Launching a New Ship of StatePart 2

1789-1800 American Pageant Chapter 10

The Emergence of Political Parties

At the start--Political parties not in existence or planned for Organized resistance: Anti-federalists
Alexander Hamiltons fiscal policies State right(ers)

Two party system since then

Party out of powerbalances government

Impact of French Revolution

French Revolution 1789 (A few weeks after
Washington was inaugurated)

Impact on U.S. Early stagesremoved Louis XVI Declared war on Austria then other countries
Control of the Atlantic

Reign of Terrorexecuted all nobles

Impact of French Revolution

American Reaction:
Jeffersonian Republicans:
Regret bloodshed, but Supported the French Revolution

Hamiltonian Federalists:
Feared change & mobocracy Worried about economic impact

Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation

Franco-American Alliance1778
Bound U.S. to defend French West Indies

Jeffersonianswant to enter fight WashingtonAvoid war at all costs

Nation to weak economically & politically Delay strategybirthrate to fight Americas battles

Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation

Neutrality Proclamation 1793
Government neutral Citizens impartial Start of isolationist trend Washington announced w/out consulting congress

Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation

Citizen Genet Affair
Edmund GenetFrench Republic representative Unauthorized--tried to recruit armies to invade Spanish Florida & Louisiana, etc. Tried to go over Washingtons head to the voters Washington demanded his withdrawal

Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation

U.S. neutrality benefitted France
U.S. too weak to help F.W.I.supplies British would have blockaded U.S. coast

Embroilments with Britain

Kept chain of northern frontier forts
Fur trade Indian Buffer states

Miami Confederacy
8 Indian nations British sold firearms & whiskey

Little TurtleChief of Miami Confed.

1790-1791 defeat U.S. troops

Embroilments with Britain

Battle of Fallen Timbers
Indians abandoned by British Treaty of Greenville 1795
Confederacy yielded vast tracts of Old N.W. $20,000 given to Indians + $9,000 annually Allowed to still hunt in those lands Significance:
Indians thought treaty put limits on U.S.

Embroilments with Britain

Sea Frontier
British want to starve French West Indies U.S. Merchants neutralsupplies British seize 300 U.S. merchant ship & impress sailors into British Navy Americas response
Jeffersonians: want another war Hamiltonians: War w/Britain would stop economics trade w/powerful nation

Jays Treaty & Washingtons Farewell

John Jay sent to England to avoid war
Jeffersonians did not like choice Hamilton told British Jays strategy Jays Treaty:
British leave frontier forts (already promised) British pay damages for ships Did NOT pledge to stop future seizures or impressments U.S. pay debts to British merchants from Rev. War

Jays Treaty & Washingtons Farewell

Unpopular w/Americans
Revitalized Jeffersons Democratic Republican party
Southern planterspay majority of debts

Pinckneys Treaty 1795 w/Spain

Spain granted U.S. navigation of Mississippi & territory north of Florida

Jays Treaty & Washingtons Farewell

Washington decides to retire
Two term precedent Farewell address
Avoid permanent alliances Political parties were divisive

His Contributions
Strong central government U.S. fiscally sound Kept U.S. out of foreign wars

John Adams becomes President

Hamiltontoo unpopular (fiscal policies) John Adams (Federalist)1796 election
Washingtons V.P. Stern principles, but tactless Respectful irritation Hated by Hamilton Support in N.E. Jefferson (2nd place) becomes his V.P.

Unofficial Fighting with France

French felt Jays treaty was a betrayal Refused to receive Americas envoy XYZ Affair
John Marshall & others sent to Talleyrand X, Y, & Z ask for bribe just to talk War hysteria breaks out in U.S.
Navy Department United States Marine Corps (up to 10,000 men authorized) U.S. ships capture 80 armed ships, but Several 100 U.S. merchant ships taken

Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party

Adams stays out of war
Unpopular w/peopleespecially Jeffersonians

Convention of 1800
Treaty with Napoleon Ended peace time alliance w/France Paved way for purchase of Louisiana

The Federalist Witch Hunt

Alien & Sedition Laws 1798
Anti-French frenzy Extended residency requirement from 5 to 14 years President empowered to deport in peace or imprison in war (never enforced) Imprisonment and/or fine for those who impede the government
Matthew Lyon4 mo. Jail for criticizing John Adams

Purpose: Oppress pro-Jeffersonians

The Virginia & Kentucky Resolution

Reaction to Alien & Sedition Laws Virginia (Madison) & Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions:
Extreme state-rights theory Compact Theory
States made the compact w/the Constitution

Nullification
States could nullify federal law that betrayed them

The Virginia & Kentucky Resolution

Reaction to Alien & Sedition Laws Virginia (Madison) & Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions:
Extreme state-rights theory Compact Theory
States made the compact w/the Constitution

Nullification
States could nullify federal law that betrayed them

Federalists v. Democratic Republicans

Federalists Those who owned government should run it Government should support private enterprise SupportAtlantic seaboard Internationally strong
Trade

Democratic Republicans Thomas Jefferson Agrarians Strict Constructionists Middle class & underprivileged Focus on frontier & strengthen democracy at home