Grid Connection of Wind Farms

Grid Connection of Wind Farms
Markus Pller and Oscar Amaya/DIgSILENT GmbH
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Grid Connection
Impact on thermal loading of lines/transformers Impact on voltage during normal operation Short circuit currents Power Quality Aspects
Voltage dips because of WTG switching Voltage dips because of transformer inrush Continuous Flicker Harmonics
Behaviour during grid faults/Fault ride through requirements
Impact on Thermal Loading
Options for network connection

HV
A Distributed/Embedded B MV Substation
C
C HV Substation
MV
B A
Impact on Thermal Loading of Lines/Transformers Additionally required transmission lines must be planned based on well defined scenarios, considering size and location of planned wind farms. Load flow studies required for combinations of:
Load level (High-/Low-load) Wind speed level (High-/Medium-/Low wind)
For avoiding investments in new transmission lines which are only required for a few hours per year, probabilities should be assigned to the studied cases. Assessment of potential of dynamic line rating recommended because of the good correlation of transmission line capacity and wind speed.
Impact on Thermal Limits Example

lod_72882_1 lod_72802_1 lod_70962_1 lod_70892_1 lod_70892..
BANTAM
BAVIANSK
GEELBEK
KOUP
ANTJIESK
2181WOLF 2,07
2181WOLF 2,63
2181WOLF 3,87
BOSKLOOF 2
2181WOLF 74,80 2181WOLF 22,49 2181WOLF 11,41
2181WOLF 0,51
QUARY1_2
PIETM1_2
BANTM2_2
WHITH1_2
BAVIN1_2
GEELB1_2
2181WOLF 2,08
RUITK1_2
KOUP1_2
GEMSB1_2
ANTJK1_2
BOTES_2
WELTV1_2
LEEUG1_2
2181WOLF 11,17 2181WOLF 9,96 2181WOLF 12,93 2181WOLF 11,05 2181WOLF 13,16 2181WOLF 9,64 2181WOLF 14,20 2181WOLF 24,09 2181WOLF 21,81
Continued on Bacchus 132kV diagram

lod_72962_1 lod_72932_1 2181WOLF 74,80
lod_72852_1
lod_70682_1
lod_70922_1
lod_70842_1
lod_70762_1
lod_70732_1
2181WOLF 12,41
2181WOLF 21,81
LEEUG1_1
trf_70682.. 2181WOLF 12,93 2181WOLF 11,05 2181WOLF 13,16 2181WOLF 9,64 2181WOLF 14,20 2181WOLF 24,09
2181WOLF 22,49
2181WOLF 11,41
2181WOLF 11,17
2181WOLF 9,96 2181WOLF 12,40
BOSKLOOF 1
QUARY1_1
PIETM1_1
BANTM1_1
WHITH1_1
BAVIN1_1
GEELB1_1
RUITK1_1
KOUP1_1
GEMSB1_1
ANTJK1_1
BOTES_1
WELTV1_1
2181WOLF 11,45
To DROERIVIER
LEEUG22
2181WOLF 11,45
2181WOLF 9,40
2181WOLF 9,40
lod_70686_1
LAIN132B1
LAIN132 WF
LAIN132B2
LAIN WF Tr 1
LAINGSBURG
2161WOLF WP51WOLF 14,45 14,45 WP51WOLF 6,00 2161WOLF 6,12 M1311CH 28,11
LAIN WF Tr 2
150 MW Wind Park
LAIN33 WF
SWART1
BUFPT1
LADIS13
trf_73002..
LAIN0.69 WF SWART22 BUFPT22
trf_74002..
Ladismith
Voltage Levels
Laingsburg WF
400, kV 220, kV 132, kV 66, kV 33, kV
lod_73006_1
lod_74006_1
Impact on Thermal Limits Example

