides, William Andrew Inc. ISBN 0-8155-1392-5
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3. ^ Gregory, Duncan H (2001). "Nitride chemistry of the s-block elements". Coordination Chemistry Reviews 215: 301345. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(01)00320-4 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS00108545%2801%2900320-4). 4. ^ L. Siller, N. Peltekis, S. Krishnamurthy, Y. Chao, S.J. Bull, M.R.C. Hunt (2005). "Gold film with gold nitrideA conductor but harder than gold". Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (22): 221912. Bibcode:2005ApPhL..86v1912S (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApPhL..86v1912S). doi:10.1063/1.1941471 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1941471). 5. ^ J. A. Montoya, A.D Hernandez, C. Sanloup, E Gregoryanz, S Scandolo (2007). "OsN2: Crystal structure and electronic properties". Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 (1): 011909. Bibcode:2007ApPhL..90a1909M (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApPhL..90a1909M). doi:10.1063/1.2430631 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2430631). 6. ^ Edward S. Shanley, John L. Ennis (1991). "The Chemistry and Free Energy Formation of Silver Nitride". Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 30 (11): 2503. doi:10.1021/ie00059a023 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fie00059a023).
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