IEEE Standard Letter Symbols For Quantities Used in Electrical Science and Electrical Engineering

ANSI/IEEE Std 280-1985(R2003)
(Revision of IEEE Std 280-1968 and ANSI Y10.5-1968)
An American National Standard
IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Quantities Used in Electrical Science and Electrical Engineering
Sponsor
IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 14, Graphic Symbols and Designations

Approved September 23, 1982 Reaffirmed March 20, 2003
IEEE Standards Board

Approved May 15, 1984 Reaffirmed August 20, 1997
American National Standards Institute
Abstract: This standard provides letter symbols to represent various quantities (but not units) used in electrical science and technology. The standard is compatible with IEC Publication 27, Letter Symbols to be Used in Electrical Technology. Copyright 1984 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Designation (Variable)
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ACCEPTANCE NOTICE The above Non-Government standardization document was adopted 12 December 1984 and is approved for use by the DoD. The indicated industry group has furnished the clearances required by existing regulations. Copies of the document are stocked by DoD Single Stock Point, Naval Publications and Forms Center, Philadelphia. PA, 19:120 for issue to DoD activities only. Contractors and industry groups may obtain copies directly from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017. Title of Document: IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Quantities Used in Electrical Science and Electrical Engineering Document No: ANSI/IEEE Std 280-1985 Date of Specic Issue Adopted: 12 December 1984 Releasing Industry Group: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Incorporated NOTICE: When reafrmation, amendment, revision, or cancellation of this standard is initially proposed, the industry group responsible for this standard shall inform the military coordinating activity of the proposed change and request participation. Custodians: Army AR Navy SH Air Force 11 User Activities: Army ME, MI, AT Navy OS, MC, AS, YD Military Coordinating Activity: Army AR
Project Number DRPR-0254
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Copyright 1998 IEEE All Rights Reserved
IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committees serve voluntarily and without compensation. They are not necessarily members of the Institute. The standards developed within IEEE represent a consensus of the broad expertise on the subject within the Institute as well as those activities outside of IEEE which have expressed an interest in participating in the development of the standard. Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce, test, measure, purchase, market, or provide other goods and services related to the scope of the IEEE Standard. Furthermore, the viewpoint expressed at the time a standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about through developments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard. Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at least once every ve years for revision or reafrmation. When a document is more than ve years old, and has not been reafrmed, it is reasonable to conclude that its contents, although still of some value, do not wholly reect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard. Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membership afliation with IEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of text, together with appropriate supporting comments. Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards as they relate to specic applications. When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE, the Institute will initiate action to prepare appropriate responses. Since IEEE Standards represent a consensus of all concerned interests, it is important to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interests. For this reason IEEE and the members of its technical committees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previously received formal consideration. Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to: Secretary, IEEE Standards Board 345 East 47th Street New York, NY 10017 USA Abstract This standard provides letter symbols to represent various quantities (but not like) used in electrical science and technology. The standard is compatible with IEC Publication 27, Letter Symbols to be Used in Electrical Technology.
iii
Foreword
(This Foreword is not a part of ANSI/IEEE Std 280-1985, IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Quantities Used in Electrical Science and Electrical Engineering.)
This standard was developed from three separate standards, ASA Z10.5-1949, Letter Symbols for Electrical Quantities, ASA Y10.9-1953, Letter Symbols for Radio, and 57IRE21S1, Letter Symbols and Mathematical Signs. The rst edition of this standard was issued as USAS Y10.5-1968 IEEE Std 280-1968, Standard Letter Symbols for Quantities Used in Electrical Science and Electrical Engineering. In the development of this standard the International Electrotechnical Commission Publication 27, Letter Symbols to be Used in Electrical Technology, has been followed closely. In this revision the following changes and additions have been made: 1) 2) 3) 4) A new section, Scope, has been added. A new section, References has been added. Section 3.2 on typography has been expanded and claried. Text concerning unit symbols has been expanded and text on the SI system of units added; these now parallel the statements in ANSI/IEEE 268-1982 , American National Standard Metric Practice. All units (for example, temperature, pressure, conductance) have been revised to agree with current SI practice.
Celsius temperature replaces the former terms temperature and customary temperature Reciprocal degree Celsius replaces reciprocal kelvin References to cycle per second have been deleted In Table 6, 6.59, Subscripts, Semiconductor Devices, the terms drain terminal and source terminal were added. In Table 8 the values of the physical constants have been revised to agree with current information. Attention is called to the following related standards: ANSI Y10.20-1975, Mathematical Signs and Symbols for Use in Physical Science and Technology. ANSI/IEEE Std 260-1978, IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units, Customary InchPound Units, and Certain Other Units). ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1982, American National Standard Metric Practice. When this standard was approved the IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee on Quantities and Units, Subcommittee SCC14.3 on Letter Symbols had the following membership: Sidney V. Soanes, Chair Bruce B. Barrow Chester H. Page Conrad R. Muller
The IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee on Quantities and Units, SCC14 had the following membership: Bruce B. Barrow, Chair Conrad R. Muller, Secretary Louis E. Barbrow Robert C. Benoit, Jr Andrew F. Dunn Deceased Elwood K. Gannett Truman S. Gray Harry Hesse William R. Kruesi Jack M. Loudon Chester H. Page
iv
When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on September 23, 1982, it had the following membership: Irvin N. Howell, Jr, Chair Edward Chelotti, Vice Chair Sava I. Sherr, Secretary G. Y. R. Allen J. J. Archambault James H. Beall John T. Boettger J. V. Bonucchi Edward J. Cohen Len S. Corey * Member emeritus Donald C. Fleckenstein Jay Forster Kurt Greene Joseph L. Koepfinger Irving Kolodny John E. May Donald T. Michael* A. R. Parsons John P. Riganati Frank L. Rose Robert W. Seelbach Jay A. Stewart Clifford O. Swanson Robert E. Weiler
CLAUSE 1. 2. 3.
PAGE
Scope ...................................................................................................................................................................1 References ...........................................................................................................................................................1 General Principles of Letter Symbol Standardization.........................................................................................1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Letter Symbols ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Alphabets and Typography ........................................................................................................................ 2 Quantity Symbols....................................................................................................................................... 3 Unit Symbols.............................................................................................................................................. 3 The International System of Units (SI) ...................................................................................................... 4
4.
Special Principles for Quantity Symbols in Electrical Science and Electrical Engineering...............................6 4.1 Phasor Quantities ....................................................................................................................................... 6 4.2 Conventions ............................................................................................................................................... 6
5. 6.
Introduction to the Tables ...................................................................................................................................8 Symbols for Quantities........................................................................................................................................9
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An American National Standard
IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Quantities Used in Electrical Science and Electrical Engineering
1. Scope
This standard covers letter symbols used to represent physical quantities in the eld of electrical science and electrical engineering. These symbols are independent of the units (see ANSI/IEEE Std 260-1978 [2]1) employed or special values assigned. Also included are selected symbols for mathematics and for physical constants.
2. References
When the following American National Standards referred to in this standard are superseded by a revision approved by the American National Standards Institute, the latest vision shall be used. [1] ANSI Y10.17-1961 (R1973), American National Standard Guide for Selecting Greek Letters Used as Letter Symbols for Engineering Mathematics. [2] ANSI/IEEE Std 260-1978, IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement. [3] ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1982, American National Standard Metric Practice.
3. General Principles of Letter Symbol Standardization

