Cover Slide

The American Pageant

Chapter 2: The Planting of English America 1500-1733

Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I

Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I Queen Elizabeth I used her charm and intelligence to turn England into a major world power. This portrait, painted around 1588 when Elizabeth was 55 years old, shows the queen at the peak of her power, a fact depicted by the artist in the scenes visible through the windows in the background. Through the left window, we can see Elizabeth's naval fleet; through the right one, we witness the Spanish Armada sinking in the stormy Atlantic. (By kind permission of the Marquess of Tavistock and Trustees of the Bedford Estate)

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Bartholomew Gosnold Trading with Indians at Martha's Vineyard by Theodor de Bry, 1634

Bartholomew Gosnold Trading with Indians at Martha's Vineyard by Theodor de Bry, 1634 This picture shows one interpretation of a trading session between the English and Native Americans. Theodor de Bry was one of the first to include such drawings in his accounts of the New World. Previous works on the subject contained either no illustrations or very crude ones. (Library of Congress)
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Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel Cabrera

Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel Cabrera One of the few extant depictions of a mixed-race family in eighteenth-century North America, by the Mexican artist Miguel Cabrera, 1763. The Spanish father and Indian mother have produced a mestiza daughter. Families such as this would have been frequently seen in New Mexico as well. (Private Collection )

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Jamestown skeleton

Jamestown skeleton In 1996, archeologists working at Jamestown uncovered this skeleton of a young man they nicknamed "JR." JR was a European male, 5' 6" tall, between the ages of 19 and 22. We know that he bled to death from a bullet wound in his leg, but we don't know the circumstances of his death. Was he a gentleman, shot for treason? Was he a soldier? Was he perhaps a co-conspirator with Captain John Smith in Smith's mutiny attempt at sea? The answer remains a mystery, but JR's discovery illustrates how much early American historians have come to rely upon archeologists for help in reconstructing the colonial past. (Kenneth K. Lyons/Newport News Daily Press)

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John White's drawings of Indians fishing

John White's drawings of Indians fishing John White, an artist with Raleigh's 1585 expedition (and later the governor of the ill-fated 1587 colony), illustrated three different fishing techniques used by Carolina Indians: to the left, the construction of weirs and traps; in the background, spearfishing in shallow water; and in the foreground, fishing from dugout canoes. The fish are accurately drawn and can be identified today. (Trustees of the British Museum)

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Nathaniel Bacon

Nathaniel Bacon Nathaniel Bacon came to Virginia as a gentleman in the 1670s, but his resentment of the economic and political domination of the colony by a small group of planters transformed him into a backwoods rebel. In 1676, Bacon led an army of discontented farmers, servants, and slaves against the powerful coastal planters--and almost won. In this stained glass window, discovered and restored in the twentieth century, Bacon's social class and his commanding presence are both evident. (The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities at Bacon's Castle, Library of Virginia)

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Native American Planting Maize, from Folio 121 from Histoire Naturelles Des Indes

Native American Planting Maize, from Folio 121 from Histoire Naturelles Des Indes Maize (corn), which was genetically engineered by Native Americans in what is now Mexico some 7,000 years ago, became one of the staple food sources for many Indian groups in North America. This sixteenth-century illustration depicts traditional Native American agricultural practices and typical foods including corn, squashes, and gourds. (The Pierpont Morogan Library/Art Resource, New York)
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Native American Women Planting Crops in Florida by Jacques Le Moyne

Native American Women Planting Crops in Florida by Jacques Le Moyne Jacques Le Moyne, an artist accompanying the French settlement in Florida in the 1560s, produced some of the first European images of North American peoples. His depiction of native agricultural practices shows the sexual division of labor: men breaking up the ground with fish-bone hoes before women drop seeds into the holes. But Le Moyne's version of the scene cannot be accepted uncritically: unable to abandon a European view of proper farming methods, he erroneously drew plowed furrows in the soil.(John Carter Brown Library at Brown University)
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New Amsterdam

New Amsterdam Unlike Amsterdam, its parent city, this small colonial port had only a few homes crowding the tip of the island during the early 1600s. However, New Amsterdam became an important strategic location for Dutch trading. A few of the mother country's largest ships brought colonists much-needed goods each year, while colonial merchants waited anxiously to exchange furs and timber. (Library of Congress)
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English Protestant Reformation

Started with Henry VIII-1530s Henry wants to remarry Pope refuses divorce Henry starts new church English Protestant Reformation

Catholics battled Protestants for decades Ireland sea power Desire for new land Elizabeth I Power shifted to Protestantism

Ireland
Had

been under English rule since 1200s Remained Catholic

British

troops under Elizabeth crushed the Irish

Regarded native population as savages Became attitude of British as they settled the New World

