CONTENT

INTRODUCTION CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL THEORY EXPERIMENT OF SOIL EXPERIMENT OF SOIL USING SALINE WATER LIQUID LIMIT PLASTIC LIMIT PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO

CONCLUSION REFERANCE

INTRODCTION

Soil is the substances existing on the earth surface, which grows and develops plant life. Soil is the material in the relatively thin surface zone within which roots occurs, and all the rest of the crust is grouped under the term rock irrespectively. Soil is considered by the engineer as a complex material produced by the weathering of the solid rock. The formation of soil is as a result of the geologic cycle continually taking place on the face of the earth. Cohesionless soils are formed due to physical disintegration of rocks. Chemical weathering may be caused due to oxidation , hydration , carbonation and leaching by organic acids and water .

CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL
1. Coarse grained soils 2. Fine grained soils 3. Highly organic soils 1. Coarse grained soils - If more than 50% of the soil is retain on US sieve (0.075mm), it is designated as course grained soil. Coarse grained soil is further divided into two sub division: (a) Gravels (G) In these soils more than half the coarse fraction is large than 4.75mm IS sieve size. This sub division includes sands and gravelly soils, and is designated by symbol G. (b) Sands(S) In these soils more than half the coarse fraction is smaller than 4.75mm IS sieve size. This sub division includes sands and sandy soils, and is designated by symbol S. 2. Fine grained soils A soil termed as fine grained- if more than 50% of the soil sample passes on US sieve (0.075mm) sieve. Fine grained soil is subdivided into silt (M) and clay(C) and Organic soil.

3. Highly organic soilsThese soil contain large percentage of fibrous organic matter such as peat, and the particles of decomposed vegetation .

Liquid limit (w): Liquid limit is the water content corresponding to the arbitrary limit between liquid and plastic state of the consistency of a soil. With reference to the standard liquid limit device, it is defined as the minimum water content at which a part of soil cut by a groove of standard dimension will flow together for a distance of 12mm under an impact of 25 blows up the device. Plastic limit (WP): Plastic limit is the water content corresponding to the arbitrary limit between the plastic and semi solid states of consistency of a soil. It is defined as the minimum water content at which a soil will just begin to crumble when rolled into a thread approximately 3mm in diameter. Compaction: Compaction is a process by which the soil particles are artificially rearranged and packed together into a closer state of contact by mechanical means in order to decrease the porosity (or void ratio) of the soil and thus increase its dry density.
Purpose:

The laboratory test is performed to determine the relationship between the moisture content and the dry density of a soil for a specified compactive effort.

The compactive effort is the amount of mechanical energy that is applied to the soil mass. Several different methods are used to
compact soil in the field, and some examples include tamping, kneading, vibration, and static load compaction. This laboratory will employ the tamping or impact compaction method using the type of

equipment and methodology developed by R. R. Proctor in 1933,therefore, the test is also known as the Proctor test. Two types of compaction tests are routinely performed: (1) The Standard Proctor Test, and (2) The Modified Proctor Test. Each of these tests can be performed in three different methods as

outlined in the attached Table 1. In the Standard Proctor Test, the soil is compacted by a 5.5 lb hammer falling a distance of one foot into a soil filled mold. The mold is filled with three equa layers of soil, and each layer is subjected to 25 drops of the hammer. The Modified Proctor Test is identical to the Standard Proctor Test except it employs, a 10 lb hammer falling a distance of 18 inches, and uses five equal layers of soil instead of three. There are two types of compaction molds used for testing. The smaller type is 4 inches in diameter and has a volume of about 1/30 ft 3 (944 cm3),and the larger type is 6 inches in diameter and has a volume of about 1/13.333 ft3(2123 cm3). If the larger mold is used each soil layer must receive 56 blows instead of 25.

California Bearing Ratio: California bearing ratio is the ratio of force per unit area required to penetrate into a soil mass with a circular plunger of 50mm diameter at the rate of 1.25mm /min.

Standard loads at specified penetrations

Penetration depth (mm) 2.50 5.00 7.50 10.00 12.50 Unit standard load Kgf/cm2 70 105 134 162 183 Total standard load kgf 1370 2055 2630 3180 3600

Liquid limit:

OBJECTIVE: To determine the compaction test of soil sample. APPARATUS: Mould Rammer Sieve Balance Mixing pan Trowel Container

PROCEDURE:

(1) Depending on the type of mould you are using obtain a sufficient
quantity of air-dried soil in large mixing pan. For the 4-inch mould take approximately 10 lbs, and for the 6-inch mold take roughly 15lbs. Pulverize the soil and run it through the 4.75mm sieve. (2) Determine the weight of the soil sample as well as the weight of the compaction mold with its base (without the collar) by using the balance and record the weights . (3) Compute the amount of initial water to add by the following method: (a) Assume water content for the first test to be 8 percent. Where water to add and the soil mass are in grams. Remember that a gram of water is equal to approximately one milliliter of water. (4) Measure out the water, add it to the soil, and then mix it thoroughly into the soil using the trowel until the soil gets a uniform colour .

