Essential Medicines

WHOModelList
of
EssentialMedicines
18thlist
(April2013)
(FinalAmendmentsOctober2013)
Statusofthisdocument
ThisisareprintofthetextontheWHOMedicineswebsite
http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/en/index.html
Thepublishedmaterialisbeingdistributedwithoutwarrantyofanykind,eitherexpressedorimplied.The
responsibilityfortheinterpretationanduseofthemateriallieswiththereader.InnoeventshalltheWorldHealth
Organizationbeliablefordamagesarisingfromitsuse.
18thedition
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList(April2013)
ExplanatoryNotes
Thecorelistpresentsalistofminimummedicineneedsforabasichealthcaresystem,listingthemost
efficacious,safeandcosteffectivemedicinesforpriorityconditions.Priorityconditionsareselectedonthe
basisofcurrentandestimatedfuturepublichealthrelevance,andpotentialforsafeandcosteffective
treatment.
Thecomplementarylistpresentsessentialmedicinesforprioritydiseases,forwhichspecializeddiagnostic
ormonitoringfacilities,and/orspecialistmedicalcare,and/orspecialisttrainingareneeded.Incaseofdoubt
medicinesmayalsobelistedascomplementaryonthebasisofconsistenthighercostsorlessattractivecost
effectivenessinavarietyofsettings.
Thesquareboxsymbol()isprimarilyintendedtoindicatesimilarclinicalperformancewithina
pharmacologicalclass.Thelistedmedicineshouldbetheexampleoftheclassforwhichthereisthebest
evidenceforeffectivenessandsafety.Insomecases,thismaybethefirstmedicinethatislicensedfor
marketing;inotherinstances,subsequentlylicensedcompoundsmaybesaferormoreeffective.Wherethere
isnodifferenceintermsofefficacyandsafetydata,thelistedmedicineshouldbetheonethatisgenerally
availableatthelowestprice,basedoninternationaldrugpriceinformationsources.Notallsquareboxesare
applicabletomedicineselectionforchildrenseethesecondEMLcfordetails.
Therapeuticequivalenceisonlyindicatedonthebasisofreviewsofefficacyandsafetyandwhenconsistent
withWHOclinicalguidelines.Nationallistsshouldnotuseasimilarsymbolandshouldbespecificintheir
finalselection,whichwoulddependonlocalavailabilityandprice.
Theasymbolindicatesthatthereisanageorweightrestrictiononuseofthemedicine;detailsforeach
medicinecanbefoundinTable1.
Wherethe[c]symbolisplacednexttothecomplementarylistitsignifiesthatthemedicine(s)require(s)
specialistdiagnosticormonitoringfacilities,and/orspecialistmedicalcare,and/orspecialisttrainingfor
theiruseinchildren.
Wherethe[c]symbolisplacednexttoanindividualmedicineorstrengthofmedicineitsignifiesthatthere
isaspecificindicationforrestrictingitsusetochildren.
ThepresenceofanentryontheEssentialMedicinesListcarriesnoassuranceastopharmaceuticalquality.It
istheresponsibilityoftherelevantnationalorregionaldrugregulatoryauthoritytoensurethateach
productisofappropriatepharmaceuticalquality(includingstability)andthatwhenrelevant,different
productsareinterchangeable.
ForrecommendationsandadviceconcerningallaspectsofthequalityassuranceofmedicinesseetheWHO
Medicineswebsitehttp://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_assurance/en/index.html.
Medicinesanddosageformsarelistedinalphabeticalorderwithineachsectionandthereisnoimplication
ofpreferenceforoneformoveranother.Standardtreatmentguidelinesshouldbeconsultedforinformation
onappropriatedosageforms.
ThemaintermsusedfordosageformsintheEssentialMedicinesListcanbefoundinAnnex1.

Definitionsofmanyofthesetermsandpharmaceuticalqualityrequirementsapplicabletothedifferent
categoriesarepublishedinthecurrenteditionofTheInternationalPharmacopoeia
http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/pharmacopoeia/en/index.html.
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
1. ANAESTHETICS
1.1 General anaesthetics and oxygen
1.1.1 Inhalational medicines
halothane
Inhalation.
isoflurane
Inhalation.
nitrousoxide
Inhalation.
oxygen
Inhalation (medicinalgas).
1.1.2 Injectable medicines

ketamine
Injection:50 mg(ashydrochloride)/mlin10mlvial.
Injection:10 mg/ml; 20 mg/ml.
propofol*
*Thiopentalmaybeusedasanalternativedependingonlocal
availabilityandcost.
1.2 Local anaesthetics

Injection: 0.25%;0.5%(hydrochloride)invial.
bupivacaine
Injectionforspinalanaesthesia:0.5%(hydrochloride)in
4mlampouletobemixedwith7.5%glucosesolution.
Injection: 1%;2%(hydrochloride) invial.
lidocaine
Injectionforspinalanaesthesia:5%(hydrochloride)in
2mlampouletobemixedwith7.5%glucosesolution.
Topicalforms:2%to4%(hydrochloride).
Dentalcartridge: 2%(hydrochloride)+epinephrine1:80000.
lidocaine+epinephrine(adrenaline)
Injection:1%;2%(hydrochlorideorsulfate)+epinephrine
1:200000invial.
ComplementaryList
Injection:30mg(hydrochloride)/mlin1mlampoule.
ephedrine
(Foruseinspinalanaesthesiaduringdelivery,topreventhypotension).
1.3 Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures
atropine
Injection: 1mg(sulfate)in1mlampoule.
Injection: 1mg/ml.
midazolam
Oralliquid:2mg/ml[c].
Tablet:7.5mg;15mg.
morphine
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Injection: 10mg(sulfate orhydrochloride)in1mlampoule.
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)
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18thedition
2. MEDICINES FOR PAIN AND PALLIATIVE CARE

2.1 Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs)
Suppository: 50mgto150mg.
acetylsalicylicacid
Tablet:100mgto500mg.
Oralliquid: 200mg/5ml.
ibuprofena
Tablet:200mg;400mg;600mg.
a
Not in children less than 3 months.
Oralliquid: 125mg/5 ml.

Suppository:100mg.
paracetamol*
*Notrecommendedforantiinflammatoryusedue
tolackofprovenbenefittothateffect.
2.2 Opioid analgesics

codeine
Tablet: 30mg(phosphate).
Granules(slowrelease;tomixwithwater):20mg
200mg(morphinesulfate).
Injection:10mg(morphinehydrochlorideor
morphinesulfate)in1mlampoule.
Oralliquid:10mg(morphinehydrochlorideor
morphinesulfate)/5ml.
morphine*
Tablet(slowrelease):10mg200mg(morphine
hydrochlorideormorphinesulfate).
Tablet(immediaterelease):10mg(morphine
sulfate).
*Alternativeslimitedtohydromorphoneand
oxycodone
2.3 Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care

amitriptyline
cyclizine[c]
Tablet:10mg;25mg;75mg
Injection:50mg/ml.
Tablet:50mg.
Injection:4mg/mlin1mlampoule(asdisodium
phosphatesalt).
dexamethasone
Oralliquid:2mg/5ml.
Tablet:2mg[c];4mg.
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Injection:5mg/ml.
diazepam
Oralliquid:2mg/5ml.
Rectalsolution:2.5mg;5mg;10mg.
Tablet:5mg;10mg.
docusatesodium
fluoxetinea
Capsule:100mg.
Oralliquid:50mg/5ml.
Solidoraldosageform: 20mg(ashydrochloride).
a
>8 years.
Injection: 5mgin1ml ampoule.

haloperidol
Oralliquid:2mg/ml.
Solidoraldosageform:0.5mg;2mg;5mg.
hyoscinebutylbromide
hyoscinehydrobromide[c]
Injection:20mg/ml.
Injection:400micrograms/ml;600micrograms/ml.
Transdermalpatches:1mg/72hours.
lactulose[c]
Oralliquid:3.13.7g/5ml.
loperamide
Solidoraldosageform:2mg.
Injection:5mg(hydrochloride)/mLin2mL
ampoule.
metoclopramide
Oralliquid:5mg/5mL
Solidoralform:10mg(hydrochloride)
Injection:1 mg/ml;5 mg/ml.
midazolam
Oralsoliddosageform:7.5mg;15mg.
Oralliquid:2mg/ml[c]
Injection:2mgbase/mlin2mlampoule(as
hydrochloride).
ondansetron[c] a
Oralliquid:4mgbase/5ml.
Solidoraldosageform:Eq4mgbase;Eq8mgbase.
a
senna
>1 month.
Oralliquid:7.5mg/5ml.
3. ANTIALLERGICS AND MEDICINES USED IN ANAPHYLAXIS

dexamethasone
phosphatesalt).
epinephrine(adrenaline)
Injection: 1mg(ashydrochlorideorhydrogen
tartrate)in1mlampoule.
hydrocortisone
Powderforinjection: 100mg(assodiumsuccinate)
invial.
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Oralliquid:1mg/ml.
loratadine*
Tablet:10mg.
*Theremaybearoleforsedatingantihistaminesfor
limitedindications(EMLc)
prednisolone
Oralliquid: 5 mg/ml[c].
Tablet:5mg;25mg.
4. ANTIDOTES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES USED IN POISONINGS

