TEM2 CH 6

6-1
Traffic Engineering Manual Vol 2, Chapter 6 - Edition 3, December 2001

Chapter 6
Side Mounted Signs:
Installation
6-2
AMENDMENT RECORD
Ed/Rev No Page(s) Issue Date Amendment Description
Ed 1 All July 1986 Original Manual
Ed 2 All April 2000 Initial draft for comment
(VicRoads only)
Ed 3 All December 2001 New Edition
6-3
Contents
6.1 PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING POST AND FITTINGS
REQUIREMENTS........................................................................... 6-5
6.2 POST SELECTION ........................................................................ 6-7
6.2.1 Number and Spacing of Posts ............................................ 6-7
6.2.2 Post Type and Size ............................................................. 6-7
6.2.3 Determination of Post Length ........................................... 6-12
6.3 FITTINGS SELECTION................................................................ 6-13
6.4 SPECIAL PROCEDURES ............................................................ 6-15
6.4.1 Posts in Sockets .............................................................. 6-15
6.4.2 Single Post Mounting for Large Signs ............................... 6-15
6.4.3 Joint-use Supports for Side Mounted Signs ..................... 6-16
6.5 COLOUR OF SIGN SUPPORTS .................................................. 6-19
APPENDIX 6A
INSTALLATION OF STRUTTED ALUMINIUM SIGN POSTS ................ 6-21
APPENDIX 6B
DESIGN STANDARDS FOR SINGLE POST MOUNTING OF
LARGE SIGNS........................................................................................ 6-27
6-4
6-5
T
o determine the required posts and fittings for a side-mounted sign, proceed
as follows:
Locate the sign precisely, both laterally and longitudinally, see Sections 5.2
and 5.4, and obtain ground levels under the sign relative to the nearest edge
of carriageway,
Determine the mounting height relative to the carriageway edge, see Section
5.3, and calculate the height of sign above ground level,
Determine the number of posts required; see Section 6.2.1, noting that up to
four posts may be used for very wide signs,
Determine the post type and size required, see Section 6.2.2,
Calculate the overall length of post required, see Section 6.2.3, also
Section 2.5,
Determine the type and number of fittings required, see Section 6.3.
Note also that special procedures, see Section 6.4, are applicable in certain
cases.
Side Mounted Signs:
Installation
6.1
Procedure
for
Determining
Post and
Fittings
Requirements
6-6
6-7
6.2.1 Number and Spacing of Posts
The number of posts used to mount signs is as follows:
Single Post Mounting
square or rectangular signs up to 900 mm wide,
diamond signs with side dimension up to 900 mm (ie. C size).
See also Section 6.4.2 regarding single post supports for large signs.
Two Post Mounting
all signs wider than 900 mm or a C size diamond sign, except as noted
below, or in Section 6.4.2.
The spacing of posts is desirably 0.6 times the sign width.
Three Post Mounting
acceptable alternative to two posts mounting for signs 3.65 m or wider.
The spacing is 0.45 times the sign width (1.6 m minimum).
Note that for wide signs it will frequently be more economical and less hazardous
to use three posts of smaller cross-section than two larger posts.
Four Post Mounting
applicable only to very wide signs, 4.5 m or wider. The minimum post
spacing should be 1.3 m.
6.2.2 Post Type and Size
Details of standard post types and sizes, and the purposes for which each is
used, are given in Table 6.1.
To determine the size and type of post required, refer to Figure 6.1. Post types
shown to the left of the graph may be used wherever the sign is in a protected
position, ie. behind guard fence, on a cut batter where permitted in Section 5.2,
or elsewhere where it is unlikely to be struck by an out-of-control vehicle. For
signs in exposed positions, the types shown to the right of the graph should be
used.
Frangible hardwood posts and slip base strutted aluminium posts are illustrated
in Figures 6.2 and 6.3 respectively. The method of installation of strutted
aluminium posts is given in Appendix 6A. In order that the posts perform as
intended when struck by an errant vehicle, the installation must be carried out
in accordance with Appendix 6A.
