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  • Teaching Current Trends and Future Developments in Intellectual Property

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    JokoWidodo
    17 tayangan38 halaman
    This Article proceeds on the assumption that the ultimate goal of intellectual property law teaching--and legal education generally--is not simply to impart knowledge of the law, but rather to inculcate in students the necessary analytical skills to apply the law to new factual situations. Thus, one of the most important, and challenging, tasks for the intellectual property law teacher is helping law students develop the ability to identify emerging legal issues and predict future legal developments in intellectual property law and policy. The challenge has become particularly daunting for intellectual property law teachers because of the increasingly dynamic nature of the subject matter. This dynamism is the product of rapid global developments in three overlapping fields: international law, technology, and commerce. Until 1994, for example, the field of international intellectual property law was largely governed, as it had been for the past century, by the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property [FN1] and the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. [FN2] The modest goals of these two conventions were: (1) to ensure that foreign nationals were provided "national [i.e., non-discriminatory] treatment" with respect to whatever intellectual property protection a member chose to grant its own *856 nationals; [FN3] (2) to establish an international priority system for industrial property; [FN4] and (3) to establish some initially modest international minimum standards for the prevention of unfair competition and the protection of literary and artistic works. [FN5] In 1967, the administration of these two conventions was vested in a new international agency, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), which was also to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world. [FN6] In 1994, however, the field of international intellectual property law underwent a tectonic shift with the promulgation of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), [FN7] one of a bundle of agreements that were to be administered by the newly established World Trade Organization (WTO). [FN8] The TRIPS Agreement essentially thrust the protection of intellectual property into the heart of international trade law by obligating all members of the WTO to comply with a detailed set of international minimum standards for intellectual property protection and enforcement, [FN9] and provided that any member disputes over TRIPS implementation were to be submitted to the WTO dispute settlement process. [FN10] Suddenly, the WIPO, which had unsuccessfully sought to develop a consensus among its members on international minimum standards for intellectual property protection, found itself cast in a new international role as the international agency responsible for keeping pace with rapid technological developments, identifying emerging intellectual property law issues, and developing appropriate international law and policies to deal with those emerging issues, while leaving it to the WTO to obtain compliance with the TRIPS international minimum standards for intellectual property protection and enforcement. [FN11] *857 The two technology fields that have offered the most significant challenges for international intellectual property policy development are digital technology and biotechnology. For example, even as the TRIPS Agreement was being finalized, the Internet and biotechnology revolutions were gathering force, leading many commentators to criticize the TRIPS Agreement as an essentially backward-looking document that largely failed to address emerging technologies and associated intellectual property issues. [FN12] TRIPS did, of course, specify: (1) that computer programs are to be protected as literary works under the Berne Convention; [FN13] (2) that databases which by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents constitute intellectual crea

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    TEACHING CURRENT TRENDS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

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    This Article proceeds on the assumption that the ultimate goal of intellectual property law teaching--and legal education generally--is not simply to impart knowledge of the law, but rather to inculcate in students the necessary analytical skills to apply the law to new factual situations. Thus, one of the most important, and challenging, tasks for the intellectual property law teacher is helping law students develop the ability to identify emerging legal issues and predict future legal developments in intellectual property law and policy. The challenge has become particularly daunting for intellectual property law teachers because of the increasingly dynamic nature of the subject matter. This dynamism is the product of rapid global developments in three overlapping fields: international law, technology, and commerce. Until 1994, for example, the field of international intellectual property law was largely governed, as it had been for the past century, by the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property [FN1] and the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. [FN2] The modest goals of these two conventions were: (1) to ensure that foreign nationals were provided "national [i.e., non-discriminatory] treatment" with respect to whatever intellectual property protection a member chose to grant its own *856 nationals; [FN3] (2) to establish an international priority system for industrial property; [FN4] and (3) to establish some initially modest international minimum standards for the prevention of unfair competition and the protection of literary and artistic works. [FN5] In 1967, the administration of these two conventions was vested in a new international agency, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), which was also to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world. [FN6] In 1994, however, the field of international intellectual property law underwent a tectonic shift with the promulgation of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), [FN7] one of a bundle of agreements that were to be administered by the newly established World Trade Organization (WTO). [FN8] The TRIPS Agreement essentially thrust the protection of intellectual property into the heart of international trade law by obligating all members of the WTO to comply with a detailed set of international minimum standards for intellectual property protection and enforcement, [FN9] and provided that any member disputes over TRIPS implementation were to be submitted to the WTO dispute settlement process. [FN10] Suddenly, the WIPO, which had unsuccessfully sought to develop a consensus among its members on international minimum standards for intellectual property protection, found itself cast in a new international role as the international agency responsible for keeping pace with rapid technological developments, identifying emerging intellectual property law issues, and developing appropriate international law and policies to deal with those emerging issues, while leaving it to the WTO to obtain compliance with the TRIPS international minimum standards for intellectual property protection and enforcement. [FN11] *857 The two technology fields that have offered the most significant challenges for international intellectual property policy development are digital technology and biotechnology. For example, even as the TRIPS Agreement was being finalized, the Internet and biotechnology revolutions were gathering force, leading many commentators to criticize the TRIPS Agreement as an essentially backward-looking document that largely failed to address emerging technologies and associated intellectual property issues. [FN12] TRIPS did, of course, specify: (1) that computer programs are to be protected as literary works under the Berne Convention; [FN13] (2) that databases which by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents constitute intellectual crea

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    17 tayangan38 halaman

    Teaching Current Trends and Future Developments in Intellectual Property

    Diunggah oleh

    JokoWidodo
    This Article proceeds on the assumption that the ultimate goal of intellectual property law teaching--and legal education generally--is not simply to impart knowledge of the law, but rather to inculcate in students the necessary analytical skills to apply the law to new factual situations. Thus, one of the most important, and challenging, tasks for the intellectual property law teacher is helping law students develop the ability to identify emerging legal issues and predict future legal developments in intellectual property law and policy. The challenge has become particularly daunting for intellectual property law teachers because of the increasingly dynamic nature of the subject matter. This dynamism is the product of rapid global developments in three overlapping fields: international law, technology, and commerce. Until 1994, for example, the field of international intellectual property law was largely governed, as it had been for the past century, by the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property [FN1] and the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. [FN2] The modest goals of these two conventions were: (1) to ensure that foreign nationals were provided "national [i.e., non-discriminatory] treatment" with respect to whatever intellectual property protection a member chose to grant its own *856 nationals; [FN3] (2) to establish an international priority system for industrial property; [FN4] and (3) to establish some initially modest international minimum standards for the prevention of unfair competition and the protection of literary and artistic works. [FN5] In 1967, the administration of these two conventions was vested in a new international agency, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), which was also to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world. [FN6] In 1994, however, the field of international intellectual property law underwent a tectonic shift with the promulgation of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), [FN7] one of a bundle of agreements that were to be administered by the newly established World Trade Organization (WTO). [FN8] The TRIPS Agreement essentially thrust the protection of intellectual property into the heart of international trade law by obligating all members of the WTO to comply with a detailed set of international minimum standards for intellectual property protection and enforcement, [FN9] and provided that any member disputes over TRIPS implementation were to be submitted to the WTO dispute settlement process. [FN10] Suddenly, the WIPO, which had unsuccessfully sought to develop a consensus among its members on international minimum standards for intellectual property protection, found itself cast in a new international role as the international agency responsible for keeping pace with rapid technological developments, identifying emerging intellectual property law issues, and developing appropriate international law and policies to deal with those emerging issues, while leaving it to the WTO to obtain compliance with the TRIPS international minimum standards for intellectual property protection and enforcement. [FN11] *857 The two technology fields that have offered the most significant challenges for international intellectual property policy development are digital technology and biotechnology. For example, even as the TRIPS Agreement was being finalized, the Internet and biotechnology revolutions were gathering force, leading many commentators to criticize the TRIPS Agreement as an essentially backward-looking document that largely failed to address emerging technologies and associated intellectual property issues. [FN12] TRIPS did, of course, specify: (1) that computer programs are to be protected as literary works under the Berne Convention; [FN13] (2) that databases which by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents constitute intellectual crea

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    FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY 52 St. Louis U. L.J. 855 Saint Louis University La Journa! S"rin# 2$$8 Tea%&in# Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty La Arti%!e (855 TEAC)IN* CURRENT TRENDS AND FUTURE DE+ELO',ENTS IN INTELLECTUAL 'RO'ERTY C&ar!es R. ,%,anis -FNa./ Co"yri#&t 0 2$$8 Saint Louis University S%&oo! o1 La 2 C&ar!es R. ,%,anis Intro3u%tion T&is Arti%!e "ro%ee3s on t&e assu4"tion t&at t&e u!ti4ate #oa! o1 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a tea%&in#55an3 !e#a! e3u%ation #enera!!y55is not si4"!y to i4"art 6no !e3#e o1 t&e !a 7 8ut rat&er to in%u!%ate in stu3ents t&e ne%essary ana!yti%a! s6i!!s to a""!y t&e !a to ne 1a%tua! situations. T&us7 one o1 t&e 4ost i4"ortant7 an3 %&a!!en#in#7 tas6s 1or t&e inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a tea%&er is &e!"in# !a stu3ents 3eve!o" t&e a8i!ity to i3enti1y e4er#in# !e#a! issues an3 "re3i%t 1uture !e#a! 3eve!o"4ents in inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a an3 "o!i%y. T&e %&a!!en#e &as 8e%o4e "arti%u!ar!y 3auntin# 1or inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a tea%&ers 8e%ause o1 t&e in%reasin#!y 3yna4i% nature o1 t&e su89e%t 4atter. T&is 3yna4is4 is t&e "ro3u%t o1 ra"i3 #!o8a! 3eve!o"4ents in t&ree over!a""in# 1ie!3s: internationa! !a 7 te%&no!o#y7 an3 %o44er%e. Unti! .;;<7 1or e=a4"!e7 t&e 1ie!3 o1 internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a as !ar#e!y #overne37 as it &a3 8een 1or t&e "ast %entury7 8y t&e 'aris Convention 1or t&e 'rote%tion o1 In3ustria! 'ro"erty -FN./ an3 t&e >erne Convention 1or t&e 'rote%tion o1 Literary an3 Artisti% ?or6s. -FN2/ T&e 4o3est #oa!s o1 t&ese t o %onventions ere: @.A to ensure t&at 1orei#n nationa!s ere "rovi3e3 Bnationa! -i.e.7 non5 3is%ri4inatory/ treat4entB it& res"e%t to &atever inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty "rote%tion a 4e48er %&ose to #rant its o n (85C nationa!s2 -FND/ @2A to esta8!is& an internationa! "riority syste4 1or in3ustria! "ro"erty2 -FN</ an3 @DA to esta8!is& so4e initia!!y 4o3est internationa! 4ini4u4 stan3ar3s 1or t&e "revention o1 un1air %o4"etition an3 t&e "rote%tion o1 !iterary an3 artisti% or6s. -FN5/ In .;CE7 t&e a34inistration o1 t&ese t o %onventions as veste3 in a ne internationa! a#en%y7 t&e ?or!3 Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty Or#aniFation @?I'OA7 &i%& as a!so to "ro4ote t&e "rote%tion o1 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty t&rou#&out t&e or!3. -FNC/ In .;;<7 &o ever7 t&e 1ie!3 o1 internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a un3er ent a te%toni% s&i1t it& t&e "ro4u!#ation o1 t&e A#ree4ent on Tra3e5Re!ate3 As"e%ts o1 Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty Ri#&ts @TRI'SA7 -FNE/ one o1 a 8un3!e o1 a#ree4ents t&at ere to 8e a34inistere3 8y t&e ne !y esta8!is&e3 ?or!3 Tra3e Or#aniFation @?TOA. -FN8/ T&e TRI'S A#ree4ent essentia!!y t&rust t&e "rote%tion o1 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty into t&e &eart o1 internationa! tra3e !a 8y o8!i#atin# a!! 4e48ers o1 t&e ?TO to %o4"!y it& a 3etai!e3 set o1 internationa! 4ini4u4 stan3ar3s 1or inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty "rote%tion an3 en1or%e4ent7 -FN;/ an3 "rovi3e3 t&at any 4e48er 3is"utes over TRI'S i4"!e4entation ere to 8e su84itte3 to t&e ?TO 3is"ute sett!e4ent "ro%ess. -FN.$/ Su33en!y7 t&e ?I'O7 &i%& &a3 unsu%%ess1u!!y sou#&t to 3eve!o" a %onsensus a4on# its 4e48ers on internationa! 4ini4u4 stan3ar3s 1or inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty "rote%tion7 1oun3 itse!1 %ast in a ne internationa! ro!e as t&e internationa! a#en%y res"onsi8!e 1or 6ee"in# "a%e

    2 it& ra"i3 te%&no!o#i%a! 3eve!o"4ents7 i3enti1yin# e4er#in# inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a issues7 an3 3eve!o"in# a""ro"riate internationa! !a an3 "o!i%ies to 3ea! it& t&ose e4er#in# issues7 &i!e !eavin# it to t&e ?TO to o8tain %o4"!ian%e it& t&e TRI'S internationa! 4ini4u4 stan3ar3s 1or inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty "rote%tion an3 en1or%e4ent. -FN../ (85E T&e t o te%&no!o#y 1ie!3s t&at &ave o11ere3 t&e 4ost si#ni1i%ant %&a!!en#es 1or internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty "o!i%y 3eve!o"4ent are 3i#ita! te%&no!o#y an3 8iote%&no!o#y. For e=a4"!e7 even as t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent as 8ein# 1ina!iFe37 t&e Internet an3 8iote%&no!o#y revo!utions ere #at&erin# 1or%e7 !ea3in# 4any %o44entators to %riti%iFe t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent as an essentia!!y 8a%6 ar35!oo6in# 3o%u4ent t&at !ar#e!y 1ai!e3 to a33ress e4er#in# te%&no!o#ies an3 asso%iate3 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty issues. -FN.2/ TRI'S 3i37 o1 %ourse7 s"e%i1y: @.A t&at %o4"uter "ro#ra4s are to 8e "rote%te3 as !iterary or6s un3er t&e >erne Convention2 -FN.D/ @2A t&at 3ata8ases &i%& 8y reason o1 t&e se!e%tion or arran#e4ent o1 t&eir %ontents %onstitute inte!!e%tua! %reations are to 8e "rote%te3 as su%&2 -FN.</ @DA t&at 4i%ro5or#anis4s an3 4i%ro8io!o#i%a! "ro%esses are "atenta8!e su89e%t 4atter2 -FN.5/ an3 @<A t&at "!ant varieties are to 8e "rote%te3 eit&er 8y "atents or 8y an e11e%tive sui #eneris syste4 or 8y any %o48ination t&ereo1. -FN.C/ At t&e sa4e ti4e7 &o ever7 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent !e1t unans ere3 4any o1 t&e e4er#in# inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty Guestions 8ein# s"a ne3 8y t&e 3i#ita! an3 8iote%&no!o#y revo!utions. Just t o years a1ter t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent as a3o"te37 1or e=a4"!e7 t&e ?I'O 1oun3 it ne%essary to %onvene an internationa! %on1eren%e to a33ress t&e 3i#ita! revo!ution 8y 3ra in# u" a ne "air o1 treaties7 t&e ?I'O Co"yri#&t Treaty -FN.E/ an3 t&e asso%iate3 ?I'O 'er1or4an%es an3 '&ono#ra4s Treaty. -FN.8/ T&e ?I'O Co"yri#&t Treaty 4a3e it %!ear t&at %o4"uter "ro#ra4s are !iterary or6s un3er t&e >erne Convention2 -FN.;/ re%o#niFe3 an e=%!usive renta! ri#&t 1or %o4"uter "ro#ra4s7 %ine4ato#ra"&i% or6s7 an3 or6s e48o3ie3 in "&ono#ra4s2 -FN2$/ an3 e="!i%it!y re%o#niFe3 an e=%!usive ri#&t to aut&oriFe %o44uni%ation to t&e "u8!i% o1 a %o"yri#&te3 or6 8y ire or ire!ess 4eans. -FN2./ It a!so i4"ose3 t o ne B"ara5%o"yri#&tB o8!i#ations to "revent %ir%u4vention o1 e11e%tive te%&no!o#i%a! 4easures to "revent unaut&oriFe3 use o1 %o"yri#&te3 or6s an3 to "rovi3e e11e%tive re4e3ies a#ainst t&e 6no in# re4ova! or a!teration o1 any e!e%troni% ri#&ts 4ana#e4ent in1or4ation (858 @in%!u3in# ter4s an3 %on3itions o1 use o1 t&e or6A it&out aut&oriFation. T&e ?I'O 'er1or4an%es an3 '&ono#ra4s Treaty %reate3 si4i!ar B"ara5%o"yri#&tB o8!i#ations it& res"e%t to "&ono#ra4s. -FN22/ T&e ?I'O a!so %onsi3ere37 8ut u!ti4ate!y 3e%i3e3 not to a3o"t7 a "ro"ose3 3ata8ase "rote%tion treaty 4o3e!e3 on t&e Euro"ean Union Data8ase Dire%tive7 &i%& 4an3ates t&e %reation o1 a ne sui #eneris 1or4 o1 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty "rote%tion 1or 3ata8ases. -FN2D/ ,ean &i!e7 on t&e internationa! tra3e 1ront7 t&e ?TO 8y .;;; 1oun3 itse!1 %on1rontin# t&e unru!y "&eno4enon o1 #!o8a!iFation an3 its 3is%ontents7 as its ,inisteria! Con1eren%e in Seatt!e %o!!a"se3 a4i3st vio!ent an3 tear5#as 8e%!ou3e3 anti5#!o8a!iFation "rotests. -FN2</ T&is reversa! sti4u!ate3 t&e issuan%e o1 t&e Do&a De%!aration in 2$$.7 -FN25/ in &i%& t&e ?TO %on%e3e3 t&at it nee3e3 to 8e 4ore sensitive to t&e nee3s an3 interests o1 3eve!o"in# %ountries. S"e%i1i%a!!y7 t&e Do&a De%!aration stresse3 t&at t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent as to 8e inter"rete3 in a 4anner su""ortive o1 "u8!i% &ea!t&7 8y "ro4otin# a%%ess to e=istin# 4e3i%ines an3 resear%& an3 3eve!o"4ent into ne 4e3i%ines7 as s"e!!e3 out in a se"arate 3e%!aration a%6no !e3#in# t&e #ravity o1 t&e "u8!i% &ea!t& "ro8!e4s a11!i%tin# 4any 3eve!o"in# an3 !ess 3eve!o"e3 %ountries. -FN2C/ Eventua!!y7 t&at se"arate ?TO De%!aration on t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent an3 'u8!i% )ea!t& -FN2E/ !e3 to t&e 1irst 4o3i1i%ation o1 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent7 re!a=in# Arti%!e D.Hs stri%t !i4itations on %o4"u!sory !i%ensin# to ena8!e one 4e48er to su""!y anot&er 4e48er it& "atente3 "&ar4a%euti%a!s it&out t&e aut&oriFation o1 t&e "atent &o!3er. -FN28/ In a33ition7 at t&e ur#in# o1 3eve!o"in# %ountries7 t&e Do&a De%!aration s"e%i1i%a!!y 3ire%te3 t&e TRI'S Coun%i! to (85; e=a4ine t&e re!ations&i" 8et een t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent an3 t&e Convention on >io!o#i%a! Diversity7 as e!! as t&e "rote%tion o1 tra3itiona! 6no !e3#e an3 1o!6!ore. -FN2;/ Not it&stan3in# t&e issuan%e o1 t&ese t o 3e%!arations7 an3 t&e a48itious #oa!s set 1or t&e Do&a Roun3 o1 4u!ti!atera! tra3e ne#otiations7 t&e a%%o4"!is&4ents t&us 1ar &ave 8een 4o3est7 an3 t&e ne#otiations