4.1 Non-specific
charcoal,activated
Powder.
4.2 Specific
Injection: 200mg/mlin10mlampoule.
acetylcysteine
Oralliquid:10%[c];20%[c].
atropine
Injection: 1mg(sulfate)in1mlampoule.
calciumgluconate
methylthioniniumchloride
(methyleneblue)
Injection:10mg/mlin10mlampoule.
naloxone
Injection: 400micrograms(hydrochloride)in1ml
ampoule.
penicillamine
Solidoraldosageform: 250mg.
potassiumferrichexacyanoferrate(II)2H20
(Prussianblue)
Powderfororaladministration.
sodiumnitrite
sodiumthiosulfate
ComplementaryList
deferoxamine
Powderforinjection: 500mg(mesilate)invial.
dimercaprol
Injectioninoil: 50mg/mlin2mlampoule.
fomepizole
Injection:5mg/ml(sulfate)in20mlampouleor1 g/ml
(base)in1.5mlampoule.
sodiumcalciumedetate
succimer
5. ANTICONVULSANTS/ANTIEPILEPTICS
carbamazepine
Tablet(chewable):100mg;200mg.
Tablet(scored):100mg;200mg.
diazepam
18
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Gelorrectalsolution:5 mg/mlin0.5ml;2ml; 4ml

tubes.
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18thedition
lorazepam
Parenteralformulation:2mg/mlin1mlampoule;
4mg/mlin1mlampoule.
Injection: 500mg/mlin2mlampoule;500mg/mlin
10mlampoule.
magnesiumsulfate*
*Foruseineclampsiaandseverepreeclampsiaand
notforotherconvulsantdisorders.
Injection:200mg/ml(sodium).
phenobarbital
Tablet:15mgto100mg.
Injection: 50mg/mlin5mlvial(sodiumsalt).
Oralliquid:25mgto30mg/5ml.*
Solidoraldosageform:25mg;50mg;100mg
(sodiumsalt).
phenytoin
Tablet(chewable):50mg.
*Thepresenceofboth25mg/5mland30mg/5ml
strengthsonthesamemarketwouldcauseconfusion
inprescribinganddispensingandshouldbe
avoided.
valproicacid(sodiumvalproate)
Tablet(crushable):100mg.
Tablet(entericcoated):200mg;500mg(sodium
valproate).
ComplementaryList
Capsule:250mg.
ethosuximide
6. ANTI-INFECTIVE MEDICINES
6.1 Anthelminthics
6.1.1 Intestinal anthelminthics
albendazole
Tablet(chewable): 400mg.
levamisole
Tablet: 50mg;150mg(ashydrochloride).
mebendazole
Tablet(chewable): 100mg;500mg.
niclosamide
praziquantel
Tablet: 150mg;600mg.
Oralliquid: 50mg(asembonateorpamoate)/ml.
pyrantel
Tablet(chewable):250mg(asembonateor
pamoate).
6.1.2 Antifilarials
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albendazole
diethylcarbamazine
Tablet: 50mg;100mg(dihydrogencitrate).
ivermectin
Tablet(scored): 3mg.
6.1.3 Antischistosomals and other antitrematode medicines

praziquantel
Tablet: 600mg.
triclabendazole
Tablet: 250mg.
ComplementaryList
Capsule:250mg.
oxamniquine*
*Oxamniquineislistedforusewhenpraziquantel
treatmentfails.
6.2 Antibacterials
6.2.1 Beta Lactam medicines
Powderfororalliquid: 125mg(astrihydrate)/5ml;
250mg(astrihydrate)/5ml[c].
amoxicillin
Solidoraldosageform:250mg;500mg(as
trihydrate).
amoxicillin+clavulanicacid
Oralliquid: 125 mgamoxicillin+31.25mg

clavulanicacid/5mlAND250mgamoxicillin+
62.5mgclavulanicacid/5ml[c].
Tablet:500mg(astrihydrate)+125mg(as
potassiumsalt).
ampicillin
Powderforinjection: 500mg;1g(assodiumsalt)in
vial.
benzathinebenzylpenicillin
Powderforinjection: 900 mgbenzylpenicillin

(=1.2millionIU)in5mlvial[c];1.44g
benzylpenicillin(=2.4millionIU)in5mlvial.
benzylpenicillin
Powderforinjection: 600mg(=1millionIU);3g(=
5millionIU)(sodiumorpotassiumsalt)invial.
cefalexin[c]
Powderforreconstitutionwithwater:125mg/5ml;
250mg/5ml(anhydrous).
Solidoraldosageform:250mg(asmonohydrate).
Powderforinjection:1g(assodiumsalt)invial.
cefazolin*a
*Forsurgicalprophylaxis.
a
>1 month.
Capsule: 400mg (astrihydrate).

cefixime*
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*Onlylistedforsingledosetreatmentof
uncomplicatedanogenitalgonorrhoea.
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18thedition
Powderforinjection: 250mg;1g(assodiumsalt)in
vial.
ceftriaxone*a
*Donotadministerwithcalciumandavoidin
infantswithhyperbilirubinemia.
a
>41 weeks corrected gestational age.
Capsule: 500mg;1g(assodiumsalt).
cloxacillin
Powderforinjection:500mg(assodiumsalt)in
vial.
Powderfororalliquid:125mg(assodium
salt)/5ml.
phenoxymethylpenicillin
Powderfororalliquid: 250mg(aspotassium
salt)/5ml.
Tablet:250mg(aspotassiumsalt).
Powderforinjection: 1g(=1millionIU);3g
(=3millionIU)invial.
procainebenzylpenicillin*
*Procainebenzylpenicillinisnotrecommendedas
firstlinetreatmentforneonatalsepsisexceptin
settingswithhighneonatalmortality,whengivenby
trainedhealthworkersincaseswherehospitalcare
isnotachievable.
ComplementaryList
Powderforinjection:250mgpervial(assodiumsalt).
cefotaxime*[c]
ceftazidime
*3rdgenerationcephalosporinofchoiceforusein
hospitalizedneonates.
Powderforinjection: 250mg or1g(aspentahydrate)
invial.
Powderforinjection:250mg(asmonohydrate)+
250mg(assodiumsalt);500mg(asmonohydrate)+
500mg(assodiumsalt)invial.
imipenem*+cilastatin*
*Onlylistedforthetreatmentoflifethreateninghospital
basedinfectionduetosuspectedorprovenmultidrug
resistantinfection.
Meropenemisindicatedforthetreatmentofmeningitis
andislicensedforuseinchildrenovertheageof3
months.
6.2.2 Other antibacterials

Capsule: 250mg;500mg (anhydrous).
azithromycin*
*Onlylistedforsingledosetreatmentofgenital
Chlamydiatrachomatisandoftrachoma.
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18thedition
Capsule: 250mg.
Oilysuspensionforinjection*:0.5g(assodium
succinate)/mlin2mlampoule.
chloramphenicol
*Onlyforthepresumptivetreatmentofepidemic
meningitisinchildrenolderthan2years.
Oralliquid:150mg(aspalmitate)/5ml.
Powderforinjection:1g(sodiumsuccinate)invial.
Oralliquid: 250mg/5ml (anhydrous)[c].
ciprofloxacin*
SolutionforIVinfusion:2mg/ml(ashyclate)[c].
Tablet:250mg(ashydrochloride).
*Squareboxappliestoadultsonly.
clarithromycin*
*Foruseincombinationregimensforeradicationof
H.Pyloriinadults.
Oralliquid:25 mg/5 ml[c];50mg/5ml
(anhydrous)[c].
doxycyclinea
Solidoraldosageform:50mg[c];100mg(as
hyclate).
aUse in children <8 years only for life-threatening
infections when no alternative exists.
Powderforinjection: 500mg(aslactobionate)in
vial.
erythromycin
Powderfororalliquid:125mg/5ml(asstearateor
estolateorethylsuccinate).
Solidoraldosageform:250mg(asstearateor
estolateorethylsuccinate).
gentamicin
Injection: 10mg;40mg(assulfate)/mlin2mlvial.
Injection: 500mgin100mlvial.
metronidazole
Oralliquid:200mg(asbenzoate)/5ml.
Suppository:500mg;1g.
nitrofurantoin
spectinomycin
18
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Oralliquid: 25 mg/5 ml[c].

Tablet:100mg.
Powderforinjection: 2g(ashydrochloride)invial.
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18thedition
Injection:
80mg+16mg/mlin5mlampoule;
80mg+16mg/mlin10mlampoule.
sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim
Oralliquid:200mg+40mg/5ml.
Tablet:100mg+20mg;400mg+80mg;800mg+
160mg.
Oralliquid: 50mg/5 ml[c].
trimethoprima
Tablet:100mg;200mg.
a
>6 months.
ComplementaryList
Capsule:150mg(ashydrochloride).
clindamycin
Injection:150mg(asphosphate)/ml.
Oralliquid:75mg/5ml(aspalmitate)[c].
vancomycin
Powderforinjection: 250mg(ashydrochloride)invial.
6.2.3 Antileprosy medicines

Medicines used in the treatment of leprosy should never be used except in combination. Combination
therapyisessentialtopreventtheemergenceofdrugresistance.Colourcodedblisterpacks(MDTblister
packs) containing standard two medicine (paucibacillary leprosy) or three medicine (multibacillary
leprosy)combinationsforadultandchildhoodleprosyshouldbeused.MDTblisterpackscanbesupplied
freeofchargethroughWHO.
clofazimine
Capsule: 50mg;100mg.
dapsone
Tablet: 25mg;50mg;100mg.
rifampicin
Solidoraldosageform: 150mg;300mg.
6.2.4 Antituberculosis medicines

WHOrecommendsandendorsestheuseoffixeddosecombinationsandthedevelopmentofappropriate
newfixeddosecombinations,includingmodifieddosageforms,nonrefrigeratedproductsandpaediatric
dosageformsofassuredpharmaceuticalquality.
ethambutol
Tablet:100mgto400mg(hydrochloride).
ethambutol+isoniazid
Tablet: 400mg+150mg.
ethambutol+isoniazid+pyrazinamide+
rifampicin
Tablet:275mg+75mg+400mg+150mg.
ethambutol+isoniazid+rifampicin
Tablet:275mg+75mg+150mg.
Oralliquid: 50 mg/5 ml[c].
isoniazid
Tablet(scored):50mg.
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18thedition
Tablet:
isoniazid+pyrazinamide+rifampicin
75mg+400mg+150mg.
150mg+500mg+150mg(Forintermittentuse
threetimesweekly).
Tablet:
isoniazid+rifampicin
75mg+150mg;150mg+300mg.
60mg+60mg(Forintermittentusethreetimes
weekly).
150mg+150mg(Forintermittentusethreetimes
weekly).
Tablet:400mg.
pyrazinamide
Tablet(dispersible):150mg.
Capsule: 150mg.*
rifabutin
rifampicin
*ForuseonlyinpatientswithHIVreceiving
proteaseinhibitors.
Solidoraldosageform:150mg;300mg.
streptomycin
Powderforinjection: 1g(assulfate)invial.
ComplementaryList
Reservesecondlinedrugsforthetreatmentofmultidrugresistanttuberculosis(MDRTB)should
beusedinspecializedcentresadheringtoWHOstandardsforTBcontrol.
amikacin
Powderforinjection:100mg;500mg;1g(assulfate)
invial.
capreomycin
Powderforinjection: 1g (assulfate)invial.
cycloserine
Tablet:125mg;250mg.
ethionamide*
*Prothionamidemaybeanalternative.
kanamycin
Powderforinjection: 1g (assulfate)invial.
Tablet: 250mg;500 m;750mg.
levofloxacin*
*Ofloxacinandmoxifloxacinmaybealternativesbased
onavailabilityandprogrammeconsiderations.
Granules:4ginsachet.
paminosalicylicacid
Tablet:500mg.
streptomycin[c]
Powderforinjection:1g(assulfate)invial.
6.3 Antifungal medicines

