!

" "
! # $! # % # &! # # '()
! $ %

*+,& & , %-+% ./-0 $10,%-0

- . 2

2
,

3
4

0 4
 4
!

. 2

5 6.3-7 7

8 0 ! ! 9 :
2
= { " = < ; 7) }
8 0
2

= {! ! 4 < 77 }

9 : ! 2
9 : 9 : 9 :

.
2

5 6.3- " 7

'->6 / $*3 >2 {

$= 7 " @ = ? }
'->6 %-+0/>*%/,A 2 $= ! !{ }
5 6.3- @ 7

'->6 / $*3 >2 {

/= B" < }
'->6 %-+0/>*%/,A 2 / = {! ! " B =! B 7" = ) }
5 6.3- = 7

'->6 / $*3 >2 {

6 = 6 &>,& 3-+&> 0 >-6 . >,0 }
'->6 %-+0/>*%/,A 2 6 = {! ! ! }
0 9 : : : 9 : 9 :
! ∈ 9 9 : 9 : 9 :

0 9 : 9 : 9 :
9 : ∉
0 9":

5 6.3- ? 7

0, = { } ∈ ∉ ∈ ∉

5 6.3- < 7

0 $ = {" = < ; 7) "" } ?∉$ <∈$ 77 ∉ $ ") ∈ $

# $ # $ #2 *

, 4
4 4

5 6.3- C 7

0 . = {! ! } 9%:

5 6.3- ; 7

0 D= {! ! } 9& :

' () ) )* # & 9 : 9 :
9 :
9 : 9 : 9 :
3 (

5 6.3- E 7

= { } $= { }

5 6.3- 7) 7

3 0= {! ! } / = {" }

5 6.3- 77 7

0 F = {! ! }
'= {! ! "} 9$: G 9': 2
F = {" = < ; } ' = { " = ; 7< }
+ 2
9,:

5 6.3- 7" 7

8 = {! !" + = = ) ! } 9 :

5 6.3- 7@ 7

8 $= { ")) H } 9 :

= { } 9-:

+*.# (
0

9 :

5 6.3-7= 7

Υ = { }
 5 6.3- 7? 7

Υ = { }
# 2 0 9 :
9 : 9 : 9 : 2 9 :
9 : ∈ ∈ 3
2

⊂
& ⊂ 9 : 29 :
9 : 9 9 :

5 6.3- 7< 7

0 = { } $ = { } ⊂ $

5 6.3- 7C 7

0 ' = {! ! } F = {! ! "}
⊂ ∈ ∈ 9':
9$:

) '. - # )* +* /* (*.2 .

A B A

5 6.3- 7; 7

0 ⊂ ≠ 9 :
9 :
 ⊂

5 6.3- 7E 7

0 = {7 " @ =} $ = {@ = ? < }
A 2

5 >%,%,- 7 7

7 3 !
2

8 {!
= ! 7= }
8 $ = { }
% = { }
8 & = {! !" B ! B " = ) }
8 = { H }
 " >

8 = { 7" 7= 7< 7; }
8 . = { }
8 I = {" = < ; "" }
8 6 = { 7) H }
@ 2

8 3 9-: 9 :
8 9 :
8 0 91:
8 9#: 9 :
8 9!: 9 :

= & 2

= {7 " @ = ? < C ; E ) } & = {@ < E }

$ = {" = < ; ) } = {7 ? C E }
% = {7 @ ? C E } ' = {" = }

J% !
K

8 ⊂ 8 ⊂
8 ⊄ 8 =
8 ⊂ 8 ⊂
8 ⊂ 8 ∅ ⊂
8 ⊂ 8 ⊂
? 0 = { " @ =} $ = {! !" = = ! }
% = {! ! B <! + ; = )
"
} & = {! ! "
}
J% 2

8 ⊂
8 ⊂
8 ⊂
8 ⊂ ∅
8 =
8 & & ( *
 %*. *# #2
&

3 9 : 9 :
9 : 9 : 0
∪
0 ∪ 9 $:
∪ ={ ∈ ∈ }
5 6.3- ") 7

0 0={ } / ={ }
3* F- 0 ∪ / = { }

5 6.3- "7 7

0 = {7 @ ? C } $ = {" = < }

∪$ = {7 " @ = ? < C}

0 ∪ $ = $ ∪ 9 : 9 :
∪ $ 2

⊂ L ∪ $8 $ ⊂ L ∪ $8

*.#* 3 9 : 9 :
9 :
9 : 0 ∩
0 ∩ $ 9 :