    D are in 3an#er o1 3ea3!o%6in# on a#ri%u!tura! su8si3ies an3 a%%ess to t&e a#ri%u!tura! 4ar6ets in t&e in3ustria!iFe3 or!37 an3 %onseGuent!y i4"eri!in# i4"!e4entation o1 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent in t&e 3eve!o"in# or!3. T&ese7 t&en7 re"resent so4e o1 t&e e4er#in# internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty issues t&at inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty tea%&ers i!! nee3 to a33ress. T&e o89e%tive o1 t&is Arti%!e is to su##est &o inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty tea%&ers %an 8est 3o t&at. One o"tion7 o1 %ourse7 is to in%!u3e in ea%& %ourse 3evote3 to a s"e%i1i% 1ie!3 o1 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a @"atents7 %o"yri#&ts7 tra3e4ar6s7 et%.A a %o4"onent t&at s"e%i1i%a!!y 3ea!s it& e4er#in# issues7 "arti%u!ar!y t&ose issues invo!vin# internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a . I1 t&e e="erien%e o1 t&e Aut&or o1 t&is Arti%!e is any #ui3e7 &o ever7 8ot& e4er#in# inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty issues an3 internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a ten3 to #et s&ort s&ri1t in 8asi% intro3u%tory inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty %ourses7 "arti%u!ar!y i1 t&ey are ta%6e3 on as t&e 1ina! t o to"i%s to 8e %overe3 in t&e %ourse. A s6i!!e3 tea%&er 4ay 8e a8!e to tou%& on one o1 t&ese t o to"i%s in an intro3u%tory %ourse7 8ut se!3o4 is t&ere ti4e to %over 8ot& a3eGuate!y7 "arti%u!ar!y i1 t&e "arti%u!ar intro3u%tory %ourse a!so %overs an an%i!!ary 1ie!3 o1 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty or un1air %o4"etition !a 7 su%& as uti!ity 4o3e!s7 in3ustria! 3esi#ns7 tra3e se%rets7 se4i%on3u%tor %&i" 3esi#n7 or "!ant variety "rote%tion. T&e %&a!!en#e is sti!! 4ore 3auntin# in a #enera! intro3u%tory inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty %ourse see6in# to o11er an a%ross5t&e58oar3 intro3u%tion to "atent7 %o"yri#&t7 an3 tra3e4ar6 !a . On t&e ot&er &an37 %on%e"tua!iFin# %ourses 3evote3 e=%!usive!y to e4er#in# inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a issues or to internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a "resents its o n %&a!!en#es7 as su%& %ourses %an 8e un or6a8!e or un ie!3y as a "ra%ti%a! 4atter. A tea%&er o11erin# a %ourse 3evote3 e=%!usive!y to e4er#in# inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a issues i!! nee3 to 3eve!o" &is or &er o n tea%&in# 4ateria!s an3 i!! "ro8a8!y nee3 to reGuire stu3ents to &ave ta6en one or 4ore intro3u%tory inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty %ourses as a "rereGuisite. Even t&en su%& a %ourse 4ay 8e un or6a8!e7 as stu3ents i!! not ne%essari!y &ave t&e sa4e #roun3in# in t&e sa4e areas o1 8asi% inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a . Tea%&ers o1 internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a %ourses 4ay !i6e ise nee3 to 3eve!o" t&eir o n 4ateria!s an3 esta8!is& "rereGuisites 1or t&e %ourse. )ere7 too7 t&e %ourse 4ay "rove to 8e un or6a8!e or un ie!3y7 "arti%u!ar!y i1 t&e o89e%tive o1 t&e %ourse is to "rovi3e stu3ents it& a (8C$ %o4"re&ensive intro3u%tion to a!! o1 t&e e=istin# internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty a#ree4ents. )o ever7 t&e t in %&a!!en#es o1 tea%&in# e4er#in# inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty issues an3 tea%&in# internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a o11er t&e "otentia! 1or a sin#!e inte#rate3 so!ution to 8ot& %&a!!en#es. T&e 8asi% &y"ot&esis t&at i!! #ui3e t&e 3is%ussion in t&e re4ain3er o1 t&is Arti%!e is t&at a or6a8!e a""roa%& to tea%&in# e4er#in# inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty issues is to uti!iFe t&ese issues as or#aniFin# t&e4es or to"i%s to #ive 1o%us to a 8asi% internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a %ourse or se4inar. S"e%i1i%a!!y7 t&is Arti%!e i!! 3es%ri8e a 8asi% internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty %ourse t&at t&e Aut&or &as su%%ess1u!!y tau#&t in a variety o1 %onte=ts to a i3e ran#e o1 stu3ents7 4any o1 &o4 &a3 no "rior 8a%6#roun3 in inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a . -FND$/ T&e e3u%ationa! o89e%tive o1 t&is %ourse is to intro3u%e stu3ents to inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a #enera!!y an3 internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a in "arti%u!ar7 &i!e at t&e sa4e ti4e &e!"in# stu3ents i3enti1y an3 ana!yFe e4er#in# inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a issues. T&e %ourse is or#aniFe3 aroun3 a nu48er o1 to"i%s an3 su85to"i%s7 8e#innin# it& t&e #enera! to"i%7 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty an3 internationa! tra3e7 1o!!o e3 8y an e=a4ination o1 t&e s"e%i1i% !e#a! issues raise3 8y 3i#ita! te%&no!o#y an3 8iote%&no!o#y7 res"e%tive!y. T&e rea3in# 1or t&e %ourse %onsists entire!y o1 "ri4ary internationa! !e#a! 4ateria!s an3 se!e%te3 se%on3ary sour%es7 4ost o1 &i%& %an 8e a%%esse3 on!ine7 an3 e=a4"!es o1 &i%& i!! 8e "rovi3e3 in 1ootnotes t&rou#&out t&is Arti%!e. -FND./ T&e t o "ri4ary "e3a#o#i%a! 4et&o3s to 8e e4"!oye3 in t&e %ourse are: @.A en#a#in# in a %!ose rea3in# an3 ana!ysis o1 8asi% !e#a! te=ts2 an3 @2A uti!iFin# t&ese te=ts to i3enti1y an3 ana!yFe s"e%i1i% e4er#in# issues o1 internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a .

    < (8C. I. To"i% I: Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty an3 Internationa! Tra3e T&e initia! o89e%tive is to intro3u%e stu3ents to t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent an3 t&e inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty issues t&at it a33resses7 "arti%u!ar!y t&ose i3enti1ie3 in t&e Do&a De%!aration. -FND2/ In3ee37 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent an3 t&e Do&a Deve!o"4ent A#en3a "rovi3e t&e 8asi% !e#a! anato4y 1or t&e %ourse as a &o!e. -FNDD/ For e=a4"!e7 Arti%!e ..2 o1 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent o11ers stu3ents a or6in# 3e1inition o1 &at %onstitutes Binte!!e%tua! "ro"ertyB 1or "ur"oses o1 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent an3 si4u!taneous!y intro3u%es stu3ents to t&e 8asi% anato4y o1 'art II o1 TRI'S7 &i%& s"e%i1ies t&e internationa! 4ini4u4 stan3ar3s %on%ernin# t&e avai!a8i!ity7 s%o"e7 an3 use o1 seven 3is%rete ty"es o1 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty an3 t&e %ontro! o1 anti5%o4"etitive "ra%ti%es in %ontra%tua! !i%enses. -FND</ Fro4 t&ese stru%tura! e!e4ents in t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent7 t&e tea%&er s&ou!3 8e a8!e to &e!" stu3ents 3eve!o" a 4atri=7 or %&art7 1or use t&rou#&out t&e %ourse7 inte#ratin# t&e various ty"es o1 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a an3 t&e t&ree 8asi% "&ases o1 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty "ra%ti%e @a%Guisition7 en1or%e4ent7 an3 !i%ensin# or trans1er o1 ri#&tsA. A%ross t&e to" o1 t&e %&art is t&e s"e%tru4 o1 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty an3 re!ate3 ri#&ts @%o"yri#&ts an3 re!ate3 ri#&ts7 tra3e4ar6s7 #eo#ra"&i%a! in3i%ations7 in3ustria! 3esi#ns7 "atents7 !ayout53esi#ns o1 inte#rate3 %ir%uits7 an3 un3is%!ose3 in1or4ationA. Do n t&e si3e o1 t&e %&art are t&e t&ree "&ases o1 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty "ra%ti%e7 &i%& %an 8e su83ivi3e3 as 1o!!o s: .. A%Guisition o1 ri#&ts: @aA su89e%t54atter "rote%te32 an3 @8A su8stantive an3 "ro%e3ura! reGuire4ents 1or o8tainin# "rote%tion. 2. En1or%e4ent o1 e=%!usive ri#&ts: @aA s%o"e an3 ter4 o1 e=%!usive ri#&ts2 an3 @8A "ri4a 1a%ie in1rin#e4ent @in%!u3in# o ners&i" o1 ri#&ts7 3ire%t!y in1rin#in# a%ts7 a%tive in3u%e4ent7 %ontri8utory in1rin#e4ent7 an3 vi%arious !ia8i!ityA2 3e1enses2 an3 re4e3ies. (8C2 D. Li%ensin# an3 Trans1er o1 ri#&ts: @aA !i%ensin# @vo!untary an3 %o4"u!soryA2 an3 @8A assi#n4ent @sa!e7 #i1t7 testa4entary trans1erA. In s&ort7 t&is BI' La an3 'ra%ti%eB 4atri= o11ers a ay 1or stu3ents to e=a4ine t&e !a an3 "ra%ti%e o1 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty as a &o!e an3 to 1it t&e "arti%u!ar "rovisions o1 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent into a !ar#er 4osai%. For e=a4"!e7 an e=a4ination o1 t&e ta8!e o1 %ontents o1 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent i!! 4a6e it %!ear t&at7 in a33ition to esta8!is&in# 4ini4u4 stan3ar3s 1or t&e "rote%tion o1 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty in 'art II7 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent a!so esta8!is&es 4ini4u4 en1or%e4ent stan3ar3s in 'art III7 4ini4u4 a34inistrative an3 "ro%e3ura! stan3ar3s 1or t&e a%Guisition an3 4aintenan%e o1 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty ri#&ts in 'art I+7 an3 at t&e sa4e ti4e esta8!is&es a syste4 1or internationa! 3is"ute sett!e4ent a4on# its 4e48ers in 'art +7 &i!e a33ressin# various transitiona! an3 institutiona! arran#e4ents in 'arts +I an3 +II. -FND5/ Arti%!e 27 in turn7 not on!y 4a6es re1eren%e to 'arts II7 III7 an3 I+ o1 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent7 -FNDC/ 8ut a!so re1ers to t&e "ri4ary e=istin# inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty a#ree4ents7 na4e!y t&e 'aris Convention7 t&e >erne Convention7 an3 t&e Ro4e Convention. T&is "rovi3es t&e tea%&er it& t&e o""ortunity to i3enti1y t&e 8asi% su89e%t 4atter "rote%te3 8y t&ese Conventions7 as su##este3 8y t&eir 1u!! tit!es in 1ootnote t o @i.e.7 in3ustria! "ro"erty7 !iterary an3 artisti% or6s7 an3 Bnei#&8orin# ri#&tsB it& res"e%t to "er1or4an%es7 "&ono#ra4s7 an3 8roa3%astsA. -FNDE/ Li6e ise7 Arti%!e 27 ta6en to#et&er it& Arti%!es D7 <7 an3 57 o11ers an o""ortunity to intro3u%e stu3ents to t&e %on%e"ts o1 nationa! @or non53is%ri4inatoryA treat4ent an3 4ost51avore35nation treat4ent7 an3 to t&e ?TOHs %o4"anion internationa! a#en%y7 t&e ?or!3 Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty Or#aniFation. T&is 3is%ussion7 in turn7 i!! ena8!e t&e tea%&er to 3istin#uis& t&e !i4ite3 o89e%tives o1 t&e 'aris7 >erne7 an3 Ro4e Conventions 1ro4 t&e 4ore a48itious o89e%tives o1 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent. E=a4inin# Arti%!es 2 t&rou#& 5 o1 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent i!! a!so "rovi3e a s"rin#8oar3 1or intro3u%in# t&e ro!e o1 t&e ?I'O in a34inisterin# t&e 'aris7 >erne7 an3 Ro4e Conventions7 as e!! as re!ate3 su""!e4entary treaties7 su%& as t&e 'atent Coo"eration Treaty7 t&e ,a3ri3 A#ree4ent an3

    5 'roto%o! on t&e Internationa! Re#istration o1 ,ar6s7 t&e Lis8on A#ree4ent 1or t&e 'rote%tion 1or A""e!!ations o1 Ori#in an3 t&eir Internationa! Re#istration7 et%. -FND8/ (8CD T&e 1ore#oin# intro3u%tion i!! a!so !ay t&e #roun3 or6 1or an initia! 1oray into 'art II o1 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent7 &ere Arti%!es ; an3 .$7 res"e%tive!y7 o11er an e=a4"!e o1 an inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty to"i% TRI'S s"e%i1i%a!!y 3e%!ines to a33ress @i.e.7 4ora! ri#&ts o1 aut&orsA7 t&us 3e1errin# to t&e e=%!usive %o4"eten%e o1 t&e ?I'O7 -FND;/ an3 an e=a4"!e o1 a 4ore interventionist TRI'S "rovision7 &i%& s"e%i1ies t&at %o4"uter "ro#ra4s7 &et&er in sour%e or o89e%t %o3e7 are to 8e "rote%te3 as !iterary or6s un3er t&e >erne Convention. -FN<$/ It is ort& "ointin# out to stu3ents t&at t&e !atter "rovision a4ounts to a 3e 1a%to Ba4en34entB o1 t&e >erne Convention55an a4en34ent t&at as #iven 3e 9ure status it& t&e "ro4u!#ation o1 t&e ?I'O Co"yri#&t Treaty in .;;C. T&e tea%&er %an a!so as6 stu3ents to %onsi3er &y t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent is 3e1erentia! on t&e to"i% o1 4ora! ri#&ts7 8ut not on t&e "rote%tion o1 %o4"uter "ro#ra4s7 t&us &i#&!i#&tin# t&e 1a%t t&at not a!! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty issues are Btra3e5re!ate3.B A %o4"arative ana!ysis o1 t&e su8stantive internationa! 4ini4u4 stan3ar3s 1or inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty "rote%tion %ontaine3 in 'art II7 Se%tions . t&rou#& E o1 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent7 in turn7 s&ou!3 ena8!e t&e stu3ents to see t&at ea%& se%tion is or#aniFe3 in a%%or3an%e it& t&e BI' La an3 'ra%ti%eB 4atri= 3es%ri8e3 a8ove55i.e.7 ea%& se%tion enu4erates t&e su89e%t 4atter an3 stan3ar3s 1or "rote%tion 1irst7 1o!!o e3 8y arti%!es s"e%i1yin# t&e s%o"e7 ter47 an3 !i4itations o1 e=%!usive ri#&ts7 an3 %on%!u3in# it& any re!evant arti%!es %on%ernin# !i%ensin# an3 assi#n4ent7 as 1urt&er Gua!i1ie3 8y Se%tion 8Hs sin#!e arti%!e "er4ittin# ?TO 4e48ers to %ontro! anti%o4"etitive !i%ensin# "ra%ti%es. Li6e ise7 an e=a4ination o1 'art III s&ou!3 "rovi3e t&e stu3ents it& a 8asi% un3erstan3in# o1 t&e internationa! 4ini4u4 "ro%e3ura! an3 re4e3ia! stan3ar3s 1or inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty "rote%tion. ?it& t&e %o4"!etion o1 t&is 8asi% intro3u%tion to t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent an3 to internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a #enera!!y7 t&e stu3ents are no eGui""e3 to %onsi3er so4e o1 t&e inter"retive 3is"utes t&at 4i#&t 8e raise3 in t&e ?TO 3is"ute sett!e4ent "ro%ess7 in%or"orate3 8y re1eren%e in 'art + o1 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent7 over t&e 4eanin# o1 various TRI'S "rovisions. At t&is "oint7 t&e tea%&er 4ay as6 stu3ents to rea3 se!e%te3 ?TO 3is"ute sett!e4ent 3e%isions7 as t&ese 3e%isions are rea3i!y a%%essi8!e on!ine. -FN<./ On%e t&e stu3ents &ave #otten a #enera! overvie o1 t&e ty"es o1 3is"utes t&at &ave a!rea3y 8een su84itte3 1or ?TO reso!ution7 t&e %ourse %an t&en turn to t&e 1irst o1 t o #enera! %ate#ories o1 e4er#in# !e#a! issues to 8e %onsi3ere3 in t&e re4ain3er o1 t&e %ourse55na4e!y t&ose #enerate3 8y 3i#ita! te%&no!o#y. (8C< II. To"i% II: Di#ita! Te%&no!o#y As su##este3 a8ove7 an initia! 1oray into 'art II o1 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent i!! i44e3iate!y %on1ront stu3ents it& a %on%rete e=a4"!e o1 a 1un3a4enta! %o"yri#&t issue arisin# as a resu!t o1 t&e e4er#en%e o1 3i#ita! te%&no!o#y55 na4e!y &et&er %o4"uter so1t are in a!! o1 its 1or4s s&ou!3 8e %!assi1ie3 an3 "rote%te3 as !iterary or6s. T&e "rote%tion o1 %o4"uter "ro#ra4s is an i3ea! "!a%e to 8e#in a 3is%ussion o1 e4er#in# I' issues7 as it o11ers a #oo3 e=a4"!e o1 a B&y8ri3B su89e%t 4atter t&at 4i#&t 8e "rote%ta8!e un3er 4ore t&an one 1or4 o1 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a . -FN<2/ A1ter a!!7 a %o4"uter "ro#ra4 in sour%e5%o3e @i.e.7 &u4an5rea3a8!eA 1or4 %!ear!y a""ears to Gua!i1y as a %o"yri#&ta8!e !iterary or67 8ut t&at sa4e "ro#ra4 in o89e%t5%o3e @i.e.7 4a%&ine5rea3a8!eA 1or4 see4s to "er1or4 4ore !i6e a 4a%&ine "art7 an3 &en e48e33e3 in an inte#rate3 %ir%uit7 even !oo6s 4ore !i6e a 4a%&ine "art t&an a !iterary or6. Li6e ise7 a %o4"uter "ro#ra4 %an 8e i3e!y 3istri8ute3 in o89e%t5%o3e 1or47 &i!e %!ose!y #uar3e3 as a tra3e se%ret in sour%e5%o3e 1or4. ?ere tra3e se%ret !a t&e on!y 1or4 o1 "rote%tion avai!a8!e 1or %o4"uter "ro#ra4s7 it ou!3 %!ear!y see4 to 8e "er4issi8!e to reverse en#ineer a "u8!i%!y 3istri8ute3 %o4"uter "ro#ra47 as reverse en#ineerin# o1 "u8!i%!y 3istri8ute3 "ro3u%ts is a e!!5esta8!is&e3 "er4issi8!e 4eans o1 a%Guirin# t&e tra3e se%rets o1 ot&ers7 8ut reverse en#ineerin# o1 so1t are a!so a4ounts to re"ro3u%in#7 or at !east trans!atin#7 t&e "ro#ra47 &i%& vio!ates one or 4ore o1 t&e e=%!usive ri#&ts %on1erre3 8y %o"yri#&t !a . Fina!!y7 a %o4"uter "ro#ra4