Side Mounted Signs:
Installation
6.2
Post
Selection
6-8
TABLE 6.1: STANDARD SIGN POST TYPES AND USES
Notes to Table 6.1:
1. Depths may need to be increased in soft ground to ensure post stability.
2. Galvanised steel tube used for sign posts is to be made from C350 grade steel.
Tube sizes are specified by nominal bore (NB) and wall thickness, both in mm.
Figure 6.1 assumes tube wall thickness as noted in the above table. However, lighter
gauge 50 NB tube, with 2.3 mm wall thickness, may be used to support signs of area up
to 0.8 sq.m per post at sign centroid heights of up to 2.2 m. This tube will thus be
suitable for single post mounting of small signs, and for multiple post mounting of wider
but relatively shallow signs such as intersection direction signs.
3. Posts of 50 mm nom. bore or less are not breakaway types, but are considered light
enough to present minimal hazard to out-of-control vehicles.
4. Timber or aluminium frangible posts are generally not appropriate for use in urban areas
(freeway main carriageways and ramps excepted) where roadside space is restrictive
and pedestrian activity exists. As far as practicable, steel posts up to 100 mm nom.
bore should be used in lieu. In especially vulnerable locations post size is desirably
limited to 80 mm.
5. Requires special procedure for determining post and strut length, see Appendix 6A.
6. Galvanised square tube, of equivalent strength to the circular tube sizes shown in the
above table, may be used as an alternative type of sign post.
E P Y T T S O P S E G A S U L A M R O N D R A D N A T S
H T G N E L
N I H T P E D
) 1 ( D N U O R G
Y A W A K A E R B
e b u t l a g B N 2 3
) l l a w 0 . 2 (
) 6 ( & ) 2 ( e t o N
d r a z a h d e t n u o m w o L
1 . 2 . 2 2 n o i t c e S , r e k r a m
m m 5 2 6 1 m m 0 0 7 - 0 0 5 ) 3 ( e t o N
) l l a w 0 . 2 (
) 6 ( & ) 2 ( e t o N
r e k r a m e t a l p e r t e m o l i K
1 . 2 . 4 2 n o i t c e S
m m 5 6 1 2 m m 0 5 6 - 0 5 5 ) 3 ( e t o N
) l l a w 9 . 2 (
) 6 ( & ) 2 ( e t o N
e d i s r o f e s u l a r e n e G
t p e c x e , s n g i s d e t n u o m
l a i c e p s r o r e g r a l e r e h w
3 r o 2 , 1 . d e r i u q e r t s o p
g n i t n u o m t s o p
m m 0 0 8 2
m m 0 0 2 3
m m 0 0 7 3
m m 0 0 6 4
) n i m ( m m 0 0 6
) x a m ( m m 0 0 0 1
) 3 ( e t o N
) l l a w 2 . 3 (
) 6 ( & ) 2 ( e t o N
n i s n g i s e g r a l - m u i d e M
. s n o i t a c o l d e t c e t o r p
g n i t n u o m t s o p 3 r o 2
r e d r o o t h t g n e L m m 0 0 2 1 o t 0 0 9 o N
) 4 ( e t o N
d n a 5 2 1 , 0 0 1
l a g B N 0 5 1
) l l a w 5 . 3 ( e b u t
d n a ) 2 ( e t o N
) 6 (
n i s n g i s e g r a L
n o i t a c o l d e t c e t o r p
t s o p 4 r o 3 , 2 (
t s o p e l g n i S . ) g n i t n u o m
n a b r u n i g n i t n u o m
e r e h w s a e r a
h / m k 0 6 < 5 8 V
) 2 . 4 . 6 n o i t c e S (
r e d r o o t h t g n e L m m 0 0 4 1 o t 0 0 2 1 o N
) 4 ( e t o N
m m 0 0 1 x 0 8 1
e l b i g n a r f
d o o w d r a h
2 . 6 g i F
n i s n g i s e g r a l - m u i d e M
, s n o i t a c o l d e s o p x e
d n a s y a w e e r f y l l a r e n e g
. y l n o s a e r a l a r u r
. g n i t n u o m t s o p 3 r o 2
r e d r o o t h t g n e L m m 0 0 2 1 s e Y
) 4 ( e t o N
e s a b - p i l S
d e t t u r t S
m u i n i m u l A
3 . 6 g i F
d e s o p x e n i s n g i s e g r a L
y l l a r e n e g , s n o i t a c o l
l a r u r d n a s y a w e e r f
. y l n o s a e r a
g n i t n u o m t s o p 3 r o 2
) 5 ( e t o N m m 0 0 2 1 s e Y
) 4 ( e t o N
6-9
FIGURE 6.1: SIGN POST SELECTION GUIDE
(ALL DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES UNLESS OTHERWISE SHOWN)
Notes to Figure 6.1:
1. Dimension H and H
1
relate to ground surface below sign.
