Animal testing is a phrase that most people have heard but are perhaps still unsure of exactly what

is involved. Whether it is called animal testing, animal experimentation or animal research, it refers to the experimentation carried out on animals. It is used to assess the safety and effectiveness of everything from medication to cosmetics, as well as understanding how the human body works. While supporters believe it is a necessary practice, those opposed to animal testing believe that it involves the torture and Suffering Of Animals

Nowadays, most of the people have heard the animal testing or used the animal to do the experiments. Animal testing only is a phrase but are perhaps still unsure of exactly what is involved. They do the animal testing is refer to the experimentation carried out on animals. Whatever is animal testing, animal experimentation or animal research, the aim of them is the same. Why they used the animal to do experiment?? This is because to understanding about the human body work, so they used the animal testing to assess the security and utility of everything from the medication to cosmetics. Because of this, some people are opposed used animal to do the experimentation because they think about that it involves the torture and excruciation of animals. But, some supports are believed it is an essential practice. ] Animal testing, as we all know, is not strange to all of us. Although it is only a phrase, but people still unsure of what is exactly invovled. It is one of the tradisional approaches of finding out how human and animal bodies work and for testing medicines, industrial chemicals and the list goes on. Animal testing refers to the experiments that carried out on animals.whether is animal testing, animal experimentation or animal research, their aim are the same. In spite of medical testing on animals saves human beings and allows us to advance as a species, but why they must hurt the animals just to save our lifes. Animals have the right to live their own life; and we are not allowed to meddle with them just because we can. Besides, animal testing deals with

the issue of animal cruelty. It is often argued that these cases cause a lot of pain to the lab animals and the condition in which they are held captive for experimentation are not at all healthy.

The use of animals in experiments is one of the traditional approaches to finding out how human and animal bodies work (both when healthy and in times of illness or disease) and for testing products such as medicines and industrial chemicals. Scientists who use animals argue that there is no other way of achieving their scientific objectives, and that alternative methods, such as using computer models or cell cultures, will not provide the information they require. However, there is serious debate about the value of information obtained from much animal use - for example, whether the results from experiments on mice are relevant to human biology and medicine. The motivation for undertaking some experiments is also questionable -

will they answer important questions, or are they simply driven by curiosity or commercial interests? With the continuing development of non-animal approaches to research, the claim that animal experiments 'are essential' for particular purposes must be constantly scrutinised and reassessed.

Arent there alternative research methods?

There are very many non-animal research methods, all of which are used at the University of Oxford and many of which were pioneered here. These include research using humans; computer models and simulations; cell cultures and other in vitro work; statistical modelling; and large-scale epidemiology. Every research project which uses animals will also use other research methods in addition. Wherever possible non-animal research methods are used. For many projects, of course, this will mean no animals are needed at all. For others, there will be an element of the research which is essential for medical progress and for which there is no alternative means of getting the relevant information.

How have humans benefited from research using animals?

As the Department of Health states, research on animals has contributed to almost every medical advance of the last century. Without animal research, medicine as we know it today wouldn't exist. It has enabled us to find treatments for cancer, antibiotics for infections (which were developed in Oxford laboratories), vaccines to prevent some of the most deadly and debilitating viruses, and surgery for injuries, illnesses and deformities. Life expectancy in this country has increased, on average, by almost three months for every year of the past century. Within the living memory of many people diseases such as polio, turberculosis, leukaemia and diphtheria killed or crippled thousands every year. But now, doctors are able to prevent or treat many more diseases or carry out life-saving operations - all thanks to research which at some stage involved animals. Each year, millions of people in the UK benefit from treatments that have been developed and tested on animals. Animals have been used for the development of blood transfusions, insulin for diabetes, anaesthetics, anticoagulants, antibiotics, heart and lung machines for open heart surgery, hip replacement surgery, transplantation, high blood pressure medication, replacement heart valves, chemotherapy for leukemia and life support

systems for premature babies. More than 50 million prescriptions are written annually for antibiotics.

We may have used animals in the past to develop medical treatments, but are they really needed in the 21st century?
Yes. New techniques have dramatically reduced the number of animals needed - the number has almost halved over the last 30 years - but there is overwhelming scientific consensus worldwide that some research using animals is still essential for medical progress. It only forms one element of a whole research programme which will use a range of other techniques to find out whatever possible without animals. Animals would be used for a specific element of the research that cannot be conducted in any alternative way.

How will humans benefit in future?

The development of drugs and medical technologies that help to reduce suffering among humans and animals depends on the carefully regulated use of animals for research. In the 21st century scientists are continuing to work on treatments for cancer, stroke, heart disease, HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases like Alzeihmers and Parkinsons, and very many more diseases that cause suffering and death. Genetically modified mice play a crucial role in future medical progress as understanding of how genes are involved in illness is constantly increasing.