    C not on!y #ives instru%tions to a 4a%&ine7 8ut a!so #enerates se"arate or6s on a %o4"uter s%reen7 an3 t&ose or6s7 in turn7 4ay 8e !iterary or6s7 "i%toria!7 #ra"&i%7 or 4otion "i%ture or6s7 an3 4ay a!so 8e a%%o4"anie3 8y 4usi%a! or6s t&at are a!so #enerate3 8y t&e %o4"uter "ro#ra4. So4e e!e4ents o1 t&ese s%reen 3is"!ays 4ay 8e so &i#&!y 3istin%tive as to %onstitute tra3e4ar6s7 so4e e!e4ents 4ay 8e &i#&!y 1un%tiona! @e.#.7 i%onsA7 an3 a!! are ar#ua8!y a 3i#ita! 1or4 o1 tra3e 3ress7 in a33ition to 8ein# %o"yri#&ta8!e su89e%t 4atter. I1 t&e tea%&er is&es to "rovi3e stu3ents it& a %o4"arative7 as e!! as an internationa!7 intro3u%tion to inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a 7 &i!e e="!orin# s"e%i1i% (8C5 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty issues t&at &ave 8een #enerate3 8y 3i#ita! te%&no!o#y7 t&is 4ay 8e a%%o4"!is&e3 8y %o4"arin# t&e U.S. an3 Euro"ean a""roa%&es to t&ree s"e%i1i% %ontroversies invo!vin# 3i#ita! te%&no!o#y55 na4e!y: @.A t&e intero"era8i!ity 3e8ate2 @2A t&e 4ass54ar6et @s&rin65 ra" an3 %!i%65 ra"A !i%ensin# 3e8ate2 an3 @DA t&e 3ata8ase "rote%tion 3e8ate. For e=a4"!e7 t&e tea%&er 4ay as6 stu3ents to e=a4ine t&e E.C. Dire%tive on t&e Le#a! 'rote%tion o1 Co4"uter 'ro#ra4s -FN<D/ an3 assi#n rea3in#s t&at %o4"are t&e U.S. an3 E.U. a""roa%&es to t&e so1t are reverse en#ineerin# an3 intero"era8i!ity 3e8ate. -FN<</ Stu3ents 4ay a!so 8e as6e3 to rea3 4ateria!s %o4"arin# t&e U.S. an3 E.U. a""roa%&es to 4ass54ar6et !i%ensin# o1 %o4"uter "ro#ra4s. -FN<5/ Fina!!y7 t&e stu3ents 4ay 8e as6e3 to rea3 t&e E.U. Data8ase Dire%tive7 -FN<C/ &i%& %reates a ne sui #eneris 1or4 o1 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty "rote%tion 1or t&e non5 %o"yri#&ta8!e %ontents o1 3ata8ases7 an3 rea3 4ateria!s %o4"arin# t&e U.S. an3 E.U. a""roa%&es to 3ata8ase "rote%tion. -FN<E/ T&is 1ina! to"i% o11ers a "arti%u!ar!y #oo3 o""ortunity to e="!ore t&e 3i11eren%e 8et een Bnationa! treat4entB an3 B4ateria! re%i"ro%ity7B as t&e E.U. Data8ase Dire%tive %ontains a 4ateria! re%i"ro%ity "rovision7 !i4itin# sui #eneris 3ata8ase "rote%tion to nationa!s or &a8itua! resi3ents o1 E.U. 4e48er %ountries7 8usinesses &avin# a re#istere3 o11i%e an3 on#oin# an3 #enuine 8usiness !in6s to a E.U. 4e48er %ountry7 an3 t&ose 1orei#n nationa!s o1 %ountries t&at e=ten3 %o4"ara8!e "rote%tion to 3ata8ases o1 nationa!s or &a8itua! resi3ents o1 E.U. 4e48er %ountries. -FN<8/ ?&et&er an3 to &at e=tent 4e48ers o1 t&e ?TO an3Ior 4e48ers o1 t&e 'aris or >erne Conventions %an (8CC %on3ition sui #eneris inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty "rote%tion 1or non5nationa!s on t&e 8asis o1 4ateria! re%i"ro%ity is an i4"ortant @a!8eit a8struseA internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty issue t&at t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent itse!1 3oes not e="!i%it!y a33ress. -FN<;/ ?it& t&e e4er#en%e o1 t&e Internet7 &o!e ne %on#eries o1 tra3e4ar6 an3 %o"yri#&t issues ere #enerate37 as savvy e8 "a#e 3eve!o"ers !earne3 to attra%t B&itsB @or 3eve!o" o""ortunities 1or ar8itra#eA 8y re#isterin# an3 uti!iFin# t&e 4ar6s o1 ot&ers as 3o4ain na4es @B%y8ersGuattin#BA. T&ey &ave a!so uti!iFe3 t&e 4ar6s o1 ot&ers as 4eta5ta#s to attra%t t&e attention o1 Internet sear%& en#ines7 %onstru%te3 e8 "a#es t&at B1ra4eB ot&er e8 "a#es7 an3 &ave even a3o"te3 3o4ain na4es %onsistin# o1 e!!56no n 4iss"e!!in#s o1 t&e 4ar6s or 3o4ain na4es o1 ot&ers @Bty"osGuattin#BA. 'osin# a &y"ot&eti%a! 1a%t situation o1 t&e !atter sort i!! "rovi3e t&e tea%&er it& a #oo3 o""ortunity to intro3u%e t&e 3istin%tion 8et een %onsu4er %on1usion as to t&e sour%e o1 #oo3s or servi%es @t&e %!assi% &ar4 t&at tra3e4ar6 !a see6s to "reventA an3 Binitia! interestB %on1usion7 &i%& 4ere!y i4"oses un ante3 initia! sear%& %osts on t&e %onsu4er. -FN5$/ T&e tea%&er 4ay a!so is& to as6 stu3ents to %onsi3er &et&er %y8ersGuattin# %ou!3 8e sai3 to B3i!uteB 1a4ous 4ar6s7 an3 &et&er7 in e=ten3in# t&e s%o"e o1 Arti%!e C8is o1 t&e 'aris Convention7 Arti%!e .C.D o1 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent 3oes or 3oes not reGuire ?TO 4e48ers to "rote%t 1a4ous 4ar6s a#ainst 3i!ution. -FN5./ Anot&er ay to e="!ore internationa! 3o4ain na4e %ontroversies7 &i!e at t&e sa4e ti4e intro3u%in# stu3ents to t&e te%&no!o#y #eneratin# t&ese issues7 is to assi#n a %y8ersGuattin# resear%& assi#n4ent7 reGuirin# stu3ents to e=a4ine on!ine a%tua! 3o4ain na4e %ontroversies 3e%i3e3 8y t&e ?I'O Ar8itration an3 ,e3iation Center. -FN52/ T&is ou!3 a!so 8e an a""ro"riate "oint in t&e %ourse to %on3u%t a 3etai!e3 stu3y o1 t&e ?I'O Co"yri#&t Treaty an3 e="!ore nationa! i4"!e4entation o1 its t o "rovisions on 3i#ita! ri#&ts 4ana#e4ent7 reGuirin# 4e48ers to "rovi3e (8CE a3eGuate !e#a! "rote%tion an3 e11e%tive !e#a! re4e3ies

    E a#ainst: @.A t&e %ir%u4vention o1 e11e%tive te%&no!o#i%a! 4easures 3esi#ne3 to "revent %o"yin# o1 a %o"yri#&te3 or62 an3 @2A "ersons 6no in#!y re4ovin#7 a!terin# or 3e!etin# e!e%troni% ri#&ts 4ana#e4ent in1or4ation7 in%!u3in# ter4s an3 %on3itions o1 use o1 t&e or6. -FN5D/ It is i4"ortant 1or stu3ents to un3erstan3 &o t&ese reGuire4ents %an o"erate in %on9un%tion it& 4ass54ar6et !i%ensin# "rovisions "ro&i8itin# reverse en#ineerin#7 et%.7 to %reate &at 4i#&t 8e %a!!e3 B"ara5%o"yri#&t7B or Be!e%troni% tra3e se%ret "rote%tionB 1or aut&ors o1 3i#ita! or6s7 t&us 4a6in# 4u%& o1 %onventiona! %o"yri#&t !a si4"!y irre!evant in a 3i#ita! environ4ent. -FN5</ T&is "arti%u!ar "ro"rietary a""roa%& to t&e 3istri8ution o1 3i#ita! %ontent %an a!so 8e %o4"are3 it& t&e 8ur#eonin# Bo"en5sour%eB so1t are 3eve!o"4ent 4o3e!7 an3 i4"!i%ations o1 t&e t o 4o3e!s 1or 3eve!o"in# %ountries %an 8e 3is%usse3. -FN55/ Intro3u%in# t&e %on%e"t o1 Bo"en5sour%eB te%&no!o#y 3eve!o"4ent as a 1easi8!e a!ternative &erever %onsu4ers o1 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty are a!so innovators is "arti%u!ar!y use1u! at t&is "oint7 as it i!! !ay t&e #roun3 or6 1or e="!ainin# t&e B%o44on &erita#eB a""roa%& to a#ri%u!tura! innovation t&at is e48o3ie3 in t&e B,u!ti!atera! Syste4B esta8!is&e3 8y t&e Foo3 an3 A#ri%u!tura! Or#aniFationHs ne Internationa! Treaty 1or '!ant *eneti% Resour%es 1or Foo3 an3 A#ri%u!ture -FN5C/55a "otentia! to"i% o1 3is%ussion in t&e se%on3 &a!1 o1 t&e %ourse7 as t&e 1o%us o1 t&e %ourse s&i1ts 1ro4 3i#ita! te%&no!o#y to 8iote%&no!o#y an3 t&e asso%iate3 1ie!3s o1 8io3iversity7 tra3itiona! 6no !e3#e "rote%tion7 an3 "u8!i% &ea!t&. III. To"i% III: >iote%&no!o#y7 >io3iversity7 Tra3itiona! Jno !e3#e 'rote%tion7 an3 'u8!i% )ea!t& As note3 ear!ier7 t&e 2$$. ?TO ,inisteria! Con1eren%e7 in its Do&a De%!aration7 s"e%i1i%a!!y 3ire%te3 t&e TRI'S Coun%i! to e=a4ine t&e re!ations&i" 8et een t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent an3 t&e Convention on >io!o#i%a! (8C8 Diversity7 as e!! as t&e "rote%tion o1 tra3itiona! 6no !e3#e an3 1o!6!ore. -FN5E/ Li6e ise7 in 2$$$7 t&e ?I'O esta8!is&e3 an Inter#overn4enta! Co44ittee on Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty an3 *eneti% Resour%es7 Tra3itiona! Jno !e3#e an3 Fo!6!ore to 1a%i!itate 3is%ussion o1 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty issues t&at arise in t&e %onte=t o1 a%%ess to #eneti% resour%es an3 t&e 1air an3 eGuita8!e s&arin# o1 8ene1its arisin# out o1 t&e uti!iFation o1 sa4e7 as e!! as t&e "rote%tion o1 tra3itiona! 6no !e3#e7 innovations7 %reativity7 an3 e="ressions o1 1o!6!ore. -FN58/ As t&ese a%tions 8y t&e ?TO an3 ?I'O i!!ustrate7 a se%on3 1un3a4enta! e4er#in# !e#a! issue in internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a is t&e #ro in# inter1a%e it& internationa! environ4enta! !a . Si4i!ar!y7 t&e se"arate ?TO De%!aration on t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent an3 'u8!i% )ea!t& &i#&!i#&ts t&e #ro in# inter1a%e 8et een internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty an3 "u8!i% &ea!t& !a . -FN5;/ Fina!!y7 t&e TRI'S reGuire4ent t&at ?TO 4e48ers "rote%t "!ant varieties eit&er 8y "atents or 8y an e11e%tive sui #eneris syste4 or so4e %o48ination t&ereo17 -FNC$/ to#et&er it& t&e re%ent "ro4u!#ation an3 entry into 1or%e o1 t&e FAO Internationa! Treaty on '!ant *eneti% Resour%es 1or Foo3 an3 A#ri%u!ture7 &i#&!i#&ts t&e #ro in# inter1a%e 8et een internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty an3 a#ri%u!tura! !a . One or 4ore o1 t&ese e4er#in# issues %ou!3 "rovi3e a t&e4ati% 1o%us 1or a t&ir3 an3 1ina! %o4"onent o1 a 8asi% internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a %ourse or se4inar. One un1ortunate %onseGuen%e o1 t&e resort 8y t&e in3ustria!iFe3 or!3 to t&e r&etori% o1 B"ira%yB in t&e "us& to stren#t&en inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty "rote%tion in t&e 3eve!o"in# or!3 as t&at it sti4u!ate3 a %ountervai!in# out%ry in t&e 3eve!o"in# or!3 an3 e!se &ere over &at &as %o4e to 8e 6no n55an3 vi!i1ie355 as B8io"ira%y.B >io"ira%y &as 8een 3e1ine3 as t&e Ba""ro"riation o1 t&e 6no !e3#e an3 #eneti% resour%es o1 1ar4in# an3 in3i#enous %o44unities 8y in3ivi3ua!s or institutions &o see6 e=%!usive 4ono"o!y %ontro! @"atents or inte!!e%tua! "ro"ertyA over t&ese resour%es an3 6no !e3#e.B -FNC./ One res"onse to t&e %on%ern over 8io"ira%y as t&e "ro4u!#ation o1 t&e Convention on >io!o#i%a! Diversity @C>DA7 t&e o89e%tive o1 &i%& as to a11ir4 nationa! soverei#nty over #eneti% resour%es an3 "ro4ote t&e %onservation7 sustaina8!e use7 an3 1a%i!itate3 a%%ess to an3 1air an3 eGuita8!e s&arin# o1 t&e 8ene1its arisin# 1ro4 uti!iFation o1 #eneti% resour%es (8C; an3 any asso%iate3 tra3itiona! 6no !e3#e. -FNC2/ Ironi%a!!y7 t&e "ra%ti%a! e11e%t o1 t&e C>D &as 8een to in&i8it7 rat&er t&an to 1a%i!itate7 a%%ess to #eneti%

    8 resour%es in t&e 3eve!o"in# or!37 t&us &ei#&tenin# t&e ur#en%y o1 3eve!o"in# a 4ore eGuita8!e syste4 o1 8ene1it5s&arin# i1 4e3i%a! an3 a#ri%u!tura! 8iote%&no!o#y is to %ontinue to &ave a%%ess to #eneti% resour%es as a startin# "oint 1or resear%& an3 3eve!o"4ent. -FNCD/ T&e 8io"ira%y %ontroversy &as "ro3u%e3 a nu48er o1 s"e%i1i% "ro"osa!s on t&e "art o1 3eve!o"in# %ountries to 4o3i1y t&e e=istin# inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty re#i4e to 4a6e it 4ore res"onsive to 3eve!o"in# %ountry nee3s an3 interests7 an3 "arti%u!ar!y to "ro4ote 4ore eGuita8!e 8ene1it5s&arin#. -FNC</ In res"onse to t&ese "ro"osa!s7 t&e Do&a De%!aration 3ire%te3 t&e TRI'S Coun%i! to e=a4ine t&e re!ations&i" 8et een t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent an3 t&e C>D7 as e!! as t&e "rote%tion o1 tra3itiona! 6no !e3#e an3 1o!6!ore7 -FNC5/ an3 t&e ?I'O esta8!is&e3 t&e Inter#overn4enta! Co44ittee on Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty an3 *eneti% Resour%es7 Tra3itiona! Jno !e3#e an3 Fo!6!ore. -FNCC/ T&e s"e%i1i% inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty "ro"osa!s t&at &ave sur1a%e3 in internationa! 3is%ussions t&us 1ar %an 8e 3ivi3e3 into t&ree %ate#ories: @.A "ro"osa!s to "rovi3e 4ore e11e%tive 3e1ensive "rote%tion o1 "u8!i% 3o4ain #eneti% resour%es an3 tra3itiona! 6no !e3#e 8y e="an3in# t&e 3e1inition o1 B"rior artB an3Ior %reatin# an3 i4"rovin# a%%ess to 3o%u4entation o1 "u8!i% 3o4ain #eneti% resour%es an3 tra3itiona! 6no !e3#e in on!ine 3ata8ases an3 3i#ita! !i8raries2 @2A "ro"osa!s to "ro4ote a 4ore 1air an3 eGuita8!e s&arin# o1 t&e 8ene1its o1 #eneti% resour%es an3 asso%iate3 tra3itiona! 6no !e3#e7 as 4an3ate3 8y t&e C>D7 8y reGuirin# 3is%!osure o1 ori#in o1 any re!evant #eneti% resour%es an3 asso%iate3 tra3itiona! 6no !e3#e an3 evi3en%e o1 "rior in1or4e3 %onsent o1 t&e "rovi3ers o1 sa4e as a %on3ition eit&er 1or 1i!in# a "atent a""!i%ation or 1or en1or%in# an ot&er ise va!i3 "atent2 an3 @DA "ro"osa!s to %reate a ne sui #eneris 1or4 o1 a11ir4ative inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty "rote%tion 1or (8E$ tra3itiona! 6no !e3#e. -FNCE/ One or 4ore o1 t&ese s"e%i1i% "ro"osa!s7 to#et&er it& t&e t&res&o!3 Guestion &et&er an3 to &at e=tent e=istin# inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty an3 un1air %o4"etition !a in 1a%t "rovi3es 3e1ensive an3Ior a11ir4ative "rote%tion 1or tra3itiona! 6no !e3#e7 %ou!3 8e t&e 1o%us o1 a s"e%i1i% %!ass assi#n4ent or resear%& "ro8!e4. As6in# stu3ents to %o4"are t&e "otentia! i4"a%t o1 a 3is%!osure o1 ori#in an3 evi3en%e o1 "rior in1or4e3 %onsent reGuire4ent7 8ase3 on &et&er it is i4"ose3 as a %on3ition 1or a%Guirin# a "atent or as a %on3ition 1or en1or%in# a "atent7 "rovi3es an o""ortunity to e=a4ine "ra%ti%a! as"e%ts o1 t&e "atent a%Guisition an3 en1or%e4ent "ro%ess. As a "ra%ti%a! 4atter7 i4"osin# su%& a reGuire4ent as a %on3ition 1or a%Guirin# a "atent ou!3 i4"ose a %rus&in# 8ur3en on "atent o11i%es !a%6in# any e="ertise to 9u3#e t&e su11i%ien%y o1 t&e 3is%!osure7 &ereas i4"osin# su%& a reGuire4ent as a %on3ition 1or en1or%in# an ot&er ise va!i3 "atent ou!3 1o%us t&e "atent syste4 on t&ose 1e 8iote%&no!o#y "atents su11i%ient!y va!ua8!e to 8e ort& en1or%in#7 an3 t&us %a"a8!e o1 #eneratin# 8ene1its. -FNC8/ As e &ave seen7 a se%on3 e4er#in# issue it& res"e%t to inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty "rote%tion 1or 4e3i%a! 8iote%&no!o#y7 an3 "&ar4a%euti%a! "ro3u%ts 4ore #enera!!y7 is t&e %on%ern over TRI'S an3 "u8!i% &ea!t&. -FNC;/ T&is issue star6!y revea!s t&e in&erent tension in a syste4 1or sti4u!atin# innovation t&rou#& in%entives 8ase3 on t&e te4"orary #rant o1 e=%!usive inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty ri#&ts. -FNE$/ T&e in%entives "rovi3e3 8y t&e "atent syste4 are ar#ua8!y t&e 4ost e11i%ient 4eans 1or "ro4otin# 4o3ern 4e3i%a! 8iote%&no!o#y an3 "&ar4a%euti%a! resear%& an3 3eve!o"4ent. At t&e sa4e ti4e7 &o ever7 it&out so4e 4o3i1i%ation o1 t&e e=%!usive ri#&ts "rovi3e3 8y t&e "atent syste47 t&e 8ene1its o1 4o3ern 4e3i%a! 8iote%&no!o#y an3 "&ar4a%o!o#y i!! 8e 8eyon3 t&e 1inan%ia! rea%& o1 4u%& o1 t&e 3eve!o"in# or!3. For t&at reason7 one o1 t&e 4ost %ontroversia! "rovisions in TRI'S is its reGuire4ent t&at "atent "rote%tion 8e e=ten3e3 to "&ar4a%euti%a! "ro3u%ts. -FNE./ A!t&ou#& (8E. Arti%!e D. o1 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent in t&eory "er4its ?TO 4e48ers to resort to #overn4ent54an3ate3 %o4"u!sory !i%ensin# as a "er4issi8!e res"onse to a "u8!i% &ea!t& e4er#en%y7 t&is too! &as re4aine3 out o1 rea%& 1or 3eve!o"in# %ountries t&at !a%6 a 3o4esti% in3ustria! %a"a%ity to res"on3 to t&e &ea!t& %risis7 as %o4"u!sory !i%ensin# un3er Arti%!e D.@1A o1 TRI'S is "er4issi8!e on!y &ere B"re3o4inant!y 1or t&e su""!y o1 t&e 3o4esti% 4ar6et o1 t&e ,e48er aut&oriFin# su%& use.B -FNE2/ Re%o#nition o1 t&is s&ort%o4in# in Arti%!e D. &as "ro3u%e3 t&e 1irst 4o3i1i%ation in t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent7 -FNED/ &i%&

