CHM 302 Test 2

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What irrigation type is more effective: drip or sprinklers?

Drip
Water is delivered directly to the roots and saturation of the soil is avoided.

What is the advantage of drip irrigation systems over sprinklers?

What sector worldwide has the largest water usage?

Agriculture
Power plants use water as a coolant
- Shower/bath - Was hing Clothes - Toilet

In the US, power plants are a major water consumer, why?

What are three major indoor household uses for water?

Does the Phoenix water come from wells or surface water?

95% is surface water?

Colorado River, Verde River, Salt River
O ce a n s a n d th e a tm o s p h e r e we r e fo r m e d fr o m vo l ca n i c e r u p ti o n s th a t e xp e l l e d vo l a ti l e co m p o u n d s wh i l e n o n vo l a ti l e co m p o u n d s we r e l e ft b e h i n d . Aci d i c co m p o u n d s s u ch a s CO 2 , S O 2 a n d HCl we r e e xp e l l e d wh i l e a l ka l i a n d a l ka l i n e e a r th m e ta l s , wh i ch a r e b a s i c we r e l e ft i n th e cr u s t.

Where does the water in Phoenix come from (Three sources)?

Why is the Earth's mantle basic while the water is acidic?

CHM 302 Test 2

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What are the 3 major elements in the Earth's crust?

Oxygen, silicon and aluminum Sodium, chloride and magnesium

What are the 3 major elements in ocean water not including hydrogen and oxygen?

What molecule is the link between the inorganic and organic carbon cycle?

CO2 in the atmosphere

We h a ve c a l c i u m c a rb o n a te d i s s o l u ti o n b y d i s s o l ve d C O 2 i n wa te r. We c a n a l s o h a ve c a l c i u m c a rb o n a te fo rma ti o n b y re a c ti o n o f C a 2+ wi th d i s s o l ve d C O 2. Wo u l d th e re b e o n l y th e s e two p ro c e s s e s , we c o u l d h a ve a n u l l c yc l e i f d i s s o l ve d C O 2 we a th e rs o th e r C a c o n ta i n i n g mi n e ra l s we g e t a n e xc e s s o f C a 2+ i n s o l u ti o n wh i c h c a n fo rm c a rb o n a te s a n d h e n c e re mo ve d i s s o l ve d C O 2. If a tmo s p h e ri c C O 2 c o n c e n tra ti o n s g o u p , th e h yd ro l o g i c c yc l e g e ts a c c e l e ra te d a n d

How does the inorganic carbon cycle work? Explain how the inorganic carbon cycle can influence global CO2 concentrations? Write it out...

What is the cation exchange capacity of a soil?

The number of exchangeable cation sites in soil that is used to describe the neutralization of acidic soil.

Explain: soil acidif ication/impact of acid rain on soils

Acid rain mobilizes soluble nutrients in the soil such as magnesium and calcium causing plants to not be able to obtain nutrients

Is a water rich in Mg and Ca with a high pH, soft? Does soft water have a low or high pH?

No, it is hard water.

Low

CHM 302 Test 2

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Explain what a detergent is and how it works?

Why are phosphates sometimes added to detergents?

De te r g e n ts a r e m o l e cu l e s wi th l o n g h yd r o ca r b o n ch a i n s a n d p o l a r h e a d g r o u p s . Th e y fo r m m i ce l l e s a n d a r e a b l e to s o l u b i l i z e g r e a s e a n d d i r t p a r ti cl e s wi th th e i r h yd r o p h o b i c i n te r i o r . In h a r d wa te r , ca ti o n s i n te r a ct wi th th e p o l a r h e a d o f th e d e te r g e n t p r e ve n ti n g th e m i ce l l e fr o m fo r m i n g .

Phosphates bind with cations and prevent them from inhibiting micelle formation

SO2 emissions were very high already in the 1920s, why did we only notice forest decline and other effects of acid rain in the 60s and 70s? Why this delay?

