PSYCHOSOCIAL PROBLEMS FACING STREET CHILDREN IN UGANDA: A CASE STUDY OF KISENYI CENTRAL, KAMPALA

BY NHIAL CHARLES DIET 02/00514/123228

A RESARCH PROPOSAL PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL ECONOMIC SCIENCES IN PATIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR IN NGO MANAGEMENT OF CAVENDISH UNIVERSITY- UGANDA

MARCH 2014

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study

One of the major social problems encountered by different nations worldwide is that of homeless or street children. Aside from some aspects of poverty such as inadequate education, nutrition, and medical care, homelessness is also visible. On the streets of urban shopping districts, homeless adults and especially children flock the area. However, the visibility of their plight has yet to evoke a comprehensive public policy response in many countries. The street children phenomenon is an everyday social reality in many countries as far apart as Brazil in Latin America, Nigeria in West Africa and the Philippines in Asia. The situation demonstrates the paradox of horrible poverty in the midst of modern urban development and affluence. Moreover, prevalent and persistent is the problem that Gichuru (1993:2) has observed regarding children living on the streets in cities. The author observes that street children are distinctive urban feature as old as the cities themselves. To provide a brief background, a street child is any child that works and lives on the street. They are highly mobile like a modern day nomad and they can alternate between living on the streets and living with family members. Studies found that children who usually reside in the street were involved in begging, hawking, prostitution, and theft. These activities provide them money for daily needs. The reality is that millions of children around the world live in the street and only few people and organizations are doing something about it. This lukewarm, or rather, passive response to the problem of street children is a trend that needs attention. This means that although poverty remains a constant issue to solve, specific type of poverty such as homelessness is yet to capture attention.

Street children in Africa are recent development although its root originated from colonialism in the early 20th century. For instance, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, there were approximately 200

and 300 street children recorded in 1991, and in 1995 there were 3,500 street children recorded (Bamurange, 1998: 230). In Khartoum Sudan, the street children are limited to a few boys only in 1984, but by 1990, those so-called "street boys were a predictable part of the urban landscape" (Dodge & Raundalen 1991:40). In South Africa, all street children are noted to be African origin, with no white children on the streets, this incidents is considered a fact reflective of South Africa's past of racial segregation and apartheid (Le Roux, 1996).

Across the country of Uganda, young children living on the streets are on the alarming increase. They can be found living or sleeping on streets of Kampala. They are ignored, rejected or abused by the surrounding community. The government of Uganda frequently offers very little attention and there are few NGOs that care for street children, leaving a larger number of them deserted. Their means of survival is to form groups, search for food in garbage dumps, ask strangers for help and roam from shops to markets. These children in Uganda are like sheep without a shepherd (Mwebaze 2007). However, little is still known of the causes of alarming increase of street children on the streets of Kampala.

In Kampala city, efforts were and are still being made to help reduce the number of street children. Efforts like taking the children to orphanages, remand homes or back to their homes where they could be looked after totally and even given free education. But some always find their way back to the streets (KCC development project 2005)

1.2 Statement of the problem

With the increasing urbanization rate of Uganda standing at 12.7% (KCC development project
2005), street children have been on an increase in all major towns of Uganda including

Kampala city. It is still not exactly known as to why the number of street children is increasing and why some still prefer streets to staying in school or going to their homes. The factors associated with increasing number of children on the streets are not exactly known, and hence the researcher is prompted to identify psychological factors associated with increasing number of children on the streets of Kampala

1.3

Purpose of the study

The purpose of this study is to investigate the psychosocial problems facing street children in Kisenyi, Central Division, Kampala City, Uganda.

1.4 Objectives of the study 1. To examine the psychosocial problems facing street children in Central Division, Kampala City Uganda. 2. To examine the impact of psychosocial problems on street children in Kisenyi Central Division, Kampala City Uganda. 3. To identify possible intervention mechanism used minimize the problem of street children in Kisenyi, Central Division, Kampala City Uganda.

1.5 Research questions 1. What are the psychosocial problems facing street children in Central Division, Kampala City Uganda? 2. What is the impact of psychosocial problems on street children in Kisenyi Central Division, Kampala City Uganda? 3. What are the possible intervention mechanism used minimize the problem of street children in Kisenyi, Central Division, Kampala City Uganda?