On uneven ground, H = height of the longest post.
2. For 3 post mounting conditions, see Section 6.2.1.
3. See Note (4) to Table 6.1 regarding use of frangible posts in urban areas.
6-10
FIGURE 6.2: 180 X 100 MM FRANGIBLE HARDWOOD SIGN POST
6-11
FIGURE 6.3: SLIP BASE STRUTTED ALUMINIUM SIGN POST
Detailed instruction for the installation of these posts is given at Appendix 6A
6-12
6.2.3 Determination of Post Length
The length of post required comprises the sum of:
the signboard depth less 50 mm (clearance at top of sign),
the mounting height, adjusted for difference between pavement level and
ground level at base of post, and
depth of post into the ground, Table 6.1.
Where applicable, a standard length should be selected from Table 6.1, which
retains the above dimensions within their permissible ranges. If this is not
practicable a special length may need to be ordered. Timber posts and the
larger sizes of steel and aluminium posts are ordered to the exact desired
length.
6-13
Examples of sign post fittings and their uses are shown in Figure 6.4.
Some of the fittings illustrated in Figure 6.4 are proprietary designs. Other
fittings that have the same performance may be substituted for them.
FIGURE 6.4: SIGN POST FITTINGS
Side Mounted Signs:
Installation
6.3
Fittings
Selection
6-14
To select the type and number of fittings required:
Determine whether the sign will be stiffened on the back with Unistrut channel
or similar. In general, the following permanent sign blanks are stiffened:
Rectangular, square and octagonal signs wider than 700 mm,
Diamond warning signs 750 x 750 mm and larger,
Triangular signs wider than 750 mm,
However, 1800 x 300 mm hazard markers are not stiffened,
Determine whether back to back mounting of two signs is required,
Taking account of the type and size of post to be used, select an appropriate
fitting from Figure 6.4,
Taking into account that for stiffened signs, one fitting is required at each
intercept point of post and horizontal stiffening section, determine the number
of fittings required for each separate sign on the basis of:
One fitting per post for signs up to 200 mm in depth,
Two fittings per post for signs 201 to 900 mm in depth,
Three fittings per post for signs 901 to 1200 mm in depth,
One extra fitting per post for each 400 mm increment or part thereof
above 1200 mm.
6-15
6.4.1 Posts in Sockets
Where a sign is to be erected in paved areas or in a location where it could be
expected to be struck from time to time by vehicles, eg. on an urban median
end; or where it may need to be removed occasionally to accommodate the
swept path of overdimensional vehicles when turning, the post should be inserted
into a socket cast into the ground. Suitable socket sizes for posts are as
follows.
The socket should be set into the ground to the same depth as the post would
otherwise have been set and should protrude approximately 50 mm above an
earth surface, or 25 mm above a concrete or bitumen surface.
The socket may be blocked off so that the sign post penetrates a minimum of
450 mm into the socket. The sign post should be securely fixed into the socket
by an approved vandal proof method.
Side Mounted Signs:
Installation
6.4
Special
Procedures
e z i S t s o P e z i S t e k c o S
) s r e k r a m d r a z a h ( e p i p e r o b . m o n m m 2 3
e p i p e r o b . m o n m m 0 5
6-16
6.4.2 Single Post Mounting for Large Signs
The mounting of large signs on two posts in some locations in urban areas, for
example, above a footpath, may present a problem in that the structure may be
aesthetically displeasing, or one of the posts may be an obstruction to pedestrians
or otherwise difficult to site.