    ; as 3esi#ne3 to 4a6e "er4anent t&e De%ision o1 Au#ust D$7 2$$D7 aivin# t&e 1ore#oin# !i4itation on %o4"u!sory !i%ensin#. -FNE</ E=a4ination o1 t&e on!ine 4ateria!s tra%in# t&e ne#otiations t&at !e3 to t&is 4o3i1i%ation t&us o11ers an o""ortunity to stu3y t&e ro!e o1 t&e ?TOHs TRI'S Coun%i! in 3eve!o"in# internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty "o!i%y. -FNE5/ A t&ir3 e4er#in# 8iote%&no!o#y5re!ate3 internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty issue invo!ves a#ri%u!tura! 8iote%&no!o#y an3 "!ant variety "rote%tion. -FNEC/ ?&i!e Arti%!e 2E.D o1 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent "er4its ?TO 4e48ers to e=%!u3e 1ro4 "atenta8i!ity "!ants an3 ani4a!s ot&er t&an 4i%ro5 or#anis4s7 an3 essentia!!y 8io!o#i%a! "ro%esses 1or t&e "ro3u%tion o1 "!ants an3 ani4a!s ot&er t&an non5 8io!o#i%a! an3 4i%ro8io!o#i%a! "ro%esses7 it in%!u3es a "roviso s"e%i1yin# t&at "!ant varieties are to 8e "rote%te3 eit&er 8y "atents or 8y an e11e%tive sui #eneris syste4 or 8y any %o48ination t&ereo1. -FNEE/ T&e "roviso in Arti%!e 2E.D %!ear!y 3oes not reGuire ?TO 4e48ers to a3&ere to t&e !atest @.;;.A revision @or 1or t&at 4atter any ot&er versionA o1 t&e Internationa! Convention 1or t&e 'rote%tion o1 Ne +arieties o1 '!ants @U'O+A7 -FNE8/ 8ut it 3oes reGuire ?TO 4e48ers to "rovi3e Be11e%tiveB "!ant (8E2 variety "rote%tion o1 so4e sort. A nu48er o1 3eve!o"in# %ountries o"te3 to a3&ere to t&e ear!ier an3 4ore !i4ite3 .;E8 revision o1 U'O+7 an3 t&ey ere a!!o e3 to 9oin U'O+ 9ust 8e1ore U'O+ .;E8 as su"erse3e3 8y U'O+ .;;.. -FNE;/ )o ever7 8e%ause U'O+ .;;. &as su"erse3e3 U'O+ .;E87 it %ou!3 8e ar#ue3 un3er TRI'S Arti%!e 2E.D t&at U'O+ .;E8 3oes not in 1a%t "rovi3e Be11e%tiveB sui #eneris "rote%tion 1or "!ant varieties7 t&us su##estin# a "otentia! 3is"ute as to &at 3oes an3 3oes not %onstitute Be11e%tiveB sui #eneris "!ant variety "rote%tion. Anot&er "otentia! 3is"ute t&at %ou!3 arise un3er TRI'S Arti%!e 2E.D ste4s 1ro4 t&e 1a%t t&at at !east so4e 3eve!o"in# %ountry ?TO 4e48ers &ave inter"rete3 Arti%!e 2E.D to "er4it t&e e=%!usion o1 Bt&e &o!e or "art o1 natura! !ivin# 8ein#s an3 8io!o#i%a! 4ateria!s 1oun3 in nature7 or iso!ate3 t&ere1ro47 in%!u3in# t&e #eno4e or #er4"!as4 o1 any natura! !ivin# 8ein#.B -FN8$/ T&at inter"retation is !i6e!y to 8e %&a!!en#e3 8y in3ustria!iFe3 ?TO 4e48ers as in%onsistent it& Arti%!e 2E.. an3 su84itte3 to t&e ?TO 3is"ute sett!e4ent "ro%ess 1or eventua! reso!ution. -FN8./ A!so re!evant to t&e "rote%tion o1 a#ri%u!tura! 8iote%&no!o#y an3 "!ant varieties is t&e re%ent!y a3o"te3 FAO Internationa! Treaty on '!ant *eneti% Resour%es 1or Foo3 an3 A#ri%u!ture7 -FN82/ &i%& i!! #overn a%%ess to 4ost 4ateria!s in nationa! an3 internationa! #er4"!as4 %o!!e%tions @4ore t&an C 4i!!ion a%%essions in so4e .7D$$ %o!!e%tions aroun3 t&e or!3A as e!! as to in situ an3 on51ar4 sour%es. -FN8D/ T&e FAO Internationa! Treaty as ne#otiate3 it& t&e un3erstan3in# t&at it ou!3 8e in &ar4ony it& t&e Convention on (8ED >io!o#i%a! Diversity7 an3 is si4i!ar to t&e C>D in its overa!! o89e%tives to "ro4ote t&e %onservation7 sustaina8!e use7 an3 eGuita8!e s&arin# o1 8ene1its arisin# out o1 t&e use o1 "!ant #eneti% resour%es 1or 1oo3 an3 a#ri%u!ture7 as e!! as asso%iate3 tra3itiona! a#ri%u!tura! 6no !e3#e7 1or sustaina8!e use an3 1oo3 se%urity. -FN8</ )o ever7 t&e FAO Treaty a!so #oes e!! 8eyon3 t&e C>D7 in t&at it 8ui!3s on an e=istin# nationa! an3 internationa! syste4 o1 e= situ #er4"!as4 %o!!e%tions o1 #eneti% resour%es 1or 1oo3 an3 a#ri%u!ture7 na4e!y t&e Consu!tative *rou" on Internationa! A#ri%u!tura! Resear%& @C*IARA7 -FN85/ an3 %reates a 1or4a! B,u!ti!atera! Syste4B55i.e.7 a syste4 o1 B%o44on5"oo! #oo3sB55in t&irty5si= #enera o1 %ro"s an3 t enty5nine #enera o1 1ora#es7 3esi#ne3 to "rovi3e B1a%i!itate3B @i.e.7 1ree or !o %ostA a%%ess to t&ese #eneti% resour%es7 an3 to ensure an eGuita8!e s&arin# o1 t&e 8ene1its 3erive3 1ro4 any %o44er%ia!iFe3 "ro3u%t t&at in%or"orates 4ateria!s 1ro4 t&e ,u!ti!atera! Syste4. -FN8C/ A %riti%a! 1eature o1 t&e B1a%i!itate3 a%%essB t&at t&e FAO Treaty see6s to "ro4ote is t&at re%i"ients o1 #eneti% "!ant #eneti% resour%es %overe3 8y t&e ,u!ti!atera! Syste4 are not to B%!ai4 any inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty or ot&er ri#&ts t&at !i4it t&e 1a%i!itate3 a%%ess to t&e "!ant #eneti% resour%es 1or 1oo3 an3 a#ri%u!ture7 or t&eir #eneti% "arts or %o4"onents7 in t&e 1or4 re%eive3 1ro4 t&e ,u!ti!atera! Syste4.B -FN8E/ T&e FAO Treaty a!so "ays !i"5servi%e to t&e %on%e"t o1 BFar4ersH Ri#&tsB -FN88/ as e!! as to a %orres"on3in# 1ar4ersH "rivi!e#e to save (8E< an3 se!! 1ar45"ro"a#ate3 see3s. -FN8;/ )o t&e 1ore#oin# "rovisions are to 8e re%on%i!e3 it& t&e TRI'S reGuire4ent t&at a!! ?TO 4e48ers "rovi3e B1or t&e "rote%tion o1 "!ant varieties eit&er 8y "atents or 8y an e11e%tive sui #eneris syste4 or 8y any

    .$ %o48ination t&ereo17B -FN;$/ is not s"e%i1ie3. )o ever7 t&e "ro&i8ition a#ainst %!ai4in# inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty ri#&ts is restri%te3 to "!ant #eneti% resour%es7 or t&eir #eneti% "arts7 or %o4"onents7 Bin t&e 1or4 re%eive3 1ro4 t&e ,u!ti!atera! Syste47B -FN;./ su##estin# t&at "!ant variety "rote%tion %an 8e sou#&t 1or varieties 3erive3 1ro4 t&ese startin# 4ateria!s. ,oreover7 t&e FAO Treaty s"e%i1ies t&at #er4"!as4 1ro4 t&e ,u!ti!atera! Syste4 is to 8e avai!a8!e un3er t&e ter4s o1 a stan3ar3 4ateria! trans1er a#ree4ent @,TAA7 &i%& is to in%!u3e "rovisions 1or 8ene1it s&arin# in t&e event o1 %o44er%ia!iFation o1 "ro3u%ts 3eve!o"e3 usin# #eneti% resour%es re%eive3 1ro4 t&e ,u!ti!atera! Syste4. -FN;2/ T&is7 too7 su##ests t&at "!ant variety "rote%tion 4ay 8e sou#&t 1or "!ant varieties 3erive3 1ro4 #eneti% resour%es re%eive3 1ro4 t&e ,u!ti!atera! Syste47 t&ou#& su89e%t to t&e TreatyHs 8ene1it5s&arin# reGuire4ents. In t&is res"e%t7 t&e FAO Treaty see4s so4e &at ana!o#ous to t&e Bo"en5 sour%eB a""roa%& to so1t are 3eve!o"4ent7 &i%& reGuires sour%e @i.e.7 &u4an5rea3a8!eA %o3e to 8e 3istri8ute3 it& t&e o"en5sour%e so1t are itse!17 8ut "er4its a "ro#ra44er to 4o3i1y t&e so1t are an3 re!ease t&e 4o3i1ie3 version un3er ter4s t&at are "ro"rietary. -FN;D/ T&e stron#er t&e inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty "rote%tion "rovi3e3 1or "!ant varieties @in%!u3in# t&ose varieties 3eve!o"e3 8y innovative 1ar4ersA7 t&e 4ore 4ar6et5"ro3u%e3 e%ono4i% 8ene1its t&ere i!! !i6e!y 8e avai!a8!e to s&are un3er t&e FAO TreatyHs 8ene1it5s&arin# "rovisions. Converse!y7 t&e 8roa3er t&e 3e1inition o1 any !e#a!!y re%o#niFe3 BFar4ersH Ri#&tB or 1ar4ersH "rivi!e#e in "!ant variety "rote%tion !e#is!ation7 t&e 4ore !i6e!y it is t&at t&e 8ene1its (8E5 e4anatin# 1ro4 t&e ,u!ti!atera! Syste4 i!! %onsist "ri4ari!y o1 t&e "u8!i%!y i4"rove3 "!ant varieties as su%&. -FN;</ In any event7 t&e u!ti4ate su%%ess or 1ai!ure o1 8ene1it5s&arin# "rovisions o1 t&e FAO Internationa! Treaty i!! 3e"en3 in si#ni1i%ant "art on t&e a8i!ity @an3 i!!in#nessA o1 "arti%i"atin# #er4"!as4 %o!!e%tions to en1or%e 8ene1it s&arin# ter4s in a""!i%a8!e ,TAs an3 t&e a8i!ity o1 t&e *overnin# >o3y res"onsi8!e 1or a34inisterin# t&e Treaty to rea%& a %onsensus as to t&e !eve!7 1or47 an3 4anner o1 "ay4ent o1 an BeGuita8!eB s&arin# o1 4onetary 8ene1its. -FN;5/ In any event7 a %o4"arative stu3y o1 t&e FAO Internationa! Treaty7 U'O+7 an3 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent7 o11ers a #oo3 o""ortunity to %o4"are severa! a!ternative syste4s 1or "ro4otin# a#ri%u!tura! innovation7 ran#in# 1ro4 B1reeB to Bo"en5sour%eB to "ure!y "ro"rietary syste4s7 an3 i!! t&us "ut in 8roa3er "ers"e%tive t&e Guestion as to &at %onstitutes Be11e%tiveB "rote%tion o1 "!ant varieties it&in t&e 4eanin# o1 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent. Su%& a stu3y a!so o11ers t&e o""ortunity to %on%!u3e t&e %ourse it& a %o4"arative e=a4ination o1 t&e 3yna4i%s o1 so1t are an3 "!ant innovation. Con%!usion T&is Arti%!e &as sou#&t to 3e4onstrate t&at one e11e%tive ay to intro3u%e stu3ents to %urrent tren3s an3 1uture 3eve!o"4ents in inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a is 8y stu3yin# t&ese tren3s an3 3eve!o"4ents in t&e %onte=t o1 an intro3u%tory internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty %ourse or#aniFe3 aroun3 t&ree #enera! t&e4es or to"i%s: @.A inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty an3 internationa! tra3e2 @2A 3i#ita! te%&no!o#y2 an3 @DA 8iote%&no!o#y7 8io3iversity7 tra3itiona! 6no !e3#e7 an3 "u8!i% &ea!t&. T&ere are a nu48er o1 a3vanta#es to t&is a""roa%&. First7 it i!! ena8!e t&e tea%&er to 1o%us on e4er#in# issues o1 inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a t&rou#&out a sin#!e intro3u%tory %ourse7 rat&er t&an a33ressin# t&ese issues in se"arate intro3u%tory "atent7 %o"yri#&t7 an3 tra3e4ar6 %ourses. Se%on37 t&e %ourse %an 8e o11ere3 as an intro3u%tory %ourse7 it&out any nee3 to reGuire "re5reGuisite %ourses. T&ir37 t&e %ourse %an 8e tau#&t usin# 4ateria!s t&at are !ar#e!y7 i1 not entire!y7 avai!a8!e on!ine. Fourt& an3 1ina!!y7 it i!! "rovi3e a "o!i%y58ase3 1o%us 1or t&e stu3y o1 internationa! inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a . -FNa./. T&o4as K Jaro!e *reen 'ro1essor o1 La an3 Dire%tor7 Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty K Te%&no!o#y La 'ro#ra47 ?as&in#ton University S%&oo! o1 La 7 St. Louis7 ,o.7 USA. T&is Arti%!e as ori#ina!!y "u8!is&e3 as C&a"ter .2 o1 Tea%&in# o1 Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty: 'rin%i"!es K ,et&o3s @Yo Ta6a#i7 Larry A!!4an7 K ,"aFi A. Sin9e!a7 e3s.7 2$$8A. 'ro1essor ,%,anis an3 t&e Saint Louis University La Journa! t&an6 Ca48ri3#e University 'ress an3 t&e ?or!3 Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty Or#aniFation 1or t&eir

    .. 6in3 "er4ission to re"u8!is& it &ere. -FN./. ,ar. 2$7 .88D7 2. U.S.T. .58D7 828 U.N.T.S. D$57 avai!a8!e at &tt":II i"o.intIe="ortIsitesI ItreatiesIenIi"I"arisI"31Itrt3o%sL o$2$."31 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. -FN2/. Con%!u3e3 Ju!y 2<7 .;E.7 S. Treaty Do%. No. ;;52E @.;8CA7 ..C. U.N.T.S. D7 avai!a8!e at &tt":II i"o.intIe="ortIsitesI ItreatiesIenIi"I8erneI"31Itrt3o%sL o$$.."31 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. -FND/. See 'aris Convention7 su"ra note .7 art. 2@.A. -FN</. See i3. -FN5/. I3. art. .$8is. -FNC/. See Convention Esta8!is&in# t&e ?or!3 Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty Or#aniFation art. D7 Ju!y .<7 .;CE7 2. U.S.T. .E<;7 828 U.N.T.S. D7 avai!a8!e at &tt":II i"o.intIe="ortIsitesI ItreatiesIenI%onventionI"31Itrt3o%sL o$2;."31 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. -FNE/. Con%!u3e3 A"r. .57 .;;<7 ,arra6es& A#ree4ent Esta8!is&in# t&e ?or!3 Tra3e Or#aniFation7 Anne= .C7 .8C; U.N.T.S. 2;;7 avai!a8!e at &tt":II . to.or#Ien#!is&I3o%sLeI!e#a!LeI2E5tri"s."31 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A -&ereina1ter TRI'S A#ree4ent/. -FN8/. For t&e ,arra6es& A#ree4ent Esta8!is&in# t&e ?or!3 Tra3e Or#aniFation7 A"r. .57 .;;<7 .8CE U.N.T.S. .5< an3 re!ate3 a#ree4ents to 8e a34inistere3 8y t&e ?TO7 see ?or!3 Tra3e Or#aniFation7 ?TO Le#a! Te=ts7 &tt":II . to.or#Ien#!is&I3o%sLeI!e#a!LeI!e#a!Le.&t4 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. -FN;/. See #enera!!y TRI'S A#ree4ent7 su"ra note E. -FN.$/. I3. art. C<. -FN../. See #enera!!y A#ree4ent >et een t&e ?or!3 Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty Or#aniFation an3 t&e ?or!3 Tra3e Or#aniFation7 ?I'O5?TO7 De%. 227 .;;57 D5 I.L.,. E5<7 avai!a8!e at &tt":II i"o.intIe="ortIsitesI ItreatiesIenIa#ree4entI"31Itrt3o%sL o$D$."31 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. -FN.2/. See7 e.#.7 J.). Rei%&4an7 T&e Jno 5)o *a" in t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent: ?&y So1t are Fare3 >a3!y7 an3 ?&at Are t&e So!utions7 .E )astin#s Co44. K Ent. L.J. ECD7 EC55CC @.;;5A. -FN.D/. TRI'S A#ree4ent7 su"ra note E7 art. .$... -FN.</. I3. art .$.2. -FN.5/. I3. art. 2E. -FN.C/. I3. art. 2E.D@8A. -FN.E/. De%. 2$7 .;;C7 S. Treaty Do%. No. .$55.E7 at . @.;;EA7 DC I.L.,. C57 avai!a8!e at &tt":II i"o.intIe="ortIsitesI ItreatiesIenIi"I %tI"31Itrt3o%sL o$DD."31 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. -FN.8/. De%. 2$7 .;;C7 S. Treaty Do%. No. .$55.E7 at .8 @.;;EA7 DC I.L.,. EC7 avai!a8!e at &tt":II

    .2 i"o.intIe="ortIsitesI ItreatiesIenIi"I ""tI"31Itrt3o%sL o$D<."31 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A.

