M&AE 3272: Mechanical Property and Performance Laboratory

The Fundamental Materials Triangle

Structure
Processing Operations change a materials internal structure (the materials state evolves)

Internal Structure and Composition of materials dictates their Properties

Properties

Material Properties determine the Processing Operations that can be used

Processing
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Classes of Materials

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Material Size Scales

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Mechanical Properties are Critical Consequences can be catastrophic!

Failure of: Bridges, Buildings, Structures Failure of F-15: Aircraft The Air Force determined that the cause of the accident was a defective metal Medical Devices support beam . . .
A failure of the upper right longeron, a critical support structure in the F-15C Eagle, caused the crash of a Missouri Air National Guard F-15C . . . The longeron didn't meet blueprint specifications. This defect led to a series of fatigue cracks in the right upper longeron which expanded under life cycle stress, causing the longeron to fail, thus initiating a catastrophic failure of the entire aircraft.
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Properties of Metals:
Atomic Scale: Bonding Metallic Microstructure
Defects and Imperfections Crystal grains; Lamella

Useful Characteristics Mechanical Properties

Electrical Conductivity Huge Information and Experience Base Machinability; Formability

Concerns:
Fracture Fatigue Corrosion Oxidation
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Properties of Metals:
Atomic Scale: Bonding Metallic Microstructure
Defects and Imperfections Crystal grains; Lamella

Useful Characteristics Mechanical Properties

Electrical Conductivity Huge Information and Experience Base Machinability; Formability

Aluminum 20%Cu

Aluminum 33%Cu

Concerns:
Fracture Fatigue Corrosion Oxidation

Fe 0.83%C: Pearlite
Example: Dislocations in Aluminum
http://aluminium.matter.org.uk/content/html/ENG/default.asp?catid=71&pageid=1006363262 WSachse; 1/2012; 6

M&AE 3272 - Supplementary Lecture Materials

Properties of Metals:
Atomic Scale: Bonding Metallic Microstructure
Defects and Imperfections Crystal grains; Lamella

Useful Characteristics Mechanical Properties

Electrical Conductivity Huge Information and Experience Base Machinability; Formability

Aluminum 20%Cu

Aluminum 33%Cu

Concerns:
Fracture Fatigue Corrosion Oxidation Decarburized
Example: Dislocations in Aluminum

Original Fe 0.83%C: Pearlite

http://aluminium.matter.org.uk/content/html/ENG/default.asp?catid=71&pageid=1006363262 WSachse; 1/2012; 7

M&AE 3272 - Supplementary Lecture Materials

Properties of Metals:
Atomic Scale: Bonding Metallic Microstructure
Defects and Imperfections Crystal grains; Lamella

Useful Characteristics Mechanical Properties

Electrical Conductivity Huge Information and Experience Base Machinability; Formability

Concerns:
Fracture Fatigue Corrosion Oxidation
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Aluminum and Steel Alloys:

Yield Strength depends on Composition

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Effect of Alloying Additions and Grain Size:

Effect of alloying additions on the yield strength of ferrite + pearlite structural steels.

Effect of alloying additions on the yield strength of ferrite + pearlite structural steels.

Hall-Petch equation relating grain size to yield strength of structural steels: 1/2 y 0

= + kd

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Steel: Hot and Cold Rolling and Microstructure:

Hot Rolling: Cold Rolling:

Increasing, %

Yield Strength

Tensile Strength

Decreasing, %

Reduction of Area

Elongation

Reduction during Cold Working, %

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The Magic of Steel (Part 1):

Plentiful; Inexpensive; Easily processed to obtain materials of varying strength
http://www.matter.org.uk/steelmatter/metallurgy/6_1_3_1.html The carbon content at which the minimum austenite temperature is attained is called the eutectoid carbon content (0.68 wt. % C in case of the metastable Fe-C phase diagram.) The ferrite-cementite phase mixture of this composition formed during slow cooling has a characteristic appearance and is called pearlite and can be treated as a microstructural entity or microconstituent. It is an aggregate of alternating ferrite and cementite lamellae that coarsens (or "spheroidizes") into cementite particles dispersed within a ferrite matrix after extended holding at a temperature close to A1.
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The Magic of Steel (Part 2):

Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) Diagram
Example: Iron-Carbon
http://www.matter.org.uk/steelmatter/metallurgy/7_1_2.html

Heat treatments of steel involve austenizing at temperature, followed by continuous cooling to room temperature. Ms - The highest temperature at which transformation of austenite to martensite starts during rapid cooling. Mf -The temperature at which martensite formation completes during rapid cooling.
M&AE 3272 - Supplementary Lecture Materials

CCT Diagram: AISI-SAE 1080 Steel

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