Designs for standardised single post, side mounted sign structures utilising
114 mm, 140 mm or 165 mm OD galvanised steel posts are provided in
Appendix 6B. The designs are suitable for mounting heights (ground to lower
edge of sign) up to about 2.6 m, and subject to certain signboard shape limitations
(width/depth ratio) the post may be offset by up to 400 mm from the edge of the
sign. Typical maximum signboard sizes which may be mounted this way on a
165 mm post can be estimated from Figure 6.5 for post offsets of 0 and 1 m.
Such supports will, however, be more costly than conventional two-post mounting,
and are not to be made as breakaway supports.
FIGURE 6.5: MAXIMUM SIGN BOARD SIZES ON
STANDARD SINGLE POST SUPPORTS
6-17
6.4.3 Joint-use Supports for Side Mounted Signs
Wherever practicable in urban areas, existing roadside poles, lighting columns,
traffic signal pedestals, etc. should be used for the mounting of signs to reduce
as much as possible any unsightly proliferation of poles in the environment.
Small signs, generally not more than 0.3 sq.m in area, may be attached to
electricity distribution poles, tramway poles, lighting columns and signal
pedestals or mast arms by banding to steel or concrete columns.
Larger signs may require that the pole be checked structurally for the added
loading of the sign, or may require the design of special joint-use supports. The
latter will normally apply where traffic signal pedestals are to be used. Large
signs will rarely be permitted on electricity distribution poles. In most cases,
larger signs will need specially designed attachments for fitting the sign to the
pole. The assistance of an experienced traffic engineer should be sought in
locating signs most advantageously in such cases, and a structural engineer
should be consulted where special structures or attachments, or checks on
existing structures, are required.
Typical maximum signboard areas which may be attached to joint-use structures
are as follows:
Standard 114 mm OD signal pedestal - 1.0 sq.m
Special 165 mm OD signal pedestals - 2.7 sq.m
(Installed only by special arrangement with VicRoads' Signal Installation
& Maintenance Section)
Joint use traffic signal/lighting column or traffic signal mast arm -
1.6 sq.m less the area of any traffic signal target boards facing in the
same direction.
When contemplating the use of joint-use supports for signs it is necessary to
ensure that:
the function of the sign is not adversely affected by relocating it on a joint-
use support,
all required lateral and vertical clearances are provided, see Sections 5.2
and 5.3,
permission is obtained for use of structures which are not VicRoads property.
See also Section 7.4.8 regarding joint-use structures for overhead signs.
6-18
6-19
Side Mounted Signs:
Installation
6.5
Colour of
Sign
Supports
Sign supports are normally left unpainted, except as follows:
Sign supports on declared roads (along with traffic signal pedestals) may be
painted where requested by Councils or developers provided that they agree
to meet all associated costs, including maintenance. This is conditional upon
the Council/developer entering into an agreement to reinstate the poles to
their original condition in the event that the Council/developer discontinues
its own colour scheme,
In isolated situations (ie. where painting of sign supports has not been
initiated), posts may need to be painted in order to reduce any undesirable
aesthetic effects using an approved neutral colour (eg. at channelised
intersections),
Unless galvanised, large diameter steel posts and all overhead or high mounted
sign structures are either painted an approved neutral colour or finished with
a zinc-in-silicate coating,
If it is necessary to use timber posts for large direction or similar signs in
urban areas, they may be painted an approved neutral colour on aesthetic
grounds.
6-20
6-21
INSTALLATION OF STRUTTED ALUMINIUM SIGN POSTS
6A.1 GENERAL
Guides for the use of strutted aluminium sign posts are given in Section 6.2.2
(or alternatively Table 6.1). Post requirements in terms of signboard area and
mounting height can be determined from Figure 6.1.
This appendix gives a series of suggested steps for laying out the installation
site, installing the footings and erecting the sign posts.