    -FN.;/. ?I'O Co"yri#&t Treaty7 su"ra note .E7 art. <. -FN2$/. I3. art. E. -FN2./. I3. art. 8. -FN22/. ?I'O 'er1or4an%es an3 '&ono#ra4s Treaty7 su"ra note .87 arts. .85.;. -FN2D/. ?or!3 Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty Or#aniFation7 >asi% 'ro"osa! 1or t&e Su8stantive 'rovision o1 t&e Treaty on Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty in Res"e%t o1 Data8ases To >e Consi3ere3 8y t&e Di"!o4ati% Con1eren%e7 ?I'O Do%. CRNRIDCIC @De%. 252$7 .;;CA7 avai!a8!e at &tt":II . i"o.intI3o%u4entsIenI3i"!%on1I"31IC3%Le."31 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A2 ?or!3 Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty Or#aniFation7 Re%o44en3ation Con%ernin# Data8ases7 at 27 ?I'O Do%. CRNRIDCI.$$ @De%. 252$7 .;;5A7 avai!a8!e at &tt":II . i"o.intI3o%u4entsIenI3i"!%on1I3istri8I"31I.$$3%."31 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. -FN2</. See Sa4 )o e +er&ove6 K Steven *reen&ouse7 Seatt!e Is Un3er Cur1e A1ter Disru"tions7 N.Y. Ti4es7 De%. .7 .;;;7 at A.. -FN25/. ?or!3 Tra3e Or#aniFation7 ,inisteria! De%!aration o1 .< Nove48er 2$$.7 ?TI,IN@$.AIDECI.7 <. I.L.,. E<C @2$$2A7 avai!a8!e at &tt":II . to.or#Ien#!is&It&e toLeI4inistLeI4in$.LeI4in3e%!Le."31 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A -&ereina1ter Do&a De%!aration/. -FN2C/. I3. M .E. -FN2E/. ?or!3 Tra3e Or#aniFation7 De%!aration on t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent an3 'u8!i% )ea!t& o1 .< Nove48er 2$$.7 ?TI,IN@$.ADECI27 <. I.L., E55 @2$$2A7 avai!a8!e at &tt":II . to.or#Ien#!is&It&e toLeI4inistLeI4in$.LeI4in3e%!L tri"sLe."31 @!ast visite3 O%t. 257 2$$EA. -FN28/. See 'ress Re!ease7 ?or!3 Tra3e Or#aniFation7 ,e48ers OJ A4en34ent to ,a6e )ea!t& F!e=i8i!ity 'er4anent7 @De%. C7 2$$5A7 &tt":II . to.or#Ien#!is&Ine sLeI"res$5LeI"r<2CLe.&t4. -FN2;/. Do&a De%!aration7 su"ra note 257 M .;. -FND$/. In a33ition to tea%&in# t&e %ourse as a 8asi% intro3u%tory inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty !a %ourse to risin# se%on3 year stu3ents at ?as&in#ton University7 t&e Aut&or &as a!so tau#&t t&e %ourse to a %o48ination o1 U.S. an3 Euro"ean !a stu3ents enro!!e3 in t o 3i11erent su44er !a "ro#ra4s in Euro"e55 t&e University o1 San Die#o 2$$. Lon3on Institute on Internationa! an3 Co4"arative La an3 t&e 2$$C Su44er Institute 1or *!o8a! Justi%e7 9oint!y s"onsore3 8y ?as&in#ton University S%&oo! o1 La in St. Louis7 Case ?estern Reserve University S%&oo! o1 La 7 an3 Utre%&t University. See Su44er Institute 1or *!o8a! Justi%e in t&e Net&er!an3s7 &tt":II!a .%ase.e3uIsu44er5institute @!ast visite3 O%t. 257 2$$EA. -FND./. For a %o4"re&ensive set o1 on!ine 4ateria!s t&at %an 8e e4"!oye3 to tea%& t&e %ourse 3es%ri8e3 in t&is Arti%!e7 see t&e Fina! Re"ort o1 t&e Co44ission on Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty Ri#&ts an3

    .D a%%o4"anyin# stu3y "a"ers an3 ot&er 3o%u4ents. Co44ission on Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty Ri#&ts7 Inte#ratin# Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty Ri#&ts an3 Deve!o"4ent 'o!i%y @2$$2A7 avai!a8!e at &tt":II .i"r%o44ission.or#I#ra"&i%I3o%u4ents.&t4 @!ast visite3 O%t. 257 2$$EA -&ereina1ter I'R Co44ission Fina! Re"ort/. -FND2/. See su"ra notes 2<52; an3 a%%o4"anyin# te=t. -FNDD/. In a33ition to t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent itse!17 rea3in# 4ateria!s 1or t&is se#4ent o1 t&e %ourse %ou!3 %onsist o1 C&a"ter .: Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty an3 Deve!o"4ent7 I'R Co44ission Fina! Re"ort7 su"ra note D.7 at ..528. -FND</. See TRI'S A#ree4ent7 su"ra note E7 arts. ..27 ;5<$. -FND5/. TRI'S A#ree4ent7 su"ra note E. -FNDC/. See i3. art. 2. -FNDE/. See i3. art. .7 n.2. -FND8/. For t&e te=ts o1 t&e t enty51our treaties a34inistere3 8y t&e ?I'O7 see ?or!3 Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty Or#aniFation7 ?I'O5A34inistere3 Treaties7 &tt":II . i"o.intItreatiesIenI @!ast visite3 O%t. 257 2$$EA. -FND;/. See TRI'S A#ree4ent7 su"ra note E7 art. ;. -FN<$/. See i3. art. .$. -FN<./. See ?or!3 Tra3e Or#aniFation7 In3e= o1 Dis"utes Issues7 TRI'S se%tion7 &tt":II . to.or#Ien#!is&Itrato"LeI3is"uLeI3is"uLsu89e%tsLin3e=Le.&t4 Ntri"s @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. -FN<2/. For "ossi8!e intro3u%tory rea3in#s on t&is to"i%7 see C&a"ter 5: Co"yri#&t7 So1t are an3 t&e Internet7 I'R Co44ission Fina! Re"ort7 su"ra note D.7 at ;55..$2 C&ar!es R. ,%,anis7 Ta6in# TRI'S on t&e In1or4ation Su"er&i#& ay: Internationa! Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty 'rote%tion an3 E4er#in# Co4"uter Te%&no!o#y7 <. +i!!. L. Rev. 2$E @.;;CA -&ereina1ter ,%,anis7 Ta6in# TRI'S on t&e In1or4ation Su"er&i#& ay/. For a 3is%ussion o1 &at in3ustries i!! 8ene1it 4ost an3 !east 1ro4 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent7 see C&ar!es R. ,%,anis7 Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty an3 Internationa! ,er#ers an3 A%Guisitions7 CC U. Cin. L. Rev. .28D @.;;8A. For a 3is%ussion o1 t&e %&a!!en#es %on1rontin# t&e ?I'O an3 ?TO in re#u!atin# inte!!e%tua! "ro"erty ri#&ts in t&e in1or4ation a#e7 see 'a4e!a Sa4ue!son7 C&a!!en#es 1or t&e ?or!3 Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty Or#aniFation an3 t&e Tra3e5re!ate3 As"e%ts o1 Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty Ri#&ts Coun%i! in Re#u!atin# Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty Ri#&ts in t&e In1or4ation A#e7 Eur. Inte!!. 'ro". Rev.7 Nov. .;;;7 at 5E8. -FN<D/. Coun%i! Dire%tive ;.I25$IEEC7 .;;. O.J. @L .22A <. @ECA7 avai!a8!e at &tt":II ireta".area.%o4I*o"&erI*ovIOt&erI%o"yri#&.e% @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. -FN<</. For "ossi8!e intro3u%tory rea3in#s on t&is to"i%7 see C&ar!es R. ,%,anis7 Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty 'rote%tion an3 Reverse En#ineerin# o1 Co4"uter 'ro#ra4s in t&e Unite3 States an3 t&e Euro"ean Co44unity7 .;;D )i#& Te%&. L.J. 25 @.;;DA2 ,%,anis7 Ta6in# TRI'S on t&e In1or4ation

    .< Su"er&i#& ay7 su"ra note <2. -FN<5/. For "ossi8!e intro3u%tory rea3in#s on t&is to"i%7 see Cat&erine L. ,ann7 >a!an%in# Issues an3 Over!a""in# Juris3i%tions in t&e *!o8a! E!e%troni% ,ar6et"!a%e: T&e UCITA E=a4"!e7 8 ?as&. U. J.L. K 'o!Hy 2.5 @2$$2A2 ,%,anis7 Ta6in# TRI'S on t&e In1or4ation Su"er&i#& ay7 su"ra note <22 'a4e!a Sa4ue!son K Jurt O"sa&!7 Li%ensin# In1or4ation in t&e *!o8a! In1or4ation ,ar6et: Free3o4 o1 Contra%t ,eets 'u8!i% 'o!i%y7 Eur. Inte!!. 'ro". Rev.7 Au#. .;;;7 at D8C. -FN<C/. Dire%tive ;CI;IEC o1 t&e Euro"ean 'ar!ia4ent an3 o1 t&e Coun%i! o1 .. ,ar%& .;;C on t&e !e#a! "rote%tion o1 3ata8ases7 .;;C O.J. @L EEA 2$ @EUA7 avai!a8!e at &tt":IIeur5 !e=.euro"a.euILe=UriServILe=UriServ.3oO uriPCELEQ:D.;;CL$$$;:EN:)T,L @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A -&ereina1ter EU Data8ase Dire%tive/. -FN<E/. For "ossi8!e intro3u%tory rea3in#s on t&is issue7 see F.?. *ros&ei3e7 Data8ase 'rote%tion55T&e Euro"ean ?ay7 8 ?as&. U. J.L. K 'o!Hy D; @2$$2A2 C&ar!es R. ,%,anis7 Data8ase 'rote%tion in t&e Di#ita! In1or4ation A#e7 E Ro#er ?i!!ia4s U. L. Rev. E @2$$.A -&ereina1ter7 ,%,anis7 Data8ase 'rote%tion/. -FN<8/. See EU Data8ase Dire%tive7 su"ra note <C7 art. ..7 re%ita! 5C. -FN<;/. For a 3is%ussion o1 t&is issue7 see ,%,anis7 Ta6in# TRI'S on t&e In1or4ation Su"er&i#& ay7 su"ra note <27 at 25855;7 an3 aut&orities %ite3 t&erein. -FN5$/. See7 e.#.7 E!e%s. >outiGue )o!3in#s Cor". v. Ru%%arini7 5C U.S.'.S.23 .E$57 .E$87 .E..5.2 @2$$$A7 No. Civ.A $$5<$557 2$$$ ?L .C22EC$7 at ( 27 (C @E.D. 'a.7 O%t. D$7 2$$$A @1in3in# su11i%ient %onsu4er in9ury &ere a %onsu4er 4ista6en!y ty"es a 4iss"e!!e3 3o4ain na4e an3 is B4ousetra""e37B i.e.7 su89e%te3 to a 8arra#e o1 a3vertisin# in3o s &i%& %annot 8e e=ite3 it&out %!i%6in# t&rou#& t&e entire su%%ession o1 a3vertise4entsA. -FN5./. See TRI'S A#ree4ent7 su"ra note E7 art. .C.D. For "ossi8!e intro3u%tory rea3in#s on t&is issue7 see Danie! *ervais7 T&e TRI'S A#ree4ent: Dra1tin# )istory an3 Ana!ysis ... @Street K ,a= e!! Lt3. .;;8A2 'au! J. )ea!37 ,o in# t&e '!ayin# Fie!3: A33ressin# In1or4ation Distortion an3 Asy44etry in t&e TRI'S *a4e7 88 ,inn. L. Rev. 2<; @2$$DA2 J. T&o4as ,%Cart&y7 Di!ution o1 a Tra3e4ar6: Euro"ean an3 Unite3 States La Co4"are37 ;< Tra3e4ar6 Re". ..CD @2$$<A. -FN52/. ?I'O Do4ain Na4e De%isions7 &tt":II ar8iter. i"o.intI3o4ainsI3e%isionsIin3e=.&t4! @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. -FN5D/. See ?I'O Co"yri#&t Treaty7 su"ra note .E7 arts. ..5.2. For a "ossi8!e intro3u%tory rea3in# on t&e ?I'O Co"yri#&t Treaty7 see T&o4as C. +in9e7 T&e Ne ?I'O Co"yri#&t Treaty: A )a""y Resu!t in *eneva7 5 Eur. Inte!!. 'ro". Rev. 2D$ @.;;EA. -FN5</. For "ossi8!e intro3u%tory rea3in#s on t&is "oint7 see ,%,anis7 Data8ase 'rote%tion7 su"ra note <E2 ,%,anis7 Ta6in# TRI'S on t&e In1or4ation Su"er&i#& ay7 su"ra note <2. -FN55/. For a "ossi8!e intro3u%tory rea3in# on t&is "oint7 see C&a"ter 5: Co"yri#&t7 So1t are an3 t&e Internet7 I'R Co44ission Fina! Re"ort7 su"ra note D.7 ;55..$2 Unite3 Nations Con1eren%e on Tra3e an3 Deve!o"4ent7 C&a"ter <7 Free an3 O"en5sour%e So1t are: I4"!i%ations 1or ICT 'o!i%y an3 Deve!o"4ent7 in E5 Co44er%e an3 Deve!o"4ent Re"ort 2$$D -&ereina1ter UNCTAD E5Co44er%e

    .5 Re"ort/7 avai!a8!e at &tt":II .un%ta3.or#IenI3o%sIe%3r2$$DLen."31 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A.

    -FN5C/. Internationa! Treaty on '!ant *eneti% Resour%es 1or Foo3 an3 A#ri%u!ture7 June 2;7 2$$<7 avai!a8!e at 1t":II 1t".1ao.or#Ia#I%#r1aIitIIT'*Re."31 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A -&ereina1ter FAO Treaty/7 3is%usse3 in1ra notes 825;5 an3 a%%o4"anyin# te=t. -FN5E/. See su"ra note 2; an3 a%%o4"anyin# te=t. -FN58/. ?or!3 Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty Or#aniFation7 Inter#overn4enta! Co44ittee7 &tt":II . i"o.intIt6IenIi#%I @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. -FN5;/. See ?TO De%!aration on t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent an3 'u8!i% )ea!t&7 su"ra note 2E. -FNC$/. TRI'S A#ree4ent7 su"ra note E7 art. 2E.D@8A. -FNC./. See ETC *rou"7 T&e Issues7 &tt":II .et%#rou".or#IenIissues @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. T&is is t&e 3e1inition o1 8io"ira%y es"ouse3 8y t&e ETC *rou" @1or4er!y 6no n as RAFI55t&e Rura! A3van%e4ent Foun3ation Internationa!A7 an a3vo%a%y or#aniFation t&at 8e!ieves t&at Binte!!e%tua! "ro"erty is "re3atory on t&e ri#&ts an3 6no !e3#e o1 1ar4in# %o44unities an3 in3i#enous "eo"!es.B I3. -FNC2/. Convention on >io!o#i%a! Diversity "rea48!e7 %on%!u3e3 on June 57 .;;27 .EC$ U.N.T.S. E;. For "ossi8!e rea3in#s on tra3itiona! 6no !e3#e "rote%tion an3 t&e re!ations&i" 8et een TRI'S an3 t&e C>D7 see C&a"ter <: Tra3itiona! Jno !e3#e an3 *eo#ra"&i%a! In3i%ations7 I'R Co44ission Fina! Re"ort7 su"ra note D.7 at ED5;<2 C&ar!es R. ,%,anis7 T&e Inter1a%e >et een Internationa! Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty an3 Environ4enta! 'rote%tion: >io3iversity an3 >iote%&no!o#y7 EC ?as&. U. L.S. 255 @.;;8A. -FNCD/. See UNCTAD5ICTSD 'ro9e%t on I'Rs an3 Sustaina8!e Deve!o"4ent7 Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty Ri#&ts: I4"!i%ations 1or Deve!o"4ent 5< @2$$DA7 avai!a8!e at &tt":II .i%ts3.or#I"u8sIi%ts3LseriesIi"rsI''.&t4 @!ast visite3 Nov. ;7 2$$EA7 -FNC</. See in1ra note CC an3 a%%o4"anyin# te=t. -FNC5/. Do&a De%!aration7 su"ra note 257 M .;. -FNCC/. See su"ra te=t a%%o4"anyin# note 58. For a "ossi8!e rea3in# on t&ese 3eve!o"4ents7 see C&ar!es R. ,%,anis7 Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty7 *eneti% Resour%es an3 Tra3itiona! Jno !e3#e 'rote%tion: T&in6in# *!o8a!!y7 A%tin# Lo%a!!y7 .. Car3oFo J. IntH! K Co4". L. 5<E @2$$DA. -FNCE/. For "ossi8!e rea3in#s on t&ese "ro"osa!s7 see Nuno 'ires 3e Carva!&o7 Fro4 t&e S&a4anHs )ut to t&e 'atent O11i%e: In Sear%& o1 a TRI'S5Consistent ReGuire4ent to Dis%!ose t&e Ori#in o1 *eneti% Resour%es an3 'rior In1or4e3 Consent7 .E ?as&. U. J.L. K 'o!Hy ... @2$$5A2 C&ar!es R. ,%,anis7 Fittin# Tra3itiona! Jno !e3#e 'rote%tion an3 >io"ira%y C!ai4s into t&e E=istin# Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty an3 Un1air Co4"etition Fra4e or67 in Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty an3 >io!o#i%a! Resour%es <25 @>urton On#7 e3.7 ,ars&a!! Caven3is& IntH! 2$$<A2 An#e!a R. Ri!ey7 BStrai#&t Stea!in#B: To ar3s an In3i#enous Syste4 o1 Cu!tura! 'ro"erty 'rote%tion7 8$ ?as&. L. Rev. C; @2$$5A2 Sa8ine San37 Sui *eneris La s For T&e 'rote%tion O1 In3i#enous E="ressions o1 Cu!ture an3 Tra3itiona! Jno !e3#e7 22 U. Sueens!an3 L.J. .88 @2$$DA. -FNC8/. See #enera!!y Carva!&o7 su"ra note CE.

    .C -FNC;/. See su"ra notes 2E528 an3 a%%o4"anyin# te=t. -FNE$/. For a "ossi8!e rea3in# on t&is "oint7 see C&a"ter C: 'atent Re1or47 I'R Co44ission Fina! Re"ort7 su"ra note D.7 at ...5DC. -FNE./. T&is reGuire4ent %an 8e e=tra"o!ate3 1ro4 Arti%!e 2E..7 &i%& reGuires t&at "atent "rote%tion 8e avai!a8!e 1or any inventions7 &et&er "ro3u%ts or "ro%esses7 in a!! 1ie!3s o1 te%&no!o#y7 an3 Arti%!e C5.<7 e=ten3in# t&e transitiona! "erio3 1or 3eve!o"in# %ountries. TRI'S A#ree4ent7 su"ra note E7 arts. 2E..7 C5.<. For a "ossi8!e rea3in# on t&is "oint7 see C&a"ter 2: )ea!t&7 I'R Co44ission Fina! Re"ort7 su"ra note D.7 at 2;55C. -FNE2/. TRI'S A#ree4ent7 su"ra note E7 art. D.@1A. -FNED/. See ?or!3 Tra3e Or#aniFation *enera! Coun%i!7 A4en34ent o1 t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent7 ?TILIC<. @De%. C7 2$$5A7 avai!a8!e at &tt":II . to.or#Ien#!is&Itrato"LeItri"sLeI t!C<.Le.&t4 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. -FNE</. See ?or!3 Tra3e Or#aniFation *enera! Coun%i!7 I4"!e4entation o1 'ara#ra"& C o1 t&e Do&a De%!aration on t&e TRI'S A#ree4ent an3 'u8!i% )ea!t&7 ?TILI5<$ an3 Corr.. @Au#. D$7 2$$DA7 avai!a8!e at &tt":II . to.or#Ien#!is&Itrato"LeItri"sLeIi4"!e4L"araCLe.&t4 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. -FNE5/. See #enera!!y ?or!3 Tra3e Or#aniFation7 Do&a Deve!o"4ent A#en3a: Ne#otiations7 I4"!e4entation an3 Deve!o"4ent7 &tt":II . to.or#Ien#!is&Itrato"LeI33aLeI33aLe.&t4 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. -FNEC/. For a su##este3 rea3in# on t&is to"i%7 see C&a"ter D: A#ri%u!ture an3 *eneti% Resour%es7 I'R Co44ission Fina! Re"ort7 su"ra note D.7 at 5E5E2. -FNEE/. TRI'S A#ree4ent7 su"ra note E7 art. 2E.D@8A. -FNE8/. See Internationa! Convention 1or t&e 'rote%tion o1 Ne +arieties o1 '!ants7 o"ene3 1or si#nature De%. 27 .;C.7 as revise3 on ,ar. .;7 .;;.7 S. Treaty Do%. No. .$<5.E @.;;.A7 avai!a8!e at &tt":II .u"ov.intIenI"u8!i%ationsI%onventionsI.;;.Ia%t.;;..&t4 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A -&ereina1ter U'O+ Convention/. -FNE;/. For t&e 4e48ers o1 U'O+ .;E8 an3 .;;.7 see ,e48ers o1 t&e Internationa! Union 1or t&e 'rote%tion o1 Ne +arieties o1 '!ants7 &tt":II .u"ov.intIenIa8outI4e48ersI"31I"u8<2D."31 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. U'O+ .;;. entere3 into 1or%e on A"ri! 2<7 .;;8. 'ress Re!ease No. D$7 Internationa! Union For T&e 'rote%tion o1 Ne +arieties o1 '!ants7 T&e .;;. A%t o1 t&e Internationa! Convention 1or 'rote%tion o1 Ne +arieties o1 '!ants @T&e U'O+ ConventionA Enters Into For%e @A"r. 2.7 .;;8A7 &tt":II .u"ov.intIenIne sI"ressroo4ID$.&t4 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. Un3er Arti%!e DE@DA o1 U'O+ .;;.7 no instru4ent o1 a%%ession to U'O+ .;E8 4ay 8e 3e"osite3 a1ter t&e entry into 1or%e o1 U'O+ .;;.. U'O+ Convention7 su"ra note E87 art. DE@DA. A""arent!y7 3eve!o"in# %ountries t&at &a3 8e#un t&e "ro%ess o1 9oinin# U'O+ "rior to t&e 3ate o1 t&e entry into 1or%e o1 U'O+ .;;. ere a!!o e3 to a3&ere to U'O+ .;E8. -FN8$/. Car!os ,. Correa7 Inte!!e%tua! 'ro"erty Ri#&ts7 t&e ?TO an3 Deve!o"in# Countries: T&e