2181WOLF 2,07 km 3,36 % 2181WOLF 3,87 km 1,37 %
BOSKLOOF 2
2181WOLF 74,80 km 0,00 % 2181WOLF 22,49 km 0,00 % 2181WOLF 11,41 km 0,00 %
2181WOLF 11,17 km 0,00 %
2181WOLF 9,96 km 0,00 %
2181WOLF 12,93 km 20,17 %
2181WOLF 11,05 km 19,67 %
2181WOLF 13,16 km 18,27 %
2181WOLF 9,64 km 17,76 %
2181WOLF 14,20 km 17,12 %
2181WOLF 0,51 km 0,39 %
GEELB1_2
2181WOLF 2,08 km 0,95 %
QUARY1_2
PIETM1_2
BANTM2_2
WHITH1_2
BAVIN1_2
2181WOLF 2,63 km 6,05 %
RUITK1_2
KOUP1_2
GEMSB1_2
ANTJK1_2
BOTES_2
2181WOLF 24,09 km 16,59 %

lod_72962_1 lod_72932_1 2181WOLF 74,80 km 110,86 % 2181WOLF 22,49 km 111,37 % 2181WOLF 11,41 km 112,44 % 2181WOLF 11,17 km 115,48 %
lod_72852_1
lod_70922_1
lod_70842_1
2181WOLF 9,96 km 115,69 % 2181WOLF 12,40 km 120,99 %
2181WOLF 12,41 km 0,00 %
BOSKLOOF 1
2181WOLF 12,93 km 22,62 %
2181WOLF 11,05 km 20,68 %
2181WOLF 13,16 km 20,32 %
2181WOLF 9,64 km 17,88 %
2181WOLF 14,20 km 17,53 %
2181WOLF 24,09 km 16,33 %
QUARY1_1
PIETM1_1
BANTM1_1
WHITH1_1
BAVIN1_1
GEELB1_1
RUITK1_1
KOUP1_1
GEMSB1_1
ANTJK1_1
BOTES_1
120% overload
2181WOLF 9,40 km 31,04 % 2181WOLF 9,40 km 31,04 %
LAIN132B1
LAIN132 W F
LAIN132B2
180,00 MVA 86,01 %
LAINGSBURG
2161WOLF WP51WOLF 14,45 14,45km km 15,97 15,72% % WP51WOLF 6,00 km 14,48 % 2161WOLF 6,12 km 14,59 % M1311CH 28,11 km 7,06 %
2,50 MVA 81,36 %
150 MW Wind Park
LAIN33 WF
2181WOLF 11,45 km 22,97 %
off
2181WOLF 11,45 km 20,83 %
To DROERIVIER
SWART1
BUFPT1
LADIS13
10,00 MVA 14,00 %
10,00 MVA 60,68 %
Ladismith
Impact on Thermal Limits - Example
General mitigation options if thermal limits are exceeded: Build a new line Limit wind farm output to 80% during all times (80% of rated output) Limit wind farm output in case of actual line failure (manual or automatic inter-trip). Consider dynamic line rating systems.
Violation of Thermal Limits Cap Wind Farm Output

12,50 10,00 7,50 5,00 2,50 0,000 -2,50 0,500 1,500 2,500 3,500 4,500 5,500 6,500 7,500 8,500 9,500 10,50 11,50 12,50 13,50 14,50 15,50 16,50 17,50 18,50 19,50 20,50 x-Axis: Windpark Analysis: Wind Speed in m/s Windpark Analysis: Probability in % 160,00 16.624 %
DIgSILENT
120,00
1454 h/year
Y =120,000 MW
80,00
40,00
0,00
-40,00 0,03 x-Axis:
20,03 Windpark Analysis: Cummulative Probability in % Windpark Analysis: Generated Power in MW
40,03
60,03
80,03
100,03
DIGSILENT
High Load Voltage at Laingsburg Wind Farm Connection Point PV-Curve
Plots
Date: 7/23/2009 Annex: 1 /3
Violation of Thermal Limits Cap Wind Farm Output Not Delivered Energy depends on: Wind conditions (average wind speed) Site-specific aspects Power curve of turbines Rough cost estimates (example): vw=7m/s:
Energy not delivered around 5% of potential energy 150 MW wind-farm: 19 000MWh not delivered -> 23 750 000 R/year
vw=8m/s:
Energy not delivered around 7,5% of potential energy 150 MW wind-farm: 37 000 MWh not delivered -> 46 250 000 R/year
Must be compared to annualized costs of required line upgrade