The acid rain was initially buffered by basic soil until the ion exchange capacity was reached.

What is BOD - biological oxygen demand?

Why are lakes more susceptible to oxygen depletion?

Milligrams of O2 requires to oxidize OC Because they are stagnant

Aerobic organisms die and anaerobic bacteria take over

What happens in terms of organisms when water becomes oxygen deficient?

What is nitrification? Who performs it? And why is the process important?

Nitrif ication is the f ixing of nitrogen into ammonia. It is important because N2 is an unusable f orm of nitrogen.

Where did the atmospheric oxygen come from?

Photosynthesis

CHM 302 Test 2

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What is a primary producer? What is a euphotic zone? What is an aphotic zone?

Explain biological pump? What is it and how does it work? why is it important? (Write it out)

Organism that fixes carbon through photosynthesis such as cyanobacteria, phytoplankton and algae

Area in water where photosynthesis can occur do to shallow depth

Portion of water where there is little to no sunlight

Bi o l o g i c a l p u mp i s a p ro c e s s o f tra n s p o rti n g a tmo s p h e ri c C d e e p i n to th e o c e a n . C O 2 fro m th e a tmo s p h e re i s ta k e n u p b y p h yto p l a n k to n (p l a n ts ) a t th e u p p e r l a ye r o f th e o c e a n d u ri n g p h o to s yn th e s i s ma k i n g p l a n t ma te ri a l s . Th e C a s s o c i a te d wi th th e s e p l a n ts a n d th e a n i ma l s wh i c h fe e d o n th e m a s we l l a s th e i r b y-p ro d u c ts u l ti ma te l y s i n k d o wn to th e o c e a n . D i s s o l ve d o rg a n i c C a l s o c a n s i n k d e e p i n to th e o c e a n d u e to th e mi xi n g o f o c e a n c u rre n ts . Bi o l o

What are the two major nutrients in water and how do fertilizers impact them?

Nitrogen and phosphorous. Fertilizers will cause an increase in biomass.

What roles do wetlands play in terms of nutrient input into the ocean?

Wetlands are natural buffer zones rich in organic carbon.

How do giant dead zones in the oceans form

Dead z ones are formed from excessive nutrient pollution from human activities that deplete the oxygen in water. Fish migrate out of hypoxic areas and plants die off.

Describe thermal pollution in water.

Wate r that is use d to co o l po we r plants is e mptie d into rive rs and incre ase s its te mpe rature . This le ads to an incre ase in the te mpe rature o f o rganisms and impe de s the de ve lo pme nt o f the animals.

CHM 302 Test 2

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What is a point source? What is a non-point source? What are recreational water illnesses?
Name two diseases spread by waterborne infectious agents.

Source that is easy to identify, evaluate and regulate.

Source that is difficult to evaluate/regulate.

Illnesses that are spread by swallowing, breathing or having contact with contaminated water caused by germs

Cholera and typhoid fever

P r i m a r y tr e a tm e n t s ys te m co n s i s ti n g o f s cr e e n s fi l te r s o u t b i g g e r s tu ff ( d e b r i s ) , th e n th e wa te r p a s s e s th r o u g h s e co n d a r y tr e a tm e n t fa ci l i ty wh e r e m o s t d i s s o l ve d o r g a n i c m a tte r i s o xi d i z e d ( d e co m p o s e d ) b y b a cte r i a . Te r ti a r y tr e a tm e n t i s d o n e to fu r th e r cl e a n u p wa te r , fo r e xa m p l e , to r e m o ve p a th o g e n s b y u s i n g ch l o r i n a ti o n

What are the main steps in waste-water treatment?

What does a water test for coliform indicate?

How does water chlorination work and why is it done?

The presence of fecal matter

Water chlorination is done to kill harmful pathogens that may be present in water

What is the health risk of water chlorination?

Toxic, carcinogenic byproducts are formed that include chloroform.