3.1 Letter Symbols
Letter symbols2 include symbols for physical quantities (quantity symbols) and symbols for the units in which these quantities are measured (unit symbols). A quantity symbol is, in general, a single letter3 (for example, I for electric current) specied as to general form of type, and modied when appropriate by one or more subscripts or superscripts. In a given work the same letter symbol
or abbreviation. An abbreviation is a letter or a combination of letters (plus sometimes an apostrophe or a full stop) which by convention represents a word or a name in a particular language; hence an abbreviation may be different in a different language. A symbol represents a quantity or a unit and is, therefore, independent of language. EXAMPLE: For electromotive force, the symbol is E, whereas the abbreviation is emf in English, fern in French, and EMK in German. The word ampere is sometimes abbreviated amp; the symbol for this unit is A. 3Symbols comprising two letters are sometimes used for numerical transport parameters such as Reynolds number Re. Copyright 1984 IEEE All Rights Reserved
1The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the references in Section 2.. 2Letter symbol as a technical term does not have the same meaning as either name
IEEE Std 280-1985
IEEE STANDARD LETTER SYMBOLS FOR QUANTITIES USED
should appear throughout for the same physical quantity, regardless of the units employed or of special values assigned. A unit symbol4 is a letter or group of letters (for example, mm for millimeter), or in a few cases a special sign, that may be used in place of the name of a unit.
3.2 Alphabets and Typography

Letter symbols are mainly restricted to the English and Greek alphabets.5 The type families that are used for text in modern book and journal publishing all include italic (sloping) type faces and related roman (upright) type faces. The former are used for quantity symbols, and the latter, for unit symbolsthe distinctions are discussed more fully in the following paragraphs. (In the context of this standard, the term roman is used simply to mean upright in contrast with sloping and carries no connotation regarding serifs, line widths, or the like.) In situations where roman and italic are not both available, care shall be taken to avoid confusion between quantities and units. For example, an underline is frequently used to indicate italic type, and where an underline can be provided, as in manual typewriting, this practice is often helpful. Unconventional type faces should generally not be used for letter symbols. Script and Old English faces, for example, are not appropriate for unit symbols. Such special faces have seen limited use for quantity symbols, but good modern practice avoids them (see 3.3, last paragraph). Symbols for physical quantities, mathematical variables, indices, and general functions6 are printed in italic (sloping) type. For example, A, A e x, y, z i, j, k, n f(x) area charge of an electron Cartesian coordinates indices function of x
Symbols for physical units, mathematical constants, specic mathematical functions, operators, and numbers used as indices are printed in roman type. For example, cm e sin x J2(z), Jn(z) dx centimeter base of natural logarithms sine of x Bessel functions differential of x
Subscripts and superscripts are governed by the above principles. Those that are letter symbols for quantities or for indices are printed in italic type, while all others are printed in roman type, for example, Cp aij, a45 Ii, Io xav heat capacity at constant pressure p matrix elements input current, output current average value of x
For indicating the vector character of a quantity, boldface italic type is used. For example,
4Formerly
it was common to treat unit symbols in the same manner as general abbreviations, but the current recommendations of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and of many other international and national bodies concerned with standardization, emphasize the symbolic character of these designations and rigidly prescribe the manner in which they shall be treated. The concept of the unit symbol is therefore adopted in this standard. 5Greek letters that are easily confused with English letters are avoided. See ANSI Y10.17-1961 (1973), [1]. 6The term general functions is used here to contrast with specific mathematical functions, for which roman type is to be used.
IN ELECTRICAL SCIENCE AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
IEEE Std 280-1985
F H
force magnetic eld strength
Ordinary italic type is used to represent the magnitude of a vector quantity. It is also commonly used for a vector quantity when there is no need to draw attention to the vector character of the quantity. When tensor quantities of second or higher order are to be represented by a single letter, sans-serif type should be used (for example, A, B).
3.3 Quantity Symbols

Quantity symbols may be used in mathematical expressions in any way consistent with good mathematical usage. The product of two quantities a, b, is indicated by writing ab. The quotient may be indicated by writing.
a --, a b, or ab 1 b
If more than one solidus (/) is used in any algebraic term, parentheses shall be inserted to remove any ambiguity. Thus one may write (a/b)/c, or a/(b/c), but not a/b/c. Subscripts and superscripts are widely used with quantity symbols. Several subscripts or superscripts, sometimes separated by commas, may be attached to a single letter. But, so far as logical clarity permits, subscripts and superscripts should not be attached to other subscripts and superscripts. A symbol that has been modied by a superscript should be enclosed in parentheses before an exponent is attached. Conicts that occur because different quantities are assigned identical symbols in the same or different standard symbol lists should be resolved in one of the following ways: 1) 2) 3) By use of a reserve symbol (alternative symbol) if one is listed By use of a subscript or superscript selected by the author for one or more of the conicting requirements By use of uppercase letters as variants for lowercase letters and vice versa, but only if no ambiguity results.
3.4 Unit Symbols