Violation of Thermal Limits Cap Wind Farm Output under Contingency Situations
More cost effective solution: Limitation of wind farm output only in situations in which one circuit is available (planned outage, unplanned outage)
In case of minor overloads (below emergency rating): Manual action of system operator
In case of major overloads (above emergency rating): Automatic inter-trip scheme
Dynamic Line Rating - Potential Thermal loading of overhead lines depends on:
Ambient temperature Wind speed -> correlation with wind generation
Wind-generators:
cut-in wind-speed: 2.5...4m/s, rated: 12...16m/s But: height, environment etc. must be considered too!
Ambient Temperature Line Rating expressed in MVA at 66 kV* Wind Speed = 0.5 m/s 30 C 35 C 22.6 16.5 Wind Speed = 3.0 m/s 39.9 32.9 Wind Speed = 5.0 m/s 49.5 41.5
Impact on Voltage Variations
Voltage Variations
Distribution Grids: Considerable voltage variations for varying MW because of low X/R ratios (large R) Transmission Grids: Substantially less voltage variations for varying MW becaus of high X/R ratios (low R). Contingency cases are more relevant. Mitigation Options:
Q(P)-Characteristic (open-loop voltage compensation) Voltage control (voltage feed-back)
Voltage Variations - Procedure
Step 1 - System Operator: Identify required reactive power range at connection point Step 2 Wind farm planner: Design the reactive power capability for complying with reactive capability requirements.
- Step 1 might be defined by a general Grid Code requirement -
Example 1: Connection to Distribution/Subtransmission Grid

lod_72882_1 lod_72802_1 lod_70962_1 lod_70892_1 lod_70892..
BANTAM
BAVIANSK
GEELBEK
KOUP
ANTJIESK
2181WOLF 2,07
2181WOLF 2,63
2181WOLF 3,87
BOSKLOOF 2
2181WOLF 74,80 2181WOLF 22,49 2181WOLF 11,41
2181WOLF 0,51
QUARY1_2
PIETM1_2
BANTM2_2
WHITH1_2
BAVIN1_2
GEELB1_2
2181WOLF 2,08
RUITK1_2
KOUP1_2
GEMSB1_2
ANTJK1_2
BOTES_2
WELTV1_2
LEEUG1_2
2181WOLF 11,17 2181WOLF 9,96 2181WOLF 12,93 2181WOLF 11,05 2181WOLF 13,16 2181WOLF 9,64 2181WOLF 14,20 2181WOLF 24,09 2181WOLF 21,81

lod_72962_1 lod_72932_1 2181WOLF 74,80
lod_72852_1
lod_70682_1
lod_70922_1
lod_70842_1
lod_70762_1
lod_70732_1
2181WOLF 12,41
2181WOLF 21,81
LEEUG1_1
trf_70682.. 2181WOLF 12,93 2181WOLF 11,05 2181WOLF 13,16 2181WOLF 9,64 2181WOLF 14,20 2181WOLF 24,09
2181WOLF 22,49
2181WOLF 11,41
2181WOLF 11,17
2181WOLF 9,96 2181WOLF 12,40
BOSKLOOF 1
QUARY1_1
PIETM1_1
BANTM1_1
WHITH1_1
BAVIN1_1
GEELB1_1
RUITK1_1
KOUP1_1
GEMSB1_1
ANTJK1_1
BOTES_1
WELTV1_1
2181WOLF 11,45
To DROERIVIER
LEEUG22
2181WOLF 11,45
2181WOLF 9,40
2181WOLF 9,40
lod_70686_1
LAIN132B1
LAIN132 WF
LAIN132B2
LAIN WF Tr 1
LAINGSBURG
2161WOLF WP51WOLF 14,45 14,45 WP51WOLF 6,00 2161WOLF 6,12 M1311CH 28,11
LAIN WF Tr 2
150 MW Wind Park
LAIN33 WF
SWART1
BUFPT1
LADIS13
trf_73002..
trf_74002..
Ladismith
Voltage Levels
Laingsburg WF
400, kV 220, kV 132, kV 66, kV 33, kV
lod_73006_1
lod_74006_1
Voltage Variations/Step 1 Example 1: cosphi constant (=1)