6A.2 SITE LAYOUT
Having determined the precise sign location, longitudinally and laterally, and
whether two or three posts will be required, proceed as follows:
Step 1
Locate and peg the positions of the vertical posts, and run a set-out line back
from each at 90
o
to the line of the posts, see Figure 6A.1.
Post spacing S is obtained from Section 6.2.1. The angle 0 is required to avoid
specular reflection, see Section 5.5, and should be 5
o
when the sign is located
on a straight or left hand curve or zero on a right hand curve. Note that 5
o
is
equivalent to an offset of the outer edge of sign of approximately 100 mm per
metre of sign width.
FIGURE 6A.1: SETTING OUT VERTICAL POST POSITIONS
Appendix 6A
6-22
Step 2
Considering firstly the shortest post:
(a) Signs on Substantially Level Ground or Fill Batters
The mounting height U (Figure 6A.2) measured from the top of the footing,
should be a minimum of 2200 mm. On a fill batter this may need to be increased
where the mounting height to lower edge of sign would otherwise fall below the
required minimum of 1500 mm above nearest edge of pavement (or 2000 where
it is desired for uniformity of height with other large signs in the vicinity).
(b) Signs on Steep Cut Batters
On cut batter slopes 2:1 or steeper the minimum mounting height of 2200 mm
may be reduced providing:
the lowest corner of the sign is a minimum of 800 mm above the ground,
and,
the mounting height of any post within 1.2 m vertically of toe of batter is a
minimum of 2200 mm.
Run levels back along the set-out line, so that the natural surface slope can be
established, and the location of the strut footing can be determined in accordance
with the geometry illustrated in Figure 6A.2, where:
H = height of signboard,
C = footing clearance above natural surface, which must lie between 50
and 125 mm,
X = ground slope along set-out line,
OS = horizontal distance between post and strut footings, and
V = level difference between post and strut footings
(negative if strut footing is below post footing),
0 = Strut Angle (see 6A.4).
FIGURE 6A.2: ESTABLISHING STRUT FOOTING POSITIONS
6-23
Step 3
Obtain levels for the top of second (and third) vertical post footing(s) and
calculate the length U for the remaining post(s). Repeat Step 2 for the remaining
post(s).
Step 4
From Figure 6A.3, determine the length of each vertical post (P) and strut (D),
and after checking strut length, see 6A.3 CHECKING STRUT LENGTH below,
order components accordingly.
Complete post assemblies are supplied in kit form, one kit for each post. Note
that vertical posts and struts will be provided slightly overlength with the final
pop-rivetted attachment of one strut end to be made in the field after checking
and cutting the post or strut to exact length on site.
FIGURE 6A.3: CALCULATION OF POST AND STRUT LENGTHS
AND ASSEMBLY GEOMETRY
6-24
6A.3 CHECKING STRUT LENGTH
After calculation of strut lengths as in Step 4 above, each should be checked
for structural adequacy against Figure 6A.4. If one or more struts fail this
check, either:
the sign should be relocated to a position allowing shorter struts to be used,
an additional post may be necessary, provided the requirements of
Section 6.2.1 can be met, or,
an alternative mounting system may be necessary, eg. rigid posts protected
by guardfence.
FIGURE 6A.4: ALLOWABLE STRUT LENGTHS
6-25
6A.4 ALTERNATIVE STRUT ANGLES
The strut angle should wherever practicable be 45
o
. If due to site conditions a
smaller strut angle is required, it may be reduced to not less than 30
o
.
6A.5 POST ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION
Post and strut footings should be installed such that the height is within the
range 50 to 125 mm above ground level and varies by not more than 25 mm
from the clearance C adopted for calculation in Steps 2 and 3 of 6A.2 SITE
LAYOUT.
Each footing is concreted into a hole approximately 400 mm dia. x 1200 mm
deep.
Installation of each post and strut assembly is then carried out in accordance
with Figure 6A.5.
6-26
FIGURE 6A.5: POST ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION
Notes to Figure 6A.5:
As a final test, when sign construction is complete, it is critical that the strut assemblies be
shaken to ensure that no movement exists in any footings.