British Sea Dogs / Newfoundland

Sea

Dogs

Newfoundland,

1583

British Privateers A.k.a. pirates

Permission

Elizabeth I

from

Sir Humphrey Gilbert tries to colonize Ship sinks offshore

Captured Spanish ships cargo Francis Drakemost famous

Sir Walter Raleigh/Sir Francis Drake

Roanoke / Spanish Armada

Sir

Favorite of the Queen Roanoke Island, 1585

Attempts

Walter Raleigh

Spanish

John White, governor

Sent

to settle Off of South Carolina aid Returns in 1587

Led by Philip II 130 ships sailed against England

Conflict

Armada

back UK to get

British had smaller, swifter ships Devastating storm

Protestant

over religion

Entire group of 119 settlers are lost

wind sunk 1/3 of the fleet

English NationalismReasons for Colonization

Victory

over Spanish Armada

Nationalistic, restless, adventurous, and optimistic

Rapid

population growth spurt Enclosure movement

Wool was making a huge profit Establish areas for the grazing of sheep Rid the land of small tenant (renting) farmers
Surplus

population

England
Primogeniture

Joint-Stock

British law that only the oldest son would inherit the land Younger sons were forced to seek fortunes elsewhere

Companies
Allowed several investors to pool their capital ($)

Surplus

people (Enclosure Movement) + Joint-Stock Co. ($) = money and manpower for colonization

Richard Hakluyt
English

writer & Oxford clergyman Promoted the colonization of the New World
New

markets Get rid of surplus population

Virginia Company
A

Joint-Stock Company Charter granted by James I Settled Jamestown

Jamestown
Rights

of Englishmen

Settlers

Charter guaranteed rights of settlers would be same as back in England

Landed

May 24, 1607 100 men Chose a swampy location

died of disease, malnutrition & starvation 1608 Captain John Smith saved the colony

Orders: He who shall not work shall not eat Diplomacy with natives
Powhatan

chief orders John Smiths death Pocahontas saves him

Jamestown
The

1609-1610
Only

starving time

Lord De La Warr, 1610

New

60 of 500 settlers made it through the winter Leaving to return to England governor Ordered settlers back Also started a war with the Indians
Saved

John Rolfe

Peace

with Indians when Pocahontas married him in 1614

Developed a method of curing tobacco so it was not so harsh

colony economically

Native Americans
Powhatan

uprisings

Killed

Indian

Disease,

1622

Disorganization & Disposability

Smallpox and measles were killers Lacked unity to attack Indians offered nothing to the British except land

1644

347Jamestown settlers to the defeat of the Indians

Led

Indians

Indians

Only 2,000 left, or About 10%

Powhatans extinct

by 1669

by 1685

Indians
Foreshadowing

Trade

Powhatan fate=fate of the rest of the American Indians Demographic and cultural transformation Horses Disease small pox -

Barter and exchange gave way to European commerce

Firearms

etc.

Atlantic

Seaboard Indians felt the greatest impact Interior Indians had time and space to prepare

Virginia
Tobacco

House

1619

of Burgesses,

Single cash crop (like a gold rush) Depleted the soil Labor-intensive crop Prices fluctuated

An elected assembly to pass laws for the region

Becomes

Royal Colony in 1624

20

Black slaves, 1619

Indentures servants

Maryland

1634, Lord Baltimore Purpose:

To make a profit To establish a Catholic Haven

Huge Estates given to Catholic Relatives

Headright System

100 acres of land granted to immigrants, or Those who paid for passage of others Major portion of immigrants: Maryland Act of Toleration,1649 Religious freedom to Christians

indentured servants

Indentured Servants
A

form of debt bondage worker

Usually

three to seven years Received:

food, drink, clothing, lodging &other necessities

Transportation,

Tobacco
The

labor-intensive cash crop Grown in south indentured laborers

British West Indies

West

Led

Indian Islands

Jamaica Mid-1600sclaimed by England

Rich

to the importation of large #s of African Slaves Barbados Slave Code of 1661

Sugar

mans crop Large plantations Labor-intensive and elaborate processing

South

Carolina became a trading partner

Perpetual slavery No rights Owner has all power

Slave codes transferred to SC

Stuart Restoration
English

Civil War
led by Puritans

1649, King Charles I beheaded

Opposition

Oliver Cromwell put in as "protector" of England

Ruled

for 9 years

1660

Charles II assumes the throne (Stuart Restoration)

South Carolina
1670,

Planned

to attract settlers from other colonies The main exports was rice, indigo and Indian slaves

He granted vast land tracts to his court favorites

named for Charles II

1707,

Eventually many African slaves Economic ties with West Indies Leads to near annihilation of Indians

conflict with the natives

North Carolina
Settled by poor squatters from Virginia, 1719 Most democratic region Showed tension between small farmers & aristocratic planters Broke away from South Carolina in 1729 King divided the region

Native Americans in the South

Tuscarora

Indians

Yamasee

Indians

Attacked N. Carolina settlement in 1711 Whites retaliated

Forced

the tribe to move north

Eventually became the 6th Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy

Attacked by S.C. in 1715 Dispersed the Yamasee Nation Cleared southern coast region of Native Americans

Georgia

Settled in 1733

James Oglethorpe-- Military leader Designed to be a buffer colony

It was also to be a haven for the poor

From the Spanish on the south and French on the West Not many took advantage of this option as the land was populated by artisans

Landholdings were limited in size

Savannah became a melting pot community All Christian religions--except Catholics--are allowed to worship

Plantation Colonies
Southern

colonies all shared the same features:

Exporting of agricultural products Single-crop economy Slavery

All Tobacco

Plantations on rivers slowed growth of large cities No public schools Church of England
Tax-supported

and rice

Expansionary
Tobacco

Plantations or large estates

Led

colonies relied on it by 1750 to an aristocracy

soil

depleted the