ME 416

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY REPORT

FLOW MEASUREMENTS

Lecturers
Prof.Dr. Canan DLGER
Do.Dr. A.hsan Kutlar

Assistant
nder

By
Adem ATMACA
2015957

UNIVERSITY OF GAZIANTEP
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
January 2005

FLOW MEASUREMENT
This experiment is done on a set up which includes flow meters such as venturimeter,
orifice meter, diffuser and rotameter placed on the same pipe. And this pipe has pressure probes
which is connected to the manometer levels these probes are placed just before and after the flow
meters.In our calculation we will use Bernolli equation and continuity equation which are given
below;
Bernolli equation
P1 V12
P V2
+
+ z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + Hloss
2g
2g
P
where
: hydrostatic head

V2
: kinetic head
2g
z: potential head
Hloss : loss in total head
P

V2
2g

+ z: total head

Continuity equation
Q = V1 A1 = V2 A2
MANOMETRIC LEVELS(mm)
No:

Rotamet
er
(cm)

276

258

271

271

272

253

252

256

167

7.5

Tim
e
(sec.
)
44

284

245

274

276

278

235

234

242

141

7.5

7.5

29

297

227

282

285

288

210

207

227

114

11

15

52

322

199

297

307

310

169

162

183

65

15

15

39

354

160

316

318

335

115

105

148

19

22.5

49

TABLE -1

Wat
er
(kg)

CALCULATIONS
Venturi meter:
d A2 * 0,026 2
AA =
=
= 5,31x10 4 m 2
4
4
2
d B * 0,016 2
AB =
=
= 2,01x10 4 m 2
4
4
A
V A AA = VB AB V A = B VB
AA
V A = 0,378VB
VB2 (0,378VB ) 2
= h A hB
2g

VB = 22,85( hA hB )

Q = 2,01 *10 4 22,8( h A hB )

'

m = Q = 2,01 *10 4 *1000 * 4,78 ( h A hB ) = 0,96 (hA hB )

Orifice Meter:
K= 0,601

d E2 * 0,0512
AE =
=
= 2,04 x10 3 m 2
4
4
2
d B * 0,016 2
AB =
=
= 3,14 x10 4 m 2
4
4
A
VE AE = VF AF VE = F VE
AE
VE = 0,154VF
VF2 (0,154VF ) 2
= K 2 * hE hF
2g

VF = 7,24( hE hF )

Q = 3,14 *10 4 7,24( hE hF )

'

m = Q = 3,14 *10 4 *1000 * 2,69 ( hE hF ) = 0,845 (hE hF )

Rotameter:

Mass flow values taken from rotameter calibration curve, which is given with the experiment
m
m = TANK
time
sheets. For Weight tank:
Run
no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Venturi
3.7
8.82
7.41
9.1
11.3
6.76
12.1
13.34
8.5

m (kg/sec)
Orifice
Rotameter Weight Tank
2.65
0.11
0.138
4.62
0.18
0.156
7.31
0.27
0.25
8.45
0.31
0.357
10.35
0.23
0.357
8.86
0.25
0.277
11.17
0.28
1.25
12.53
0.31
0.5
8.23
0.32
0.5

Table 2

LEAST SQUARE METHOD

a=

n xi yi xi yi

(x )

n x
2
i

Venturi meter
Yi

Xi*Yi

Xi*Xi

0.138

2.65

0.366

0.019

0.156

4.62

0.721

0.024

0.25

7.31

1.828

0.063

0.357

8.45

3.017

0.127

0.357

10.35

3.695

0.127

0.277

8.86

2.454

0.077

1.25

11.17

13.963

1.563

0.5

12.53

6.265

0.250

8.23

y x x y x
n x ( x )
i

2
i

2
i

Orifice meter

Xi

0.5

b=

4.115

0.250
2

xi

yi

xiyi

(xi)

3.785

74.17

36.422

2.500

i i

Xi
0.138
0.156
0.25
0.357
0.357
0.277
1.25
0.5

0.5
xi

3.785

Yi

Xi Yi
XiXi
3.7
0.51
0.019
8.82
1.38
0.024
7.41
1.85
0.063
9.1
3.25
0.127
11.3
4.03
0.127
6.76
1.87
0.077
12.1
15.13 1.563
13.34
6.67
0.250
8.5
4.25
0.25
2
yi
xiyi
(xi)
81.03 38.94 2.250

a= 7.75; b= 5.89 => y= 7.75x + 5.89

Rotameter
Xi
Yi
Xi*Yi
Xi*Xi
0.138 0.110
0.015
0.019
0.156 0.180
0.028
0.024
0.250 0.270
0.068
0.063
0.357 0.310
0.111
0.127
0.357 0.230
0.082
0.127
0.277 0.250
0.069
0.077
1.250 0.280
0.350
1.563
0.500 0.310
0.155
0.250
0.500 0.320
0.160
0.250
2
xi
yi
xiyi
(xi)
3.79
2.26
1.04
2.50

a= 5.75 ;b= 5.82 => y= 5.75x-5.82

a= 0.097; b= 0.21 => y= 0.097x + 0.2

HEAD LOSSES
Venturi meter

Wide angle Diffuser

PA PC

= h AC = h A hC

V A = VC AA = AC
Q= VAAA =VCAC
AA= AC VA= VC
Inlet kinetic head of diffuser is
equal to inlet kinetic head of
venturi meter.
H CD = (HC- HD)