6-27
DESIGN STANDARDS FOR SINGLE POST MOUNTING OF LARGE
SIGNS
6B.1 GENERAL
The following charts are used to determine whether a sign can be mounted on
a single post utilising 114 mm, 140 mm or 165 mm OD galvanised steel posts.
6B.2 POST SIZE SELECTION PROCEDURE
With reference to Figure 6B.1:
1. Determine the area of the sign (A x B) and mounting height "H1".
2. Determine offset "S" and select the appropriate Figure 6B.2, 6B.3, or 6B.4,
rounding up to the next whole number offset.
3. Determine the post size by projecting horizontal and vertical lines knowing
mounting height and sign area. The post size required is the one above the
intercept point.
Appendix 6B
FIGURE 6B.1: TYPICAL SINGLE POST MOUNTING ARRANGEMENT
6B.3 CHANNEL SIZE SELECTION PROCEDURE
Single post mounted signs require larger horizontal sign stiffening sections as
these signs are cantilevered.
1. Determine the outreach, which is the horizontal distance from the centre of
the post to the furthest edge of the sign.
2. Knowing the sign depth "B", determine from Figure 6B.5 the number and
size of stiffening sections required.
Upon erection of the sign, the 41 mm x 41 mm channel section transport bracing
shall be retained, but cut to provide 50 mm clearance inside the top and bottom
edges of the sign.
6B.4 MAXIMUM SIGN AREA AND TYPICAL DRAWING
Table 6B.1 tabulates the maximum sign areas that can be supported for various
post sizes taking into account the mounting height and offset mounting
arrangement.
Figures 6B.6-6B.9 show typical sign manufacturing drawings that include details
of horizontal stiffening sections and transport bracing. Also included are standard
drawings for General Arrangement, Sign Mounting Brackets and Post and Footing
details.
6-28
FIGURE 6B.2 - POST SIZE SELECTION
6-29
6-30
6-31
FIGURE 6B.5 - CHANNEL SIZE SELECTION
6-32
: t s o P S H C 5 6 1 S H C 0 4 1 S H C 4 1 1
: t e s f f O 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 2
: t h g i e H m m m m m m m m m
5 . 1 6 3 . 1 1 6 3 . 0 1 4 9 . 6 7 5 . 8 0 5 . 7 3 0 . 5 1 5 . 5 6 5 . 4 6 0 . 3
0 . 2 1 5 . 9 6 8 . 8 5 3 . 6 5 0 . 7 7 3 . 6 7 5 . 4 3 4 . 4 5 8 . 3 7 7 . 2
5 . 2 9 0 . 8 5 6 . 7 9 7 . 5 2 9 . 5 8 4 . 5 6 1 . 4 6 6 . 3 9 2 . 3 0 5 . 2
0 . 3 8 9 . 6 8 6 . 6 8 2 . 5 6 0 . 5 6 7 . 4 8 7 . 3 8 0 . 3 4 8 . 2 6 2 . 2
5 . 3 0 1 . 6 8 8 . 5 2 8 . 4 9 3 . 4 7 1 . 4 4 4 . 3 4 6 . 2 7 4 . 2 4 0 . 2
0 . 4 8 3 . 5 2 2 . 5 1 4 . 4 4 8 . 3 9 6 . 3 3 1 . 3 8 2 . 2 7 1 . 2 5 8 . 1
5 . 4 8 7 . 4 6 6 . 4 4 0 . 4 9 3 . 3 8 2 . 3 5 8 . 2 9 9 . 1 1 9 . 1 7 6 . 1
TABLE 6B.1 - MAXIMUM SIGN AREA FOR SINGLE POST SUPPORT
SIGNS (M
2
)
6-33
FIGURE 6B.6 - TYPICAL SIGN FACE DESIGN DETAIL FOR
SINGLE POST MOUNTED SUPPORT
6-34
FIGURE 6B.7 - STANDARD SINGLE POST SIGN SUPPORT
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
6-35
SIGN MOUNTING BRACKETS
6-36
POST AND FOOTINGS

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Traffic Engineering Manual Vol 2, Chapter 6 - Edition 3, December 2001

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