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amphotericinB
18thedition
Powderforinjection: 50mginvial(assodium
deoxycholateorliposomalcomplex).
Vaginalcream: 1%;10%.
clotrimazole
Vaginaltablet:100mg;500mg.
Capsule: 50mg.
fluconazole
Injection:2mg/mlinvial.
Capsule: 250mg.
flucytosine
Infusion:2.5gin250ml.
Oralliquid:125mg/5ml[c].
griseofulvin
Lozenge: 100000IU.
nystatin
Oralliquid:50mg/5ml[c];100000IU/ml[c].
Pessary:100000IU.
Tablet:100000IU;500000IU.
ComplementaryList
potassiumiodide
Saturatedsolution.
6.4 Antiviral medicines

6.4.1 Antiherpes medicines
aciclovir
Powderforinjection:250mg(assodiumsalt)in
vial.
Tablet:200mg.
6.4.2 Antiretrovirals
Based on current evidence and experience of use, medicines in the following three classes of
antiretrovirals are included as essential medicines for treatment and prevention of HIV (prevention of
mothertochildtransmissionandpostexposureprophylaxis).WHOemphasizestheimportanceofusing
theseproductsinaccordancewithglobalandnationalguidelines.WHOrecommendsandendorsesthe
use of fixeddose combinations and the development of appropriate new fixeddose combinations,
including modified dosage forms, nonrefrigerated products and paediatric dosage forms of assured
pharmaceuticalquality.
Scored tablets can be used in children and therefore can be considered for inclusion in the listing of
tablets,providedadequatequalityproductsareavailable.
6.4.2.1 Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Oralliquid: 100mg(assulfate)/5ml.
abacavir(ABC)
Tablet:300mg(assulfate).
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Bufferedpowderfororalliquid:100mg;167mg;
250mgpackets.
didanosine(ddI)
Capsule(unbufferedentericcoated):125mg;
200mg;250mg;400mg.
Tablet(bufferedchewable,dispersible):25mg;
50mg;100mg;150mg;200mg.
Capsule:200mg.
Oralliquid:10mg/ml.
emtricitabine(FTC)*a
*FTCisanacceptablealternativeto3TC,basedon
knowledgeofthepharmacology,theresistance
patternsandclinicaltrialsofantiretrovirals.
a
>3 months.

lamivudine(3TC)
Tablet:150mg.
Capsule: 15 mg;20mg;30mg.
stavudine(d4T)
Powderfororalliquid:5mg/5ml.
tenofovirdisoproxilfumarate(TDF)
Tablet:300mg(tenofovirdisoproxilfumarate
equivalentto245mgtenofovirdisoproxil).
Capsule: 100mg;250mg.
zidovudine(ZDVorAZT)
SolutionforIVinfusioninjection:10mg/mlin
20mlvial.
Tablet:300mg.
6.4.2.2 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Capsule: 50mg;100mg;200mg.
efavirenz(EFVorEFZ)a
Tablet:600mg.
a
>3 years or >10 kg weight.
nevirapine(NVP)
Tablet:200mg.
6.4.2.3 Protease inhibitors

Selection of protease inhibitor(s) from the Model List will need to be determined by each country after
consideration of international and national treatment guidelines and experience. Ritonavir is
recommendedforuseincombinationasapharmacologicalbooster,andnotasanantiretroviralinitsown
right.Allotherproteaseinhibitorsshouldbeusedinboostedforms(e.g.withritonavir).
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atazanavira
18thedition
Solidoraldosageform:100mg;150mg;300mg (as
sulfate).
a
indinavir(IDV)
>25 kg.
Solidoraldosageform: 400mg(assulfate).
Capsule: 133.3mg+33.3mg.
lopinavir+ritonavir(LPV/r)
Oralliquid:400mg+100mg/5ml.
Tablet(heatstable):100mg+25mg;
200mg+50mg.
ritonavir
Tablet(heatstable):25mg;100mg.
saquinavir(SQV)a
Solidoraldosageform: 200mg;500mg(as
mesilate).
a
>25 kg.
FIXED-DOSE COMBINATIONS
Tablet:600mg+200mg+300mg(disoproxil
fumarateequivalentto245mgtenofovirdisoproxil).
efavirenz+emtricitabine*+tenofovir
Tablet: 200mg+300mg (disoproxilfumarate
equivalentto245mgtenofovirdisoproxil).
emtricitabine*+tenofovir
Tablet: 150mg+200mg+30mg.
lamivudine+nevirapine+stavudine
lamivudine+nevirapine+zidovudine
lamivudine+zidovudine
Tablet(dispersible):
30mg+50mg+6mg[c];60mg+100mg+12mg
[c].
Tablet: 30mg+50mg+60mg[c];150mg+200 mg
+300mg.
Tablet: 30mg+60mg[c];150mg+300mg.
6.4.3 Other antivirals

Capsule:30mg;45mg;75mg(asphosphate).
Oralpowder:12mg/ml.
oseltamivir*
18
th
*potentiallysevereorcomplicatedillnessdueto
confirmedorsuspectedinfluenzavirusinfectionin
accordancewithWHOtreatmentguidelines.
page - 13
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
Injectionforintravenousadministration:800mg
and1gin10mlphosphatebuffersolution.
ribavirin*
Solidoraldosageform:200mg;400mg;600mg.
*Forthetreatmentofviralhaemorrhagicfeversand
incombinationwithpegylatedinterferonsforthe
treatmentofHepatitisC
ComplementaryList
Vialorprefilledsyringe:
180micrograms(peginterferonalfa2a);
pegylatedinterferonalpha(2aor2b)*
80micrograms,100micrograms(peginterferonalfa2b).
*Tobeusedincombinationwithribavirin.
6.5 Antiprotozoal medicines
6.5.1 Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines
diloxanidea
Tablet: 500mg(furoate).
a
>25 kg.
Injection: 500mgin100mlvial.
metronidazole
Oralliquid:200mg(asbenzoate)/5ml.
6.5.2 Antileishmaniasis medicines

amphotericinB
Powderforinjection: 50mginvial(assodium
deoxycholateorliposomalcomplex).
miltefosine
paromomycin
Solutionforintramuscularinjection:750mgof
paromomycinbase(asthesulfate).
Injection: 100mg/ml,1vial=30mlor30%,
equivalenttoapproximately8.1%antimony
(pentavalent)in5mlampoule.
sodiumstibogluconateormeglumineantimoniate
6.5.3 Antimalarial medicines
6.5.3.1 For curative treatment
Medicines for the treatment of P. falciparum malaria cases should be used in combination. The list
currentlyrecommendscombinationsaccordingto treatmentguidelines.WHOrecognizesthatnotallof
theFDCsintheWHOtreatmentguidelinesexist,andencouragestheirdevelopmentandrigoroustesting.
WHOalsoencouragesdevelopmentandtestingofrectaldosageformulations.
Tablet: 153mg or200mg(ashydrochloride).
amodiaquine*
*Tobeusedincombinationwithartesunate50mg.
Oilyinjection: 80mg/mlin1mlampoule.
artemether*
*Foruseinthemanagementofseveremalaria.
18
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page - 14
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
Tablet: 20mg+120mg.
artemether+lumefantrine*
Tablet(dispersible):20mg+120mg[c].
*Notrecommendedinthefirsttrimesterof
pregnancyorinchildrenbelow5kg.
Injection: ampoules,containing60mganhydrous
artesunicacidwithaseparateampouleof5%
sodiumbicarbonatesolution.
Foruseinthemanagementofseveremalaria.
artesunate*
Rectaldosageform:50mg[c];200mgcapsules(for
prereferraltreatmentofseveremalariaonly;
patientsshouldbetakentoanappropriatehealth
facilityforfollowupcare)[c].
Tablet:50mg.
*Tobeusedincombinationwitheither
amodiaquine,mefloquineorsulfadoxine+
pyrimethamine.
Tablet: 25 mg+ 67.5 mg;50 mg+135mg;100 mg+
270mg.
artesunate+amodiaquine*
artesunate+mefloquine
*Othercombinationsthatdeliverthetargetdoses
requiredsuchas153mgor200mg(as
hydrochloride)with50mgartesunatecanbe
alternatives.
Tablet: 25 mg+ 55mg;100 mg+220mg.
Oralliquid: 50mg(asphosphateorsulfate)/5ml.
chloroquine*
Tablet:100mg;150mg(asphosphateorsulfate).
*ForuseonlyforthetreatmentofP.vivaxinfection.
Capsule: 100mg(ashydrochlorideorhyclate).
doxycycline*
Tablet(dispersible):100mg(asmonohydrate).
*Foruseonlyincombinationwithquinine.
Tablet: 250mg(ashydrochloride).
mefloquine*
*Tobeusedincombinationwithartesunate50mg.
Tablet: 7.5mg;15mg(asdiphosphate).
primaquine*
18
th
*OnlyforusetoachieveradicalcureofP.vivaxand
P.ovaleinfections,givenfor14days.
page - 15
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
Injection: 300mgquininehydrochloride/mlin2ml
ampoule.
quinine*
Tablet:300mg(quininesulfate)or300mg(quinine
bisulfate).
*Foruseonlyinthemanagementofseveremalaria,
andshouldbeusedincombinationwith
doxycycline.
Tablet: 500mg+25mg.
sulfadoxine+pyrimethamine*
*Onlyincombinationwithartesunate50mg.
6.5.3.2 For prophylaxis
Oralliquid: 50mg(asphosphateorsulfate)/5ml.
chloroquine*
Tablet:150mg(asphosphateorsulfate).
*ForuseonlyincentralAmericanregions,foruse
forP.vivax.
doxycyclinea
Solidoraldosageform: 100mg(ashydrochloride or
hyclate).
a
>8 years.
mefloquinea
>5 kg or >3 months.
proguanil*
*Foruseonlyincombinationwithchloroquine.
6.5.4 Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines
pyrimethamine
Tablet: 25mg.
sulfadiazine
Tablet:500mg.
Injection:
sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim
80mg+16mg/mlin5mlampoule;
80mg+16mg/mlin10mlampoule.
Oralliquid:200mg+40mg/5ml[c].
Tablet:100mg+20mg;400mg+80mg[c].
ComplementaryList
pentamidine
Tablet:200mg;300mg(asisethionate).
6.5.5 Antitrypanosomal medicines

