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IMMUNITY

22.0 IMMUNITY
22.1 : Immune response 22.2 : Development of immunity : primary and secondary response

Learning outcomes
Students should be able to: a) Explain the primary and secondary immune responses. b) Explain the concept of self and non-self.

Learning Outcomes : c) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

Immunity development

Lymphocytes originate from the bone marrow Some continue their maturation in the bone marrow, B cells Some move to the thymus and continue their maturation there, T cells B cells and T cells then circulate throughout the blood and lymph (concentrated in the spleen, lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs)

Learning Outcomes : c) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

Immune Response
Immune Response

Humoral

Cell mediated

Involve mainly B cell Produce antibody in plasma (body fluid ~ humor) With the help of TH cell

Involve mainly T cell

Learning Outcomes : c) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

Immune Response

There 2 main types of T cells: i. cytotoxic T cells (TC) - act to destroy cancer cells and cells infected by pathogens

ii. helper T cells (TH or T4) - act to help activating/stimulating TC and B cells in immunity responses

B cells have antigen receptors which recognize and bind to specific free antigens

Learning Outcomes : c) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

Classes of T cell
Lymphocyte T

T4 / CD4 cell Helper T cell (TH)

T8 / CD8 cell

Cytotoxic T cell (TC)

Suppressor T cell (TS)

Learning Outcomes : c) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

Immune Response

T cells have T cell receptors which recognize and bind to antigens found on infected cells or on any antigen-presenting cell (can be a macrophage) Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of body cells will present/display fragments of antigens to be identified by the T cells

Learning Outcomes : c) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

Role of TH in immunity Usually, a macrophage performs phagocytosis on pathogens, and there will be antigen fragments in the macrophage Receptor of TH recognizes and binds the antigen fragment presented by MHC of the macrophage The macrophage secretes interleukin-1 (a type of cytokine ~ that activates lymphocytes) This activates TH to divide, producing clones of TH (all with receptors for that specific antigen)

Learning Outcomes : c) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

Activated TH will also secrete interleukin-2 that activates TC (to perform cell-mediated immune response) and B cells (to perform humoral immune response)

Learning Outcomes : c) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

Humoral immune response

Macrophage ingest & destroy the antigen by phagocytosis
Fragment of antigen is displayed on the cell surface together with MHC To form a MHC-antigen complex These cells is known as Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)

Learning Outcomes : c) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

Humoral immune response

TH with a specific receptor bind to the complex Macrophage secrete Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Which activates TH to secrete Interleukin-2 (IL-2) Which stimulate the activated TH to proliferate & differentiate to form 2 clones:1. Activated TH clone 2. Memory TH clone

Learning Outcomes : c) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

Humoral immune response

Proliferate : Divide rapidly to form many TH which has identical MHC-antigen receptor (clone) Differentiate Form different types of TH (activated TH & memory TH)

Learning Outcomes : c) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

Humoral immune response

Learning Outcomes : c) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

Humoral immune response

Humoral immune response involves B cells activation and production of antibodies that circulate in the blood and lymph This is initiated when B cells are activated by binding with free antigens or by IL-2 secreted by activated TH Activated B cells proliferate and differentiate to form memory B cells and plasma cells Memory B cells are cells that may respond rapidly upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen Plasma cells are cells that secrete antibody specific to that antigen

Learning Outcomes : c) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

Humoral immune response

[Memory B cells and plasma cells may divide to form clones to enhance the immune response]

Learning Outcomes : c) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

Humoral immune response

Antibodies secreted by plasma cells, released into blood, lymph and other extracellular fluid Antibodies move to the infected area; antigen-antibody interaction occurs

Learning Outcomes : c) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

Cell mediated immune response

The immunity response which depends on the action of TC cells This is initiated when TC is activated by binding to antigen fragment displayed by MHC of an infected cell / cancer cell IL-2 secreted by activated TH enhances the activation of TC Activated TC may proliferate and diffrentiate, forming more activated TC cells and memory T cells Memory T cells may respond rapidly upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen

Learning Outcomes : c) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

Cell mediated immune response

Learning Outcomes : c) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

Cell mediated immune response

Activated TC discharges perforin molecules which create pores in the membrane of the infected cell Water and ions flow into the infected cell; the cell lyses

Learning Outcomes : c) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

Cell mediated immune response

Learning Outcomes : c) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

Learning Outcomes : a) Explain the primary and secondary immune responses.