Roman type, in general lowercase, is used for unit symbols, except for a very few that use special signs (such as for degree). If, however, the symbol is for a unit whose name is derived from a proper name, uppercase roman type is used for the rst letter.7 As a further exception to the general rule, the symbol L is used for liter to avoid confusion between the lowercase letter 1 and the numeral 1. Some additional exceptions arise in the special cases where symbols are joined, as in eV, the symbol for electronvolt, and in mmHg, the symbol for conventional millimeter of mercury, a unit of pressure. The distinction between upper- and lowercase letters should be followed, even if the symbol appears in applications where the other lettering is in uppercase style. The form of unit symbols is the same for singular and plural, and they are not followed by a period except at the end of a sentence. In the complete expression for a quantity, a space should be allowed between the numerical value and the unit symbol. For example, write 35 ram, not 35mm, and 2.371 m, not 2.371m. When the quantity is used in an adjectival sense, a hyphen is often used instead of a space between the number and the unit name or between the number and the symbol (except when the rst character of the symbol is not a letter, as in C).
7Prefixes
are considered separately.
IEEE Std 280-1985
EXAMPLES
A 3-meter pole A 35-mm film The length is 3 meters. The width is 35 min.
EXCEPTION: No space is left between the numerical value and the symbols for degree, minute, and second of plane angle. When a compound unit is formed by multiplication of two or more other units, its symbol consists of the symbols for the separate units joined by a raised dot (for example, Nm for newton meter). The dot may be omitted in the case of familiar compounds such as watthour (symbol Wh) if no confusion would result.8 Hyphens should not be used in symbols for compound units. Positive and negative exponents may be used with the symbols for units. When a compound unit is formed by division of one unit by another, its symbol is constructed in one of the following forms:
m m s or m s 1 or --s
In simple cases use of the solidus (slash) is preferred, but in no case should more than one solidus, or a solidus followed by a product, be used in the same expression unless parentheses are inserted to avoid ambiguity. For example, write: J / (molK) or Jmol-1K-1 or (J / mol) / K but not J / mol / K or J / molK. In complicated cases negative powers should be used.9 Letter symbols and mathematical notation should not be mixed with unit names in the same expression. For example, write joules per kilogram or J / kg. Do not write joules / kilogram or joules / kg, or J / kilogram.
3.5 The International System of Units (SI)

In this standard some units are identied as SI units. These units belong to the International System of Units (Systme International d'Units), which is the name given in 1960 by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (Confrence Gnrale des Poids et Measures) to the coherent system of units based on the following base units and quantities:
Unit meter kilogram second ampere kelvin mole candela length mass time electric current thermodynamic temperature amount of substance luminous intensity Quantity
8It may also be omitted where symbols are separated by an exponent as in Nm2kg-2 9The notation for products and quotients of unit symbols is intentionally made more
explicit than that given in 3.3 for quantity symbols because Copyright 1984 IEEE All Rights Reserved
some unit symbols consist of more than one letter.
IEEE Std 280-1985
SI includes as subsystems the MKS system of units, which covers mechanics, and the MKSA system, which covers mechanics and electricity. The spellings meter and liter are recommended. This is in accordance with guidance given by the Department of Commerce, which is given the responsibility of interpreting SI for the United States under the Metric Conversion Act of 1975. The variant spellings metre and litre are also used, especially in British English. The following prexes are used to indicate decimal multiples or submultiples of SI units:10
Multiple 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 10 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18
SI Prefix exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deka deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto
Symbol E P T G M k h da d c m m n p f a
Compound prexes, formed by the juxtaposition of two or more SI prexes, are not to be used. For example, use 1 cm not 1 mmm 1 pF, not mmF If values are required outside the range covered by the prexes, they should be expressed using powers of ten applied to the base unit. An exponent attached to a symbol containing a prex indicates that the multiple or submultiple of the unit (the unit with its prex) is raised to the power expressed by the exponent. For example:
1 cm3 1 ns-1 1 mm2/s
= (10-2 m)3 = (10-9 s)-1 = (10-3 m)2/s
= 10-6 m3 = 109 s-9 = 10-6m2/s
For further information concerning metric practice and the SI, refer to ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1982 [3].
10The
use of SI prefixes with US customary units is not recommended, except in the case of the microinch and kilopound-force.
IEEE Std 280-1985
4. Special Principles for Quantity Symbols in Electrical Science and Electrical Engineering
4.1 Phasor Quantities
Phasor quanties, represented by complex numbers or complex time-varying functions, are extensively used in certain branches of electrical engineering. The following notation and typography are to be used:
Notation* Complex quantity Z
Remarks Z = |Z| ej Z = Re Z + j Im Z
Real part Imaginary part Conjugate complex quantity Modulus of Z Phase of Z, Argument of Z
Re Z, Z Im Z, Z Z* |Z| arg Z arg Z = Z* = Re Z j Im Z
*The following alternative notation has been used in electrical power v ; engineering: Complex quantity, Z ; Conjugate complex quantity, Z Modulus of complex quantity, Z. Further use of this notation for this purpose is not recommended.
4.2 Conventions
4.2.1 Time Varying Quantities When upper and lowercase type faces are available to resent a time-varying quantity, the lowercase letter may be used for the instantaneous value of the quantity and the uppercase letter may be used as convenient for one of the characterizing values associated with the quantity. For example, V, I, and Q are conventionally used to denote the rootmean-square values of voltage, current, and charge, while , i, and q denote the instantaneous values. For time-varying power, P is used to denote the average value, and p, the instantaneous power. When, as an alternative to the above, subscripts are used to denote various values associated with a quantity, the subscripts (for the values indicated) shall conform with the following list:
Preferred Instantaneous value Average value Root-mean-square value* Maximum (peak) value Minimum (valley, nadir) value i av rms max, m min, n I
Reserve AV RMS MAX, M MIN, N
*The subscript f has been adopted by the IEC but is not recommended in this standard.
IEEE Std 280-1985
4.2.2 Internal and External Resistances, etc When nonideal voltage and current sources are considered with electrical circuits, uppercase symbols (R, C, etc) may be assigned to external circuit elements, and lowercase symbols (r, c, etc) may be assigned to the elements describing the source. EXAMPLES: RL ra load resistance anode resistance
4.2.3 Quantities Per Unit Volume, Area, or Length It is recommended that quantities per unit volume, area, or length be represented where practicable by lowercase letters corresponding to the uppercase letters that represent the total quantities, or by the uppercase letter with the subscript v, a, or l, except for those quantities for which this standard gives a specic symbol for the quantity per unit volume, area, or length. 4.2.4 Sequence for Double Subscripts to Multiplying Operators The sequence of the double subscripts to the multiplying coefcients (mutual impedances, resistances, transconductances, etc) that occur in systems of equations is to be determined as follows. The rst subscript in the symbol shall agree with the subscript of the quantity resulting from the multiplication, and the second subscript shall agree with that of the multiplicand. EXAMPLE: V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I2 + Z13I3 4.2.5 Notation for Symmetrical Components The symmetrical components of current and voltage in unbalanced polyphase systems are preferably designated by double subscripts. In the standard notation for the symmetrical components of line-to-neutral quantities: 1) The rst subscript designates the phase to which the component belongs, and is usually a lowercase letter such as a, b, or c The second subscript is a number that designates the sequence to which the component belongs, the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence components of a three-phase system designated by 1, 2, and 0, respectively.
2)
Illustration of notation Ia = Ia1 + Ia2 + Ia0 Ib = Ib1 + Ib2 + Ib0 Ic = Ic1 + Ic2 + Ic0 If symmetrical components of line-to-line quantities are to be represented, two subscripts to designate the phases concerned are preferred, followed by a number to designate the sequence, as for example, Ebc1. Use of a single capitalletter subscript to designate the phases is deprecated.
IEEE Std 280-1985
5. Introduction to the Tables