6.5.5.1 African trypanosomiasis
Medicinesforthetreatmentof1ststageAfricantrypanosomiasis
Powderforinjection:200mg(asisetionate)invial.
pentamidine*
18
th
*TobeusedforthetreatmentofTrypanosomabrucei
gambienseinfection.
page - 16
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
Powderforinjection: 1ginvial.
suraminsodium*
*Tobeusedforthetreatmentoftheinitialphaseof
Trypanosomabruceirhodesienseinfection.
Medicinesforthetreatmentof2ndstageAfricantrypanosomiasis
eflornithine*
melarsoprol
nifurtimox*
Injection:200mg(hydrochloride)/mlin100ml
bottle.
*TobeusedforthetreatmentofTrypanosomabrucei
gambienseinfection.
Injection: 3.6%solution,5mlampoule(180mgof
active
compound).
Tablet: 120mg.
*Onlytobeusedincombinationwitheflornithine,
forthetreatmentofTrypanosomabruceigambiense
infection.
ComplementaryList[c]
melarsoprol
Injection:3.6%solutionin5mlampoule(180mgof
activecompound).
6.5.5.2 American trypanosomiasis

Tablet: 12.5mg [c];100mg.
benznidazole
nifurtimox
Tablet: 30mg;120mg;250mg.
7. ANTIMIGRAINE MEDICINES
7.1 For treatment of acute attack
acetylsalicylicacid
Tablet: 300mgto500mg.
ibuprofen[c]
Tablet:200mg;400mg.
paracetamol

7.2 For prophylaxis

propranolol
Tablet: 20mg;40mg(hydrochloride).
8. ANTINEOPLASTIC AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVES

Thissectionwillbereviewedandupdatedshortly.Inviewofthis,nochangesweremadetothissection
duringthe19thExpertCommittee.
8.1 Immunosuppressive medicines
ComplementaryList
Powderforinjection: 100mg(assodiumsalt)invial.
azathioprine
18
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page - 17
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
Capsule:25mg.
ciclosporin
Concentrateforinjection:50mg/mlin1mlampoule
fororgantransplantation.
8.2 Cytotoxic and adjuvant medicines

ComplementaryList
allopurinol[c]
Tablet:100mg;300mg.
asparaginase
Powderforinjection:10000IUinvial.
bleomycin
Powderforinjection:15mg(assulfate)invial.
calciumfolinate
Tablet:15mg.
carboplatin
Injection:50mg/5ml;150mg/15ml;450mg/45ml;600
mg/60ml.
chlorambucil
Tablet:2mg.
Powderforinjection:500mginvial.
cyclophosphamide
Tablet:25mg.
cytarabine
Powderforinjection: 100mginvial.
dacarbazine
Powderforinjection:100mginvial.
dactinomycin
Powderforinjection:500microgramsinvial.
daunorubicin
Powderforinjection:50mg(hydrochloride)invial.
docetaxel
Injection:20mg/ml;40mg/ml.
doxorubicin
Powderforinjection:10mg;50mg(hydrochloride)in
vial.
Capsule:100mg.
etoposide
fluorouracil
hydroxycarbamide
Solidoraldosageform:200mg;250mg;300mg;400
mg;500mg;1g.
ifosfamide
Powderforinjection:1gvial;2gvial.
mercaptopurine
Tablet: 50mg.
Injection:100mg/mlin4mland10mlampoules.
mesna
Tablet:400mg;600mg.
Powderforinjection: 50mg(assodiumsalt)invial.
methotrexate
Tablet:2.5mg(assodiumsalt).
18
th
paclitaxel
Powderforinjection:6mg/ml.
procarbazine
Capsule:50mg(ashydrochloride).
page - 18
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
thioguanine[c]
vinblastine
Powderforinjection: 10mg(sulfate)invial.
vincristine
Powderforinjection:1mg;5mg(sulfate)invial.
8.3 Hormones and antihormones

ComplementaryList
dexamethasone
phosphatesalt).
hydrocortisone
Powderforinjection:100mg(assodiumsuccinate)in
vial.
methylprednisolone[c]
Injection:40mg/ml(assodiumsuccinate)in1mlsingle
dosevialand
5mlmultidosevials;80mg/ml(assodiumsuccinate)in
1mlsingledosevial.
prednisolone
Oralliquid:5mg/ml [c].
Tablet:5mg;25mg.
tamoxifen
Tablet:10mg;20mg(ascitrate).
9. ANTIPARKINSONISM MEDICINES
biperiden
Injection: 5mg(lactate)in1mlampoule.
Tablet:2mg(hydrochloride).
levodopa+carbidopa
Tablet: 100mg+10 mg;100mg+25mg;250mg+25

mg
10. MEDICINES AFFECTING THE BLOOD

10.1 Antianaemia medicines
Oralliquid: equivalentto25mgiron(assulfate)/ml.
ferroussalt
Tablet:equivalentto60mgiron.
ferroussalt+folicacid
Tablet equivalentto60mgiron+400micrograms
folicacid
(Nutritionalsupplementforuseduringpregnancy).
folicacid
Tablet: 1mg;5mg.
hydroxocobalamin
Injection: 1mg (asacetate,hydrochlorideoras

sulfate)in1mlampoule.
10.2 Medicines affecting coagulation

heparinsodium
Injection: 1000IU/ml;5000IU/ml;20000IU/mlin1
mlampoule.
Injection: 1mg/ml[c]; 10mg/mlin5mlampoule.
phytomenadione
Tablet:10mg.
18
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page - 19
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
protaminesulfate
tranexamicacid
Injection: 100 mg/mlin10mlampoule.
warfarin
Tablet: 1mg;2mg;5mg(sodiumsalt).
heparinsodium
Injection:1000IU/ml;5000IU/mlin1mlampoule.
protaminesulfate
warfarin
Tablet:0.5mg;1mg;2mg;5mg(sodiumsalt).
10.3 Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies

ComplementaryList
deferoxamine*
Powderforinjection:500mg(mesilate)invial.
*Deferasiroxoralformmaybeanalternative,depending
oncostandavailability.
hydroxycarbamide
Solidoraldosageform:200mg;500mg;1g.
11. BLOOD PRODUCTS AND PLASMA SUBSTITUTES OF HUMAN ORIGIN

11.1 Blood and blood components
WHOrecognizesthatachievingselfsufficiency,unlessspecialcircumstancesprecludeit,inthesupplyof
safebloodcomponentsbasedonvoluntary,nonremuneratedblooddonation,andthesecurityofthat
supplyareimportantnationalgoalstopreventbloodshortagesandmeetthetransfusionrequirementsof
thepatientpopulation.AllpreparationsshouldcomplywiththeWHOrequirements.
freshfrozenplasma
plateletconcentrates
redbloodcells
wholeblood
11.2 Plasma-derived medicines

AllhumanplasmaderivedmedicinesshouldcomplywiththeWHORequirements.
11.2.1 Human immunoglobulins
ComplementaryList
Intramuscularadministration:16%proteinsolution.*
Intravenousadministration:5%;10%protein
solution.**
humannormalimmunoglobulin
Subcutaneousadministration:15%;16%protein
solution.*
*Indicatedforprimaryimmunedeficiency.
**IndicatedforprimaryimmunedeficiencyandKawasaki
disease.
11.2.2 Blood coagulation factors

ComplementaryList
18
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page - 20
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
coagulationfactorVIII
Powderforinjection:500IU/vial.
coagulationfactorIX
Powderforinjection:500IU/vial,1000IU/vial.
11.3 Plasma substitutes

Injectablesolution:6%.
dextran70*
*Polygeline,injectablesolution,3.5%isconsidered
asequivalent.
12. CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINES

12.1 Antianginal medicines
Tablet: 1.25 mg;5mg.
bisoprolol*
*includesmetoprololandcarvedilolas
alternatives.
glyceryltrinitrate
Tablet(sublingual): 500micrograms.
isosorbidedinitrate
Tablet(sublingual): 5mg.
verapamil
Tablet:40mg;80mg(hydrochloride).
12.2 Antiarrhythmic medicines

Tablet: 1.25 mg;5mg.
bisoprolol*
alternatives.
Injection: 250micrograms/mlin2mlampoule.
digoxin
Oralliquid:50micrograms/ml.
Tablet:62.5micrograms;250micrograms.
Injection:100micrograms/ml(asacidtartrate or
hydrochloride)in10mlampoule.
lidocaine
Injection: 20mg(hydrochloride)/mlin5ml
ampoule.
verapamil
Injection: 2.5mg(hydrochloride)/mlin2ml
ampoule.
ComplementaryList
Injection: 50mg/mlin3mlampoule(hydrochloride).
amiodarone
Tablet(HCI):100mg;200mg;400mg(hydrochloride).
12.3 Antihypertensive medicines
amlodipine
Tablet: 5 mg (asmaleate,mesylateorbesylate).
Tablet:1.25 mg;5mg.
bisoprolol*
18
th
alternatives.
page - 21
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
enalapril
Tablet: 2.5mg;5mg (ashydrogenmaleate).