Types of immunity
Immunity
Passive
Active

Natural
Antibody from: pregnant mom to fetus Nursing mother to infant

Artificial
Antibody from Injected antibody from animal / people to another people

Natural
Exposed naturally to antigen

Artificial
By immunization or vaccination

Learning Outcomes : a) Explain the primary and secondary immune responses.

Development of Immunity

Learning Outcomes : a) Explain the primary and secondary immune responses.

Development of Immunity
- For active immunity, it develops within 2 stages:-

Immunity

Primary immune response

1st exposure to the antigen

Secondary immune response

2nd exposure to the same antigen

Learning Outcomes : a) Explain the primary and secondary immune responses.

Primary Immune Response

-Has a longer lag period (where no antibody is produced)

- Due to the time needed for the specific B cell to:

Become activated Proliferate (producing clone) Differentiate (plasma cell & memory cell) -Plasma cell secrete antibody (mainly Ig M)

- Amount of antibody is relatively low - After a short time, amount of antibody decrease

Learning Outcomes : a) Explain the primary and secondary immune responses.

Secondary Immune Response

- Has a very short lag period (due to the presence of memory B

cells ~ immunological memory) - Production of antibody is :Faster

Higher Amount
More prolonged (remain longer)

- Antibody level tends to remain high for longer period - Plasma cell secrete antibody (mainly Ig G)

Learning Outcomes : a) Explain the primary and secondary immune responses.

Artificial Active Immunity

- Obtained by vaccination / immunization
- Obtained by injecting small amount of vaccine into the body - Which trigger immune response - Effect :- produce antibody against injected antigen - Vaccine is inactivated toxins or weakened / dead pathogen

- Which trigger immune system to produce antibody, but can no longer cause disease

Learning Outcomes : a) Explain the primary and secondary immune responses.

Vaccination
BCG (tuberculosis) Hepatitis B Triple Antigen (DPT) -Diphteria (sore throat) -Pertusis (whooping cough) -Tetanus Polio MMR -Measles -Mumps -Rubella After birth / 13 yrs After birth / 1 mth / 6 mths 3 / 4 / 5 mths

3 / 4 / 5 mths 4 yrs

Learning Outcomes : b) Explain the concept of self and non-self.

Self and non-self recognition

The immune system may recognize and distinguish a certain cell / tissue / organ as self or non-self

It depends on the MHC on every cell surfaces (that will be recognized by T cell receptors)

A person will have a same set of MHC molecules

The sets of MHC are different for any 2 individuals (except for identical twins)
MHC is a self marker unique to each individual
If the MHC shows antigen fragments that are considered foreign, immune response occurs Normally, the MHC and antigens occurring naturally in own body are not regarded as foreign and will not trigger the immune system

Learning Outcomes : b) Explain the concept of self and non-self.

Self and Non-self :Organ Transplant

The organs of donors and recipients are screened for compatibility (to reduce rejection) Only organs from donors with compatible MHC are used If the organ is non-compatible, the MHC will be recognized as foreign(non-self)

The transplanted organ is destroyed by T-lymphocytes (Tc cells)

Learning Outcomes : b) Explain the concept of self and non-self.

Self and Non-self :Organ Transplant

- The transplanted organ is rejected by the recipient

body - Immunoresponsive agents/drugs are used to prevent rejection of transplanted organ - Immunoresponsive agents/drugs suppress the immune system -Example of immunoresponsive agents is cyclosporine - another method to prevent rejection is by using radiation such as X-rays at lymph nodes - To destroy lymphocytes.