Tables 1 through 7 list quantities grouped in several categories, and give quantity symbols, units based on the International System,11 and unit symbols. Table 8 lists physical constants, and Table 9 gives some mathematical symbols that are particularly relevant to electrical engineering and science. The quantity symbols in Table 10 are then presented in alphabetical order, so that cross-referencing is easy. The index of this standard includes names that are no longer recommended for quantities, referring the reader to the current names. Those quantity symbols that are separated by a comma are alternatives on equal standing. Where two symbols for a quantity are separated by three dots (), the second is a reserve symbol, which is to be used only where there is specic need to avoid a conict. As a rule the tables do not indicate the vectorial or tensorial character that some of the quantities may have.
11The
name of the unit is given as a further guide to the definition of the symbol. A quantity shall be represented by the standard letter symbol appearing in the table regardless of the system of units in which the quantity is expressed.
IEEE Std 280-1985
6. Symbols for Quantities

Table 1Space and Time
Item 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 Quantity angle, plane angle, solid length breadth, width height thickness radius diameter length of path line segment wavelength wave number circular wave number angular wave number area volume time period time of one cycle time constant frequency Quantity Symbol* Unit Based on International System radian steradian meter meter meter meter meter meter meter meter Unit Symbol rad sr m m m m m m m m m-1 rad/m m2 m3 s s s Hz The name cycle per second is also used for this unit. The symbol for the unit cycle per second is c/s; the use of cps as a symbol is deprecated. The symbol used in circuit theory, sound, and mechanics; n is used in optics and quantum theory. 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 speed of rotation rotation frequency angular frequency angular velocity complex (angular) frequency oscillation constant n revolution per second radian per second radian per second reciprocal second r/s rad/s rad/s s-1 p = -d + j w Remarks Other Greek letters are permitted where no conflict results.
a, b, g, q, f, y W, w
l b h d, d r d s
l s
k AS V, u t T
reciprocal meter radian per meter square meter cubic meter second second second hertz
s = 1/l The symbol

k = 2 p/l
is used in spectroscopy.
tT
n
w w
ps
w=2p
IEEE Std 280-1985
Item 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28
Quantity angular acceleration velocity speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves acceleration (linear) acceleration of free fall gravitational acceleration damping coefficient
Quantity Symbol*
Unit Based on International System radian per second squared meter per second meter per second meter per second squared meter per second squared neper per second
Unit Symbol rad/s2 m/s m/s m/s2 m/s2 Np/s
Remarks
a n
c a g
In vacuum, c0; see 8.1.
Standard value, gn; see 8.10. If F is a function of time given by F = Ae-dt sin (2 p t/T), then d is the damping coefficient.
1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32
logarithmic decrement attenuation coefficient phase coefficient propagation coefficient
L a b g
(numeric) neper per meter radian per meter reciprocal meter Np/m rad/m m-1
L = Td, where T and d are as given in the equation of 1.28.
g = a + jb
*Commas separate symbols on equal standing. Where two symbols are separated by three dots the second is a reserve symbol and is to be used only when there is specific need to avoid a conflict. See Section 5., Introduction to the Tables.
10
IEEE Std 280-1985
Table 2Mechanics
Item 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 mass (mass) density momentum moment of inertia second (axial) moment of area second (polar) moment of area force moment of force torque pressure normal stress shear stress stress tensor linear strain shear strain strain tensor volume strain Poisson's ratio Young's modulus modulus of elasticity shear modulus modulus of rigidity bulk modulus work energy Quantity Quantity Symbol* m Unit Based on International System kilogram kilogram per cubic meter kilogram meter per second kilogram meter squared meter to the fourth power Unit Symbol kg kg/m3 kgm/s kgm2 m4 Quantities 2.5 and 2.6 should be distinguished from 2.4. They have often been given the name moment of inertia. Mass divided by volume Remarks
r
p I, J I, Ia
2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23
J, Ip F M TM p
meter to the fourth power newton newton meter newton meter pascal pascal pascal pascal (numeric) (numeric) (numeric) (numeric) (numeric) pascal pascal pascal joule joule
m4 N Nm Nm Pa Pa Pa Pa 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
s t s g q m, n
E G K W E, W
Lateral contraction divided by elongation Pa Pa Pa J J U is recommended in thermodynamics for internal energy and for blackbody radiation. E = s/ G = t/g K = -p/q
2.24 2.25 2.26
energy (volume) density power efficiency
w P
joule per cubic meter watt (numeric)
J/m3 W Rate of energy transfer W = 1 J/s
11
IEEE Std 280-1985
Table 3Heat
Item 3.1 Quantity absolute temperature thermodynamic temperature Quantity Symbol* TQ kelvin Unit Based on International System Unit Symbol K Remarks In 1967 the CGPM voted to give the name kelvin to the SI unit of temperature, which was formerly called degree Kelvin, and to assign it the symbol K (without the symbol ). The symbol C is printed without space between and the letter that follows. The word centigrade has been abandoned as the name of a temperature scale. The units of temperature interval or difference are identical on the Kelvin and Celsius scales. 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 heat internal energy heat flow rate temperature coefficient Q U joule joule watt reciprocal degree Celsius J J W C-1 Heat crossing a surface divided by time. A temperature coefficient is not completely defined unless the quantity that changes is specified (for example, resistance, length, pressure). The pressure (temperature) coefficient is designated by b; the cubic expansion (temperature) coefficient, by a, b or g.
3.2
Celsius temperature
tq
degree Celsius
Fq a
3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17
thermal diffusivity thermal conductivity thermal conductance thermal resistivity thermal resistance thermal capacitance heat capacity thermal impedance specific heat capacity entropy specific entropy enthalpy
a lk
Gq
square meter per second watt per meter degree Celsius watt per degree Celsius meter degree Celsius per watt degree Celsius per watt joule per degree Celsius degree Celsius per watt joule per degree Celsius kilogram joule per kelvin joule per kelvin kilogram joule
m2/s W/(m C) W/C m C/W C/W J/C C/W J/(Ckg) J/K J/(Kkg) J Entropy divided by mass Heat capacity divided by mass
rq
Rq Cq Zq c S s H
Commas separate symbols on equal standing. Where two symbols are separated by three dots the second is a reserve symbol and is to be used only when there is specific need to avoid onflict. See Section 5., Introduction to the Tables.
12
IEEE Std 280-1985
Table 4Radiation and Light