CHM 302 Test 2

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What are two alternatives to chlorination?

UV radiation or ozonation
Waste water that has been treated to a level adequate for its use. It is used for irrigation, industry and fountains

What is reclaimed water and what is it used for?

What is worldwide the largest use for pesticides?

Agriculture
Reduce illnesses and death due to insect-borne diseases, increase food production and availability

Why are pesticides used? What is more abundant: herbicides or fungicides?

Why were organochlorine pesticides like DDT thought to be perfect? What do we know today that prompted them to be largely banned or replaced?

Herbicides
Only small amounts were required that targeted pests and were not toxic to humans. They were thought to be biodegradable. It is now known that they are persistent and bioaccumulate

What did DDT have to do with the decrease in bald eagle population?

DDT affected the hormones of the birds which led to less calcium in their eggs. Birds would then crush their own eggs when sitting on them.

What is the grasshopper ef f ect? How can it explain large amounts of pesticides in the f at of polar bears?

The gras s hopper effect explains how pers is tent organic pollutants evaporate into clouds in warm climates , move north and then rain down into the Arctic habitat after they condens e from the cold temperature.

CHM 302 Test 2

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Name 6 chemicals from the dirty dozen list of the United Nations.

Aldrin, Dieldrin, Chlordane, Heptachlor, DDT, Endrin

Babies weigh less than adults by a signif icant amount so a small dose of pollutant is able to cause damage

Why are babies more susceptible for a food borne pollutants than adults?

Why are organophosphate pesticides supposedly less problematic than organochlorines?

They are nonpersistent and do not bioaccumulate

Pesticides that are derived f rom naturally occurring material

What are biopesticides?

Explain in your own words how N2 form the atmosphere get transformed into usable forms of nitrogen for organisms

The enz yme nitrogenase, which is dependent on iron and molybdenum, converts nitrogen into ammonia. The enz yme is found in legumes

Name 4 impacts of modern agriculture on the environment.

Biodiversity loss, soil erosion, air pollution, water pollution

What is a CAFO and what is a potential impact on the environment?

Conf ined animal f eeding operations. Leads to greenhouse gas emissions, and wastes are of ten mismanaged.

What is the organic food movement?

The organic food movement involves buying foods that do not use pesticides and that are not genetically modified

CHM 302 Test 2

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Give 1-2 examples of a GMO that is currently being used why was it modified?

Alfalfa has been made to be tolerant to Glyphosphate (herbicide) and Chymosin has been put into cheese in order to facilitate precipitation and curd formation

What are two positives for GMOs? What are two negatives for GMOs?

Food abundance and the ability to fight diseases

Possible allergens and the consequences are not yet known

What is LD50?
What is TD50?
What is toxicology?
What is epidemiology?
Explain in brief and your words how cancer forms.

A measure of acute toxicity: it is the lethal dose of a substance for 50% of the population

The tolerable dose for 50% of the population

Studies the harmful effects of a foreign substance in the body. It usually looks at acute exposures to substances

Looks at the health history of certain groups of people. It usually looks at the long term ef f ects of substances

Several mutations occur in the DNA leading to uncontrollable cell growth

CHM 302 Test 2

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Explain what is the Ames test for mutagenicity screening?

Assesses the mutagenic potential of chemical compounds and whether or not it may act as a carcinogen

What is the major cause of cancer today? What is an endocrine disruptor?

How can an endocrine disruptor impact hormonal signals? (2 examples)

Industrial pollution
Any substance that can interfere with normal hormone function

- Competes with hormone at a receptor site - May trigger a stronger response

What are known or speculated effects of endocrine disruptors on humans/animals? (examples)?

Lower IQ, advance or delay in puberty, inter-sex features

Name 3 chemicals suspected as endocrine disruptors?

DES, Phthalates plasticizers, lead

Phthalates may have been present in the bottle nipples causing endocrine disruptors to leak out

What is the deal with babies and plastic bottles? What is the deal with BPA free?