1.5 Scope of the study 1.5.1 Methodological scope IT The study will use both qualitative and quantitative techniques to investigate the challenges encountered by the street children in Central Division, Kampala City, Uganda. 1.5.2 Time scope The study will take place for a period of four months from January to May 2014. 1.5.3 Content scope The study will investigate the challenges encountered by the street children in Central Division, Kampala City, Uganda. The study involved 45 street children as respondents for this study

1.6 Significance of the study The study will be helpful to policy makers, social planners, and social workers as it attempts to reveal the socio-economic situation of street children and thus contribute to researchers, policy makers and social planners to find adequate ways to solve the problem.

The study will be helpful in the academic circles as it will be used by future researchers interested in studying further the problem of street children

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter reviews literature as an account of the knowledge and ideas that have been established by accredited scholars and experts in the field of street children. It is guided by the objectives of the study outlined in chapter one.

2.1 The Street children phenomenon The scenario is typical and painstakingly well known; a busy street lined with different establishments and shops that display the latest electronic equipment and the latest fashion, welldressed individual going in and out, the sound of vehicles speeding by, expensive vehicles, and the flash of neon lights. Every night, cities and towns come alive and urban life seems to reach its peak.

However, a typical scenario is also observable in the street. Some of these children sell cigarettes, flowers, and even lottery tickets while some of these children are just loitering and some of them are asleep in the arcades of the city. As the night goes by, street children are seen sniffing solvents, smoking, gambling, and taking up with both locals and foreigners for a night of big money. This means taking on odd jobs in order to earn some money to ease their hunger or to give to their family who are starving to death (Childhope, 1993). These street children, which are known to be the offspring of this generations complex urban realities all over the world signifies one of the global familys most severe, urgent and rampantly growing social dilemma. Consequently, there is no country and practically no city or town can escape the occurrence of the street children. In some parts of the globe, such occurrence is a daily occurrence. As mentioned earlier, this social dilemma has grown in the last decades at an alarming and distressing rate throughout Africa and Asia.

In contrast to popular belief, the so-called street children are noted to have a function in the society. The presence of street children in nations functions is to reaffirm each individuals preexisting intolerance and injustice regarding family, street crime, substance abuse, and birth

control. Usually, such phenomenon reaffirms ideas regarding the incorrigibility of a child or his or her inherent resilience. The presence of this phenomenon contributes to the confirmation of theological assumptions of corruption, sin and violence, aggressions and other evils. Herein, most of the studies assumed that thepresence of street children phenomenon defines moral boundaries and the heartless and uncaring nature of contemporary and modern society.

Street children are part of contemporary life as it is recognised nowadays as street culture of prostitution, drug selling and petty crime. Street children are part of the job market as available, energetic, low-cost, unskilled, and short-term employees. Most of the street children serve as runners to deliver some mostly illegal packages.

The street children terminology was pertinently coined sometime in the 1980s to determine children who have preferred to spend most of their time in the busy streets in different occupations. The age of the street children ranges from five to 18 years old and these children ply sidewalks in a distracted attempt to take out whatever they can to bring home to their starving families. This may include medicine, foods, and other necessities for living. Most of the street children are those who lived with poor parents who have migrated from the rural cities in hope of uplifting their life status in big city. However, because of lack of educational attainments, these parents rendered them as ill equipped to survive in the urban areas. Various countries describe street children in various manners

2.2 PSYCHOSOCIAL PROBLEMS THAT AFFECT STREET CHILDREN 2.2.1 Substance use and abuse as a psychosocial problem of street children Substance use and abuse is in the forefront of societal problems. It is a pervasive problem, affecting directly or indirectly the overwhelming majority of persons. The deleterious impact of alcohol and drugs is devastating. The involvement of some children and adolescents in substance abuse often lead to different consequences. Such consequences include physiological, psychosocial, and legal aspects.

The physiological effect of drug abuse depends on the drugs in use. Substance abuse undermines physical health. For example, chronic alcohol abuse is associated with diseases of the liver,

central nervous system, and heart. Often, as in the case of the brain disorder, Korsakoff's syndrome, the damage resulting from alcohol abuse is irreversible. Additional health problems stemming from the use of other substances are well documented (Colby 2000). Well-known examples are lung cancer caused by smoking, and pervasive central nervous system damage resulting from the inhaling of solvents, cardiovascular disease and neurological damage.

In addition, many substances are toxic in excessive doses, resulting in numerous acute and chronic effects on physical health, potentially leading to permanent disability or death. Finally, substance abuse increases the risk for acquiring other health-related problems, sexually transmitted diseases, or trauma secondary to accidents while under the influence of psychoactive substances (Colby 2000).