Powderforinjection: 20mg(hydrochloride)in
ampoule.
hydralazine*
hydrochlorothiazide
*Hydralazineislistedforuseintheacute
managementofseverepregnancyinduced
hypertensiononly.Itsuseinthetreatmentof
essentialhypertensionisnotrecommendedinview
oftheavailabilityofmoreevidenceofefficacyand
safetyofothermedicines.
Solidoraldosageform:12.5mg;25mg.
Tablet:250mg.
methyldopa*
*Methyldopaislistedforuseinthemanagementof
pregnancyinducedhypertensiononly.Itsuseinthe
treatmentofessentialhypertensionisnot
recommendedinviewoftheavailabilityofmore
evidenceofefficacyandsafetyofothermedicines.
ComplementaryList
sodiumnitroprusside
Powderforinfusion: 50mginampoule.
12.4 Medicines used in heart failure

Tablet:1.25 mg;5mg.
bisoprolol*
alternatives.
Injection: 250micrograms/mlin2mlampoule.
digoxin
Oralliquid:50micrograms/ml.
Tablet:62.5micrograms;250micrograms.
enalapril
Tablet: 2.5mg;5mg (ashydrogenmaleate).

furosemide
Tablet:40mg.
hydrochlorothiazide
spironolactone
Tablet: 25mg.
ComplementaryList
dopamine
Injection:40mg/ml(hydrochloride)in5mlvial.
12.5 Antithrombotic medicines
18
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page - 22
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
acetylsalicylicacid
Tablet: 100mg.
ComplementaryList
streptokinase
Powderforinjection:1.5millionIUinvial.
12.6 Lipid-lowering agents

simvastatin*
Tablet: 5mg;10mg;20mg;40mg.
*Foruseinhighriskpatients.
13. DERMATOLOGICAL MEDICINES (topical)

13.1 Antifungal medicines
miconazole
Creamorointment:2%(nitrate).
seleniumsulfide
Detergentbasedsuspension:2%.
sodiumthiosulfate
Solution: 15%.
terbinafine
Cream: 1% orOintment: 1% terbinafine

hydrochloride.
13.2 Anti-infective medicines

Cream(asmupirocincalcium):2%.
mupirocin
Ointment:2%.
potassiumpermanganate
Aqueoussolution: 1:10000.
Cream:1%.
silversulfadiazinea
>2 months.
13.3 Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines

betamethasonea
Creamorointment:0.1%(asvalerate).
a
Hydrocortisone preferred in neonates.
calamine
Lotion.
hydrocortisone
Creamorointment:1%(acetate).
13.4 Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation

benzoylperoxide
Creamorlotion: 5%.
coaltar
Solution: 5%.
fluorouracil
Ointment: 5%.
podophyllumresin
Solution: 10%to25%.
salicylicacid
Solution: 5%.
urea
Creamorointment: 5%;10%.
13.5 Scabicides and pediculicides

benzylbenzoatea
18
th
Lotion: 25%.
a
>2 years.
page - 23
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
Cream: 5%.
permethrin
Lotion:1%.
14. DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS
14.1 Ophthalmic medicines
fluorescein
Eyedrops: 1%(sodiumsalt).
tropicamide
Eyedrops: 0.5%.
14.2 Radiocontrast media

amidotrizoate
Injection: 140mgto420mgiodine(assodium or
megluminesalt)/mlin20mlampoule.
bariumsulfate
Aqueoussuspension.
iohexol
Injection: 140mgto350mgiodine/mlin5ml; 10
ml;20mlampoules.
ComplementaryList
bariumsulfate[c]
Aqueoussuspension.
meglumineiotroxate
Solution:5gto8giodinein100mlto250ml.
15. DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS

15.1 Antiseptics
chlorhexidine
Solution:5%(digluconate).
ethanol
Solution: 70%(denatured).
polyvidoneiodine
Solution: 10% (equivalentto1%availableiodine).
15.2 Disinfectants
chlorinebasecompound
Powder: (0.1%availablechlorine)forsolution.
chloroxylenol
Solution: 4.8%.
glutaral
Solution: 2%.
16. DIURETICS
amiloride
Tablet: 5mg(hydrochloride).
furosemide
Tablet:10mg[c];20mg[c];40mg.
hydrochlorothiazide
mannitol
Injectablesolution: 10%;20%.
spironolactone
Tablet: 25mg.
hydrochlorothiazide
18
th
page - 24
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
mannitol
spironolactone
Injectablesolution:10%;20%.
Oralliquid: 5mg/5ml;10mg/5ml;25mg/5ml.
Tablet:25mg.
17. GASTROINTESTINAL MEDICINES

pancreaticenzymes
Ageappropriateformulationsanddosesincludinglipase,
proteaseandamylase.
17.1 Antiulcer medicines

omeprazole
Powderfororalliquid:20mg;40mgsachets.
Solidoraldosageform:10mg;20mg;40mg.
Injection: 25 mg/ml(ashydrochloride)in2ml
ampoule.
ranitidine
Oralliquid:75mg/5ml(ashydrochloride).
Tablet:150mg(ashydrochloride).
17.2 Antiemetic medicines

Injection: 4mg/mlin1mlampoule(asdisodium
phosphatesalt).
dexamethasone
Oralliquid:0.5mg/5ml;2mg/5ml.
Solidoraldosageform:0.5mg;0.75mg;1.5mg;
4mg.
Injection: 5mg(hydrochloride)/mlin2mlampoule.
metoclopramidea
a
Not in neonates.
Injection:2mgbase/mlin2mlampoule(as
hydrochloride).
ondansetrona
Oralliquid:4mgbase/5ml.
Solidoraldosageform:Eq4mgbase;Eq8mgbase;
Eq24mgbase.
a
>1 month.
17.3 Anti-inflammatory medicines

Retentionenema.
sulfasalazine
Suppository:500mg.
Tablet:500mg.
ComplementaryList
18
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page - 25
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
Retentionenema.
hydrocortisone
Suppository:25mg(acetate).
(theonlyappliestohydrocortisoneretention
enema).
17.4 Laxatives
senna
Tablet: 7.5mg(sennosides)(ortraditionaldosage
forms).
17.5 Medicines used in diarrhoea

17.5.1 Oral rehydration
oralrehydrationsalts
Powderfordilution in200ml;500ml;1L.
glucose:
75mEq
sodium:
75mEqormmol/L
chloride:
65mEqormmol/L
potassium:
20mEqormmol/L
citrate:
10mmol/L
osmolarity:
245mOsm/L
glucose:
13.5g/L
sodiumchloride:
2.6g/L
potassiumchloride:
1.5g/L
trisodiumcitratedihydrate+: 2.9g/L
+trisodiumcitratedihydratemaybereplacedby
sodiumhydrogencarbonate(sodiumbicarbonate)
2.5g/L.However,asthestabilityofthislatter
formulationisverypoorundertropicalconditions,it
isonlyrecommendedwhenmanufacturedfor
immediateuse.
17.5.2 Medicines for diarrhoea in children

zincsulfate*
*Inacutediarrhoeazincsulfateshouldbeusedasan
adjuncttooralrehydrationsalts.
18. HORMONES, OTHER ENDOCRINE MEDICINES AND CONTRACEPTIVES

18.1 Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes
fludrocortisone
Tablet:100micrograms(acetate).
hydrocortisone
Tablet:5mg;10mg;20mg.
18.2 Androgens
ComplementaryList
testosterone
Injection:200mg(enanthate)in1mlampoule.
18.3 Contraceptives
18.3.1 Oral hormonal contraceptives
ethinylestradiol+levonorgestrel
18
th
Tablet: 30micrograms+150micrograms.
page - 26
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
ethinylestradiol+norethisterone
Tablet: 35micrograms+1 mg.
levonorgestrel
Tablet: 30micrograms;750micrograms(packof
two);1.5mg.
18.3.2 Injectable hormonal contraceptives

estradiolcypionate+medroxyprogesteroneacetate Injection:5mg+25mg.
medroxyprogesteroneacetate
Depotinjection: 150mg/mlin1mlvial.
norethisteroneenantate
Oilysolution: 200mg/mlin1mlampoule.
18.3.3 Intrauterine devices

coppercontainingdevice
18.3.4 Barrier methods
condoms
diaphragms
18.3.5 Implantable contraceptives
levonorgestrelreleasingimplant
Tworodlevonorgestrelreleasingimplant,eachrod
containing75mgoflevonorgestrel(150mgtotal).
18.4 Estrogens
18.5 Insulins and other medicines used for diabetes
Oral solid dosage form: (controlled release tablets)
30mg;60mg;
gliclazide*
80mg.
*glibenclamidenotsuitableabove60years.
glucagon
Injection:1 mg/ml.
insulininjection(soluble)
Injection: 40IU/mlin10mlvial;100IU/mlin10ml
vial.
intermediateactinginsulin
Injection: 40IU/mlin10mlvial;100IU/mlin10ml
vial(ascompoundinsulinzincsuspensionor
isophaneinsulin).
metformin
metformin
18.6 Ovulation inducers

ComplementaryList
clomifene
Tablet:50mg(citrate).
18.7 Progestogens
medroxyprogesteroneacetate
Tablet: 5mg.
18.8 Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines

18
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page - 27
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
levothyroxine
Tablet: 25micrograms [c];50micrograms;

100micrograms(sodiumsalt).
potassiumiodide
Tablet: 60mg.
propylthiouracil
Tablet: 50mg.
Lugolssolution
Oralliquid:about130mgtotaliodine/ml.
potassiumiodide
Tablet:60mg.
propylthiouracil
Tablet:50mg.
19. IMMUNOLOGICALS
19.1 Diagnostic agents
AlltuberculinsshouldcomplywiththeWHORequirementsforTuberculins.
tuberculin,purifiedproteinderivative(PPD)
Injection.
19.2 Sera and immunoglobulins

AllplasmafractionsshouldcomplywiththeWHOrequirements.
antiDimmunoglobulin(human)
Injection: 250microgramsinsingledosevial.
antirabiesimmunoglobulin(human)
Injection: 150IU/mlinvial.
antitetanusimmunoglobulin(human)
Injection: 500IUinvial.
Injection.
antivenomimmunoglobulin*
*Exacttypetobedefinedlocally.
diphtheriaantitoxin
Injection: 10000IU;20000IUinvial.
19.3 Vaccines
SelectionofvaccinesfromtheModelListwillneedtobedeterminedbyeachcountryafterconsideration
of international recommendations, epidemiology and national priorities. The list below details the
vaccines for which there is either a recommendation from the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on
Immunization (SAGE) (http://www.who.int/immunization/sage_conclusions/en/index.html) and/or a
WHOpositionpaper(http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/positionpapers/en/index.html).This
sitewillbeupdatedasnewpositionpapersarepublishedandcontainsthemostrecentinformationand
recommendations.
AllvaccinesshouldcomplywiththeWHORequirementsforBiologicalSubstances.
WHOnotedtheneedforvaccinesusedinchildrentobepolyvalent.
BCGvaccine
choleravaccine
diphtheriavaccine
Haemophilusinfluenzaetypebvaccine
hepatitisAvaccine
hepatitisBvaccine
18
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18thedition
influenzavaccine
Japaneseencephalitisvaccine
measlesvaccine
meningococcalmeningitisvaccine
mumpsvaccine
pertussisvaccine
pneumococcalvaccine
poliomyelitisvaccine
rabiesvaccine
rotavirusvaccine
rubellavaccine
tetanusvaccine
typhoidvaccine
varicellavaccine
yellowfevervaccine
20. MUSCLE RELAXANTS (PERIPHERALLY-ACTING) AND CHOLINESTERASE
INHIBITORS
atracurium
Injection: 10mg/ml(besylate).
neostigmine
Injection: 500microgramsin1mlampoule;2.5mg
(metilsulfate)in1mlampoule.
Tablet:15mg(bromide).
Injection: 50mg(chloride)/mlin2mlampoule.
suxamethonium
Powderforinjection(chloride),invial.
vecuronium[c]
Powderforinjection:10mg(bromide)invial.
ComplementaryList
Injection:1mgin1mlampoule.
pyridostigmine
Tablet:60mg(bromide).
vecuronium
Powderforinjection: 10mg(bromide)invial.
21. OPHTHALMOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS

21.1 Anti-infective agents
aciclovir
Ointment: 3%W/W.
azithromycin
Solution(eyedrops):1.5%.
gentamicin
Solution(eyedrops):0.3%(sulfate).
ofloxacin
Solution(eyedrops): 0.3%.
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18thedition
tetracycline
Eyeointment: 1%(hydrochloride).
21.2 Anti-inflammatory agents

prednisolone
Solution(eyedrops): 0.5%(sodiumphosphate).
21.3 Local anaesthetics

tetracainea
Solution(eyedrops): 0.5%(hydrochloride).
a
Not in preterm neonates.
21.4 Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines

acetazolamide
Tablet: 250mg.
latanoprost
Solution(eyedrops): latanoprost50micrograms/mL
pilocarpine
Solution(eyedrops): 2%;4%(hydrochloride or
nitrate).
timolol
Solution(eyedrops): 0.25%;0.5%(ashydrogen
maleate).
21.5 Mydriatics
Solution(eyedrops): 0.1%;0.5%;1%(sulfate).
atropine* a
*[c]Orhomatropine(hydrobromide)or
cyclopentolate(hydrochloride).
a
>3 months.
ComplementaryList
Solution(eyedrops):2%(ashydrochloride).
21.6 Anti vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

ComplementaryList
bevacizumab
Injection:25mg/ml.
22. OXYTOCICS AND ANTIOXYTOCICS

22.1 Oxytocics
ergometrine
misoprostol
Injection: 200micrograms(hydrogenmaleate)in1
mlampoule.
Tablet: 200micrograms.*
*Formanagementofincompleteabortionand
miscarriage,andforpreventionofpostpartum
haemorrhagewhereoxytocinisnotavailableor
cannotbesafelyused.
Vaginaltablet:25micrograms.*
*Onlyforuseforinductionoflabourwhere
appropriatefacilitiesareavailable.
oxytocin
Injection: 10IUin1ml.
ComplementaryList
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18thedition
mifepristone*misoprostol*
Wherepermittedundernationallawand
whereculturallyacceptable.
Tablet200mgtablet200micrograms.
*Requiresclosemedicalsupervision.
22.2 Antioxytocics (tocolytics)

nifedipine
Immediatereleasecapsule: 10mg.
23. PERITONEAL DIALYSIS SOLUTION

ComplementaryList
intraperitonealdialysissolution
(ofappropriatecomposition)
Parenteralsolution.
24. MEDICINES FOR MENTAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERS

24.1 Medicines used in psychotic disorders
Injection: 25mg(hydrochloride)/mlin2ml
ampoule.
chlorpromazine
Oralliquid:25mg(hydrochloride)/5ml.
fluphenazine
haloperidol
Injection: 25mg(decanoate orenantate)in1ml

ampoule.
Injection: 5mgin1mlampoule.
Tablet:2mg;5mg.
risperidone
Oralsoliddosageform:0.25mgto6mg.
ComplementaryList
Injection: 25mg(hydrochloride)/mlin2mlampoule.
chlorpromazine[c]
Oralliquid:25mg(hydrochloride)/5ml.
Tablet:10mg;25mg;50mg;100mg(hydrochloride).
Injection:5mgin1mlampoule.
haloperidol[c]
Oralliquid:2mg/ml.
Solidoraldosageform:0.5mg;2mg;5mg.
clozapine
24.2 Medicines used in mood disorders

24.2.1 Medicines used in depressive disorders
amitriptyline
Tablet: 25mg;75mg. (hydrochloride).
fluoxetine
Solidoraldosageform: 20mg(ashydrochloride).
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fluoxetinea
Solidoraldosageform:20mg(ashydrochloride).
a
>8 years.
24.2.2 Medicines used in bipolar disorders

carbamazepine
Tablet(scored): 100mg;200mg.
lithiumcarbonate
valproicacid(sodiumvalproate)
Tablet(entericcoated): 200mg;500mg(sodium
valproate).
24.3 Medicines for anxiety disorders

diazepam
Tablet(scored): 2mg;5mg.
24.4 Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders

clomipramine
Capsule: 10mg;25mg(hydrochloride).
24.5 Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use

Chewinggum:2mg;4mg (aspolacrilex).
nicotinereplacementtherapy(NRT)
Transdermalpatch:5mgto30mg/16hrs;7mgto
21mg/24hrs.
ComplementaryList
Concentratefororalliquid:5mg/ml;10mg/ml
(hydrochloride).
methadone*
Oralliquid:5mg/5ml;10mg/5ml(hydrochloride).
*Thesquareboxisaddedtoincludebuprenorphine.The
medicinesshouldonlybeusedwithinanestablished
supportprogramme.
25. MEDICINES ACTING ON THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

25.1 Antiasthmatic and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
beclometasone
Inhalation(aerosol): 50 micrograms(dipropionate)
perdose;100micrograms(dipropionate)perdose
(asCFCfreeforms).
budesonide[c]
Inhalation(aerosol): 100microgramsperdose;
200microgramsperdose.
Injection: 1mg(ashydrochlorideorhydrogen
tartrate)in
1mlampoule.
ipratropiumbromide
Inhalation(aerosol):20micrograms/metereddose.
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18thedition
Inhalation(aerosol): 100micrograms(assulfate)per
dose.
salbutamol
Injection: 50 micrograms (as sulfate)/ml in 5ml

ampoule.
Metereddoseinhaler(aerosol):100micrograms(as
sulfate)perdose.
Respirator solution for use in nebulizers: 5mg (as
sulfate)/ml.
26. SOLUTIONS CORRECTING WATER, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE

DISTURBANCES
26.1 Oral
oralrehydrationsalts
Seesection17.5.1.
potassiumchloride
Powderforsolution.
26.2 Parenteral
glucose
Injectablesolution: 5%(isotonic);10%(hypertonic);
50%(hypertonic).
Injectablesolution: 4%glucose,0.18%sodium
chloride
(equivalenttoNa+30mmol/L,Cl30mmol/L).
glucosewithsodiumchloride
Injectablesolution:5%glucose,0.9%sodium
chloride(equivalentto150mmol/LNa+and
150mmol/LCl);5%glucose,0.45%sodiumchloride
(equivalentto75mmol/LNa+and75mmol/L
Cl)[c].
Solution: 11.2%in20mlampoule
(equivalenttoK+1.5mmol/ml,Cl1.5mmol/ml).
potassiumchloride
sodiumchloride
Solutionfordilution:7.5%(equivalenttoK
1mmol/mlandCl1mmol/ml)[c];15%(equivalent
toK2mmol/mlandCl2mmol/ml)[c].
Injectablesolution: 0.9%isotonic(equivalenttoNa+
154mmol/L,Cl154mmol/L).
Injectable solution:1.4%isotonic(equivalenttoNa+
167mmol/L,HCO3167mmol/L).
sodiumhydrogencarbonate
Solution:8.4%in10mlampoule(equivalenttoNa+
1000mmol/L,HCO31000mmol/L).
sodiumlactate,compoundsolution
Injectablesolution.
26.3 Miscellaneous
waterforinjection
2ml;5ml;10mlampoules.
27. VITAMINS AND MINERALS

ascorbicacid
18
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Tablet: 50mg.
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18thedition
Tablet:500mg(elemental).
calcium
Oralliquid: 400IU/ml.
cholecalciferol*[c]
Solidoraldosageform:400IU;1000IU.
*Ergocalciferolcanbeusedasanalternative.
Oralliquid: 250micrograms/ml(10000IU/ml).
ergocalciferol
Solidoraldosageform:1.25mg(50000IU).
Capsule: 200 mg.
iodine
Iodizedoil:1ml(480mgiodine);0.5ml(240mg
iodine)inampoule(oralorinjectable);0.57ml(308
mgiodine)indispenserbottle.
nicotinamide
Tablet: 50mg.
pyridoxine
Capsule: 50000IU;100 000IU;200000IU(as
palmitate).
Oraloilysolution:100000IU(aspalmitate)/mlin
multidosedispenser.
retinol
Tablet(sugarcoated):10000IU(aspalmitate).
Watermiscibleinjection:100000IU(aspalmitate)
in
2mlampoule.
riboflavin
Tablet: 5mg.
sodiumfluoride
Inanyappropriatetopicalformulation.
thiamine
ComplementaryList
calciumgluconate
28. EAR, NOSE AND THROAT MEDICINES IN CHILDREN [c]

aceticacid
Topical:2%,inalcohol.
budesonide
Nasalspray:100microgramsperdose.
ciprofloxacin
Topical:0.3%drops(ashydrochloride).
Nasalspray: 0.05%.
xylometazolinea
aNot in children less than 3 months.
29. SPECIFIC MEDICINES FOR NEONATAL CARE

29.1 Medicines administered to the neonate [c]
caffeinecitrate
18
th
Injection: 20 mg/ml (equivalent to 10mg caffeine

base/ml).
Oralliquid:20mg/ml(equivalentto10mgcaffeine
base/ml).
page - 34
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
Chlorhexidine
Solution or gel: 7.1% (digluconate) delivering 4%

chlorhexidine(forumbilicalcordcare)[c].
ComplementaryList
ibuprofen
Solutionforinjection:5mg/ml.
Solutionforinjection:
prostaglandinE
surfactant
ProstaglandinE1:0.5mg/mlinalcohol.
ProstaglandinE2:1mg/ml.
Suspension for intratracheal instillation: 25 mg/ml
or80mg/ml.(checkingwithINNSecretariat)
29.2 Medicines administered to the mother

dexamethasone
Injection:4mg/mldexamethasonephosphate(as
disodiumsalt)
30. MEDICINES FOR DISEASES OF JOINTS

30.1 Medicines used to treat gout
allopurinol
Tablet: 100mg.
30.2 Disease modifying agents used in rheumatoid disorders (DMARDs)

chloroquine
Tablet: 100mg;150mg(asphosphateorsulfate).
ComplementaryList
azathioprine
Tablet:50mg.
hydroxychloroquine[c]
Solidoraldosageform:200mg(assulfate).
methotrexate
Tablet:2.5mg(assodiumsalt).
penicillamine
sulfasalazine
Tablet: 500mg.
30.3 Juvenile joint diseases