Item 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 Quantity radiant intensity radiant power radiant flux radiant energy radiance radiant exitance irradiance luminous intensity luminous flux quantity of light luminance luminous exitance illuminance illumination spectral luminous efficacy total luminous efficacy refractive index index of refraction spectral emissivity total emissivity spectral absorptance spectral transmittance spectral reflectance Quantity Symbol* I Ie P, F Fe W, Q Qe L Le M Me E Ee I Iv Unit Based on International System watt per steradian watt joule watt per steradian square meter watt per square meter watt per square meter candela lumen lumen second candela per square meter lumen per square meter lux lumen per watt lumen per watt (numeric) (numeric) (numeric) (numeric) (numeric) (numeric) Unit Symbol W/sr W J W/(srm2) W/m2 W/m2 cd lm lms cd/m2 lm/m2 lx lm/W lm/W K = Fv/P 1 lx = 1 lm/m2 The name nit is sometimes used for this unit. The symbol U is used for the special case of blackbody radiant energy. Remarks
F Fv
Q Qv L Lv M Mv E Ev K (l) K, Kt n
(l) , t a (l) t (l) r (l)
13
IEEE Std 280-1985
Table 5Fields and Circuits

Item 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 Quantity electric charge quantity of electricity linear density of charge surface density of charge volume density of charge electric field strength electrostatic potential potential difference retarded scalar potential voltage electromotive force electric flux electric flux density (electric) displacement capacitivity permittivity absolute permittivity relative capacitivity relative permittivity dielectric constant complex relative capacitivity complex relative permittivity complex dielectric constant 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 electric susceptibility electrization electric polarization electric dipole moment (electric) current current density linear current density magnetic field strength magnetic (scalar) potential magnetic potential difference magnetomotive force magnetic flux Quantity Symbol* Q Unit Based on International System coulomb coulomb per meter coulomb per square meter coulomb per cubic meter volt per meter volt volt volt coulomb coulomb per square meter farad per meter Unit Symbol C C/m C/m2 C/m3 V/m V V V C C/m2 F/m Of vacuum, v Remarks
l s r
EK Vf Vr V, E U
Y
D
5.12
r, k
(numeric)
5.13
r*, k*
(numeric)
r* = r - jr r is positive for lossy materials.

The complex absolute permittivity * is defined in analogous fashion.
ce i
Ei Ki P p I JS Aa H U, Um
(numeric) volt per meter coulomb per square meter coulomb meter ampere ampere per square meter ampere per meter ampere per meter ampere V/m C/m2 Cm A A/m2 A/m A/m A
ce = r - 1
Ei = (D/Ge) - E P = D - GeE
Current divided by the breadth of the conducting sheet
5.23 5.24
F, Fm F
ampere weber
A Wb
14
IEEE Std 280-1985
Item 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32
Quantity magnetic flux density magnetic induction magnetic flux linkage (magnetic) vector potential retarded (magnetic) vector potential (magnetic) permeability absolute permeability relative(magnetic) permeability initial (relative) permeability complex relative permeability
Quantity Symbol* B tesla weber
Unit Based on International System
Unit Symbol T Wb Wb/m Wb/m H/m Of vacuum, mv T = Wb/m2
Remarks
L
A Ar
weber per meter weber per meter henry per meter (numeric) (numeric) (numeric)
m mr mo mr*
mr* = mr - jmr mr is positive for lossy materials. The complex absolute permeability m* is defined in analogus fashion. cm = mr - 1
m/H A/m T
5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36
magnetic susceptibility reluctivity magnetization magnetic polarization intrinsic magnetic flux density magnetic (area) moment capacitance elastance (self) inductance reciprocal inductance mutual inductance
cm mi n
Hi, M J, Bi
(numeric) meter per henry ampere per meter tesla
n = 1/m
Hi = (B/Gm) - H J = B - GmH
5.37 5.38 5.39 5.40 5.41 5.42
m C S L
ampere meter squared farad reciprocal farad henry reciprocal henry henry
Am2 F F-1 H H-1 H
The vector product m B is equal to the torque.
S = 1/C
G
Lij, Mij
If only a single mutual inductance is involved, M may be used without subscripts. k = Lij(Li Lj)1/2
5.43 5.44 5.45 5.46 5.47 5.48
coupling coefficient leakage coefficient number of turns (in a winding) number of phases turns ratio transformer ratio
kk
(numeric) (numeric) (numeric) (numeric) (numeric) (numeric)
s
N, n m n n* a
s = 1 - k2
Square root of the ratio of secondary to primary self inductance. Where the coefficient of coupling is high, a n*. W
5.49
resistance
ohm
15
IEEE Std 280-1985
Item 5.50 5.51 5.52
Quantity resistivity volume resistivity conductance conductivity
Quantity Symbol*
Unit Based on International System ohm meter siemens siemens per meter
Unit Symbol Wm S S/m G = Re Y
Remarks
r
G
g, s
g = 1/r In field theory g is used for the propagation coefficient necessitating the use of s for conductivity in this application.
Magnetic potential difference divided by magnetic flux. Pm = 1/Rm Z = R + jX
5.53 5.54 5.55 5.56 5.57 5.58 5.59
reluctance permeance impedance reactance capacitive reactance inductive reactance quality factor
R, Rm P, Pm Z X XC XL Q
reciprocal henry henry ohm ohm ohm ohm (numeric)
H-1 H W W W W
For a pure capacitance, XC = - 1/w C For a pure inductance XL = w L 2 p ( peak energy stored ) Q = --------------------------------------------------------------------( energy dissipated per cycle ) For a simple reactor, Q=|X|/R
5.60 5.61 5.62 5.63 5.64 5.65 5.66 5.67 5.68 5.69 5.70 5.71 5.72 5.73
admittance susceptance loss angle active power reactive power apparent power power factor reactive factor input power output power Poynting vector characteristic impedance surge impedance intrinsic impedance of a medium voltage standing-wave ratio
Y B
siemens siemens radian watt var voltampere (numeric) (numeric) watt watt watt per square meter ohm ohm (numeric)
S S rad W var VA
Y = 1/Z = G + jB B = Im Y
d
P Q Pq S Ps cos f Fp sin f Fq Pi Po S Zo
d = arctan (R/|X|)
W W W/m2 W W
h
S
16
IEEE Std 280-1985
Item 5.74 5.75 5.76 5.77 5.78 5.79 5.80 5.81 5.82 5.83
Quantity resonance frequency critical frequency cutoff frequency resonance angular frequency critical angular frequency cutoff angular frequency resonance wavelength critical wavelength cutoff wavelength wavelength in a guide hysteresis coefficient eddy-current coefficient phase angle phase difference
Quantity Symbol* r c hertz hertz
Unit Based on International System
Unit Symbol Hz Hz rad/s rad/s m m m
Remarks
wr wc lr lc lg
kh ke
radian per second radian per second meter meter meter (numeric) (numeric) radian
f, q
rad
17
IEEE Std 280-1985
Table 6Electronics and Telecommunication