    .E TRI'S A#ree4ent an3 'o!i%y O"tions 5< @Re3 >oo6s Lt3. 2$$$A @%itin# >raFi!ian 'atent La Arti%!e .$..Q7 La ;72E; @.;;CAA. -FN8./. For a "ossi8!e rea3in# on t&is issue7 see C&ar!es R. ,%,anis7 'atentin# *eneti% 'ro3u%ts an3 'ro%esses: A TRI'S 'ers"e%tive7 in 'ers"e%tives on 'ro"erties o1 t&e )u4an *eno4e 'ro9e%t E;7 8E5;5 @F. S%ott Jie117 e3.7 E!sevier A%a3e4i% 'ress 2$$DA. -FN82/. See FAO Treaty7 su"ra note 5C. -FN8D/. See Cary Fo !er7 A%%essin# *eneti% Resour%es: Internationa! La Esta8!is&es ,u!ti!atera! Syste47 5. *eneti% Res. K Cro" Evo!ution C$;7 C$; @2$$<A. -FN8</. FAO Treaty7 su"ra note 5C7 "rea48!e7 arts. ...7 ;. -FN85/. See Consu!tative *rou" on Internationa! A#ri%u!tura! Resear%&7 &tt":II visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. .%#iar.or# @!ast

    -FN8C/. See Ste"&en >. >rus&7 'rote%tin# Tra3itiona! A#ri%u!tura! Jno !e3#e7 .E ?as&. U. J.L. K 'o!Hy 5;7 8.58D @2$$5A. -FN8E/. See FAO Treaty7 su"ra note 5C7 art. .2.D@3A. -FN88/. I3. art. ;..5;.2. T&e %on%e"t o1 BFar4ersH Ri#&tsB as ori#ina!!y e48ra%e3 in a .;8; FAO reso!ution7 a""en3e3 as an anne= to t&e FAOHs .;8D Internationa! Un3erta6in# on '!ant *eneti% Resour%es. Internationa! Un3erta6in# on '!ant *eneti% Resour%es7 Anne= II Reso!ution 5I8;: Far4ersH Ri#&ts7 avai!a8!e at 1t":II1t".1ao.or#Ia#I%#r1aIiuIiute=tE."31 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. T&e %on%e"t o1 BFar4ersH Ri#&tsB re"resente3 a "o!iti%a! rea%tion to anot&er FAO reso!ution7 a!so a""en3e3 as an anne= to t&e Un3erta6in#7 t&at 1irst "ur"orte3 to re%o#niFe "!ant #eneti% resour%es as a B%o44on &erita#eB o1 4an6in3 to 8e "reserve37 an3 to 8e B1ree!y avai!a8!eB 1or use7 1or t&e 8ene1it o1 "resent an3 1uture #enerations7 8ut t&en a%6no !e3#e3 t&at "!ant 8ree3ersH ri#&ts7 as "rovi3e3 1or 8y U'O+7 FAO Treaty7 su"ra note 5C7 ere not in%o4"ati8!e it& t&e Un3erta6in#. Internationa! Un3erta6in# on '!ant *eneti% Resour%es7 Anne= I Reso!ution <I8;: A#ree3 Inter"retation o1 t&e Internationa! Un3erta6in#. T&e %on%e"t o1 BFar4ersH Ri#&tsB as t&us a""arent!y %on%eive3 o1 as an ana!o#ous an3 o11settin# a11ir4ative !e#a! ri#&t t&at 1ar4ers s&ou!3 8e a8!e to assert a#ainst "!ant 8ree3ers7 9ust as "!ant 8ree3ers %ou!3 assert t&e sui #eneris "!ant 8ree3erHs ri#&t a#ainst 1ar4ers @su89e%t7 o1 %ourse7 to any B1ar4ersH "rivi!e#eB re%o#niFe3 in t&e re!evant "!ant variety "rote%tion !e#is!ationA. Arti%!e ;.2 o1 t&e FAO Treaty7 &o ever7 4ere!y states t&at t&e res"onsi8i!ity 1or rea!iFin# Far4ersH Ri#&ts Brests it& nationa! #overn4ents.B FAO Treaty7 su"ra note 5C7 art. ;. For a 3etai!e3 3is%ussion o1 Far4ersH Ri#&ts7 see >rus&7 su"ra note 8C7 at 855;D. -FN8;/. FAO Treaty7 su"ra note 5C7 art. ;.D @BNot&in# in t&is Arti%!e s&a!! 8e inter"rete3 to !i4it any ri#&ts t&at 1ar4ers &ave to save7 use7 e=%&an#e an3 se!! 1ar45save3 see3I"ro"a#atin# 4ateria!7 su89e%t to nationa! !a an3 as a""ro"riate.BA. For 4e48ers o1 U'O+7 &o ever7 t&is 1ar4erHs "rivi!e#e 4ust 8e s"e!!e3 out in t&e 4e48erHs "!ant variety "rote%tion !e#is!ation as a !i4it on t&e sui #eneris "!ant 8ree3ersH ri#&t. Arti%!e .5@2A o1 U'O+ .;;. 4a6es %!ear t&at re%o#nition o1 a 1ar4erHs "rivi!e#e is o"tiona!7 not 4an3atory7 an3 t&at any su%& "rivi!e#e is to 8e !i4ite3 to "er4ittin# 1ar4ers to use 1or "ro"a#atin# "ur"oses7 on t&eir o n &o!3in#s7 t&e "ro3u%t o1 t&e &arvest t&ey o8tain 8y "!antin# a "rote%te3 variety or an essentia!!y 3erive3 version t&ereo1 on t&eir o n &o!3in#s. U'O+ Convention7 su"ra note E87 art. .5@2A. T&is "rivi!e#e is su8stantia!!y narro er t&an t&e "rivi!e#e a!!u3e3 to in Arti%!e

    .8 ;.D o1 t&e FAO Treaty. -FN;$/. TRI'S A#ree4ent7 su"ra note E7 art. 2E.D@8A. -FN;./. FAO Treaty7 su"ra note 5C7 art. .2..@3A. -FN;2/. I3. arts. .2.<7 .D.2@3A@iiA. -FN;D/. See UNCTAD E5Co44er%e Re"ort7 su"ra note 557 at .$$7 &i%& 3istin#uis&es 8et een Bo"en5sour%eB so1t are an3 so1t are 3istri8ute3 un3er t&e B%o"y!e1tB ter4s o1 t&e *NU *enera! 'u8!i% Li%ense7 &i%& reGuires any re3istri8ution o1 *'L so1t are to 8e re!ease3 on!y un3er t&e *'L to "revent t&e B%!osin#B o1 t&e %o3e an3 3eter its use in a "ro"rietary %o44er%ia! 3eve!o"4ent environ4ent. -FN;</. For a 3is%ussion o1 &o Far4ersH Ri#&ts &ave 8een i4"!e4ente3 at t&e nationa! !eve!7 see >rus&7 su"ra note 8C7 at ;D5;8. -FN;5/. Arti%!e .D.2@3A@iiA o1 t&e FAO Treaty s"e%i1ies t&at t&e B*overnin# >o3y s&a!!7 at its 1irst 4eetin#7 3eter4ine t&e !eve!7 1or4 an3 4anner o1 "ay4entB o1 any 4onetary 8ene1its7 Bin !ine it& %o44er%ia! "ra%ti%e.B T&e 1irst 4eetin# o1 t&e *overnin# >o3y too6 "!a%e on June .25.C7 2$$C. For t&e 3ra1t "rovisiona! a#en3a an3 ot&er 3o%u4ents 1or t&is 4eetin#7 see Do%u4ents o1 t&e First Session o1 t&e *overnin# >o3y o1 t&e Internationa! Treaty on '!ant *eneti% Resour%es 1or Foo3 an3 A#ri%u!ture7 June .25.C7 2$$C7 &tt":II .1ao.or#Ia#I%#r1aI#8..&t4 @!ast visite3 Jan. .57 2$$8A. END OF DOCU,ENT @%A 2$.$ T&o4son Reuters. No C!ai4 to Ori#. US *ov. ?or6s. HANYA UNTUK PENGGUNAAN PENDIDIKAN 52 St Louis U. L.J. 855 Saint Louis University La Journa! S"rin# 2$$8 Pen#a%aran Hu&u' Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua! Pasa! ( 855 PENGAJA)AN T)EN LAN*A) DAN PE)KE+,ANGAN INTELEKTUAL DI +ASA DEPAN P)-PE)TI *.ar!es ). +/+anis 01Na23 *o"yri#.t 4 2$$8 Saint Louis University S/.oo! o5 La 6 *.ar!es ). +/+anis Pen#antar Ini .asi! Pasa! "a7a asu'si 8a. a tu%uan a&.ir 7ari .u&u' &e"e'i!i&an inte!e&tua! "en#a%aran 9 7an "en7i7i&an .u&u' "a7a u'u'nya 9 8u&an .anya untu& 'e'8eri&an "en#eta.uan tentan# .u&u': 'e!ain&an untu& 'enana'&an "a7a sis a &e'a'"uan ana!isis yan# 7i"er!u&an untu& 'enera"&an .u&u' yan# 8aru 5a&tua! situasi. Den#an 7e'i&ian: sa!a. satu tu#as yan# "a!in# "entin#: 7an 'enantan#: untu& #uru .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! a7a!a. 'e'8antu 'a.asis a .u&u' 'en#e'8an#&an &e'a'"uan untu&

    .; 'en#i7enti5i&asi 'un/u! 'asa!a. .u&u' 7an 'e'"re7i&si "er&e'8an#an .u&u' 'asa 7e"an 7i 8i7an# .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 7an &e8i%a&an. Tantan#annya 'en%a7i san#at 'ena&ut&an 8a#i "ara #uru .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! &arena si5at se'a&in 7ina'is su8%e&. 7ina'i&a ini a7a!a. "ro7u& 7ari "er&e'8an#an #!o8a! yan# "esat 7a!a' ti#a 8i7an# yan# sa!in# tu'"an# tin7i.; .u&u' internasiona!: te&no!o#i: 7an "er7a#an#an. Sa'"ai 2<<=: 'isa!nya: 8i7an# .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! internasiona! se8a#ian 8esar 7iatur: se"erti yan# su7a. 7i#una&an a8a7 yan# !a!u: o!e. Konvensi Paris untu& Per!in7un#an Pro"erti In7ustria! 01N23 7an Konvensi ,erne untu& Per!in7un#an Karya Sastra 7an Seni Pe&er%aan. 01N23 Tu%uan se7er.ana 7ari &e7ua &onvensi a7a!a.; >2? untu& 'e'asti&an 8a. a ar#a ne#ara asin# 7i8eri&an @0ie: non97is&ri'inati53 nasiona! "en#o8atan@ yan# 8er&aitan 7en#an "er!in7un#an &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! a"a"un an##ota 'e'i!i. untu& 'e'8eri&an ( 85A ar#a ne#ara sen7iri 6 01NB3 >2? untu& 'e'8entu& siste' "rioritas internasiona! untu& "ro"erti in7ustri6 01N=3 7an >B? untu& 'eneta"&an 8e8era"a stan7ar 'ini'u' internasiona! yan# a a!nya se7er.ana untu& 'en/e#a. "ersain#an ti7a& se.at 7an "er!in7un#an &arya sastra 7an artisti&. 01N53 Pa7a ta.un 2<AC: a7'inistrasi &e7ua &onvensi 7i"er/aya&an "a7a se8ua. 8a7an internasiona! yan# 8aru: Dor!7 Inte!!e/tua! Pro"erty -r#aniEation >DIP-?: yan# %u#a untu& 'e'"ro'osi&an "er!in7un#an &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 7i se!uru. 7unia. 01NA3 Pa7a ta.un 2<<=: 8a#ai'ana"un: 8i7an# .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! internasiona! 'en#a!a'i "er#eseran te&toni& 7en#an 7i8er!a&u&annya Persetu%uan Per7a#an#an Ter&ait As"e& Ha& Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua! >T)IPS?: 01NC3 sa!a. satu 8un7e! &ese"a&atan yan# 7a"at 7i&e!o!a o!e. Dor!7 Tra7e 8aru 7i8entu& -r#aniEation >DT-?. 01N83 Per%an%ian T)IPS 7asarnya 7oron# "er!in7un#an &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! &e %antun# .u&u' "er7a#an#an internasiona! 7en#an 'e a%i8&an se'ua an##ota DT- untu& 'e'atu.i se"eran#&at stan7ar 'ini'u' internasiona! untu& "er!in7un#an &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 7an "ene#a&an: 01N<3 7an 7i8eri&an 8a. a setia" "erse!isi.an an##ota atas "e!a&sanaan T)IPS itu .arus 7isera.&an &e"a7a "roses "enye!esaian sen#&eta DT-. 01N2$3 Ti8a9ti8a: DIP-: yan# te!a. #a#a! 8erusa.a 'en#e'8an#&an &onsensus 7i antara an##ota "a7a stan7ar 'ini'u' internasiona! untu& "er!in7un#an &e&ayaan inte!e&tua!: 'ene'u&an 7irinya /ast 7a!a' "eran internasiona! 8aru se8a#ai !e'8a#a internasiona! yan# 8ertan##un# %a a8 untu& 'en%a#a 'enyesuai&an 7iri 7en#an "er&e'8an#an te&no!o#i yan# /e"at: 'en#i7enti5i&asi 'un/u! 'asa!a. .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua!: 7an "en#e'8an#an .u&u' internasiona! 7an &e8i%a&an yan# te"at untu& 'enan#ani isu9isu yan# 'un/u!: se'entara 'enin##a!&an &e DT- untu& 'e'"ero!e. sesuai 7en#an stan7ar 'ini'u' internasiona! T)IPS untu& "er!in7un#an &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 7an "ene#a&an .u&u'. 01N223 ( 85C ,i7an# te&no!o#i 7ua yan# te!a. 'ena ar&an tantan#an yan# "a!in# si#ni5i&an 8a#i "en#e'8an#an "ro"erti inte!e&tua! &e8i%a&an internasiona! a7a!a. te&no!o#i 7i#ita! 7an 8iote&no!o#i. Se8a#ai /onto.: 8a.&an se8a#ai Per%an%ian T)IPS se7an# 7ise!esai&an: revo!usi Internet 7an 8iote&no!o#i a7a!a. 'en#u'"u!&an &e&uatan: se.in##a 8anya& &o'entator 'en#&riti& Per%an%ian T)IPS se8a#ai 7o&u'en 7asarnya 'un7ur9'en/ari yan# se8a#ian 8esar #a#a! untu& 'enan#ani te&no!o#i yan# 'un/u! 7an ter&ait isu9isu .a& &e&ayaan inte!e&tua!. 01N223 T)IPS !a&u&an: tentu sa%a: tentu&an; >2? 8a. a "ro#ra' &o'"uter .arus 7i!in7un#i se8a#ai &arya sastra 7i 8a a. Konvensi ,ern6 01N2B3 >2? 8a. a 7ata8ase yan# 7en#an a!asan "e'i!i.an atau "en#aturan 7ari isinya 'eru"a&an inte!e&tua! &reasi .arus 7i!in7un#i se"erti6 01N2=3 >B? 8a. a 'i&ro9or#anis'e 7an "roses 'i&ro8io!o#is a7a!a. su8ye& 7i"aten&an6 01N253 7an >=? 8a. a varietas tana'an .arus 7i!in7un#i 8ai& o!e. "aten atau 7en#an siste' sui #eneris yan# e5e&ti5 atau 7en#an &o'8inasi 7ari"a7anya. 01N2A3 Pa7a saat yan# sa'a: 8a#ai'ana"un: Per%an%ian T)IPS ter%a a8 8anya& "ertanyaan yan# 'un/u! &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! yan# 'e!a.ir&an o!e. revo!usi 7i#ita! 7an 8iote&no!o#i.