1,08 136.500 MW 1.074 p.u. X =150,000 MW 1.074 p.u. 1.070 p.u. 1.065 p.u. 58.375 MW 47.697 MW 66.198 MW
DIgSILENT
1,05
1.050 p.u.
Y = 1,050 p.u.
1,02
0,99
0,96
0,93 7,50 x-Axis:
47,50 87,50 Laingsburg WF: Active Power in MW LAIN132 WF: Voltage in p.u. - Base Case LAIN132 WF: Voltage in p.u. - Lain132kV_Laingsburg_Off LAIN132 WF: Voltage in p.u. - Laingsburg_Boskloof_Off LAIN132 WF: Voltage in p.u. - Laingsburg_Droerivier_Off
127,50
167,50
207,50
DIGSILENT
High Load Voltage at Laingsburg Wind Farm Connection Point PV-Curve
Voltage
Date: 7/24/2009 Annex: 1 /2
Voltage Variations/Step 1 Example 1: cosphi(P)-characteristic

1,075 X =150,000 MW
DIgSILENT
1,050
1.050 p.u. 1.044 p.u. 1.038 p.u. 1.037 p.u.
Y = 1,050 p.u.
1,025
1,000
0,975
0,950 0,00 x-Axis:
40,00 80,00 Laingsburg WF: Active Power in MW LAIN132 WF: Voltage in p.u. - Base Case LAIN132 WF: Voltage in p.u. - Lain132kV_Laingsburg_Off LAIN132 WF: Voltage in p.u. - Laingsburg_Boskloof_Off LAIN132 WF: Voltage in p.u. - Laingsburg_Droerivier_Off
120,00
160,00
200,00
DIGSILENT
High Load Voltage at Laingsburg Wind Farm Connection Point PV-Curve - cosphi(P)-characteristic
Voltage
Date: 7/24/2009 Annex: 1 /2
Voltage Variations- Example 1: Summary
High voltages in case of cos(phi)=1 Small voltage variations if cos(phi) adjusted to actually generated power (absorbing vars for compensating increasing voltage) Voltage control (with voltage feed-back) at wind farm connection point is possible but not required in this particular case because:
Only small voltage steps in case of contingencies Only small voltage variations in case of different operational scenarios (high/low load) No voltage stability issue
Example 2: Large Wind Farms at Transmission Level
Voltage vs. Reactive Power Voltage Stability
Voltage Variations- Example 2: Summary
Small Voltage Variations in function of active power variations (large X/R ratios) High Voltage Variations in case of critical contingencies Voltage control (with voltage feed-back) at wind farm connection point is required for maintaining voltage stability Required reactive power range can be determined by analyzing QVcurves
Voltage Variations/Step 2 Wind Farm Design
Wind farm design must consider reactive power requirements. Reactive power capability at grid connection point is limited by:
Reactive power capability of wind turbine generators (WTGs) Thermal ratings of cables in the wind farm collector system. Voltage variations at the LV-nodes (voltage range of operation of WTGs)
Requirement for additional reactive power compensation devices (STATCOM, switched shunts) must be taken based on:
Required reactive power capability Required dynamic performance of voltage/reactive power control.
Reactive Power Voltage Control

cos(phi)=0,95
cos(phi)=0,95
power factor limit
const var limit (recommended)
Voltage Variations - Wind Farm Design
Wind farm design must consider grid requirements Reactive power capability at grid connection point is limited by:
Reactive power capability of wind turbine generators (WTGs) Thermal ratings of cables in the wind farm collector system. Voltage variations at the LV-nodes (voltage range of operation of WTGs)
Requirement for additional reactive power compensation devices (STATCOM, switched shunts) must be taken based on:
Required reactive power capability Required dynamic performance of voltage/reactive power control.
Voltage Variations Wind Farm Planning Studies