Item 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 Quantity carrier frequency instantaneous frequency intermediate frequency modulation frequency pulse repetition frequency frequency deviation Doppler frequency shift pulse duration rise time (of a pulse) fall time (of a pulse) decay time (of a pulse) duty factor pulse duty factor phase propagation time group propagation time duration of a signal element signaling speed cathode-heating time deionization time ionization time form factor peak factor distortion factor modulation factor (AM) modulation index (FM) signal power noise power noise-power density energy of a signal element signal-to-noise power ratio elementary signal-to-noise ratio gain (power) amplification (current or voltage) Quantity Symbol* c , i i, if m p d D tp tr tf D tf tg hertz hertz hertz hertz hertz hertz hertz second second second (numeric) second second second baud second second second (numeric) (numeric) (numeric) (numeric) (numeric) watt watt watt per hertz joule (numeric) (numeric) (numeric) (numeric) W W W/Hz J R = Ps/Pn Re = E/N0 s s s Bd s s s Unit Based on International System Unit Symbol Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz s s s D = tp p Remarks
t
1/t tk td ti kf kpk d m
h
Ps, S Pn, N N0 E R, S/N R, Re G A
18
IEEE Std 280-1985
Item 6.32 6.33 6.34 6.35 6.36 6.37 6.38 6.39 6.40 6.41 6.42
Quantity noise factor noise figure bandwidth feedback transfer ratio critical frequency of an ionized layer plasma frequency ion (number) density mobility (of a charge carrier in a medium) rate of production of electrons per unit volume recombination coefficient effective attachment coefficient m-factor
Quantity Symbol* F B
Unit Based on International System (numeric) hertz (numeric) hertz hertz ion per cubic meter square meter per volt second electron per cubic meter second cubic meter per second reciprocal second (numeric)
Unit Symbol
Remarks
Hz
b
c n n+; n-
Hz Hz m-3 m2/(V s) m-3 s-1 m3/s s-1
m
q
a b mij
mij = |ui/uj| where ui and uj are the voltages of the ith and jth electrodes, and the current to the ith electrode and all electrode voltages other than ui and uj are held constant.
The amplification factor is the m-factor for the anode and control-grid electrodes. S S S S W W W A The real part of the interelectrode transmittance. The mutual conductance is the controlgrid-to-anode conductance. Transconductance defined for a heterdodyne conversion transducer.
6.43 6.44 6.45 6.46 6.47 6.48 6.49 6.50 6.51 6.52 6.53 6.54
amplification factor interelectrode transadmittance interelectrode transconductance mutual conductance transconductance conversion transconductance plate resistance anode resistance anode dissipation power grid dissipation power saturation current of a cathode secondary-emission ratio temperature of mercury condensate radiant sensitivity of a photo-tube, dynamic
m
yij gij gm, gag gC ra Pa Pg Is
(numeric) siemens siemens siemens siemens ohm watt watt ampere (numeric) kelvin ampere per watt K A/W
d
THg s
19
IEEE Std 280-1985
Item 6.55 6.56 6.57 6.58
Quantity radiant sensitivity of a photo-tube, static luminous sensitivity of a photo-tube, dynamic luminous sensitivity of a photo-tube, static Subscripts, Electronic Tubes anode cathode grid heater filament (emitting) fluorescent screen or target external conducting coating internal conducting coating deflector electrode internal shield wave-retardation electrode beam-forming plate switch, moving contact switch, fixed contact a k g h f t M m
Quantity Symbol* S sv Sv
Unit Based on International System ampere per watt ampere per lumen ampere per lumen
Unit Symbol A/W A/lm A/lm
Remarks
x or y s wr bp cm cf
6.59
Subscripts, Semiconductor Devices emitter terminal base terminal collector terminal anode cathode control terminal (gate) drain terminal junction (general) source terminal E, e B, b C, c A, a K, k G, g D, d J, j S, s
*Commas separate symbols on equal standing. Where two symbols are separated by three dots the second is a reserve symbol and is to be used only when there is specific need to avoid a conflict. See Section 5., Introduction to the Tables. This quantity may be expressed logarithmically in decibels (dB).
20
IEEE Std 280-1985
Table 7Machines and Power Engineering

Item 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Quantity synchronous speed (of rotation) synchronous angular frequency slip number of poles Quantity Symbol* n1 Unit Based on International System revolution per second radian per second (numeric) (numeric) The IEC gives p for the number of pairs of poles, although p has been widely used in the US for the number of poles. Where ambiguity may occur, the intended meaning should be indicated. Wb Unit Symbol r/s rad/s Remarks
w1
s p, 2p
7.5
pole strength
pm
weber
Table 8Symbols for Physical Constants

Item 8.1 Name of Constant speed of propagation of electro-magnetic waves in vacuum magnetic constant electric constant elementary charge electronic charge Avogadro constant Faraday constant Planck constant Symbol co Value 2.997 924 58 (1.2) 108 m/s NOTE (1) Remarks
8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7
Gm Ge
e NA F h h
4p 10-7 H/m 8.854 187 8 (1) 10-12 F/m 1.602 189 2 (46) 10-19 C 6.022 045 (31) 1023 mol-1 9.648 456 (27) 104 C/mol 6.626 176 (36) 10-34 Js
Ge = 1/Gmco2
NOTE (1) NOTE (1) NOTE (1) NOTE (1) h = h/2p NOTE (1) NOTE (1) Defined by the (CGPM) in 1901.
1.054 588 7 (57) 10-34 J s 1.380 662 (44) 10-23 J/K 6.670 0 (41) 10-11 N m2/kg2 9.806 65 m/s2
8.8 8.9 8.10
Boltzmann constant gravitational constant standard acceleration of free fall
k G gn
NOTES: 1 These values are taken from the National Bureau of Standards Dimensions/NBS of January 1974. The numbers in parentheses are the one-standarddeviation uncertainties in the last digits of the quoted value. 2 Symbols for physical quantities are set in italic type. See Section 3., General Principles of Letter Symbol Standardization.
21
IEEE Std 280-1985
Table 9Selected Mathematical Symbols