Suppository:50mgto150mg.
acetylsalicylicacid*(acuteorchronicuse)
*Foruseforrheumaticfever,juvenilearthritis,
Kawasakidisease.
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18thedition
Table 1: Medicines with age or weight restrictions

atazanavir
atropine
benzylbenzoate
betamethasonetopicalpreparations
cefazolin
ceftriaxone
diloxanide
doxycycline
efavirenz
emtricitabine
fluoxetine
ibuprofen
mefloquine
metoclopramide
ondansetron
saquinavir
silversulfadiazine
tetracaine
trimethoprim
xylometazoline
>25kg
>3months
>2years
Hydrocortisonepreferredinneonates
>1month
>41weekscorrectedgestationalage
>25kg
>8years(exceptforseriousinfectionse.g.cholera)
>3yearsor>10 kg
>3months
>8years
>3months(exceptIVformforpatentductusarteriosus)
>5kgor>3months
Notinneonates
>1month
>25kg
>2months
Notinpretermneonates
>6months
>3months
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Annex 1: Explanation of dosage forms
A. Principal dosage forms used in EML - Oral administration
Term
Solidoraldosageform
Tablets
Tablets(qualified)
Definition
Referstotabletsorcapsulesorothersoliddosageformssuchasmelts
thatareimmediatereleasepreparations.Itimpliesthatthereisno
differenceinclinicalefficacyorsafetybetweentheavailabledosage
forms,andcountriesshouldthereforechoosetheform(s)tobelisted
dependingonqualityandavailability.
Thetermsolidoraldosageformisneverintendedtoallowanytypeof
modifiedreleasetablet.
Refersto:
uncoatedorcoated(filmcoatedorsugarcoated)tabletsthatare
intendedtobeswallowedwhole;
unscoredandscored*;
tabletsthatareintendedtobechewedbeforebeingswallowed;
tabletsthatareintendedtobedispersedordissolvedinwateror
anothersuitableliquidbeforebeingswallowed;
tabletsthatareintendedtobecrushedbeforebeingswallowed.
Thetermtabletwithoutqualificationisneverintendedtoallowany
typeofmodifiedreleasetablet.
Referstoaspecifictypeoftablet:
chewabletabletsthatareintendedtobechewedbeforebeing
swallowed;
dispersibletabletsthatareintendedtobedispersedinwateror
anothersuitableliquidbeforebeingswallowed;
solubletabletsthatareintendedtobedissolvedinwateroranother
suitableliquidbeforebeingswallowed;
crushabletabletsthatareintendedtobecrushedbeforebeing
swallowed;
scoredtabletsbearingabreakmarkormarkswheresubdivisionis
intendedinordertoprovidedosesoflessthanonetablet;
sublingualtabletsthatareintendedtobeplacedbeneaththetongue.
Thetermtabletisalwaysqualifiedwithanadditionalterm(in
parentheses)inentrieswhereoneofthefollowingtypesoftabletis
intended:gastroresistant(suchtabletsmaysometimesbedescribedas
entericcoatedorasdelayedrelease),prolongedreleaseoranother
modifiedreleaseform.
Scoredtabletsmaybedividedforeaseofswallowing,provideddoseisawholenumberoftablets.
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18 WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)
*
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
Term
Capsules
Capsules(qualified)
Granules
Oralpowder
Oralliquid
Definition
Referstohardorsoftcapsules.
Thetermcapsulewithoutqualificationisneverintendedtoallowany
typeofmodifiedreleasecapsule.
Thetermcapsulewithqualificationreferstogastroresistant(such
capsulesmaysometimesbedescribedasentericcoatedorasdelayed
release),prolongedreleaseoranothermodifiedreleaseform.
Preparationsthatareissuedtopatientasgranulestobeswallowed
withoutfurtherpreparation,tobechewed,ortobetakeninorwith
wateroranothersuitableliquid.
Thetermgranuleswithoutfurtherqualificationisneverintendedto
allowanytypeofmodifiedreleasegranules.
Preparationsthatareissuedtopatientaspowder(usuallyassingle
dose)tobetakeninorwithwateroranothersuitableliquid.
Liquidpreparationsintendedtobeswallowed i.e.oralsolutions,
suspensions,emulsionsandoraldrops,includingthoseconstitutedfrom
powdersorgranules,butnotthosepreparationsintendedfororomucosal
administratione.g.garglesandmouthwashes.
Oralliquidspresentedaspowdersorgranulesmayofferbenefitsinthe
formofbetterstabilityandlowertransportcosts.Ifmorethanonetype
oforalliquidisavailableonthesamemarket(e.g.solution,suspension,
granulesforreconstitution),theymaybeinterchangedandinsuchcases
shouldbebioequivalent.Itispreferablethatoralliquidsdonotcontain
sugarandthatsolutionsforchildrendonotcontainalcohol.
B. Principal dosage forms used in EMLc - Parenteral administration
Term
Injection
Injection(qualified)
Injection(oily)
Intravenousinfusion
Definition
Referstosolutions,suspensionsandemulsionsincludingthose
constitutedfrompowdersorconcentratedsolutions.
Routeofadministrationisindicatedinparentheseswhererelevant.
Theterminjectionisqualifiedby(oily)inrelevantentries.
Referstosolutionsandemulsionsincludingthoseconstitutedfrom
powdersorconcentratedsolutions.
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EssentialMedicines
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18thedition
C. Other dosage forms
Modeof
administration
Totheeye
Topical
Rectal
Vaginal
Inhalation
Termtobeused
Eyedrops,eyeointments.
Forliquids:lotions,paints.
Forsemisolids:cream,ointment.
Suppositories,gelorsolution.
Pessariesorvaginaltablets.
Powderforinhalation,pressurizedinhalation,nebulizer.
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EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
Index
abacavir(ABC)..........................................................11
acetazolamide............................................................30
aceticacid...................................................................34
acetylcysteine..............................................................4
acetylsalicylicacid....................................2,17,23,35
aciclovir................................................................11,29
albendazole..............................................................5,6
allopurinol.............................................................18,35
amidotrizoate............................................................24
amikacin.......................................................................10
amiloride....................................................................24
amiodarone..................................................................21
amitriptyline..........................................................2,31
amlodipine.................................................................21
amodiaquine..............................................................14
amoxicillin...................................................................6
amoxicillin+clavulanicacid.....................................6
amphotericinB....................................................11,14
ampicillin.....................................................................6
antiDimmunoglobulin(human)..........................28
antitetanusimmunoglobulin(human).................28
antivenomimmunoglobulin...................................28
artemether..................................................................14
artemether+lumefantrine......................................15
artesunate...................................................................15
artesunate+amodiaquine.......................................15
artesunate+mefloquine..........................................15
ascorbicacid..............................................................33
asparaginase................................................................18
atazanavir...................................................................13
atracurium.................................................................29
atropine..............................................................1,4,30
azathioprine...........................................................17,35
azithromycin.........................................................7,29
bariumsulfate...........................................................24
BCGvaccine...............................................................28
beclometasone...........................................................32
benzathinebenzylpenicillin......................................6
benznidazole.............................................................17
benzoylperoxide......................................................23
benzylbenzoate........................................................23
benzylpenicillin...........................................................6
betamethasone..........................................................23
bevacizumab................................................................30
biperiden....................................................................19
bisoprolol.............................................................21,22
bleomycin.....................................................................18
budesonide..........................................................32,34
bupivacaine.................................................................1
caffeinecitrate...........................................................34
18
th
calamine.....................................................................23
calcium.......................................................................34
calciumfolinate...........................................................18
calciumgluconate.................................................4,34
capreomycin................................................................10
carbamazepine......................................................4,32
carboplatin...................................................................18
cefalexin.......................................................................6
cefazolin.......................................................................6
cefixime........................................................................6
cefotaxime......................................................................7
ceftazidime.....................................................................7
ceftriaxone...................................................................7
charcoal,activated......................................................4
chlorambucil................................................................18
chloramphenicol.........................................................8
chlorhexidine............................................................24
chlorinebasecompound.........................................24
chloroquine....................................................15,16,35
chloroxylenol.............................................................24
chlorpromazine.........................................................31
chlorpromazine............................................................31
cholecalciferol...........................................................34
choleravaccine..........................................................28
ciclosporin...................................................................18
ciprofloxacin..........................................................8,34
clarithromycin.............................................................8
clindamycin...................................................................9
clofazimine..................................................................9
clomifene......................................................................27
clomipramine............................................................32
clotrimazole...............................................................11
cloxacillin.....................................................................7
clozapine......................................................................31
coagulationfactorIX...................................................21
coagulationfactorVIII................................................21
coaltar........................................................................23
codeine.........................................................................2
condoms.....................................................................27
coppercontainingdevice........................................27
cyclizine.......................................................................2
cyclophosphamide........................................................18
cycloserine...................................................................10
cytarabine....................................................................18
dacarbazine..................................................................18
dactinomycin...............................................................18
dapsone........................................................................9
daunorubicin...............................................................18
deferoxamine............................................................4,20
dexamethasone.....................................2,3,19,25,35
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18thedition
dextran70...................................................................21
diaphragms................................................................27
diazepam............................................................3,4,32
didanosine(ddI).......................................................12
diethylcarbamazine....................................................6
digoxin..................................................................21,22
diloxanide..................................................................14
dimercaprol....................................................................4
diphtheriaantitoxin.................................................28
diphtheriavaccine....................................................28
docetaxel......................................................................18
docusatesodium.........................................................3
dopamine......................................................................22
doxorubicin..................................................................18
doxycycline......................................................8,15,16
efavirenz(EFVorEFZ)............................................12
efavirenz+emtricitabine+tenofovir....................13
eflornithine................................................................17
emtricitabine(FTC)..................................................12
emtricitabine+tenofovir.........................................13
enalapril.....................................................................22
ephedrine........................................................................1
epinephrine(adrenaline).........................3,21,30,32
ergocalciferol.............................................................34
ergometrine...............................................................30
erythromycin...............................................................8
estradiolcypionate+medroxyprogesterone
acetate.....................................................................27
ethambutol...................................................................9
ethambutol+isoniazid..............................................9
ethambutol+isoniazid+pyrazinamide+
rifampicin.................................................................9
ethambutol+isoniazid+rifampicin.......................9
ethanol........................................................................24
ethinylestradiol+levonorgestrel...........................26
ethinylestradiol+norethisterone...........................27
ethionamide..................................................................10
ethosuximide..................................................................5
etoposide.......................................................................18
ferroussalt.................................................................19
ferroussalt+folicacid.............................................19
fluconazole.................................................................11
flucytosine..................................................................11
fludrocortisone..........................................................26
fluorescein..................................................................24
fluorouracil............................................................18,23
fluoxetine.........................................................3,31,32
fluphenazine..............................................................31
folicacid.....................................................................19
fomepizole......................................................................4
freshfrozenplasma..................................................20
furosemide...........................................................22,24
18
th
gentamicin.............................................................8,29
gliclazide....................................................................27
glucagon.....................................................................27
glucose........................................................................33
glucosewithsodiumchloride................................33
glutaral.......................................................................24
glyceryltrinitrate......................................................21
griseofulvin...............................................................11
Haemophilusinfluenzaetypebvaccine...................28
haloperidol............................................................3,31
halothane.....................................................................1
heparinsodium...................................................19,20
hepatitisAvaccine...................................................28
hepatitisBvaccine....................................................28
humannormalimmunoglobulin.................................20
hydralazine................................................................22
hydrochlorothiazide..........................................22,24
hydrocortisone..........................................3,19,23,26
hydroxocobalamin...................................................19
hydroxycarbamide.................................................18,20
hydroxychloroquine.....................................................35
hyoscinebutylbromide..............................................3
hyoscinehydrobromide............................................3
ibuprofen.........................................................2,17,35
ifosfamide.....................................................................18
imipenem+cilastatin....................................................7
indinavir(IDV).........................................................13
influenzavaccine......................................................29
insulininjection(soluble)........................................27
intermediateactinginsulin....................................27
intraperitonealdialysissolution.................................31
iodine..........................................................................34
iohexol........................................................................24
ipratropiumbromide...............................................32
isoflurane.....................................................................1
isoniazid.......................................................................9
isoniazid+pyrazinamide+rifampicin.................10
isoniazid+rifampicin..............................................10
isosorbidedinitrate..................................................21
ivermectin....................................................................6
Japaneseencephalitisvaccine................................29
kanamycin...................................................................10
ketamine.......................................................................1
lactulose.......................................................................3
lamivudine(3TC).....................................................12
lamivudine+nevirapine+stavudine...................13
lamivudine+nevirapine+zidovudine................13
lamivudine+zidovudine........................................13
latanoprost)...............................................................30
levamisole....................................................................5
levodopa+carbidopa..............................................19
levofloxacin..................................................................10
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18thedition
levonorgestrel............................................................27
levonorgestrelreleasingimplant...........................27
levothyroxine............................................................28
lidocaine.................................................................1,21
lidocaine+epinephrine(adrenaline)......................1
lithiumcarbonate......................................................32
loperamide...................................................................3
lopinavir+ritonavir(LPV/r)...................................13
loratadine.....................................................................4
lorazepam....................................................................5
Lugolssolution...........................................................28
magnesiumsulfate.....................................................5
mannitol...............................................................24,25
measlesvaccine.........................................................29
mebendazole...............................................................5
medroxyprogesteroneacetate................................27
mefloquine...........................................................15,16
meglumineiotroxate....................................................24
melarsoprol................................................................17
meningococcalmeningitisvaccine........................29
mercaptopurine............................................................18
mesna...........................................................................18
metformin..................................................................27
methadone....................................................................32
methotrexate..........................................................18,35
methyldopa................................................................22
methylprednisolone.....................................................19
methylthioniniumchloride(methyleneblue).......4
metoclopramide........................................................25
metronidazole.......................................................8,14
miconazole.................................................................23
midazolam...............................................................1,3
mifepristone.................................................................31
miltefosine.................................................................14
misoprostol..........................................................30,31
morphine..................................................................1,2
mumpsvaccine.........................................................29
mupirocin...................................................................23
naloxone.......................................................................4
neostigmine...............................................................29
nevirapine(NVP)......................................................12
niclosamide..................................................................5
nicotinamide..............................................................34
nicotinereplacementtherapy(NRT).....................32
nifedipine...................................................................31
nifurtimox..................................................................17
nitrofurantoin..............................................................8
nitrousoxide................................................................1
norethisteroneenantate...........................................27
nystatin.......................................................................11
ofloxacin.....................................................................29
omeprazole................................................................25
18
th
ondansetron...........................................................3,25
oralrehydrationsalts.........................................26,33
oseltamivir.................................................................13
oxamniquine..................................................................6
oxygen..........................................................................1
oxytocin......................................................................30
paclitaxel......................................................................18
paminosalicylicacid...................................................10
pancreaticenzymes.....................................................25
paracetamol...........................................................2,17
paromomycin............................................................14
pegylatedinterferonalpha2a......................................14
penicillamine.........................................................4,35
pentamidine.................................................................16
permethrin.................................................................24
pertussisvaccine.......................................................29
phenobarbital..............................................................5
phenoxymethylpenicillin..........................................7
phenytoin.....................................................................5
phytomenadione......................................................19
pilocarpine.................................................................30
plateletconcentrates................................................20
pneumococcalvaccine.............................................29
podophyllumresin...................................................23
poliomyelitisvaccine...............................................29
polyvidoneiodine....................................................24
potassiumchloride...................................................33
potassiumferrichexacyanoferrate(II)2H20
(Prussianblue)........................................................4
potassiumiodide....................................................11,28
potassiumpermanganate........................................23
praziquantel............................................................5,6
prednisolone....................................................4,19,30
primaquine................................................................15
procainebenzylpenicillin..........................................7
procarbazine................................................................18
proguanil...................................................................16
propofol........................................................................1
propranolol................................................................17
propylthiouracil........................................................28
prostaglandinE...........................................................35
protaminesulfate.....................................................20
pyrantel........................................................................5
pyrazinamide............................................................10
pyridostigmine............................................................29
pyridoxine.................................................................34
pyrimethamine.........................................................16
quinine.......................................................................16
rabiesimmunoglobulin...........................................28
rabiesvaccine............................................................29
ranitidine....................................................................25
redbloodcells...........................................................20
page - 42
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18thedition
sulfasalazine........................................................25,35
suraminsodium........................................................17
surfactant....................................................................35
suxamethonium........................................................29
tamoxifen.....................................................................19
tenofovirdisoproxilfumarate................................12
terbinafine..................................................................23
testosterone..................................................................26
tetanusvaccine..........................................................29
tetracaine....................................................................30
tetracycline................................................................30
thiamine.....................................................................34
thioguanine..................................................................19
timolol........................................................................30
tranexamicacid.........................................................20
triclabendazole............................................................6
trimethoprim...............................................................9
tropicamide...............................................................24
tuberculin,purifiedproteinderivative(PPD).....28
typhoidvaccine........................................................29
urea.............................................................................23
valproicacid(sodiumvalproate)......................5,32
vancomycin...................................................................9
varicellavaccine.......................................................29
vecuronium...............................................................29
verapamil...................................................................21
vinblastine...................................................................19
vincristine....................................................................19
warfarin......................................................................20
waterforinjection....................................................33
wholeblood...............................................................20
xylometazoline..........................................................34
yellowfevervaccine................................................29
zidovudine(ZDVorAZT)......................................12
zincsulfate.................................................................26
retinol..........................................................................34
ribavirin......................................................................14
riboflavin....................................................................34
rifabutin......................................................................10
rifampicin...............................................................9,10
risperidone.................................................................31
ritonavir......................................................................13
rotavirusvaccine.......................................................29
rubellavaccine..........................................................29
salbutamol.................................................................33
salicylicacid...............................................................23
saquinavir(SQV)......................................................13
seleniumsulfide........................................................23
senna.......................................................................3,26
silversulfadiazine.....................................................23
simvastatin.................................................................23
sodiumcalciumedetate.................................................4
sodiumchloride........................................................33
sodiumfluoride........................................................34
sodiumhydrogencarbonate...................................33
sodiumlactate...........................................................33
sodiumnitrite..............................................................4
sodiumnitroprusside...................................................22
sodiumstibogluconateor
meglumineantimoniate......................................14
sodiumthiosulfate................................................4,23
spectinomycin.............................................................8
spironolactone...............................................22,24,25
stavudine(d4T).........................................................12
streptokinase................................................................23
streptomycin..............................................................10
succimer.........................................................................4
sulfadiazine...............................................................16
sulfadoxine+pyrimethamine.................................16
sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim.....................9,16
18
th
page - 43