PV Uset=1,12
DIGSILENT
PowerFactory 14.0.513 /115 kV
CFE/GTZ/DIgSILENT
Tr Trafo-Typ
/20 kV
S5 NA2XS(F)2Y 1x185RM 12/20kV ir 2,50 km
S8 S7 S6 NA2XS(F)2Y 1x185RM 12/20kV NA2XS(F)2Y ir 1x185RM 12/20kV NA2XS(F)2Y ir 1x185RM 12/20kV ir 0,80 km 0,80 km 0,80 km
Shunt/Filter S3 S4 max. no.: 3 S2 NA2XS(F)2Y NA2XS(F)2Y ir 1x185RM 12/20kV NA2XS(F)2Y ir 1x185RM 12/20kV ir act. no.: 3 1x185RM 12/20kV 1,00 km 1,00 km 7,00 Mvar 1,00 km
Tr8 LV-Trf
Tr7 LV-Trf
Tr6 LV-Trf
Tr5 LV-Trf
Tr1 LV-Trf
Tr2 LV-Trf
Tr3 LV-Trf
Tr4 LV-Trf
Line(3) N2XS2Y 1x.. 1,00 km
WTG 8
WTG 7
WTG 6
WTG 5
WTG 1 S9 NA2XS(F)2Y 1x185RM 12/20kV ir 1,60 km
WTG 2
WTG 3
WTG 4
S16 S15 S14 NA2XS(F)2Y 1x185RM 12/20kV NA2XS(F)2Y ir 1x185RM 12/20kV NA2XS(F)2Y ir 1x185RM 12/20kV ir 0,80 km 0,80 km 0,80 km
S11 S12 NA2XS(F)2Y 1x185RM 12/20kV NA2XS(F)2Y ir 1x185RM 12/20kV ir 0,80 km 0,80 km
Tr16 LV-Trf
Tr15 LV-Trf
Tr14 LV-Trf
Tr13 LV-Trf
Tr10 LV-Trf
Tr11 LV-Trf
Tr12 LV-Trf
Windpark Analysis
WTG 16
WTG 15
WTG 14
WTG 13
WTG 10
WTG 11
WTG 12
Line(4) N2XS2Y 1x.. 0,80 km
DIgSILENT
Windfarm Red Sunset
Project: Example Graphic: Red Sunset Date: 7/27/2009 Annex:
Voltage Variations Wind Farm Design Studies
P [MW] 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -30 -20 -10 -5 0 10 20 Q [Mvar] 30
Short Circuit Contribution
Short Circuit Contribution of Wind Farms
Calculation of max. short circuit currents:

Impact on short circuit ratings of existing components (substations, CB-ratings, cable-/line ratings, transformers etc.) Impact on new components, inside the wind farm
Calculation of min. short circuit currents:

Verification of protection settings
Short Circuit Contribution of Wind Farms

0,30 ip Fault Cleared
DIgSILENT
0,20
0,10
0,00
-0,10
-0,20
-0,30 -0,10
0,00 Tr2: Phase Current A/HV-Side in p.u. Tr2: Phase Current B/HV-Side in p.u. Tr2: Phase Current C/HV-Side in p.u.
0,10
0,20
[s]
0,30
Fault Current of DFIG with Crow-bar protection

Short Circuit Contribution - Modelling DFIG and WTGs with fully rated converter are devices with controlled currents. DFIG is usually equipped with protection mechanisms (Crow-bar, Chopper), which make short circuit behavior highly non-linear. Difficult to model for steady state short circuit analysis, which is typically based on Thevenin-equivalents. No special consideration of WTGs given in IEC 60909. Proposed approach:
Equivalent Synchronous generator approach: Characterizing WTG short circuit currents by subtransient and transient parameters. Approach suitable for planning studies but not for highly accurate studies.
Power Quality
Power Quality
Impact on Flicker
Continuous flicker Flicker following switching actions (WTGs, Inrush)
Impact on Harmonics
Harmonic injections Impact on harmonic impedance
Continuous Flicker Caused by Turbulences Rotational sampling: turbulence variation across the rotor Tower Shadow Torsional oscillation
Applicable Standards: IEC 61000-3-6, IEC 61400-21 Pst<0,35 Plt<0,25
Mexican Grid Code:
Continuous Flicker - Example