Mental health disorders often occur with substance abuse. Co-morbidity is relatively common, with up to one third of individuals with psychiatric disorders reporting a lifetime history of substance abuse disorders as well. In some instances, psychiatric disorder precedes or even contributes to the development of substance abuse, whereas in others, emotional and behavioural disturbances arise within the context of alcohol and drug use problems (Colby 2000).

A large body of research has delineated the disproportionate representation of psychological dysfunction in substance abusers. Included are problems in personality, mood, self-esteem, coping, behaviour, and social functioning. Once again, some of these psychological difficulties may be evident prior to the onset of substance abuse, althoughpsychological functioning often worsens over time in individuals with substance use disorders (McWhirter, 2004).

In addition, children and adolescents who are involved in substance abuse may also be affected in terms of their educational status. Abuse of specific substances may also contribute to relatively unique psychological presentations, such as the a-motivational state that has been linked to chronic marijuana use. Other psychological effects of substance abuse are directly linked to the biological impact of psychoactive substances (such as anxiety and irritability stemming from withdrawal) and the behaviours that result from dependence on drugs and alcohol (such as craving and preoccupation with obtaining desired substances).

Today, youth in the age of 13 is becoming the average age for early criminal participation (burglary, robbery, and serious theft) or early use of drugs other than alcohol and marijuana (Carpenter et al. 1988:11). This drug-crime link may be especially pronounced among street youth because of the high availability of drugs as well as their intricate involvement with the street scene. The widespread use of drugs by virtually all young street people has become the norm (Davis 1993; Costello 1991; Inciardi, Horowitz, and Pottieger 1993; WHO 1993; King 1991). For example, crack cocaine has been estimated to be eight times as prevalent among runaway and homeless youth as in the general adolescent population (Kral et al. 1997).

Homelessness contributes to high criminality among youth. Results from previous research with homeless youth suggest that "hunger causes theft of food, problems of hunger and shelter lead to serious theft, and problems of unemployment and shelter are associated with prostitution" ( Kipke et al. 1997). McCarthy and Hagan ( 1991) self-report study of 390 homeless youth in Toronto, Canada, found that although a sizable proportion of those surveyed participated in a number of illegal activities (most of them minor delinquencies) before leaving home, a significantly higher proportion of adolescents were involved in more-serious criminal activities afterwards. Levels of crime show profound increases for older street children for those whose homelessness lasts for more than a year.

They propose that street life is inherently "criminogenic" in that it provides both opportunities for criminal offending as well as the necessity to sustain existence. The fact that the youth's participation in crime escalates after a certain period on the street points to the probability that crime may be adopted as a "conditional survival strategy" for coping with the economic and social strains that characterize homelessness (McCarthy and Hagan 1991).

2.3 Governments Response to the psychosocial problem of Street Children Of all the agents capable of doing something about the problem of street children, the state is perhaps best situated to tackle the issue. However, part of the tragedy of street children is the way African governments have abandoned them to their fate. With each passing day, it is becoming increasingly clear that many African governments of

countries where the problem is most acute have been unable to give it the attention it deserves, and have unintentionally contributed to its continuation. While it is true that most governments have formulated child development policies, set up departments and sometimes ministries dealing with youths and some dealing with women and children, effective action to address the problem is yet to be taken.

While one can speak of some kind of political commitment on the part of many African governments, very little is being done to address the problem of street children. For instance, Uganda's political commitment to children has been visible for some time now. Major benchmarks of this commitment include the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Others include holding of National Summits for children and establishment of Ministries responsible for children and women's affairs in Mainland and Zanzibar. However, most of the direct actions to help street children are being undertaken by Non-Governmental organizations and religious organizations.

African governments appear incapacitated or slow to address the problem of street children. This in part stems from the fact that little is known about street children. Even with a Ministry for women and children, government departments oft en lack comprehensive and reliable data on street children. A study carried out by UNICEF in 1999 indicated that the literature on street children in Uganda is relatively small and repetitive (UNICEF, 1999). It is therefore in our view very difficult if not impossible for effective government action without reliable and up-todate data. Data on street children is by itself not sufficient to find a lasting solution to the problem of street children. National Child Development Policies and strategies are a necessary requirement. Uganda has been able to formulate and put in place a Child development Policy that was adopted by the government in 1996. This document is however very generalized and fails to identify street children as a special category requiring special attention. There is growing need for African countries to formulate and implement dynamic child development policies if we are serious to deal with the problem of street children.