HAC = (HA- HC)

HD
160
186
215
230
255
250
295
315
305

HCD

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

HC
136
185
205
225
245
245
285
305
300

HC
136
185
205
225
245
245
285
305
300

HAC

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

HA
160
250
215
245
275
255
320
345
315

-24
-1
-10
-5
-10
-5
-10
-10
-5

24
65
10
20
30
10
35
40
15

PE V E2
P V2
+
+ zE = F + F + zF

2g

2g
PE
PF
zE = zF
= hE
= hF

V A
V E AE = V F AF VF = E E = 6.5V E
AF

Orifice meter

Right Angle Elbow

Q= VEAE = VGAG
AE= AG VE= VG
Inlet kinetic head of elbow is
equal to inlet kinetic head of orifice.
HGH = (HG- HH)

HG
HH
156
150
158
160
140
155
130
150
100
130
190
200
110
155
110
140
210
230

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

hE hF

6
-2
-15
-20
-30
-10
-45
-30
-20

2
(
6.5VE ) VE2 VE2
=

= 0.024( h

2g
2g
HEF = (HE- HF)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

HGH

HE
165
190
220
235
260
255
300
325
310

HF
155
160
145
135
110
145
125
105
215

2g

HEF
10
30
75
100
150
110
175
220
95

hF )

VENTURI METER

WIDE ANGLE DIFFUSER

PA / + VA2 / 2g = Pc / + Vc2 / 2g
(PC/g)+(VC2/2g)=(PD/g)+(VD2/2g)+ hloss
PA / - Pc / = H A Hc
VD=VC/4 so
KEA = KEC
2
KEC=VC /2g VC = VA
VA2 / 2g = Vc2 / 2g - (HA Hc)
VA x AA = Vc x Ac
H = HC HD
HC
HD HC HD KEA KEC H / KEC
(mm) (mm) (mm)
m
m
1 136 160
-24 0.004 0.004 -6.00
2 185 186
-1 0.011 0.011 -0.09
3 205 215
-10 0.002 0.002 -5.00
4 225 230
-5 0.003 0.003 -1.67
5 245 255
-10 0.005 0.005 -2.00
6 245 250
-5 0.002 0.002 -2.50
7 285 295
-10 0.006 0.006 -1.67
8 305 315
-10 0.007 0.007 -1.43
9 300 305
-5 0.003 0.003 -1.67
2
VB = [( x 26 /4) / ( x 162 /4)] x VA
VB = 2.64 VA
VA2 / 2g = 6.973 VA2 / 2g (HA Hc)
VA2 / 2g = 0.167(HA Hc)
H = HA Hc
H / KEA

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

HA
(mm)
160
250
215
245
275
255
320
345
315

Hc (Ha-Hc) KEA H/KEA

(mm) (mm)
m
136
24
0.004
5.988
185
65
0.011
6.000
205
10
0.002
5.957
225
20
0.003
5.967
245
30
0.005
6.000
245
10
0.002
5.980
285
35
0.006
5.984
305
40
0.007
5.988
300
15
0.003
5.989

ORIFICE
From the hint given in the sheet:
VF2/2gVE2/2g = K2(HE HF) (K=0.601)
KE=VE2/2g=VF2/2g-K2(HEHF)
VExAE=VFxAF
VE x ( x 512/4)=VF x (x202/4)
VE x 6.5 = VF

RIGHT ANGLE ELBOW

KEG = VG2/2g
DC / DG = 26 / 51 = 0.51
VC / VG = 3.847
VG = 0.26VC VC = VA
KE = 0.0676VA2/2g = 0.0676 KEA

VE2/2g= 42.25VE2/2g0.6012(HE HF)

H = HG HH
HG HH HG HH KEA
KEG H / KEG
(mm) (mm) (mm)
m
m
0.002 1.35E-04 44.379
1 156 150
6
0.003 2.03E-04 -9.862
2 158 160
-2
0.005 3.18E-04 -47.211
3 140 155
-15
0.012 8.38E-04 -23.860
4 130 150
-20
0.009 5.75E-04 -52.210
5 100 130
-30
190
200
0.01 6.90E-04 -14.503
6
-10
0.012 8.25E-04 -54.564
7 110 155
-45
0.016 1.10E-03 -27.394
8 110 140
-30
0.019 1.26E-03 -15.821
9 210 230
-20
2
KEE =VE /2g = 0.00855x(HE HF)
H = HE HF
H / KEE