4.00
DIgSILENT
2.00
-0.00
-2.00
-4.00
-6.00 -0.1000 Rotor-Turbulence: vt0
14.041
28.182
42.323
56.465
[s]
70.606
-3.20
-3.60
-4.00
-4.40
-4.80
-5.20 -0.1000
14.041 T3WT1: Total Active Power/HV-Side in MW
28.182
42.323
56.465
[s]
70.606
100
10
0.1
0.01
0.001 0.00 1.25 T3WT1: Total Active Power/HV-Side, Magnitude in MW 2.50 3.75 5.00 [Hz] 6.25
DIgSILENT
Turbulence, Electrical Power and Spectrum of a 5MW Variable Speed Turbine

V0=13.6 m/s
Plots(3)
Date: 10/5/2003 Annex: /1
Flicker due to Switching Actions
WTGs automatically synchronize to the grid if vw>vcutin Variable speed WTGs: Very smooth synchronisation Fixed speed WTGs: Considerable voltage dip. Mitigation: soft cut-in Wind farm energization causes more considerable voltage dips:
Switching of WTG step-up transformers Switching of main transformer > only during wind farm energization, not repeting events.
Switching of Fixed Speed Induction Generator Typical start-up procedure
ASM
Turbine pulls up the rotor to 0.9 ..1.1 nnominal Breaker is closed
Zn IG V0 X Approximate Formula
S rG u = Z I = k i ' ' Sn
'' '' n G
Switching
6000.00 1.025
DIgSILENT
4000.00
1.000
2000.00
0.975
0.00
0.950
-2000.00
0.925
-4000.00
0.900
-6000.00 -0.05 -0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 [s] 0.20 WG 315kW: Phase Current A in A WG 315kW: Phase Current B in A WG 315kW: Phase Current C in A
0.875 -0.05
-0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
[s]
0.20
415V Machines: Voltage Phasor, Magnitude in p.u.
1.003
0.90
0.60 1.000
0.30 0.997 -0.00 0.994 -0.30
0.991 -0.60
0.988 -0.05
-0.00 WG 315kW: Speed
0.05
0.10
0.15
[s]
0.20
-0.90 -0.05
-0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
[s]
0.20
415V Machines: Line-Line Phase Voltage A in kV 415V Machines: Line-Line Phase Voltage B in kV 415V Machines: Line-Line Phase Voltage C in kV
DIgSILENT
Wind Power Integration Training

Asm cut-In, directly on line EMT-simulation
WG
Date: 10/5/2003 Annex: 1 /1
With Soft Cut-In

200.00 1.0250
DIgSILENT
0.995 100.00
0.965 0.00 0.935
-100.00 0.905
-200.00 0.05 0.09 Motor 315kW: Phase Current A in A Motor 315kW: Phase Current B in A Motor 315kW: Phase Current C in A 0.13 0.17 [s] 0.21
0.875 0.05 0.09 0.13 0.17 [s] 0.21 415V Machines: Voltage Phasor, Magnitude in p.u.
1.0100
0.90
0.60 1.0040
0.30 0.998 -0.00 0.992 -0.30
0.986 -0.60
0.980 0.05 0.09 Motor 315kW: Speed 0.13 0.17 [s] 0.21
-0.90 0.05 0.09 0.13 0.17 [s] 0.21 415V Machines: Line-Line Phase Voltage A in kV 415V Machines: Line-Line Phase Voltage B in kV 415V Machines: Line-Line Phase Voltage C in kV
DIgSILENT
Wind Power Integration Seminar

Soft cut-in
Motor
Date: 10/5/2003 Annex: 1 /1
Switching of Variable Wind Generators
SynM
DASM 2
Connection of Variable Speed WTG