    2$ Hanya 7ua ta.un sete!a. Per%an%ian T)IPS 7ia7o"si: 'isa!nya: DIP- 'erasa "er!u untu& 'en#a7a&an &on5erensi internasiona! untu& 'en#atasi revo!usi 7i#ita! 7en#an 'en##a'8ar 1a/e8oo& se"asan# 8aru "er%an%ian internasiona!: DIP- *o"yri#.t Treaty 01N2C3 7an DIPPer5or'an/es ter&ait 7an Per%an%ian re&a'an suara. 01N283 T.e DIP- *o"yri#.t Treaty 'e'8uat %e!as 8a. a "ro#ra'9"ro#ra' &o'"uter &arya sastra 7i 8a a. Konvensi ,ern6 01N2<3 'en#a&ui .a& se a e&s&!usi5 untu& "ro#ra' &o'"uter: &arya sine'ato#ra5i: 7an &arya9&arya yan# ter&an7un# 7a!a' re&a'an suara6 01N2$3 7an se/ara e&s"!isit 7ia&ui e&s&!usi5 .a& untu& 'en#iEin&an &o'uni&asi &e"a7a "u8!i& 7ari suatu &arya 8er.a& /i"ta 'e!a!ui &a8e! atau nir&a8e!. 01N223 Ha! ini %u#a 7i8er!a&u&an 7ua 8aru @"ara9.a& /i"ta@ &e a%i8an untu& 'en/e#a. "en#e!a&an !an#&a. te&no!o#i yan# e5e&ti5 untu& 'en/e#a. "en##unaan ti7a& sa. ter.a7a" &arya 8er.a& /i"ta 7an untu& 'enye7ia&an "e'u!i.an yan# e5e&ti5 ter.a7a" "en#.a"usan 'en#eta.ui atau "eru8a.an 7ari setia" in5or'asi 'ana%e'en .a& e!e&troni& ( 858 >ter'asu& "ersyaratan 7an &on7isi "en##unaan &arya? tan"a otorisasi. Para Kiner%a DIP- 7an )e&a'an Per%an%ian 7i/i"ta&an seru"a @"ara9.a& /i"ta@ &e a%i8an se.u8un#an 7en#an re&a'an suara. 01N223 T.e DIP- %u#a 'eni!ai: teta"i a&.irnya 'e'utus&an untu& ti7a& 'en#a7o"si: "er!in7un#an "er%an%ian 7ata8ase 'o7e! yan# 7iusu!&an Uni Ero"a Data8ase Dire/tive: yan# 'en#a'anat&an "e'8entu&an sui #eneris 8entu& 8aru "er!in7un#an &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! untu& 7ata8ase. 01N2B3 Se'entara itu: 7i 8a#ian 7e"an "er7a#an#an internasiona!: DT- "a7a ta.un 2<<< 'ene'u&an 7irinya te#ar 'en#.a7a"i 5eno'ena #!o8a!isasi 7an &eti7a&"uasan: se"erti Kon5erensi Tin#&at +enteri 7i Seatt!e runtu. 7i ten#a. &e&erasan 7an #as air 'ata 8e/!ou7e7 "rotes anti9#!o8a!isasi. 01N2=3 "e'8a!i&an ini 'eran#san# "ener8itan De&!arasi Do.a "a7a ta.un 2$$2: 01N253 7i 'ana DT- 'en#a&ui 8a. a .a! itu "er!u !e8i. sensiti5 ter.a7a" &e8utu.an 7an &e"entin#an ne#ara9ne#ara 8er&e'8an#. Se/ara &.usus: De&!arasi Do.a 'ene&an&an 8a. a Per%an%ian T)IPS a7a!a. untu& 7ita5sir&an 7en#an /ara 'en7u&un# &ese.atan 'asyara&at: 7en#an 'e'"ro'osi&an a&ses &e o8at9o8atan yan# a7a 7an "ene!itian 7an "en#e'8an#an 'en%a7i o8at 8aru: se"erti yan# 7i8i!an# 7a!a' se8ua. 7e&!arasi ter"isa. 'en#a&ui #ravitasi &ese.atan 'asyara&at 'asa!a. 'e!an7a 8anya& ne#ara 8er&e'8an# 7an ne#ara9ne#ara 8er&e'8an#. 01N2A3 A&.irnya: yan# 'e'isa.&an DT- De&!arasi Per%an%ian T)IPS 7an Kese.atan +asyara&at 01N2C3 'en#ara. "a7a 'o7i5i&asi "erta'a 7ari Per%an%ian T)IPS: santai Pasa! B2Fs "e'8atasan &etat "a7a !isensi a%i8 untu& 'e'un#&in&an satu an##ota untu& 'e'aso& an##ota !ain 7en#an o8at9o8atan "aten tan"a otorisasi 7ari "e'e#an# "aten. 01N283 Se!ain itu: atas 7esa&an ne#ara9ne#ara 8er&e'8an#: De&!arasi Do.a &.usus 7itu%u&an De an T)IPS untu& ( 85< 'en#u%i .u8un#an antara Per%an%ian T)IPS 7an Konvensi Keane&ara#a'an Hayati: serta "er!in7un#an "en#eta.uan tra7isiona! 7an /erita ra&yat. 01N2<3 +enyi'"an# 7ari "ener8itan 7ua 7e&!arasi: 7an sasaran a'8isius yan# 7iteta"&an untu& Putaran Do.a 7ari "erun7in#an "er7a#an#an 'u!ti!atera!: "en/a"aian se%au. ini te!a. se7er.ana: 7an ne#osiasi 7a!a' 8a.aya 7ea7!o/&in# "a7a su8si7i "ertanian 7an a&ses &e "asar "ertanian 7i 7unia in7ustri: 7an a&i8atnya i'"eri!in# "e!a&sanaan Per%an%ian T)IPS 7i ne#ara 8er&e'8an#. Ini: &e'u7ian: 'eru"a&an 8e8era"a 'asa!a. internasiona! yan# 'un/u! &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! yan# #uru &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! "er!u a!a'at. Tu%uan 7ari Pasa! ini a7a!a. untu& 'enun%u&&an 8a#ai'ana #uru &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! ter8ai& 8isa 'e!a&u&an itu. Sa!a. satu "i!i.an: tentu sa%a: a7a!a. ter'asu& 7a!a' setia" &ursus 7i&.usus&an untu& 8i7an# tertentu .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! >"aten: .a& /i"ta: 'ere& 7a#an#: 7!!? &o'"onen yan# se/ara &.usus 'enan#ani 'asa!a. yan# 'un/u!: teruta'a yan# 'e!i8at&an isu9isu .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! internasiona!. Ji&a "en#a!a'an Penu!is Pasa! ini a7a!a. "an7uan: 8a#ai'ana"un: 8ai& 'asa!a. &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 'un/u! 7an .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! internasiona! /en7erun# untu& 'en7a"at&an se7i&it "er.atian 7a!a' "ro#ra'

    2. 7asar &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! "en#antar: teruta'a %i&a 'ere&a terte'"e! 7i se8a#ai 7ua to"i& tera&.ir untu& ter/a&u" "a7a &ursus. Seoran# #uru tera'"i! 'un#&in 8isa 'enyentu. sa!a. satu 7ari 7ua to"i& 7a!a' se8ua. "en#antar sa%a: ta"i %aran# a7a a&tu untu& 'enutu" &e7ua se/ara 'e'a7ai: teruta'a %i&a &ursus "en#antar tertentu %u#a 'e!i"uti 8i7an# ta'8a.an atas &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! atau un7an#9un7an# "ersain#an ti7a& se.at: se"erti uti!itas 'o7e!: 7esain in7ustri: ra.asia 7a#an#: 7esain /.i" se'i&on7u&tor: atau "er!in7un#an varietas tana'an. Tantan#annya a7a!a. 'asi. !e8i. 'ena&ut&an 7a!a' suatu &ursus "en#antar &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! u'u' 8erusa.a untu& 'ena ar&an "en#ena!an 7i9"a"an9 untu& "aten: .a& /i"ta: 7an .u&u' 'ere& 7a#an#. Di sisi !ain: "ro#ra' &onse"tua!isasi yan# 7itu%u&an &.usus untu& 'un/u! isu9isu .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! atau .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! internasiona! 'enya%i&an tantan#an tersen7iri: se8a#ai "ro#ra' terse8ut 7a"at 7i%a!an&an atau 8erat se8a#ai 'asa!a. "ra&tis. Seoran# #uru 'ena ar&an "ro#ra' yan# 7itu%u&an &.usus untu& 'un/u! isu9isu .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! a&an "er!u 'en#e'8an#&an 8a.an sen7iri 'en#a%ar 7an 'un#&in a&an "er!u 'en#.arus&an 'a.asis a untu& 'en#a'8i! satu atau !e8i. "ro#ra' "en#antar &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! se8a#ai "rasyarat. ,a.&an &e'u7ian .a! se"erti itu 'un#&in ti7a& 8isa 7i%a!an&an: se8a#ai sis a 8e!u' tentu 'e'i!i&i !an7asan yan# sa'a 7i i!aya. yan# sa'a .u&u' &e"e'i!i&an inte!e&tua! 7asar. Guru internasiona! "ro#ra' .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! %u#a 'un#&in "er!u 'en#e'8an#&an 8a.an sen7iri 7an 'eneta"&an "rasyarat untu& &ursus. Di sini: %u#a: tentu sa%a 8isa ter8u&ti ti7a& 8isa 7i%a!an&an atau 8erat: teruta'a %i&a tu%uan &ursus a7a!a. untu& 'e'8eri&an sis a 7en#an "en#ena!an 8A$ ( &o'"re.ensi5 untu& se'ua "er%an%ian internasiona! &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! yan# a7a. Na'un: tantan#an &e'8ar "en#a%aran 'un/u! isu9isu &e"e'i!i&an inte!e&tua! 7an 'en#a%ar .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! internasiona! 'ena ar&an "otensi untu& so!usi terinte#rasi tun##a! untu& &e7ua tantan#an. Hi"otesis 7asar yan# a&an 'e'an7u 7is&usi 7a!a' sisa 7ari Pasa! ini a7a!a. 8a. a "en7e&atan yan# ter8ai& untu& 'en#a%ar 'un/u! 'asa!a. &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! a7a!a. 7en#an 'e'an5aat&an 'asa!a. ini se8a#ai "en#or#anisasian te'a atau to"i& untu& 'e'8eri&an 5o&us &e "ro#ra' .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! internasiona! 7asar atau se'inar. Se/ara &.usus: Pasa! ini a&an 'en%e!as&an se8ua. &ursus "ro"erti internasiona! 7asar inte!e&tua! yan# Penu!is te!a. 8er.asi! 7ia%ar&an 7a!a' 8er8a#ai &onte&s untu& 8er8a#ai sis a: 8anya& 7i antaranya ti7a& 'e'i!i&i !atar 8e!a&an# se8e!u'nya 7a!a' .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua!. 01NB$3 Tu%uan "en7i7i&an 7ari "ro#ra' ini a7a!a. untu& 'e'"er&ena!&an 'a.asis a .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! "a7a u'u'nya 7an .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! internasiona! &.ususnya: se'entara "a7a saat yan# sa'a 'e'8antu sis a 'en#i7enti5i&asi 7an 'en#ana!isa isu9isu yan# 'un/u! .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua!. Pro#ra' ini 7ise!en##ara&an 7i se%u'!a. to"i& 7an su89to"i&: 7i'u!ai 7en#an to"i& u'u': &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 7an "er7a#an#an internasiona!: 7ii&uti o!e. "e'eri&saan 'asa!a. .u&u' &.usus yan# 7i8esar&an o!e. te&no!o#i 7i#ita! 7an 8iote&no!o#i: 'asin#9'asin#. Pe'8a/aan untu& &ursus itu se!uru.nya ter7iri 7ari "ri'er 8a.an .u&u' internasiona! 7an su'8er9su'8er se&un7er yan# 7i"i!i.: se8a#ian 8esar yan# 7a"at 7ia&ses se/ara on!ine: 7an /onto.9/onto. yan# a&an 7i8eri&an 7a!a' /atatan &a&i se"an%an# Pasa! ini. 01NB23 Dua 'eto7e "e7a#o#is uta'a untu& 7i"e&er%a&an 7a!a' &ursus terse8ut a7a!a.; >2? ter!i8at 7a!a' "e'8a/aan 7e&at 7an ana!isis te&s .u&u' 7asar: 7an >2? 'en##una&an te&s ini untu& 'en#i7enti5i&asi 7an 'en#ana!isa isu9isu yan# 'un/u! s"esi5i& .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! internasiona! . ( 8A2 I. Saya To"i/; Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua! 7an Per7a#an#an Internasiona! Tu%uan a a!nya a7a!a. untu& 'e'"er&ena!&an "a7a sis a ter.a7a" Per%an%ian T)IPS 7an isu9isu &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 8a. a a!a'at: &.ususnya yan# 7ii7enti5i&asi 7a!a' De&!arasi

    22 Do.a. 01NB23 +e'an#: Per%an%ian T)IPS 7an Do.a Deve!o"'ent A#en7a 'enye7ia&an anato'i .u&u' 7asar untu& &ursus se/ara &ese!uru.an. 01NBB3 +isa!nya: Pasa! 2.2 7ari Per%an%ian T)IPS 'ena ar&an sis a 7e5inisi &er%a a"a yan# 'eru"a&an @&e&ayaan inte!e&tua!@ untu& tu%uan 7ari Per%an%ian T)IPS 7an se&a!i#us 'e'"er&ena!&an sis a 7en#an anato'i 7asar ,a#ian II T)IPS: yan# 'enentu&an stan7ar 'ini'u' internasiona! 'en#enai &eterse7iaan : !in#&u": 7an "en##unaan tu%u. %enis 7is&rit &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 7an "en#en7a!ian "ra&te&9"ra&te& anti9&o'"etiti5 7a!a' &ontra& !isensi. 01NB=3 Dari unsur9unsur stru&tura! 7a!a' Per%an%ian T)IPS: #uru .arus 'a'"u 'e'8antu sis a 'en#e'8an#&an se8ua. 'atri&s: atau #ra5i&: untu& 7i#una&an 7i se!uru. &ursus: 'en#inte#rasi&an 8er8a#ai %enis .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 7an ti#a 5ase 7asar 7ari "ra&te& &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! >a&uisisi: "ene#a&an: 7an !isensi atau "en#a!i.an .a&?. Di 8a#ian atas #ra5i& a7a!a. s"e&tru' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 7an .a& ter&ait >.a& /i"ta 7an .a& ter&ait: 'ere& 7a#an#: in7i&asi #eo#ra5is: 7esain in7ustri: "aten:9tata !eta& 7esain sir&uit ter"a7u: 7an in5or'asi yan# 7ira.asia&an?. Di sisi #ra5i& a7a!a. ti#a 5ase "ra&te& &e&ayaan inte!e&tua!: yan# 7a"at 7i8a#i se8a#ai 8eri&ut; 2. Pero!e.an .a&; >A? su8%e&9'ateri yan# 7i!in7un#i6 7an >,? "ersyaratan su8stanti5 7an "rose7ura! untu& 'e'"ero!e. "er!in7un#an. 2. Pene#a&an .a& e&s&!usi5; >A? ruan# !in#&u" 7an %an#&a a&tu .a& e&s&!usi5: 7an >,? "e!an##aran "ri'a 5a/ie >ter'asu& &e"e'i!i&an .a&: !an#sun# 8ertin7a& 'e!an##ar: "e'8erian 7oron#an a&ti5: "e!an##aran &ontri8usi: 7an &e a%i8an "er a&i!an?: "erta.anan: 7an o8at. ( 8A2 B. PeriEinan 7an Pen#a!i.an .a&; >A? !isensi >su&are!a 7an a%i8?: 7an >,? Penyera.an >"en%ua!an: .a7ia.: trans5er asiat?. Sin#&atnya: ini @IP Hu&u' 7an Pra&te&@ 'atri&s 'ena ar&an /ara 8a#i sis a untu& 'en#&a%i .u&u' 7an "ra&te& &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! se/ara &ese!uru.an 7an a#ar sesuai 7en#an &etentuan9&etentuan tertentu 7ari Persetu%uan T)IPS &e 7a!a' suatu 'osai& yan# !e8i. 8esar. Se8a#ai /onto.: se8ua. "e'eri&saan 7a5tar isi 7ari Per%an%ian T)IPS a&an 'e'8uat %e!as 8a. a: se!ain untu& 'eneta"&an stan7ar 'ini'u' untu& "er!in7un#an &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 7a!a' ,a#ian II: Per%an%ian T)IPS %u#a 'eneta"&an stan7ar "ene#a&an 'ini'u' 7i ,a#ian III: 'ini'a! a7'inistrasi 7an stan7ar "rose7ur untu& a&uisisi 7an "e'e!i.araan .a& &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 7a!a' ,a#ian IG: 7an "a7a saat yan# sa'a 'eneta"&an siste' untu& "enye!esaian sen#&eta internasiona! 7i antara an##otanya 7a!a' ,a#ian G: se'entara 'enan#ani "en#aturan transisi 7an 8er8a#ai institusi 7a!a' ,a8 GI 7an GII. 01NB53 Pasa! 2: "a7a #i!irannya: ti7a& .anya 'e'8uat re5erensi &e ,a#ian II: III: 7an IG 7ari Per%an%ian T)IPS: 01NBA3 teta"i %u#a 'en#a/u "a7a "er%an%ian yan# a7a &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! "ri'er: yaitu Konvensi Paris: Konvensi ,ern: 7an Konvensi )o'a. Ini 'enye7ia&an #uru 7en#an &ese'"atan untu& 'en#i7enti5i&asi 'ateri "e!a%aran 7asar yan# 7i!in7un#i o!e. Konvensi ini: se"erti yan# 7isaran&an o!e. %u7u! "enu. 'ere&a 7a!a' /atatan &a&i 7ua >yaitu: "ro"erti in7ustri: &arya sastra 7an artisti&: 7an @.a&9.a& tetan##a@ se.u8un#an 7en#an "ertun%u&an: re&a'an suara: 7an siaran?. 01NBC3 De'i&ian "u!a: Pasa! 2: 7ia'8i! 8ersa'a9sa'a 7en#an Pasa! B: =: 7an 5: 'ena ar&an &ese'"atan untu& 'e'"er&ena!&an 'a.asis a ter.a7a" &onse" nasiona! >atau non9 7is&ri'inati5? "en#o8atan 7an "era atan yan# "a!in# 7isu&ai98an#sa: 7an untu& !e'8a#a "en7a'"in# internasiona! DT-: -r#anisasi Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua! Dunia. Dis&usi ini: "a7a #i!irannya: a&an 'e'un#&in&an #uru untu& 'e'8e7a&an tu%uan ter8atas &onvensi Paris: ,erne: 7an )o'a 7ari tu%uan yan# !e8i. a'8isius 7ari Persetu%uan T)IPS. Pe'eri&sa Pasa! 2

    2D sa'"ai 5 7ari Per%an%ian T)IPS %u#a a&an 'e'8eri&an 8atu !on/atan untu& 'e'"er&ena!&an "eran DIP- 7a!a' a7'inistrasi Paris: ,erne: 7an )o'a Konvensi: serta "er%an%ian ta'8a.an ter&ait: se"erti Patent *oo"eration Treaty: Per%an%ian +a7ri7 7an Proto&o! Pen7a5taran +ere& Internasiona!: Per%an%ian Lis8on untu& Per!in7un#an untu& A""e!!ations Asa! 7an 'ere&a Internasiona! )e#istrasi: 7!! 01NB83 8AB ( Pen#ena!an atas %u#a a&an 'e!eta&&an 7asar untu& ter%un a a! &e ,a#ian II Per%an%ian T)IPS: 7i 'ana Pasa! < 7an 2$: 'asin#9'asin#: 'ena ar&an /onto. to"i& T)IPS "ro"erti inte!e&tua! &.usus 'enurun &e a!a'at >yaitu: .a& 'ora! 7ari "enu!is ?: se.in##a 'enun7a untu& &o'"etensi e&s&!usi5 DIP-: 01NB<3 7an /onto. 7ari &etentuan T)IPS !e8i. intervensionis: yan# 'enentu&an 8a. a "ro#ra' &o'"uter: 8ai& 7a!a' su'8er atau &o7e o8%e&: .arus 7i!in7un#i se8a#ai &arya sastra 7i 8a a. Konvensi ,ern. 01N=$3 Per!u 'enun%u&&an &e"a7a sis a 8a. a %u'!a. "enyisi.an tera&.ir 7en#an @a'an7e'en@ 7e 5a/to 7ari Konvensi ,ern 9 "eru8a.an yan# 7i8eri&an status 7e %ure 7en#an 7iun7an#&annya 7ari DIP- *o"yri#.t Treaty "a7a ta.un 2<<A. Guru %u#a 7a"at 'e'inta sis a untu& 'e'i&ir&an 'en#a"a Per%an%ian T)IPS .or'at "a7a to"i& .a& 'ora!: ta"i ti7a& "a7a "er!in7un#an "ro#ra' &o'"uter: se.in##a 'enyoroti 5a&ta 8a. a ti7a& se'ua 'asa!a. &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! @yan# ter&ait 7en#an "er7a#an#an.@ Se8ua. ana!isis &o'"arati5 su8stanti5 stan7ar 'ini'u' internasiona! 8a#i "er!in7un#an &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! yan# ter/antu' 7a!a' ,a8 II: ,a#ian 2 sa'"ai C 7ari Per%an%ian T)IPS: "a7a #i!irannya: .arus 'e'un#&in&an sis a untu& 'e!i.at 8a. a setia" 8a#ian yan# 7ise!en##ara&an sesuai 7en#an @IP Hu&u' 7an Pra&te& @'atri&s 7i%e!as&an 7i atas 9 yaitu: setia" 8a#ian 'erin/i 'ateri "e!a%aran 7an stan7ar untu& "er!in7un#an "erta'a: 7ii&uti 7en#an arti&e! 'enentu&an ruan# !in#&u": isti!a.: 7an &eter8atasan .a& e&s&!usi5: 7an 'enyi'"u!&an 7en#an arti&e! yan# re!evan tentan# "eriEinan 7an tu#as: se8a#ai'ana !e8i. !an%ut 7itentu&an o!e. Pasa! tun##a! ,a#ian 8Fs 'en#i%in&an an##ota DT- untu& 'en#ontro! "ra&te& anti "ersain#an !isensi. De'i&ian %u#a: "e'eri&saan ,a#ian III .arus 'e'8eri&an "ara sis a 7en#an "e'a.a'an 7asar stan7ar internasiona! "rose7ura! 7an "er8ai&an 'ini'u' untu& "er!in7un#an &e&ayaan inte!e&tua!. Den#an se!esainya ini "en#ena!an 7asar Per%an%ian T)IPS 7an .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! internasiona! "a7a u'u'nya: 'a.asis a se&aran# 7i!en#&a"i untu& 'e'"erti'8an#&an 8e8era"a sen#&eta "ena5siran yan# 'un#&in 7i8esar&an 7a!a' "roses "enye!esaian sen#&eta DT-: ter#a8un# "a7a ,a#ian G 7ari Per%an%ian T)IPS: atas 'a&na 8er8a#ai &etentuan T)IPS. Pa7a titi& ini: #uru 7a"at 'e'inta sis a untu& 'e'8a/a 7i"i!i. DT&e"utusan "enye!esaian sen#&eta: &arena ini &e"utusan yan# 'u7a. 7ia&ses se/ara on!ine. 01N=23 Sete!a. sis a 'en7a"at&an #a'8aran u'u' tentan# %enis sen#&eta yan# su7a. 7ia%u&an untu& reso!usi DT-: tentu sa%a &e'u7ian 8isa 8eru8a. 'en%a7i yan# "erta'a 7ari 7ua &ate#ori u'u' 'un/u! "ersoa!an .u&u' yan# .arus 7i"erti'8an#&an 7a!a' sisa &ursus 9 yaitu yan# 7i.asi!&an o!e. te&no!o#i 7i#ita!. ( 8A= II. To"i/ II; Te&no!o#i Di#ita! Se"erti yan# 7iusu!&an 7i atas: se8ua. a a! ter%un &e ,a#ian II Per%an%ian T)IPS a&an se#era 'en#.a7a"i sis a 7en#an /onto. &on&ret 'asa!a. .a& /i"ta 'en7asar yan# ti'8u! se8a#ai a&i8at 7ari 'un/u!nya te&no!o#i 7i#ita! 9 yaitu a"a&a. "eran#&at !una& &o'"uter 7a!a' se#a!a 8entu&nya .arus 7i&!asi5i&asi&an 7an 7i!in7un#i se8a#ai &arya sastra. Per!in7un#an ter.a7a" "ro#ra' &o'"uter 'eru"a&an te'"at yan# i7ea! untu& 'e'u!ai 7is&usi tentan# isu9isu yan# 'un/u! IP: &arena 'e'8eri&an /onto. yan# 8ai& tentan# suatu .a! @.y8ri7@ su8%e& yan# 'un#&in "rote/ta8!e o!e. !e8i. 7ari satu 8entu& .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua!. 01N=23 Sete!a. se'ua: se8ua. "ro#ra' &o'"uter 7a!a' su'8er9&o7e >'isa!nya: ter8a/a9'anusia?