Item 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 Name ordinary differential sign partial differential sign sign of variation increment sign sign of difference calculus vector differential operator d'Alembertian operator base of natural logarithms imaginary unit 90 rotative operator 120 rotative operator cartesian coordinates unit vector, x-axis unit vector, y-axis unit vector, z-axis cylindrical coordinates spherical coordinates real part of imaginary part of natural logarithm of common logarithm of Symbol d d D J e, i, j a x, y, z i j k r, f, z r, q, f Re Im ln, loge log, log10 (ds)2 = (dr)2 + (rdf)2 + (dz)2 (ds)2 = (dr)2 + (r sin qdf)2 + (rdq)2 i2 = -1 a = ej2p/3 Remarks
NOTE Symbols for mathematical constants and operators are set in roman (upright) type. See Section 3., General Principles of Letter Symbol Standardization.
22
IEEE Std 280-1985
Table 10Symbols Listed in Alphabetical Order

Symbol a a Item* 9.9 1.26 5.48 A 1.13 5.20 5.27 6.31 Ar b B 5.28 1.4 5.25 5.61 6.33 Bi c 5.36 1.25 3.14 co C Cq d d 8.1 5.38 3.12 9.1 1.6 1.8 6.21 D 5.10 6.11 e e E 9.7 8.4 2.19 2.23 4.6 Quantity 120 rotative operator acceleration (linear) transformer ratio area linear current density (magnetic) vector potential amplification (current or voltage) retarded magnetic vector potential breadth, width magnetic flux density magnetic induction susceptance bandwidth magnetic polarization intrinsic magnetic flux density speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves specific heat capacity speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves in vacuum capacitance thermal capacitance heat capacity ordinary differential sign thickness diameter distortion factor electric flux density (electric displacement) duty factor pulse duty factor base of natural logarithms elementary charge electronic charge Young's modulus modulus of elasticity energy irradiance
23
IEEE Std 280-1985
Symbol
Item* 4.12 5.5 5.8 6.27 illuminance illumination electric field strength voltage
Quantity
energy of a signal element irradiance electrization illuminance illumination frequency instantaneous frequency critical frequency cutoff frequency carrier frequency critical frequency of an ionized layer frequency deviation Doppler frequency shift instantaneous frequency intermediate frequency intermediate frequency modulation frequency plasma frequency pulse repetition frequency resonance frequency force magnetomotive force noise factor noise figure Faraday constant magnetomotive force power factor reactive factor magnetomotive force acceleration of free fall gravitational acceleration mutual conductance transconductance
Ee Ei Ev
4.6 5.15 4.12 1.18 6.2
5.75 6.1 6.35
d D i
6.6 6.7 6.2 6.3
if m n p r F
6.3 6.4 6.36 6.5 5.74 2.7 5.23 6.32 8.6
Fm Fp Fq F g gag
5.23 5.66 5.67 5.23 1.27 6.46
24
IEEE Std 280-1985
Symbol gC gij gm gn G
Item* 6.47 6.45 6.46 8.10 2.20 5.51 6.30 8.9
Quantity conversation transconductance interelectrode transconductance mutual conductance standard acceleration of free fall shear modulus conductance gain (power) gravitational constant thermal conductance height Planck constant Planck constant enthalpy magnetic field strength magnetization imaginary unit unit vector, x-axis moment of inertia second (axial) moment of area radiant intensity luminous intensity (electric) current second (axial) moment of area radiant intensity second (polar) moment of area saturation current of a cathode luminous intensity imaginary part of imaginary unit unit-vector, y-axis moment of inertia second (polar) moment of area current density magnetic polarization circular wave number
Gq h
3.9 1.5 8.7 8.7
3.17 5.21
Hi i i I
5.35 9.8 9.11 2.4 2.5 4.1 4.7 5.18
Ia Ie Ip Is Iv Im j j J
2.5 4.1 2.6 6.51 4.7 9.17 9.8 9.12 2.4 2.6 5.19 5.36
1.12
25
IEEE Std 280-1985
Symbol
Item* 3.8 5.43 8.8 thermal conductivity coupling coefficient Boltzmann constant
Quantity
ke kf kh kpk k K
5.82 6.19 5.81 6.20 9.13 2.21 4.13 4.14 5.5
eddy-current coefficient form factor hysteresis coefficient peak factor unit vector, z-axis bulk modulus luminous efficacy total luminous efficacy electric field strength electrization total luminous efficacy length natural logarithm of common logarithm of natural logarithm of common logarithm of radiance luminance (self) inductance radiance mutual inductance luminance mass magnetic (area) moment number of phases modulation factor (AM) pole strength moment of force torque radiant exitance luminous exitance magnetization
Ki Kt l ln log loge log10 L
5.15 4.14 1.3 9.18 9.19 9.18 9.19 4.4 4.10 5.40
Le Lij Lv m
4.4 5.42 4.10 2.1 5.37 5.46 6.22 7.5
2.8 2.9 4.5 4.11 5.35
26
IEEE Std 280-1985
Symbol Me Mij Mv n
Item* 4.5 5.42 4.11 1.19 4.15 5.45 5.47 radiant exitance mutual inductance luminous exitance speed of rotation refractive index
Quantity
number of turns (in a winding) turns ratio ion (number) density ion (number) density synchronous speed (of rotation) turns ratio number of turns (in a winding) noise power Avogadro constant noise-power density complex (angular) frequency momentum pressure electric dipole moment number of poles pole strength power radiant power electric polarization permeance active power anode dissipation power grid dissipation power input power permeance noise power output power reactive power apparent power signal power
n+ nn1 n* N
6.37 6.37 7.1 5.47 5.45 6.25
NA No p
8.5 6.26 1.22 2.3 2.10 5.17 7.4 7.5
2.25 4.2 5.16 5.54 5.63
Pa Pg Pi Pm Pn Po Pq Ps
6.49 6.50 5.68 5.54 6.25 5.69 5.64 5.65 6.24
27
IEEE Std 280-1985
Symbol P q
Item* 5.54 3.5 6.39 permeance heat flow rate
Quantity
rate of production of electrons per unit volume heat radiant energy quantity of light electric charge quality factor reactive power radiant energy quantity of light radius spherical coordinate plate resistance resistance reluctance signal-to-noise power ratio elementary signal-to-noise ratio elementary signal-to- noise ratio reluctance thermal resistance reluctance real part of length of path complex (angular) frequency specific entropy radiant sensitivity of a phototube, dynamic slip luminous sensitivity of a phototube, dynamic area entropy current density elastance apparent power Poynting vector