1.025 1.000 0.975 0.950 0.925 0.900 -0.00 0.02 Point of Interconnection: Voltage Phasor, Magnitude in p.u. 0.20 0.10 0.00 -0.10 -0.20 -0.00 PWM Grid Side: Current, d-Axis in p.u. PWM Grid Side: d-Axis Current Reference in p.u. 0.04 0.02 0.00 -0.02 -0.04 -0.00 0.02 2-Winding Transformer: Phase Current A/HV-Side in kA 2-Winding Transformer: Phase Current B/HV-Side in kA 2-Winding Transformer: Phase Current C/HV-Side in kA 0.04 [s] 0.06 0.02 0.04 [s] 0.06 0.04 [s] 0.06
DIgSILENT
DIgSILENT
Wind Power Training Cut-In of Variable Converter driven synchronous machine
Plots
Date: 10/5/2003 Annex: 1 /3
Connection of Variable Speed WTG

1.025 1.000 0.975 0.950 0.925 0.900 -0.00 0.02 Point of Interconnection: Voltage Phasor, Magnitude in p.u. 0.20 0.10 0.00 -0.10 -0.20 -0.00 PWM Grid Side: Current, d-Axis in p.u. PWM Grid Side: d-Axis Current Reference in p.u. 0.04 0.02 0.00 -0.02 -0.04 -0.00 0.02 2-Winding Transformer: Phase Current A/HV-Side in kA 2-Winding Transformer: Phase Current B/HV-Side in kA 2-Winding Transformer: Phase Current C/HV-Side in kA 0.04 [s] 0.06 0.02 0.04 [s] 0.06 0.04 [s] 0.06
DIgSILENT
DIgSILENT
Wind Power Training Cut-In of Variable Converter driven synchronous machine
Plots
Date: 10/5/2003 Annex: 1 /3
Harmonic and Inter-Harmonic Injections

Harmonic injections caused by: Power electronics converters modern PWM converters produce high order harmonics Saturation effects (Generator, Transformer)
Inter-Harmonic injections caused by: Effect Voltage distortion depending on network impedance Resonance problems PWM with switching frequency different from multiples of network frequency
Standards: IEC 61000-3-7, IEC 61400-21
Self Commutated Converter
Udc
Uac
U DC
U AC
Self Commutated PWM Converter

0.20
DIgSILENT
0.10
0.00
-0.10
-0.20 -0.00 0.02 2-Winding Transformer: Phase Current A/HV-Side in kA 0.15 0.04 0.06 [s] 0.08
0.12
0.09 1100.000 Hz 0.003 kA 0.06 900.000 Hz 0.004 kA 0.03 1950.000 Hz 0.004 kA 2050.000 Hz 0.004 kA
0.00 0.00
1280. 2560. 2-Winding Transformer: Phase Current A/HV-Side, Magnitude in kA
3840.
5120.
[Hz]
6400.
DIgSILENT
Wind Power Training PWM-converter
Currents
Date: 10/5/2003 Annex: 1 /4
Impact on Harmonic Impedance Voltage source converters:

define a path via the coupling reactance to earth for high frequency harmonics. At low frequency harmonics: Controller transfer function needs to be considered too.
Effect:
Shift of resonance frequencies (towards higher order). Increased harmonic damping
Cable capacitance of wind farm-internal cables. Effect:

Shift of resonance frequencies (towards lower order) Amplification of harmonic background distortion.
Impact on Flicker and Harmonics - Summary
Analysis of Flicker and Harmonics using IEC 61400-21 data sheet of a typical variable-speed wind generator. Flicker generally low in case of large wind farms because Flickerrelevant turbulences within a wind farm are only weekly correlated Harmonics of modern wind turbines (with IGBT-converters) very low. Almost no harmonic current injections. WTGs can have a positive influence on harmonic impedance characteristics (improved damping, increased resonance frequencies)
Behaviour During Grid Faults FRT Requirements
Example: Converter Driven Synchronous Genenrator

