4.

7 Rack And Spur Gear Table 4-6 presents the method for calculating the mesh of a rack and spur gear. Figure 4-9a shows the pitch circle of a standard gear and the pitch line of the rack. One rotation of l one circumferential

Figure 4-9b shows a profle shifted spur gear, with positive correction xm, meshed with a rack. The spur gear has a larger pitch radius than standard, by the amount xm. Also, the pitch line of the rack has shifted outward by the amount xm. Table 4-6 presents the calculation of a meshed profle shifted spur gear and rack. If the correction factor x

is , then it is the case of a standard gear

meshed with the rack. The rack displacement, l, is not changed in any way by the profle

the spur gear will displace the rack length of the gear's pitch circle, per the formula:

l ! mz

"4-6#

shifting. Equation (4-6 remains applicable for any amount of profle shift.

Table 4-6 )o.

T!e "alculation o# $i%en&ion& o# a 'ro#le S!i#ted Spur Gear and a Rack *te% $odule %ressure Angle &umber of Teeth +oeffcient of %rofle ,hift x m z '( ... E(a%ple S+%bol Spur Gear Rack For%ula )(
*

1 2 3 4

/ 0eight of %itch 1ine - 2orking %ressure Angle

H w a +enter 3istance . .

.. )(.
x

zm xm

/'.4

4 %itch 3iameter d 5ase 3iameter

zm

)-. d
b

d cos )).4(6 ..
b d

d ' 2orking %itch 3iameter

w

.... cos
w

)-.

'' Addendum '( 2hole 3epth ') Outside

3iameter

h
a

8.4 m"' 7 x# 8/.-

). ..

-.9/

h (.(/m d d 7 (h
a a

'8 :oot 3iameter

d
f

d
a 2h

)(.'

d d d .. a H Fig. 4-9a T!e ,e&!ing o# Standard Spur Gear and

Rack and Rack
! '(, ;' ! # b

d ( H Fig. 4-9b T!e ,e&!ing o# 'ro#le S!i#ted Spur Gear

. d .( x a
m x

! ( *, z

! ( *, z

SE"T*-) . *)TER)A/ GEARS ..0 *nternal Gear "alculation&

w' ! (ax()

d z

z
'

2
( '

"alculation o# a 'ro#le S!i#ted *nternal Gear z Figure .-0 presents the mesh of an internal gear and e;ternal gear. Of vital importance is the operating "working# pitch diameters, d "working# pressure angle, and Equation& (.-0 .
w( ! (ax()

d ".-0#

< ='

w.

w.

d
and operating

They can be derived from center distance, ax, b( . d b' w = cos1() x

(a

T11

 O
'

d d
w

d
a(

a
x

d O
(

( f (

Fig. .-0 T!e ,e&!ing o# *nternal Gear and E(ternal Gear Table .-0 shows the calculation steps. It will become a standard gear 1 ! ;( ! . calculation if x If the center distance, a ;, is given, ;' and x( would be obtained from the inverse calcula> Table .-0 T!e "alculation o# a 'ro#le S!i#ted *nternal Gear and E(ternal Gear (0 E(a%ple *te% S+%bol For%ula )o. internal gears and e;ternal gears. The actual value of tooth depth and root diameter, after cutting, will be slightly different from the calculation. That is because the cutter has a coeffcient of shifted profle. In order to get a correct tooth profle, the coeffcient of cutter should be taken into consideration. / E(ternal Gear (0 Gear (1 $odule ' %ressure Angle ( ) 8 +oeffcient of %rofle ,hift x m
', =(

tion from item 8 to item 4 of Table .-0. These inverse formulas are in Table .-1. %inion cutters are often used in cutting

*nternal

) ( * '(8

z & u

1. 0
./

;(

2
;'

<

2
Involute ?unction

tan "

inv
w

..1 *nter#erence *n *nternal Gear&

...... # 7 inv@ z
< ='

. - 8 '
?ind from Involute

2orking %ressure Angle Three different types of interference can 9 +enter 3istance Increment ?actor

Table

)'. 6 )9*

< ='

cosa

2
cosa

...... "..... . '# .)468(-

occur with internal gears:

w z

+enter 3istance a
x

( . ='

(
. 7 y#m (

....

').'-4)

"a# Involute Interference

"b# Trochoid Interference "c# Trimming Interference

'

6 %itch 3iameter 5ase +ircle 3iameter

d db

zm d cos d
b

84. 9(. 8/.' / -9.-/4 /(.-9) 96. '

(a *n2olute *nter#erence '' d 2orking %itch 3iameter

w

.... cos
w

This occurs between the dedendum of

"' 7 x

'(

Addendum h
a(

'#m

). './ -.9/
(#m

the e;ternal gear and the addendum of the internal gear. It is prevalent when the number ') 2hole 3epth of teeth of the e;ternal gear is small. Involute

"' . x (.(/m d

h d

interference can be avoided by the conditions cited below:

'8 '/

Outside 3iameter :oot 3iameter

a'

' 7 (ha'

da(

d( . (ha(

/8. -6.

z ... A ' . ...... z where a( is the pressure internal gear tooth. d

(

t ".-1# tan
angle seen at a tip of

an
w

the

b(

".-3#

Table .-1

T!e "alculation o# S!i#ted *nternal Gear and E(ternal Gear (1 )o. *te% ').'-4) S+%bol For%ula E(a%ple

a( ! cos.'".... #

d and w is wor

a(

ing press!re ang"e#

( z' 2
x

+enter 3istance ( . ='#mcos@".-4# aa

ax

w = cos1$ % x z( . ='

( y +enter 3istance Increment ?actor Equation (.-3 is true only if the outside diameter of the internal gear is bigger than the ) 2orking %ressure Angle
w

... . .......