∩ $ = {! ! ∈ ! ∈ $}

5 6.3- "" 7

0 A = {" = < ; 7) } M = {7 " @ =? <}

3 A ∩ M = {" = <}

5 6.3- "@ 7

0 0 = {! ! " B ;! + 7? = ) } / = {" @ =}

3 0 ∩ / = {@ }
-%(*-* 9 :
9 : 9*: 0
′
9 : 2 9 9 :

N = {! ! ∈* ! ∉ }

5 6.3- "= 7

0 = { } 9*:
2

N = { }
5 6.3- "? 7

0 * = {7 " @ 7) } $ = {" = < ; 7) }

$N = {7 @ ? C E}

% 2

∪ N = * ∩ N = ∅

O L P8P (

5 >%,%,- " 7

< 0 = {7 " @ =} $ = {" = < ;} % = {@ = ? <}

 2

8 ∪ $ 8 ∩ %
8 ∪ % 8 $ ∩ %
8 $ ∪ %
8 ∩ $

C . $ % 2

8 ∩ L$ ∪ %8 8 % ∪ L ∪ %8
8 ∪ L$ ∪ %8 Q8 ∩ L$ ∩ %8
8 $ ∩ L$ ∪ %8

; 0 2* = { } = { }
$ = { } % = { }
I 2
8 ∪ % 8 L ∩ N 8N
8 $ ∩
8 %N
8 $N ∪ %
8 %N ∩

! " "

% . .)* ) ,
9 : 9 :
0 2

L 8
L 8 L 8

5 6.3- "< 7

L" @8 L@?8

5 6.3- "C 7

L7 78 L< <8

5 6.3- "; 7

3 4
 %. ) & 9 : 9$:
9 : 9$: L 8
∈ ∈$ 0 2 9 ! $: 29 $:
! $ = {L 8 ∈ ∈$ }
5 6.3- "E 7

0 = {7 " @} $ = { }
! $ = {L7 8 L7 8 L" 8 L" 8 L@ 8 L@ 8}

5 6.3- @) 7

0 / = {@ ? }
/ ! / = {L @ @ 8 L @ ?8 L ? @ 8 L ? ? 8}

& 9 : 9 :
9$: 9 : 9 ! :
& ! $ ≠ $ !

5 6.3- @7 7

0 9>: 4 > ! >

4

7" . %

7"7 #
0
! 4
R
4 6
R 9!: 9.:
9.: 9!:

5 6.3- @" 7

F 2 .7 L " 8 ." L B@ 8 .@ L S 8 .= L B?T" 8 .?

LI 8

7"" #

4
.
9)!: 9) :

7"@ " $

4 > ! >

3 4 9!7: 9 7:
9.:
. L!7 78

3
9 : + , ,, ,,, ,A

5 6.3- @@ 7

7"= 3

F 2 .7 L " ? 8 ." L B@ B= 8 .@ L = B= 8 .= L ) B@ 8
LI 8

7"? "

.)* ) # % ( .*#

7"< % $

& !

!
0 2 % φ = ! = % φ

0 φ = = 0 φ

!" + "
= "
= !" + "

φ = φ =
! !
/ /

5 6.3- @= 7

I 9.:
L@ B?8

!(@ ( B? 2

= !" + "

= L@8 " + L B ? 8 "

= E + "?
= @=
 φ = /
!
 @
= B 
 ?
/

∴ φ = @)) ) ?;N

2 9.: 2

. L @= @)) ) ?;N 8

5 6.3- @? 7

I 9.:
)
L = 7") 8

(= U ( 7"))

! = % φ
== % 7") )
 7 
= = B 
3 2
 " 
=B"

= 0 φ
== 0 7") )
 @
= =  

 " 
=" @
3 . 2
.LB" "V@8

LE8
L7)8

7@ & '

8 &

8 &

7@7 "

.*( 3.4
!$

3 4 2

> = { L! 8 0 ! }
0 ! ! L! 8

7@" F

3 > > 9 :

.L ! 8∈ ⇔ L! 8∈>

! 0 !

> = {L ! 8 0 ! }
4 ! 0 !
 > = {L ! 8 L! 8 = ) }
L! 8()
9>:

5 6.3- @< 7

% 2

> = { L! 8 = !" B 7 }
0 2 0 9!:
9 :
L6 8

LI 8

7@@ ( $)

0 9 : 4
4 9$:

!
!