(5) Assemble the compaction mold to the base, place some soil in the mould and compact the soil in the number of equal layers specified by the type of compaction method employed. The number of drops of the rammer per layer is also dependent upon the type of mould used . The drops should be applied at a uniform rate not exceeding around 1.5 seconds per. (6) The soil should completely fill the cylinder and the last compacted layer must extend slightly above the collar joint. If the soil is below the collar joint at the completion of the drops, the test point must be
repeated

(7) Carefully remove the collar and trim off the compacted soil so that it is completely even with the top of the mold using the trowel. Replace small bits of soil that may fall out during the trimming process. (8) Weigh the compacted soil while its in the mold and to the base, and record the mass. Determine the wet mass of the soil by subtracting the weight of the mold and base. (9) Remove the soil from the mold using a mechanical extruder and take soil moisture content samples from the top and bottom of the specimen . Fill the moisture cans with soil and determine the water content. (10) Place the soil specimen in the large tray and break up the soil until it appears visually as if it will pass through the . 4.75mm sieve, add 2 percent more water based on the original sample mass, and remix as in step 4. Repeat step 5 to 6 until, based on wet mass, a peak value is reached followed by two slightly lesser compacted soil masses.

OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:

Observation No Container No Wt of empty mould Mould+ compacted soil Compacted soil(W) Volume of Mould(V) Wt of empty conc Wt of conc +wet soil Wt of conc + dry soil Wt of water (Ww) Wt of dry soil(Wd) Water content W=(Ww/Wd)* 100 Bulk density
=W/V

1 1 1.983 3.728 1.745 1000 4.684 12.5g 11.59 4g 0.906 6.91 13.11 % 1.745 1.542

2 2 1.983 3.851 1.868 1000 4.734

3 3 1.983 3.914 1.931 1000 4.886

4 4 1.983 3.970 1.987 1000 4.980

5 8 1.983 3.944 1.961 1000 4.880

6 9 1.983 3.898 1.915 1000 4.844

15.65g 15.55g 15.65g 18.82g 17.41g 14.37 5g 1.28 8.741 14.64 % 1.868 1.629 13.98 1g 1.569 9.095 17.25 5 1.931 1.646 13.83 7g 1.815 8.857 20.49 % 1.987 1.649 16.25 3g 2.571 11.37 22.67 % 1.961 1.6 14.93 2g 2.479 10.08 24.57 % 1.915 1.537

Dry density d = /1+ W

Sample 1

Penetration 0.5 1.0 1.5 2 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5

Load dial reading 1.2 2.2 3 3.3 4.0 4.4 5.0 5.1 5.2

Total load 0.2632 0.4512 0.5645 0.6768 0.752 0.9024 0.94 0.9776 1.0152

Load 26.32 45.12 56.4 67.68 75.2 90.24 94 97.76 101.52

At 2.5mm penetration, CBR = (75.2/1370)*100 =5.489 Or At 5mm penetration, CBR = ( 90.24/2055)*100 =4.39

Sample 2

Penetration 0.5 1.0 1.5 2 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5

Load dial reading 1 1.4 2.2 2.4 3.1 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.3

Total load 0.188 0.334 0.4512 0.5264 0.6016 0.7144 0.7696 0.8272 0.8648

Load 18.8 33.84 45.12 52.64 60.16 71.44 76.96 82.72 86.48

At 2.5mm penetration, CBR = (60.16/1370)*100 =4.39 Or At 5mm penetration, CBR = (71.44/2055)*100 =3.47

Soil sample using saline water

OBJECTIVE: To determine the compaction test of soil sample using saline water. APPARATUS: Mould Rammer Sieve Balance Mixing pan Trowel Container

PROCEDURE:

(2) Depending on the type of mould you are using obtain a sufficient
quantity of air-dried soil in large mixing pan. For the 4-inch mould take approximately 10 lbs, and for the 6-inch mold take roughly 15lbs. Pulverize the soil and run it through the 4.75mm sieve. (2) Determine the weight of the soil sample as well as the weight of the compaction mould with its base (without the collar) by using the balance and record the weights .

(3) Compute the amount of initial water to add by the following

method:

(4) (a)Add salt in water =1 liter water into 300gm salt.

(b) Assume water content for the first test to be 8 percent. Where water to add and the soil mass are in grams. Remember that a gram of water is equal to approximately one milliliter of water.