2.3.2 Community Response to the psychosocial problem of Street Children Like the government, the community also stands accused of failing to address the problem of street children. We as individuals and as a society have failed to live up to our

responsibilities as parents and as custodians of the young. The community tends to hide its head in the sand hoping that the problem will go away. Unfortunately the problem is not going away, but increasing to alarming proportions.

Traditionally in an African society, a child was normally a member of a community and could not be separated from it. This meant that even the entitlement that a child deserves was a community matter. Shorter (1974) observe that in traditional East African societies,

the child was educated and socialized by the community for membership into the community. A child in Africa used to be the responsibility of each individual member of society and therefore children had no need to fend for themselves. They were loved and cared for by society. Today's children are the responsibility of individual parents and are ignored by the rest of the community.

While the number of street children grows by the day, the community remains silent with the exception of a few individuals and organizations. There is no community outrage to the problem. We shake our heads and moan about 'watoto wa siku hizi!' (The children of today!) and go about our daily business. The few soft hearted or religious ones will throw a few shillings to these miserable children and move on.

There appears to be no community pressure that is being applied to force government action to find a lasting solution to the problem of street children. The community has also failed to organize itself into a dynamic force to encounter the problem. This is perhaps the saddest and most tragic part of the tragedy that is unfolding in Africa. Children are our most

valuable commodity yet we appear to have abandoned them to their fate.

2.4 What needs to be done in order to address the psychosocial problem of street children A question that we must increasingly ask ourselves is how long must it take before the problem of street children attracts the proper attention that it deserves? How many more children must first take to the streets or die because of lack of care on our streets before we can acknowledge that the problem of street children is a very serious one which is likely to affect all of us? The probable answers, given present day conditions in Africa, is that the problem of street children has to grow to enormous proportions before it gets the attention it deserves! This is a tragedy that cannot remain ignored any longer. What are some of the act ions that African countries can take to address the problem? The first important step is to realize and acknowledge that the problem of street children is one of the most burning problems and challenge facing the African continent. There needs to be a firm commitment by all concerned parties to tackle the problem and not just ignore it hoping that it will go away or that other people are going to come to solve the problem for us.

Children living on the street, without homes or families, pose the greatest challenge in terms of rehabilitation, often needing long-term one-on-one counselling.

Preventive measures are, therefore, vital to protect children from the risk of full exposure to life on the street.

It is suggested that The Union Constitution should be amended to guarantee children's rights (Makaramba, 1999). There is no doubt that there is an urgent need for the Government to review the existing law and enact a specific Child Act to ensure the protection of child rights in Uganda. This also goes for other African governments. Street children are indeed a

special group of children needing special protection. The legal system must cater for the special interests of children. For instance, children should not be locked up in the same jail as grown up prisoners. The police force needs to trained to protect street children rather than being a force to harass and punish these street children who often find themselves on the streets for reasons not of their own making.

Education is also seen as a means of helping children on the streets. Most of the street children are illiterate with no basic skills to help them get proper jobs. Education may help break the vicious circle of marginalization and help potential street children towards a better life. This is not proving to be the case for many African countries. With liberalization and reforms schools seems to belong to a different world, remote from the everyday existence of those most deprived. School then becomes for street children only another possibility of

failure. The number of dropouts is inevitably very high, and very few African countries have been able to give further attention to those who have failed to clear the first hurdle. Vocational training must be made accessible to street children as a means of getting them of the streets.

It is often pointed out that the content as well as the form of education is often questionable and unsuited to the needs of the poorest. It is still based on Western middle- class values, promotes a model of consumer society, and reflect the idea that only white-collar jobs are entirely proper. For those weeded out of school, there is no future.

When confronted with the years of wasted effort, frustrated youngsters tend to reject the entire system, and seek refuge among those already in the street. In Africa, where learning carries great prestige, drop-outs have been know to wash windscreens rather than face the shame of returning home to the village. So the issue is not only providing education and training, but also relevant education that will be able to help street children and other children as well meet their most basic needs. It must also be said that street children cannot be motivated to educate themselves while they remain hungry, homeless and in poor health. So education must be accompanied by adequate welfare for these children.

Strengthening the Family Unit: Another way to lessen the incidence of children winding up on the streets is to strengthen the institution of the family. As the basic component of society, the family has hardly ever been given adequate recognition by governments. Paradoxically, it is only recently when it is most threatened, that its natural virtues are being rediscovered. Although many governments

have developed policies aimed at assisting the elderly, the unemployed, or single working women, few have focused specifically on strengthening the cohesion of the family as a component of development strategy.

