17.

0 Photosynthesis
1) 17.1 2) 17.2 3) 17.3 4) 17.4 5) 17.5 Overview of photosynthesis Absorption spectrum of photosynthesis pigments Light Dependent Reaction Light Independent Reaction/Calvin Cycle Alternative mechanisms of Carbon Fixation : Hatch Slack (C4) and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) pathways

Learning outcomes :
17.4 Light Independent Reaction/ Calvin Cycle Describe Calvin Cycle involving carbon fixation, reduction of PGAL and regeneration of RUBP

Learning Outcomes : 17.4 : Describe Calvin cycle involving carbon fixation, reduction of PGAL and regeneration of RuBP

CALVIN CYCLE
Also known as the light independent reaction Occurs in stroma of the chloroplast Results in the reduction of carbon dioxide to synthesise carbohydrates The power and energy for the various steps are provided by NADPH and ATP from the light dependent reactions

Learning Outcomes : 17.4 : Describe Calvin cycle involving carbon fixation, reduction of PGAL and regeneration of RuBP

Phases in Calvin Cycle

1) Carbon fixation 2) Reduction of PGAL 3) Regeneration of Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

Learning Outcomes : 17.4 : Describe Calvin cycle involving carbon fixation, reduction of PGAL and regeneration of RuBP

Phase 1 : Carbon fixation

Learning Outcomes : 17.4 : Describe Calvin cycle involving carbon fixation, reduction of PGAL and regeneration of RuBP

Phase 1 : Carbon fixation

Each CO2 molecule is attached to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), 5C sugar to form 6C compound which is unstable Catalyzed by RuBP carboxylase or RuBisCO

Learning Outcomes : 17.4 : Describe Calvin cycle involving carbon fixation, reduction of PGAL and regeneration of RuBP

Phase 1 : Carbon dioxide fixation

The unstable 6C compound breaks down to form 2 molecules of 3C called 3phosphoglycerate (PGA), for each CO2

Learning Outcomes : 17.4 : Describe Calvin cycle involving carbon fixation, reduction of PGAL and regeneration of RuBP

Phase 2 : Reduction of PGAL

Learning Outcomes : 17.4 : Describe Calvin cycle involving carbon fixation, reduction of PGAL and regeneration of RuBP

Phase 2 : Reduction of PGAL

Occurs in two steps: Step 1 : Phosphorylation

Each molecule of 3phosphoglycerate (PGA) receives an additional phosphate group from ATP to form 1,3bisphosphoglycerate

Learning Outcomes : 17.4 : Describe Calvin cycle involving carbon fixation, reduction of PGAL and regeneration of RuBP

Phase 2 : Reduction of PGAL

Step 2 : Reduction Electrons donated from NADPH reduces 1,3bisphosphoglycerate to Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate (G3P) or PGAL

Learning Outcomes : 17.4 : Describe Calvin cycle involving carbon fixation, reduction of PGAL and regeneration of RuBP

Phase 2 : Reduction of PGAL

The NADP+ and ADP formed in this process return to the thylakoids to regenerate NADPH and ATP in the light dependent reactions.

Learning Outcomes : 17.4 : Describe Calvin cycle involving carbon fixation, reduction of PGAL and regeneration of RuBP

Phase 2 : Reduction of PGAL

After fixation and reduction we would have six molecules of G3P One molecule exits the cycle to be used by the plant The other five molecules must remain in the cycle to regenerate three molecule of RuBP.

Learning Outcomes : 17.4 : Describe Calvin cycle involving carbon fixation, reduction of PGAL and regeneration of RuBP

Phase 3 : Regeneration of RuBP

Learning Outcomes : 17.4 : Describe Calvin cycle involving carbon fixation, reduction of PGAL and regeneration of RuBP

Regeneration of RuBP (the CO2 acceptor)

Phase 3 : Regeneration of RuBP

Learning Outcomes : 17.4 : Describe Calvin cycle involving carbon fixation, reduction of PGAL and regeneration of RuBP

Phase 3 : Regeneration of RuBP

Involves a series of reactions : 5 molecules of Glyceraldehyde-3phosphate (G3P) are converted to 3 molecules of Ru5P (ribulose-5phosphate), the 5C compound

Learning Outcomes : 17.4 : Describe Calvin cycle involving carbon fixation, reduction of PGAL and regeneration of RuBP

Phase 3 : Regeneration of RuBP

3 molecules of Ru5P are phosphorylated to regenerate RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate). Requires 3 ATP that formed in the light dependent reactions

Learning Outcomes : 17.4 : Describe Calvin cycle involving carbon fixation, reduction of PGAL and regeneration of RuBP

Phase 3 : Regeneration of RuBP

The remaining G3P is used to synthesize organic molecules eg : glucose

Learning Outcomes : 17.4 : Describe Calvin cycle involving carbon fixation, reduction of PGAL and regeneration of RuBP

Roles of ATP & NADPH

ATP : used in phosphorylation of PGA to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate NADPH : used in reduction of 1,3bisphosphoglycerate to form G3P/PGAL