7@= "

0 ! " "
9 : 9$:
! " "

5 6.3- @C 7

L' . 8 L,
3 8 L% 3 I 8W
.
9O: R

5 6.3- @; 7

LI 8

0 9O:

5 6.3- @; 7
LI 8

+ 9 :

5 >%,%,-

77 0 L*8 4

8 >7 = {L ! 8 = !" }
8 >" = {L ! 8 = !@ }
8 >@ = {L ! 8 = !" B = }
 7"

 
L! 8 = B ! + "
"
 
8
@
8 {
L ! 8 =! + E
" "
= @< }

7=

8B

3 $

3 $

9 : 9$: 0
9 : 9$:
LI 8

9 : 9$: !
9$: 9 :

. L !7 8 . L !" 8

LI 8

0 2 -.7 + .7 ." = -."

. 2 -.7 = ! 7 -." = ! "

3 2 ! 7 + .7 ." = ! "
 ∴ .7 ." = ! " B ! 7 ."7 ." = ! 7 B ! "

L6 ! 8

3 2

= .7 ." = ! " B !7 = ." .7 = ! 7 B ! "

5 6.3- @E 7

.7 L<8 ." L B= 8

3 2

.7 ." = ! " B ! 7
=B= B<
= B 7)
.7 ." = ! 7 B ! "
=< B LB=8
= 7)

= ! " B !7
= !7 B ! "
= B 7)
= 7)
= 7)

LI 8

5 >%,%,- = 7
 7@ I 2

8 LB?8 L<8
8 L@8 LBC8
8 LB;8 L B7" 8

7= 3 E 0 LB"8
L 8

$8 B

0 .7 L !7 7 8 ." L !" " 8

9 : .7 ." = .7 ."

LI 8

. 2
" " "
.7 ." = .7 % + % ."
" " "
2 .7 ." = 7 " + $7 $ "

. 2 7 " = ! " B !7 $7 $ " = " B 7

2 .7 ." = ( !" B !7 ) "

+ ( " B 7 ) "

2 = .7 ."

= ( !" B !7 )" + ( " B 7 )"

L% 8

3 9 : .7."

L !" B !7 8" ( L !7 B !" 8"

5 6.3- =) 7
% 2

8 .7 L B = B @ 8 ." L " C 8

 @   @ 
.7  "  ."  B B 7
 "   " 
8

= .7 ."

= [" B LB=8 ]" + [C BL B@ 8 ]

"

8 = @< + 7))
= 7@<
= " @=

= .7 ."

 ?   @ 
= B B " +  B7 B 
" "

 "   " 

= +
;7 "?
8
= =

=
7)<
=

=
7)<
"

5 6.3- =7 7

& L@ C8 $L? B?8 %LB" )8

 $ = L ? B @8 " + L B ? B C 8"

= 7=;
% = L B " B @8 " + L ) B C 8"

= C=
$% = L " B ? 8" + L ) + ? 8"

= C=

0 % = $%
. 2

% "
+ $% " = % "
C= + C= = 7=;

5 >%,%,- ? 7

7? 2

8 L? ;8 LB@ "8 8 LBC =8 L 7 77 8

?   7
 B 78   B" 
8 L 7) " 8 L B " B"8
@   @
8 L) )8 L B # 8 8
8 LB7 B?8 L" B@8

7< % 2

8 LB" ?8 L= @8 LC B"8 8 LB7 B"8 L= "8 LB@ ?8

8 L" B?8 LB@ =8 L) @8

7C &
&

8 L= =8 L= B"8 LC B"8
8 L" <8 LB@ B@8 L< "8 8 LB@ B"8 LC =8 L 7 7= 8

( )
8 L B" B " 8 L " " 8 8 %
" @ B" @
 7; I

8 L@ @8 L= B78 L; B"8 8 L" @8 L= B78 L? "8

8 L= @8 L= B78 LB @ B ; 8

7E 6

8 L 7 " 8 L B @ 7) 8 L = B=8
8 L B " @ 8 LB < 7 8 L B 7) B 7 8
7 
8 E B" 7 8  B" 
" 
L@ B?8

7? 1 L@ 8

7?7 * ) $

0 .7 L !7 !" 8 ." L !" " 8 .@ L !@ @ 8

2

LI 8

1> X .7.".@ ( 1> 7 @.@.7 B 1> 7 ".".7 B 1> ".@.@."