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

HE
HF HE HF KEE
(mm) (mm) (mm)
m
165
155
10 8.55E-05
190
160
30 2.57E-04
220
145
75 6.41E-04
235
135
100 8.55E-04
260
110
150 1.28E-03
255
145
110 9.41E-04
300
125
175 1.50E-03
325
105
220 1.88E-03
310
215
95 8.12E-04

H / KEG

H / KEE
116.96
117.28
116.98
117.04
116.93
116.86
116.88
116.96
117.43

ROTAMETER
Inlet kinetic head of rotameter is equal to inlet kinetic head of venturi meter.
(PH/g) + (VH2/2g) + ZH = (PI/g) + (VI2/2g) + ZI + hloss
hloss = k(VG2/2g) k = 0,9 (for 900 elbow)
VH2/2g = (HG HH) + (VG2/2g) 0,9(VG2/2g) = (HG HH) + 0,1(VG2/2g)
KEH = VH2/2g = (HG HH) + 0,1(VG2/2g) (VG2/2g) = 0.0676 KEA
KEH = VH2/2g = (HG HH) + 0.00676 KEA
H = HH HI
H / KEH

e% =

mMETER mTANK
100

mTANK

mMETER
=a

mTANK
e% = (a 1) 100

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

HH
(mm)
220
248
251
249
253
256
257
245
241

HI
(mm)
130
159
160
158
162
165
164
152
149

For Orifice meter:

Run Orifice
no:
1
0.119
2
0,158
3
0,202
4
0,246
5
0,305
6
0,369
7
0,282
8
0,231
9
0,179
Run Rotameter
no:
1
0,12
2
0,13
3
0,165
4
0,21
5
0,24
6
0,25
7
0,28
8
0,31
9
0,33

HH HI
(mm)

HG HH
(mm)

KEH
m
3,014E-03
5,020E-03
7,032E-03
1,008E-02
1,206E-02
1,407E-02
1,608E-02
2,311E-02

H / KEH

23

KEA
m
0,002
0,003
0,0047
0,0124
0,0085
0,0102
0,0122
0,0162

90

89

91

91

10

91

12

91

14

93

16

93
92

25

0,0187

2,513E-02

3,661

For Rotameter:
Weight
Tank
0,375
0,548
0,777
1,027
1,385
1,546
1,09
0,864
0,554
Weight
Tank
0,061
0,076
0,099
0,122
0,13
0,148
0,155
0,192
0,208

For Venturi meter:

Run Venturi
Weight

e%
50,82
52,63
50,5
48,36
66,92
62,16
65,8
56,77
55,28
e%
96,72
71
66,67
72,13
84,61
67
80,64
61,45
58,65
e%

29,865
17,728
12,941
9,024
7,547
6,468
5,783
4,024

no:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0,117
0,151
0,202
0,243
0,328
0,3918
0,314
0,252
0,202

Tank
0,375
0,548
0,777
1,027
1,385
1,546
1,09
0,864
0,554

47,8
68,4
61,61
64
65,38
58,78
66,45
54,7
53,36

DISCUSSION
During this experiment we have used different flow measurement devices. At the end we
saw that they dont indicate flow rate directly. After taking the manometer levels and time we
made some calculations, by using data to calculate flow rate, head losses and inlet kinetic heads.
We have learned different manometer level readings from multi-tube manometer; these
manometers are mounted to venturi meter, wide angle diffuser, orifice meter, 90 elbow and
rotameter in this experiment. I estimate mass flow rates, head losses and the inlet kinetic heads.

CONCULUSION
The weight tank is taken as reference in this experiment, because it gives exactly the true
value of flow rate due to calculation of mass/time. Other devices gives different results. And we
compared the results by drawing diagrams which includes flow rate of each device and weight
tank. These diagrams show that orifice meter and rotameter give nearly best result relative to the
other device excluding weight tank. There are some faults due to our reading of manometer
readings. I found different discharge values with small changes and neglect it where discharge
must be same.
In practise the most useful one of these devices is the weight tank and it is relatively easy
to use and cheaper than the other ones. There will be some errors unavoidably. But these errors
would be minimized by taking care of the stop watch readings.
Additionally, we can also use the weight tank or orifice meter. Because beside of being
applicable in practice easily, they give acceptable results. But if we had to do a choice between
these devices and if both of them is applicable in our job then we must choose the weight tank. It
is easy to use and only a stop watch is enough for measuring flow rate.