(4) Measure out the water, add it to the soil, and then mix it thoroughly into the soil using the trowel until the soil gets a uniform colour . (5) Assemble the compaction mold to the base, place some soil in the mould and compact the soil in the number of equal layers specified by the type of compaction method employed. The number of drops of the rammer per layer is also dependent upon the type of mould used . The drops should be applied at a uniform rate not exceeding around 1.5 seconds per. (6) The soil should completely fill the cylinder and the last compacted layer must extend slightly above the collar joint. If the soil is below the collar joint at the completion of the drops, the test point must be
repeated

(7) Carefully remove the collar and trim off the compacted soil so that it is completely even with the top of the mold using the trowel. Replace small bits of soil that may fall out during the trimming process. (8) Weigh the compacted soil while its in the mold and to the base, and record the mass. Determine the wet mass of the soil by subtracting the weight of the mold and base. (9) Remove the soil from the mold using a mechanical extruder and take soil moisture content samples from the top and bottom of the specimen . Fill the moisture cans with soil and determine the water content. (10) Place the soil specimen in the large tray and break up the soil until it appears visually as if it will pass through the . 4.75mm sieve, add 2 percent more water based on the original sample mass, and

remix as in step 4. Repeat step 5 to 6 until, based on wet mass, a peak value is reached followed by two slightly lesser compacted soil masses.

Observation No Container No Wt of empty mould Mould+ compacted soil Compacted soil(W) Volume of Mould(V) Wt of empty conc Wt of conc +wet soil Wt of conc + dry soil Wt of water (Ww) Wt of dry soil(Wd) Water content W=(Ww/Wd)*100 Bulk density
=W/V

1 1 1.929kg 3.685 1.756 1000 12.457 19.772 18.96 0.812 6.503 12.48 1.756 1.56

2 2 1.929kg 3,811 1.882 1000 13.19 27.39 25.712 1.678 12.52 13.4 1.882 1.65

3 3 1.929kg 3.88 1.951 1000 13.494 27.534 25.626 1.908 12.132 15.72 1.951 1.68

4 8 1.929kg 3.66 1.731 1000 13.88 31.054 28.53 2.52 14.65 17.2 1.731 1.57

Dry density d = /1+ W

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the CBR test of soil sample using saline water. APPARATUS:

oulds 2250cc capacity with base plate, stay rod and wing nut. Metal rammer Expansion measuring apparatus with the adjustable stem, perforated plates, tripod confirming and to weights confirming to 4.4 of IS: 96691980. Loading machine: Having a capacity of at least 5000kg and equipped with a movable head or base that travels at a uniform rate of 1.25mm / min for use inforcing the penetration plunger in to the specimen. Penetration plunger Dial gauge two numbers reading to 0.01mm. 4.75mm sieve. Miscellaneous apparatus such as mixing bowl, straight edge, drying oven, filter paper, dishes and calibrated measuring jar.

Sample 1

Penetration 0.5 1.0 1.5 2 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 Sample 2

Load dial reading 1.1 3.0 4.2 5.2 6.1 8.3 9.3 10.1 10.3

Total load 0.2256 0.564 0.8272 1.0152 1.1656 1.6168 1.8048 1.9176 1.9928

Load 22.56 56.4 82.72 101.52 116.56 161.68 180.48 191.76 199.28

Penetration 0.5 1.0 1.5 2 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 Sample 1

Load dial reading 2.1 3.4 5.0 5.1 6.1 8.0 8.4 9.2 9.3

Total load 0.4136 0.7144 0.94 0.9776 1.1656 1.504 1.6544 1.7672 1.8048

Load 41.36 71.44 94 97.76 116.56 150.4 165.44 176.72 180.48

At 2.5mm penetration CBR = (116.56/1370)*100 = 8.5 At 5mm penetration CBR = (161.68/2055)*100 = 7.8 Sample 2 At 2.5mm penetration CBR = (116.56/1370)*100 = 8.5 At 5mm penetration CBR = (150.4/2055)*100 =7.3

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of tests carried out on the samples prepared by mixing CL-ML soil with lime and sodium chloride, the following points are concluded: The unconfined strength of soil increases by increasing the percentage of lime The unconfined strength of soil strengthened by lime improves by increasing the curing time. Poozoolanic reaction which is a time dependent one is the governing parameter of this phenomenon. Comparing the rate of increase in unconfined strength of samples mixed with different percentage of lime after 28 curing days, it's revealed that the optimum magnitude of lime is 6%. Sodium chloride curing causes a large reduction in 7 day resistance such that 1% sodium chloride causes 63% reduction in the soil resistance. Similarly, in samples containing 2, 3 and 5% of sodium chloride exhibit 72, 72.5 and 77% decrease in strength, respectively. This influence is attributed to accumulation Na+ ions around the clays material and increasing the density of double layer and so scattering of soil particles. Small amounts of sodium chloride improve the 28 day strength of soil, but it decreases if the quantity of salt exceeds 3%. The results show an increase of 25 and 18% in unconfined resistance in samples containing 1 and 2% of salt, while at 3% sodium chloride, the resistance is equal to natural soil and for soil containing 5% sodium chloride the compressive strength drops 44%.

REFERENCE

 Soil mechanics & Foundation-Dr.B.C Punmia Applied soil mechanics Gopal Ranjan Soil mechanics T.William Advanced Soil mechanics Braja. M.Das