1> X .7.".@ (

( @ +@ + +
7 7 )( 7 @ ) B( " +" + +
7 7 )( 7 " )B ( " +" + @ +@ )( " @ )
" " "
1> X .7.".@ (
7
[L @ + 7 8 L ! @ − !7 8 B L " + 7 8 L ! " − !7 8 B L " + @ 8 L ! @ − ! " 8]
"

=
7
[ !@ @ + ! @ 7 B !7 @ B !7 7 B ! " " − ! " 7 + !7 " + !7 7 B ! @ " B !@ @ + !" " + !" @ ]
"

0 2

1> X .7.".@ =
7
[ !7 " + !" @ + !@ 7 B !7 @ B !" 7 B !@ " ]
"

3 !
2

!7 7 7
7
= !" " 7
"
!@ @ 7

5 6.3- =" 7

% 2 LB" @8 LB= B78 L@ B"8

B" @ 7
7
= − = −7 7
"
@ −" 7

=
7
[ " + ; + E B ( B @ + = B 7" )]
"
"
7?

7?" 1

5 6.3- =" 7

% 2 L) =8
L7 B<8 L B " B@ 8 LB= "8
 ) =
7 −<
7
= −" −@
"
−= "
) =

=
7
[ B @ B = B 7< B L 7" + 7" + = 8 ]
"
= "? ? "

5 >%,%,- < 7

") %
2

8 L" B@8 L= "8 LB? B"8 8 ( " " ) LB= <8 L= B" " 8
8 LB; B"8 LB= B<8 LB7 ?8
8 LBC B?8 L7 78 LB@ @8

"7 I 2

8 L" ?8 LC ?8 L@ B=8 LB" @8

8 L7 ?8 LB" =8 LB@ B78 L" B@8 L? 78
8

7< " + $ '

. !
!

0 .7 ." . 0 .7
." ! .
9:

LI 8
 2

.7 .
=
. ."

& 9 :
9!:

. 2

.7 .
=
. ."
7
=
"

. 2 7 = ! B !7 " = !" B !
! B !7
3 2 =
!" B !
9!: 2

!" B ! = ! B !7
! L 7 B 8 = !7 + !"
!7 + ! "
! =
7 +
≠ B7

. ! 2

+
= 7 "

7 +
≠ B7 L 8
≠ B7

3 . L ! 8
.7 ." 9:

9.: .7 ."
( 7 2
 !7 + ! " +
! = = 7 "

" "

' ! 56
7

5 6.3- =@ 7

I .L! 8
"
.7 L 7 C 8 ." L < B @ 8 =
@
0 2

!7 + ! "
! =
7 +
"
7+ L<8
= @
"
7 +
@
= @

+
= "

7+
"
C + LB@8
= @
"
7 +
@
= @

.L@ @8

5 6.3- == 7

% . L ! 8
;
.7 L B " 7 8 ." L @ B = 8 = B R
@
.7 . . ."
9.: 3 4 .7 ."
 +
=
!7 !
7 +
"
!

 ; 
B" + B @
=  @ 
 ; 
+  B 
 @ 
7

= <

+
=
7 +
7 "

 ; 
C + B L B= 8
=  @ 
 ; 
% C 7
7 + B 
 @ 
= BC

3 . L < BC 8

5 6.3- =? 7

.7 ."
2

8 LB= ?8 L< B@8

!7 + ! "
! =
"
−= + <
=
"
= 7
 +
= 7 "

"
? − @
=
"
= 7
. L7 7 8

8 L; @8 LB@ BC8

!7 + ! "
"
; − @
=
"
?
=
"

+
= 7 "

"
@ B C
=
"
= B"

? 
.  B "
" 

5 >%,%,- C 7

"" I .L! 8
.7 ." 9:

8 .7 L = B @ 8 ." L 7 = 8( "
7
8 .7 L ? @ 8 ." L B @ B @ 8 =
@
"
8 .7 L B " @ 8 ." L @ B " 8 =
?
"
8 .7 L ) @ 8 ." L C = 8 = B
C

"@ I
2 ? C8 L 7 B@ 8 LB? 78
8 L" B78 L< C8 LB= B@8

"= 0 LE "8
@
.7 L < ; 8 ." L !" " 8 =
C
."

"? I
-L@ "8 .LB7
B"8 DL? =8

"< Y 5LB" 78 'L? "8

FL" B@8

"C 3 2 >L@ ;8 0L" B78 /L< B78