3.3 4.3 4.9 5.1 5.59 5.64
Qe Qv r
4.3 4.9 1.7 9.15
ra R
6.48 5.49 5.53 6.28 6.29
Re Rm Rq R Re s
6.29 5.53 3.11 5.53 9.16 1.9 1.22
3.16 6.54 7.3
sv S
6.56 1.13 3.15 5.19 5.39 5.65 5.70
28
IEEE Std 280-1985
Symbol
Item* 5.73 6.24 6.55
Quantity voltage standing-wave ratio signal power radiant sensitivity of a phototube, static luminous sensitivity of a phototube, static time Celcius temperature deionization time fall time (of a pulse) (decay time (of a pulse) group propagation time ionization time cathode-heating time pulse duration rise time (of a pulse) phase propagation time period time of one cycle time constant torque absolute temperature thermodynamic temperature temperature of mercury condensate internal energy voltage electromotive force magnetic (scalar) potential magnetic potential difference magnetic (scalar) potential magnetic potential difference volume velocity volume electrostatic potential potential difference voltage electromotive force retarded scalar potential energy (volume) density
Sv t
6.57 1.15 3.2
td tf tg ti tk tp tr tf T
6.17 6.10 6.13 6.18 6.16 6.8 6.9 6.12 1.16 1.17 2.9 3.1
THg U
6.53 3.4 5.8 5.22
Um
5.22 1.14 1.24
1.14 5.6 5.8
Vr w
5.7 2.24
29
IEEE Std 280-1985
Symbol W
Item* 2.22 2.23 4.3 work energy radiant energy Cartesian coordinate reactance capacitive reactance inductive reactance Cartesian coordinate
Quantity
x X XC XL y yij Y z
9.10 5.56 5.57 5.58 9.10 6.44 5.60 9.10 9.14
interelectrode transadmittance admittance Cartesian coordinate cylindrical coordinate impedance characteristic impedance surge impedance thermal impedance angle, plane angular accelaration attenuation coefficient temperature coefficient thermal diffusivity spectral absorptance linear current density recombination coefficient angle, plane phase coefficient feedback transfer ratio effective attachment coefficient angle, plane propagation coefficient shear strain conductivity reciprocal inductance electric constant magnetic constant
Z Zo Zq
5.55 5.71 3.13 1.1 1.23 1.30 3.6 3.7 4.18 5.20 6.40
1.1 1.31 6.34 6.41
1.1 1.32 2.15 5.52
G Ge Gm
5.41 8.3 8.2
30
IEEE Std 280-1985
Symbol
Item* 1.6 1.28 5.61 6.51 9.3 thickness damping coefficient loss angle
Quantity
secondary-emission ratio sign of variation partial differential sign increment sign sign of difference calculus linear strain spectral emissivity total emissivity capacitivity permittivity absolute permittivity base of natural logarithms strain tensor electric susceptibility relative capacitivity relative permittivity dielectric constant complex relative capacitivity complex relative permittivity complex dielectric constant total emissivity capacitivity permittivity absolute permittivity efficiency intrinsic impedance of a medium modulation index (FM) angle, plane volume strain Celcius temperature phase angle phase difference spherical coordinate absolute temperature thermodynamic temperature
9.2 9.4 2.14 4.16 4.17 5.11
9.7
i r
2.16 5.14 5.12
r*
5.13
t u
4.17 5.11
2.26 5.72 6.23
1.1 2.17 3.2 5.83 9.15
3.1
31
IEEE Std 280-1985
Symbol
Item* 5.12 relative capacitivity relative permittivity dielectric constant coupling coefficient
Quantity
5.43
k*
5.13
complex relative capacitivity complex relative permittivity complex dielectric constant wavelength thermal conductivity linear density of charge critical wavelength cutoff wavelength wavelength in a guide resonance wavelength logarithmic decrement magnetic flux linkage Poisson's ratio (magnetic) permeability absolute permeability mobility (of a charge carrier in a medium) amplification factor magnetic susceptibility
1.10 3.8 5.2
lc lg lr L
5.79 5.80 5.78 1.29 5.26
2.18 5.29 6.38 6.43
mi mij mo mr
m* r
5.33 6.42 5.31 5.30 5.32
m-factor
initial (relative) permeability relative (magnetic) permeability complex relative permeability
mv n
5.29 1.18 2.18 5.34 1.11
(magnetic) permeability absolute permeability frequency Poisson's ratio reluctivity wave number (mass) density spectral reflectance volume density of charge resistivity volume resistivity
2.2 4.20 5.4 5.50
32
IEEE Std 280-1985
Symbol
Item* 9.14
Quantity cylindrical coordinate thermal resistivity wave number normal stress surface density of charge leakage coefficient conductivity stress tensor time constant shear stress spectral transmittance duration of a signal element signaling speed angle, plane electrostatic potential potential difference phase angle phase difference cylindrical coordinate spherical coordinate heat flow rate radiant power radiant flux luminous flux magnetic flux radiant power radiant flux luminous flux electric susceptibility magnetic susceptibility angle, plane
rq s
3.10 1.11 2.11 5.3
5.44 5.52
s t
2.13 1.17 2.12 4.19 6.14
1/t
6.15 1.1 5.6
5.83 9.14 9.15
3.5 4.2 4.8 5.24
Fe Fv ce cm y
4.2 4.8 5.14 5.33 1.1
33
IEEE Std 280-1985
Symbol
Item* 5.9 5.9 1.20 1.21 electric flux angle, solid angular frequency angular velocity
Quantity
Y w
wc w1 wr W
J
5.77 7.2 5.76 1.2 9.5 9.6
critical angular frequency synchronous angular frequency resonance angular frequency angle, solid vector differential operator d'Alembertian operator
*Numbers refer to items in Tables 1 through 9.
34

IEEE Standard Letter Symbols For Quantities Used in Electrical Science and Electrical Engineering

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IEEE Standard Letter Symbols For Quantities Used in Electrical Science and Electrical Engineering

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ANSI/IEEE Std 280-1985(R2003)

(Revision of IEEE Std 280-1968 and ANSI Y10.5-1968)

An American National Standard

IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 14, Graphic Symbols and Designations

IEEE Standards Board

American National Standards Institute

Project Number DRPR-0254

Copyright 1998 IEEE All Rights Reserved

An American National Standard

3. General Principles of Letter Symbol Standardization

IEEE Std 280-1985