1.20
DIgSILENT
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20 0.00 HV: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. MV BusBar: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. 0.20 0.40 [s] 0.60
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
-20.00 0.00 Cub_1\PCC PQ: Active Power in p.u. Cub_1\PCC PQ: Reactive Power in p.u. 0.20 0.40 [s] 0.60
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90 0.00 Generator: speed 0.20 0.40 [s] 0.60
FRT Requirements: Summary Basic FRT-Requirements: WTGs must not disconnect in case of voltage dips WTGs must deliver active power shortly after a voltage dip Advanced FRT-Requirements: WTGs must inject reactive current during a fault (voltage support, protection excitation) WTGs must not absorb reactive power during voltage recovery
Thank You
Markus Pller mpoeller@digsilent.de
Oscar Amay o.amaya@digsilent.de
DIgSILENT GmbH Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 9 72810 Gomaringen www.digsilent.de

Grid Connection of Wind Farms - MPoller

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Grid Connection of Wind Farms - MPoller

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Behaviour during grid faults/Fault ride through requirements

Impact on Thermal Loading

Options for network connection

Impact on Thermal Limits Example

Continued on Bacchus 132kV diagram

2181WOLF 9,96 2181WOLF 12,40

150 MW Wind Park

LAIN0.69 WF SWART22 BUFPT22

400, kV 220, kV 132, kV 66, kV 33, kV

Impact on Thermal Limits Example

2181WOLF 11,17 km 0,00 %

2181WOLF 9,96 km 0,00 %

2181WOLF 12,93 km 20,17 %

2181WOLF 11,05 km 19,67 %

2181WOLF 13,16 km 18,27 %

2181WOLF 9,64 km 17,76 %

2181WOLF 14,20 km 17,12 %

2181WOLF 0,51 km 0,39 %

2181WOLF 2,08 km 0,95 %

2181WOLF 2,63 km 6,05 %

2181WOLF 24,09 km 16,59 %

Continued on Bacchus 132kV diagram

2181WOLF 9,96 km 115,69 % 2181WOLF 12,40 km 120,99 %

2181WOLF 12,41 km 0,00 %

2181WOLF 12,93 km 22,62 %

2181WOLF 11,05 km 20,68 %

2181WOLF 13,16 km 20,32 %

2181WOLF 9,64 km 17,88 %

2181WOLF 14,20 km 17,53 %

2181WOLF 24,09 km 16,33 %

2181WOLF 9,40 km 31,04 % 2181WOLF 9,40 km 31,04 %

180,00 MVA 86,01 %

2,50 MVA 81,36 %

150 MW Wind Park

2181WOLF 11,45 km 22,97 %

2181WOLF 11,45 km 20,83 %

10,00 MVA 14,00 %

LAIN0.69 WF SWART22 BUFPT22

10,00 MVA 60,68 %

Impact on Thermal Limits - Example

Violation of Thermal Limits Cap Wind Farm Output

-40,00 0,03 x-Axis:

20,03 Windpark Analysis: Cummulative Probability in % Windpark Analysis: Generated Power in MW

High Load Voltage at Laingsburg Wind Farm Connection Point PV-Curve

Date: 7/23/2009 Annex: 1 /3

Must be compared to annualized costs of required line upgrade

In case of major overloads (above emergency rating): Automatic inter-trip scheme

Impact on Voltage Variations

Voltage Variations - Procedure

- Step 1 might be defined by a general Grid Code requirement -

Example 1: Connection to Distribution/Subtransmission Grid

Continued on Bacchus 132kV diagram

2181WOLF 9,96 2181WOLF 12,40

150 MW Wind Park

LAIN0.69 WF SWART22 BUFPT22

400, kV 220, kV 132, kV 66, kV 33, kV

Voltage Variations/Step 1 Example 1: cosphi constant (=1)

0,93 7,50 x-Axis:

High Load Voltage at Laingsburg Wind Farm Connection Point PV-Curve

Date: 7/24/2009 Annex: 1 /2

Voltage Variations/Step 1 Example 1: cosphi(P)-characteristic