Digital Signal Processing World Class Designs

Kenton Williston with Rick Gentile Keith Jack David Katz Nasser Kehtarnavaz W a l t Kester Dake Liu Robert Meddins Robert Oshana lan Poole Khalid Sayood Li Tan

AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier

Newnes

Contents

Preface About the Editor. About the Contributors Chapter 1: ADCs, DACs, and Sampling Theory

/x xv xvii 01

1.1 Coding and Quantizing 1.2 Sampling Theory 1.3 Data Converter AC Errors 1.4 General Data Converter Specifications 1.5 Defining the Specifications References Bibliography
Chapter 2: Digital Filters

02 24 36 93 96 117 119
123

2.1 Chapter Preview 2.2 Analog Signal Processing 2.3 An Alternative Approach 2.4 The Complete DSP System 2.5 Recap 2.6 Digital Data Processing 2.7 The Running Average Filter 2.8 Representation of Processing Systems 2.9 Feedback (or Recursive) Filters 2.10 Chapter Summary Bibliography
Chapter 3: Frequency Domain Processing

123 124 125 126 130 131 131 134 134 137 138
139

3.1 3.2

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT)

140 141

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3.3 Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) 3.4 Signal Processing Toolset References
Chapter 4: Audio Coding

142 145 156

759

4.1 Overview 4.2 Introduction 4.3 MPEG Audio Coding 4.4 MPEG Advanced Audio Coding 4.5 Dolby AC3 (Dolby Digital) 4.6 Other Standards 4.7 Summary Bibliography
Chapter 5: Video Processing

160 160 164 173 180 183 183 183

185

5.1 Rounding Considerations 5.2 SDTV-HDTV YCbCr Transforms 5.3 4:4:4 to 4:2:2 YCbCr Conversion 5.4 Display Enhancement 5.5 Video Mixing and Graphics Overlay 5.6 Luma and Chroma Keying 5.7 Video Scaling 5.8 Scan Rate Conversion 5.9 Noninterlaced-to-Interlaced Conversion 5.10 Interlaced-to-Noninterlaced Conversion 5.11 DCT-Based Compression 5.12 Fixed Pixel Display Considerations 5.13 Application Example Bibliography
Chapter 6: Modulation

186 187 189 192 198 204 219 226 237 238 246 250 251 253
255

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7

Radio Carrier Amplitude Modulation Modulation Index Frequency Modulation Modulation Index and Deviation Ratio Sidebands Bandwidth

256 256 261 261 263 263 265

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6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19

Improvement in Signal-to-Noise Ratio Frequency-Shift Keying Phase Modulation Phase-Shift Keying Minimum-Shift Keying Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Spread Spectrum Techniques Frequency Hopping Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Bandwidth and Data Capacity Summary

266 266 267 268 270 272 274 274 275 279 281 282
283

Chapter 7: DSP Hardware Options

7.1 DSP Theory for Hardware Designers 7.2 Theory, Applications, and Implementations 7.3 DSP Applications 7.4 DSP Implementations 7.5 Review of Processors and Systems 7.6 Design Flow 7.7 Conclusions References
Chapter 8: DSP Processors and Fixed-Point Arithmetic

284 294 296 304 309 317 324 325

329

Digital Signal Processor Architecture Digital Signal Processor Hardware Units Digital Signal Processors and Manufacturers Fixed-Point and Floating-Point Formats Finite Impulse Response and Infinite Impulse Response Filter Implementations in Fixed-Point Systems 8.6 Digital Signal Processing Programming Examples 8.7 Summary Bibliography
Chapter 9: Code Optimization and Resource Partitioning

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5

329 333 335 336 358 364 375 378

379

9.1 9.2

Introduction Event Generation and Handling

380 380

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Contents

9.3 Programming Methodology 9.4 Architectural Features for Efficient Programming 9.5 Compiler Considerations for Efficient Programming 9.6 System and Core Synchronization 9.7 Memory Architecturethe Need for Management 9.8 Physics of Data Movement Bibliography
Chapter 10: Testing and Debugging DSP Systems

384 385 393 399 403 414 421

423

10.1 Multicore System-on-a-Chip 10.2 Software Architecture for SoC 10.3 SoC System Boot Sequence 10.4 Tools Support for SoC 10.5 A Video Processing Example of SoC Bibliography
Index

423 431 435 436 437 448

457