.)468)

m cos.' ............

"z

< ='#cosa

2
z

C
<

)'. 6)9*

y7

base circle: 3ifference of +oeffcients of z x 8

2
=' < =' #"invaw .

inv@#

( . ;'

................... d
a( A d b(

(
%rofle ,hift / +oeffcient of %rofle ,hift

.-.# (tan

T13

0
, ;(

. /

?or a standard internal gear, where is valid only if the number of teeth is z2 D )8. (b Troc!oid *nter#erence

! ( *, Equation (.-.

There will be an involute interference between the internal gear and the pinion cutter if the number of teeth of the pinion cutter ranges from '/ to (( "z
c = 1& to 22)' Tab"e &()b shows the "imit for a prof"e shifted pinion

c.

magnit!de of s was ass!med t

cutter to prevent trimming interference while cutting a standard internal gear. The correction, x c * +'+&' This refers to an interference occurring at the addendum of the e;ternal . 9/ z gear and the dedendum of the internal gear during recess tooth action. It tends to happen when the difference between the numbers of teeth of the Table .-3b T!e /i%it to 're2ent an *nternal Gear #ro% two gears is small. Equation (.-6 presents the condition for avoiding Tri%%ing *nter#erence " ! ( *, x 2 ! trochoidal interference. # z c z '/ ''9 '4 '6 ( (' (( (8 (/
' '... 7 inv@w inv,a( A E(

(9

z
(

x
c

.'-( /
(

.'9 /

.'99 .'4 .'6( / / )6 8 )' 8' )(

.( / 8( ))

.( 9 .(' / 8) )8 8/ )/

.() / 89 )4

.()9 .(/( / 84 8 / 8(

0ere r 1 ".-7# a( 7 r 2

)=
c

)4 (4 )

;
c

.((

.(9/ .(4( /

.(6 /

.(69

.) / .)'( .)) / /

.)/

.)-/

(ar where

a(

=c
a' is the pressure angle of the spur gear tooth tip:

/( 88

/8 84

// /

//-

/4 -

/6 -8

--

-8 4

-6-

;
c

.)4

.8' 9'

.8(/ 9-

.89 94

./ 4-

./) 6

./8/
b'

.-/ 64

.99 ''/

.4 ')- ' 8 '

d
a' ! cos.'"....# a'

(
.4#

=
(

6/

d In the meshing of an e;ternal gear and a standard internal gear ! ( *, trochoid interference is avoided if the difference of the number of teeth, z

There will be an involute interference between the internal gear and the pinion cutter if the number of teeth of the pinion cutter ranges from '/

< =(, is larger than 6.

to '6 "z
c = 1& to 1-)'

(c Tri%%ing *nter#erence This occurs in the radial direction in that it prevents pulling the gears apart.
Thus, the mesh must be assembled by sliding the gears together with

an a;ial motion. It tends to happen when the numbers of teeth of the two ..3 *nternal Gear 5it! S%all $i##erence& *n )u%ber& -# Teet! gears are very close. Equation (.-9 indicates how to prevent this type of interference. In the meshing of an internal gear and an e;ternal gear, if the difference

? 1
0ere

z(
7 invaa' . inv@w . (/( 7 inv@a( . inv@w)

".-9# in numbers of teeth of two gears is Fuite small, a profle shifted gear could prevent the interference. Table .-4 is an e;ample of how to prevent interference under the conditions of

z'

! / and the difference of numbers of

< "cos

a' G cos@a(#( ! sin<' <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

(
' . "z .-06#

Table .-4 T!e ,e&!ing o# *nternal and E(ternal Gear& o# S%all $i##erence o# )u%ber& o# Teet! "m ! ', ! ( *#

1
H = ( # (

z "cos z
(

'

86

84 x

89

8-

8/

88

8)

8(

H ='#( < '

'

This type of interference can occur in the process of cutting an internal x

(

gear with a pinion cutter. ,hould that happen, there is danger of breaking the tooling. Table .-3a shows the limit for the pinion cutter to prevent trimming interference when cutting a standard internal gear, with pressure

w a a

'. -'. /*

.8-. ) (8*

.8 )9.8' //*

.) )(.8/ ('*

.( (4.( '6*

.'' (8./) /-*

. ((.)9 //*

. ' ( .

Table .-3a T!e /i%it to 're2ent an *nternal Gear #ro% Tri%%ing *nter#erence " ! ( *, xc = x( ! =c to 4. =
(

'/

'-

'9

'4

'6

('

((

(8

(/

(9

teeth of two gears ranges from '

All combinations above will not cause involute interference or trochoid )8 )8 )/ )) / )9 )4 )6 )' /' 8 8( )( /( 8) 8/ )) /) interference, but trimming interference is still there. In order to assemble successfully, the e;ternal gear should be assembled by inserting in the a;ial )8 direction. //4 )/ )4 8 8(

=
c

(4

=( 884 86 gear, in which the difference =

c

A profle shifted internal gear and e;ternal

of numbers of teeth is small, belong to the feld of hypocyclic mechanism, / 98 94 /4( 48 -8 -4 6' which can produce a large reduction ratio in one step, such as 'H' . 64 ''8 ''4 ( . =' ,peed :atio ! ....... ".-00 # z

88 =( -( --

84 -4

'

T14