Essential Medicines

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Essential Medicines

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WHOModelList

1.1.2 Injectable medicines

1.2 Local anaesthetics

Injection: 10mg(sulfate orhydrochloride)in1mlampoule.

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)

2. MEDICINES FOR PAIN AND PALLIATIVE CARE

Not in children less than 3 months.

Oralliquid: 125mg/5 ml.

2.2 Opioid analgesics

2.3 Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)

Injection: 5mgin1ml ampoule.

3. ANTIALLERGICS AND MEDICINES USED IN ANAPHYLAXIS

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)

4. ANTIDOTES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES USED IN POISONINGS

Gelorrectalsolution:5 mg/mlin0.5ml;2ml; 4ml

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)

6.1.3 Antischistosomals and other antitrematode medicines

Oralliquid: 125 mgamoxicillin+31.25mg

Powderforinjection: 900 mgbenzylpenicillin

Capsule: 400mg (astrihydrate).

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)

>41 weeks corrected gestational age.

6.2.2 Other antibacterials

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)

Oralliquid: 25 mg/5 ml[c].

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)

6.2.3 Antileprosy medicines

6.2.4 Antituberculosis medicines

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)

6.3 Antifungal medicines

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)

6.4 Antiviral medicines

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)

Oralliquid: 50mg/5 ml.

6.4.2.2 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

>3 years or >10 kg weight.

6.4.2.3 Protease inhibitors

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)

6.4.3 Other antivirals

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)

6.5.2 Antileishmaniasis medicines

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)

>5 kg or >3 months.

6.5.5 Antitrypanosomal medicines

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)

6.5.5.2 American trypanosomiasis

Oralliquid: 125mg/5 ml[c].

7.2 For prophylaxis

8. ANTINEOPLASTIC AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVES

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)

8.2 Cytotoxic and adjuvant medicines

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)

8.3 Hormones and antihormones

Tablet: 100mg+10 mg;100mg+25mg;250mg+25

10. MEDICINES AFFECTING THE BLOOD

Injection: 1mg (asacetate,hydrochlorideoras

10.2 Medicines affecting coagulation

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2013)

Injection: 100 mg/mlin10mlampoule.

10.3 Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies

11. BLOOD PRODUCTS AND PLASMA SUBSTITUTES OF HUMAN ORIGIN