Policies centered on the family can counteract the unanticipated side-effects of development, often caused by unco -ordinated government policies. As a recent United Nations study on youth maladjustment put it: "If one conclusion has to be drawn from our data it would be this: juvenile delinquency is not the inevitable result of poverty and rapid urbanization. They intervening variable is the strength of adult-child relationships, most notably family relationships" (Doc. 22, UNSDRI, Rome, 1985). A sound policy for strengthening families would recognize the family as the basic unit for the human development and would seek to assist it to cope with change by allowing better access to services such as day-care and preschool education.

But families cannot be strengthened in the midst of poverty, human degradation and destitution. Neither can families become pillars of strength in face of increasing injustice, inequality and income disparities. The problem of street children will become less Justice and equitable

pronounced if families and countries could overcome poverty.

distribution of resources is likely to have a positive impact on the problem of street children. At the level of the family, parents and guardians must take responsibility for their children by providing a conducive environment free of neglect, violence and abuse. The shameful exploitation of children by parents and their families can only lead to more children on our streets. Collaboration between parents, schools, the community and

government will lead to viable solutions to the problem of street children.

The Role of Non- Governmental Organization (NGOs) in Addressing the psychosocial Problem of Street Children: In recent years, innovative work for street children has been almost the exclusive preserve of the private sector: In many of the worst affected countries, notably Brazil, NGO projects, executed mostly by religious groups and mostly all underfunded and overworked, have developed new ways to help street children. Their programmes are less expensive, more

humane and more affective alternatives to institutionalization. Whether the political will exists to duplicate these innovative programmes is another matter. While NGOs are to be applauded in their efforts to address the problem of street children there is need to scrutinize the role of many of these NGOs and the extent to which they contribute to solving the problem of street children.

There is to date an increasing number of international and local based NGOs with the supposed aim of helping and protecting street children. Indeed the welfare of children a nd their rights is a fast growing industry attracting huge amount of money aimed to go towards improving the welfare of children in Africa. The reality is often one in which many of these NGOs do not advance the interests of children. Money is often diverted to other activities instead of addressing the needs of children. For instance, many NGOs solicit and receive money to help street children or disabled children but end up using most of the money for administrative services. There is therefore need t o clearly define the role of NGOs in addressing the problems of street children and the welfare of children in general. A code of conduct based on ethical considerations for children is necessary if NGOs are to assist in the advancement of children's welfare.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This chapter focuses on the method and procedure used in the study. This includes the research design, area of study, sample selection, instrument and procedure of data collection and analysis.

3.1 Research design Since the study was largely an evaluation one seeking opinions and attitudes, the researcher used a descriptive research design, adopting a cross sectional survey. The descriptive survey attempts to picture or document current conditions or attitudes to describe what exists at the moment Mouser & Katton (1989). A cross sectional survey design was particularly chosen because the study is concerned with gathering perceptions from a cross section of street children. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis. Most of the findings was analyzed qualitatively.

3.2 Area of study and population The study was conducted in Central Division, Kampala City Uganda. The population of the study included street children and Organisations working with street children

3.3 Sample selection Using a convenience sampling technique, a total of 45 respondents were selected for the study. The researcher further adopted the probability proportional to size sampling design to arrive at the required sample.

3.4 Source of data 3.4.1 Primary data The primary data used was e from the street children who will participate in the study.

3.4.2 Secondary data The secondary data about the street children comprised of information from the following; District annual reports Library Publications and Articles Media Publications and reports The Internet

3.5 Data collection methods 3.5.1 Instrument An interview schedule structured to give information by way of content and purpose was the main instrument of data collection. All questions were close ended to increase the response rate of the respondents. 3.5.2 Document review Document review about the causes of street children will be done in order to compare with the findings in order to come up with a logical conclusion.

3.6 Data analysis and interpretation 3.6.1 Data analysis tools Data from each instrument was categorized and edited for accuracy and completeness of information. This is to ensure that all questions are answered. All the questions was pre coiled. After this process, the statistical packages for social science computer programme was used to produce frequencies and percentages. This was used to come up with interpretations of the of findings in relation to the study findings.

3.6.2 Data interpretation Analyzed data from the instruments was presented in chapter four (4) in form of tables showing frequency counts and percentages. This information was further triangulated with information from secondary sources for meaningful interpretation and discussion.

3.7 Chapter summary In this chapter, the researcher has presented the research techniques and procedures adopted in the study.

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