    2< 'e'8entu& %e!as 'un/u! untu& 'e'enu.i syarat se8a#ai &arya sastra 'e'i!i&i .a& /i"ta: teta"i "ro#ra' yan# sa'a 7a!a' o8%e&9&o7e >'isa!nya: 'esin97i8a/a? 8entu& ta'"a&nya untu& 'e!a&u&an !e8i. se"erti 'esin 8a#ian: 7an &eti&a tertana' 7a!a' sir&uit ter"a7u: 8a.&an ter!i.at !e8i. se"erti 8a#ian 'esin 7ari se8ua. &arya sastra. De'i&ian %u#a: se8ua. "ro#ra' &o'"uter 7a"at se/ara !uas 7i7istri8usi&an 7a!a' 8entu& &o7e9o8ye&: se7an#&an 7i%a#a &etat se8a#ai ra.asia 7a#an# 7a!a' 8entu& &o7e su'8er. A"a&a. .u&u' ra.asia 7a#an# satu9satunya 8entu& "er!in7un#an yan# terse7ia untu& "ro#ra' &o'"uter: itu %e!as a&an ta'"a&nya 7i8o!e.&an untu& 'e!a&u&an reverse en#ineerin# se8ua. "ro#ra' &o'"uter "u8!i& 7i7istri8usi&an: se8a#ai reverse en#ineerin# "ro7u& "u8!i& 7i7istri8usi&an a7a!a. sarana 7i"er8o!e.&an 'a"an 'e'"ero!e. ra.asia 7a#an# 7ari !ain: na'un 'un7ur re&ayasa "eran#&at !una& %u#a se8esar 'ere"ro7u&si: atau seti7a&nya 'ener%e'a.&an: "ro#ra': yan# 'e!an##ar satu atau !e8i. .a& e&s&!usi5 yan# 7i8eri&an o!e. .u&u' .a& /i"ta. A&.irnya: se8ua. "ro#ra' &o'"uter ti7a& .anya 'e'8eri&an instru&si untu& 'esin: teta"i %u#a 'en#.asi!&an &arya yan# ter"isa. "a7a !ayar &o'"uter: 7an 'ere&a 8e&er%a: "a7a #i!irannya: 'un#&in &arya sastra: 8er#a'8ar: #ra5is: atau &arya 5i!': 7an 'un#&in %u#a 7isertai 7en#an 'usi& &arya yan# %u#a 7i.asi!&an o!e. "ro#ra' &o'"uter. ,e8era"a e!e'en 7ari !ayar 'un#&in 8e#itu san#at &.as untu& 'eru"a&an 'ere& 7a#an#: 8e8era"a e!e'en 'un#&in san#at 5un#siona! >'isa!nya: i&on?: 7an se'uanya 8o!e. 7i8i!an# 8entu& 7i#ita! 7ari "a&aian "er7a#an#an: se!ain 'en%a7i su8ye& .a& /i"ta.

    Ji&a #uru in#in 'e'8eri&an sis a 7en#an "er8an7in#an: serta "en#antar: internasiona! untu& .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua!: sa'8i! 'en%e!a%a.i ( 8A5 isu9isu s"esi5i& &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! yan# te!a. 7i.asi!&an o!e. te&no!o#i 7i#ita!: ini 7a"at 7i!a&u&an 7en#an 'e'8an7in#&an AS 7an Ero"a "en7e&atan untu& ti#a &ontroversi tertentu yan# 'e!i8at&an te&no!o#i 7i#ita! 9 yaitu; >2? "er7e8atan intero"era8i!itas: >2? 'assa9"asar >s.rin&9 ra" 7an &!i&9 ra"? 7e8at "eriEinan: 7an >B? "er!in7un#an "er7e8atan 7ata8ase. +isa!nya: #uru 7a"at 'e'inta sis a untu& 'e'eri&sa Petun%u& Ko'isi Ero"a tentan# Per!in7un#an Hu&u' Pro#ra' Ko'"uter 01N=B3 7an 'eneta"&an 8a/aan yan# 'e'8an7in#&an AS 7an Uni Ero"a "en7e&atan &e reverse en#ineerin# "eran#&at !una& 7an 7e8at intero"era8i!itas. 01N==3 Sis a %u#a 'un#&in 7i'inta untu& 'e'8a/a 'ateri 'e'8an7in#&an A'eri&a Seri&at 7an Uni Ero"a "en7e&atan untu& "eriEinan "asar 'assa! "ro#ra' &o'"uter. 01N=53 A&.irnya: sis a 'un#&in a&an 7i'inta untu& 'e'8a/a Uni Ero"a Data8ase Dire/tive: 01N=A3 yan# 'en/i"ta&an 8entu& sui #eneris 8aru "er!in7un#an &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! atas isi .a& /i"ta non97ata8ase: 7an 'e'8a/a 8a.an 'e'8an7in#&an A'eri&a Seri&at 7an Uni Ero"a "en7e&atan untu& "er!in7un#an 7ata8ase. 01N=C3 A&.ir to"i& ini 'ena ar&an &ese'"atan san#at 8ai& untu& 'en#e&s"!orasi "er8e7aan antara @"er!a&uan nasiona!@ 7an @ti'8a! 8a!i& 'ateri:@ se8a#ai Uni Ero"a Data8ase Instru&si 'e'uat &etentuan ti'8a! 8a!i& 'ateri: 'e'8atasi "er!in7un#an sui #eneris 7ata8ase untu& ar#ane#ara atau "en7u7u& 8iasa 7ari Uni Ero"a ne#ara9ne#ara an##ota: 8isnis 'e'i!i&i &antor ter7a5tar 7an .u8un#an 8isnis yan# 8er&e!an%utan 7an as!i &e Uni Ero"a ne#ara an##ota: 7an 'ere&a ar#a ne#ara asin# 7ari ne#ara9ne#ara yan# 'e'"er!uas

    25 "er!in7un#an yan# se8an7in# 7en#an 7ata8ase ar#ane#ara atau "en7u7u& 8iasa 7ari Uni Ero"a ne#ara an##ota. 01N=83 A"a&a. 7an se%au. a"a an##ota DT- 7an H atau an##ota Konvensi Paris atau ,erne 8isa ( 8AA sui #eneris &on7isi "er!in7un#an &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! untu& non9 ar#a ne#ara atas 7asar ti'8a!98a!i& 'ateri a7a!a. "entin# >'es&i"un 'us&i!? inte!e&tua! internasiona! isu "ro"erti yan# Per%an%ian T)IPS sen7iri ti7a& se/ara e&s"!isit a!a'at. 01N=<3 Den#an 'un/u!nya Internet: tu'"u&an 8aru 'asa!a. 'ere& 7a#an# 7an .a& /i"ta yan# 7i.asi!&an: se8a#ai e8 7eve!o"er /er7as .a!a'an 8e!a%ar untu& 'enari& @.its@ >atau 'en#e'8an#&an "e!uan# untu& ar8itra#e? 7en#an 'en7a5tar 7an 'en##una&an tan7a9tan7a !ain se8a#ai na'a 7o'ain >@/y8ersIuattin# @?. +ere&a %u#a 'e'an5aat&an tan7a oran# !ain se8a#ai 'eta9ta# untu& 'enari& "er.atian 'esin "en/ari internet: 7i8an#un .a!a'an e8 yan# @5ra'e@ .a!a'an e8 !ain: 7an 8a.&an 'en#a7o"si na'a 7o'ain yan# ter7iri 7ari sa!a. e%aan ter&ena! 7ari tan7a atau na'a 7o'ain oran# !ain >@ty"osIuattin#@?. ,er"ose 5a&ta situasi .i"otetis 7ari %enis yan# tera&.ir a&an 'enye7ia&an #uru 7en#an &ese'"atan yan# 8ai& untu& 'e'"er&ena!&an "er8e7aan antara &e8in#un#an &onsu'en 'en#enai su'8er 8aran# atau %asa >8a.aya &!asi& 8a. a .u&u' 'ere& 7a#an# 8eru"aya 'en/e#a.? 7an @&e"entin#an a a!@ &e8in#un#an: yan# .anya 'en#ena&an 8iaya "en/arian yan# ti7a& 7iin#in&an a a! "a7a &onsu'en. 01N5$3 Guru %u#a 'un#&in in#in 'enanya&an &e"a7a sis a untu& 'e'"erti'8an#&an a"a&a. /y8ersIuattin# 8isa 7i&ata&an untu& @'en/air&an@ tan7a yan# ter&ena!: 7an a"a&a.: 7a!a' 'e'"er!uas ruan# !in#&u" A8is Pasa! Konvensi Paris: Pasa! 2A.B 7ari Per%an%ian T)IPS atau ti7a& 'e'er!u&an an##ota DT- untu& 'e!in7un#i 'ere& ter&ena! ter.a7a" "en#en/eran. 01N523 *ara !ain untu& 'en%e!a%a.i &ontroversi na'a 7o'ain internasiona!: se'entara "a7a saat yan# sa'a 'e'"er&ena!&an sis a untu& te&no!o#i 'en#.asi!&an isu9isu ini: a7a!a. untu& 'eneta"&an tu#as "ene!itian /y8ersIuattin#: 'e'er!u&an sis a untu& 'e'eri&sa &ontroversi 7o'ain on!ine yan# se8enarnya na'a 7i"utus&an o!e. DIP- Ar8itrase 7an +e7iasi *enter. 01N523 Ini %u#a a&an 'en%a7i titi& yan# te"at 7a!a' "er%a!anan untu& 'e!a&u&an stu7i rin/i tentan# Per%an%ian Ha& *i"ta DIP- 7an 'en#e&s"!orasi i'"!e'entasi nasiona! 7ari 7ua &etentuan tentan# 'ana%e'en .a& 7i#ita!: 'e'8utu.&an an##ota untu& 'e'8eri&an ( 8AC "er!in7un#an .u&u' yan# 'e'a7ai 7an "e'u!i.an .u&u' yan# e5e&ti5 ter.a7a"; >2 ? yan# "en#e!a&an tin7a&an te&no!o#i yan# e5e&ti5 yan# 7iran/an# untu& 'en/e#a. 'enya!in 7ari &arya 8er.a& /i"ta: 7an >2? oran# 7en#an sen#a%a 'e'in7a.&an: 'en#u8a. atau 'en#.a"us .a& in5or'asi 'ana%e'en e!e&troni&: ter'asu& syarat 7an &on7isi "en##unaan &er%a. 01N5B3 Ha! ini "entin# 8a#i sis a untu& 'e'a.a'i 8a#ai'ana "ersyaratan 7a"at 8ero"erasi 8ersa'a &etentuan "eriEinan "asar 'assa! 'e!aran# reverse en#ineerin#: 7!!: untu& 'en/i"ta&an a"a yan# 8isa 7ise8ut @"ara9.a& /i"ta:@ atau @"er!in7un#an ra.asia "er7a#an#an e!e&troni&@ untu& "enu!is &arya 7i#ita!: se.in##a 8anya& 7ari .u&u' .a& /i"ta &onvensiona! .anya re!evan 7i !in#&un#an 7i#ita!. 01N5=3 Pen7e&atan e&s&!usi5 &.usus untu& 7istri8usi &onten 7i#ita! %u#a 7a"at 7i8an7in#&an 7en#an @o"en sour/e@ 8er&e'8an# 'o7e! "en#e'8an#an "eran#&at !una&: 7an i'"!i&asi 7ari &e7ua 'o7e! untu& ne#ara9ne#ara 8er&e'8an# 7a"at 7i7is&usi&an. 01N553 +e'"er&ena!&an &onse" @o"en sour/e@ "en#e'8an#an te&no!o#i se8a#ai a!ternati5 yan# !aya& 7i 'ana "un &onsu'en &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! %u#a inovator ini san#at 8er#una "a7a saat ini: &arena a&an 'e!eta&&an 7asar untu& 'en%e!as&an @ arisan 8ersa'a@ "en7e&atan inovasi "ertanian yan# 7i u%u7&an 7a!a' @+u!ti!atera! Syste'@ yan# 7i8entu& o!e. Pan#an 7an Pertanian 8aru -r#anisasi Per%an%ian Internasiona! untu& Su'8er Daya Geneti& Tana'an untu& Pan#an 7an Pertanian 01N5A3 9 "otensi to"i& 7is&usi "a7a "aru. &e7ua tentu sa%a: se8a#ai 5o&us 7ari Tentu sa%a "er#eseran 7ari te&no!o#i 7i#ita! untu& 8iote&no!o#i 7an 8i7an# yan# ter&ait &eane&ara#a'an .ayati:

    2C "er!in7un#an "en#eta.uan tra7isiona!: 7an &ese.atan 'asyara&at. III. To"i& III; ,iote&no!o#i: Keane&ara#a'an Hayati: Per!in7un#an Pen#eta.uan Tra7isiona!: 7an Kese.atan +asyara&at Se8a#ai'ana 7ise8ut&an se8e!u'nya: ta.un 2$$2 Kon5erensi +enteri DT-: 7a!a' Surat De&!arasi Do.a: &.usus 7itu%u&an De an T)IPS untu& 'en#u%i .u8un#an antara Per%an%ian T)IPS 7an Konvensi Keane&ara#a'an Hayati ( 8A8: serta "er!in7un#an "en#eta.uan tra7isiona! 7an /erita ra&yat. 01N5C3 De'i&ian %u#a: "a7a ta.un 2$$$: DIP- te!a. 'e'8entu& Ko'ite Antar Pe'erinta. tentan# HAKI 7an Su'8er7aya Geneti&: Pen#eta.uan Tra7isiona! 7an 5o!&!ore untu& 'e'5asi!itasi 7is&usi tentan# 'asa!a. &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! yan# ti'8u! 7a!a' &onte&s a&ses &e su'8er 7aya #enetis 7an "e'8a#ian yan# a7i! 7an 'erata 'an5aat ti'8u! 7ari "en##unaan yan# sa'a: serta "er!in7un#an "en#eta.uan tra7isiona!: inovasi: &reativitas: 7an e&s"resi 7ari /erita ra&yat. 01N583 Se8a#ai tin7a&an o!e. DT- 7an DIP- 'en##a'8ar&an: 'asa!a. 'en7asar &e7ua .u&u' yan# 'un/u! 7a!a' .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! internasiona! a7a!a. antar'u&a tu'8u. 7en#an .u&u' !in#&un#an .i7u" internasiona!. De'i&ian "u!a: DT- ter"isa. De&!arasi Per%an%ian T)IPS 7an Kese.atan +asyara&at 'enyoroti antar'u&a tu'8u. antara &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! internasiona! 7an .u&u' &ese.atan 'asyara&at. 01N5<3 A&.irnya: T)IPS "ersyaratan 8a. a an##ota DT- 'e!in7un#i varietas tana'an 8ai& 'e!a!ui "aten atau siste' sui #eneris yan# e5e&ti5 atau &o'8inasi 8e8era"a 7ari"a7anya: 01NA$3 8ersa'a 7en#an 7iun7an#&annya 8aru 7an 8er!a&unya 1A- Per%an%ian Internasiona! Su'8er Daya Geneti& "a7a Tana'an untu& Pan#an 7an Pertanian: 'enyoroti antar'u&a tu'8u. antara &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! internasiona! 7an .u&u' "ertanian. Satu atau !e8i. 7ari 'asa!a. ini 'un/u! 8isa 'e'8eri&an 5o&us te'ati& untu& &o'"onen &eti#a 7an a&.ir 7ari .u&u' tentu sa%a "ro"erti internasiona! 7asar inte!e&tua! atau se'inar. Sa!a. satu &onse&uensi ne#ati5 7ari resor o!e. 7unia in7ustri &e retori&a @"e'8a%a&an@ 7i "us. untu& 'e'"er&uat "er!in7un#an &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 7i ne#ara 8er&e'8an# a7a!a. 8a. a 'eran#san# "rotes /ountervai!in# 7i ne#ara 8er&e'8an# 7an 7i te'"at !ain atas a"a yan# te!a. 7atan# untu& 7i&eta.ui9 97an 7i5itna. 9 se8a#ai @8io"ira/y.@ ,io"ira/y te!a. 7i7e5inisi&an se8a#ai @"en##unaan "en#eta.uan 7an su'8er 7aya #eneti& "ertanian 7an 'asyara&at a7at o!e. in7ivi7u atau institusi yan# 'en/ari &ontro! 'ono"o!i e&s&!usi5 >"aten atau &e&ayaan inte!e&tua!? 7i atas su'8er 7aya 7an "en#eta.uan.@ 01NA23 Sa!a. satu tan##a"an ter.a7a" &e"ri.atinan atas 8io"ira/y a7a!a. 8er!a&unya Konvensi Keane&ara#a'an Hayati >*,D?: tu%uan yan# a7a!a. untu& 'ene#as&an &e7au!atan nasiona! atas su'8er 7aya #eneti& 7an 'e'"ro'osi&an &onservasi: "e'an5aatan 8er&e!an%utan: 7an 'e'5asi!itasi a&ses 7an a7i! 7an "e'8a#ian yan# a7i! &euntun#an yan# 7i.asi!&an 7ari "e'an5aatan su'8er 7aya #eneti& ( 8A< 7an setia" "en#eta.uan tra7isiona! ter&ait. 01NA23 Ironisnya: e5e& "ra&tis 7ari *,D te!a. 'en#.a'8at: 8u&an untu& 'e'5asi!itasi: a&ses ter.a7a" su'8er 7aya #eneti& 7i ne#ara 8er&e'8an#: se.in##a 'enin##i&an ur#ensi 'en#e'8an#&an siste' yan# !e8i. a7i! "e'8a#ian &euntun#an %i&a 8iote&no!o#i 'e7is 7an "ertanian untu& terus 'e'i!i&i a&ses &e"a7a su'8er 7aya #eneti& se8a#ai titi& a a! untu& "ene!itian 7an "en#e'8an#an. 01NAB3 Kontroversi 8io"ira/y te!a. 'en#.asi!&an se%u'!a. usu!an s"esi5i& "a7a 8a#ian 7ari ne#ara9 ne#ara 8er&e'8an# untu& 'e'o7i5i&asi reEi' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! yan# a7a a#ar !e8i. tan##a" ter.a7a" &e8utu.an 7an &e"entin#an ne#ara 8er&e'8an#: 7an &.ususnya untu& 'e'"ro'osi&an !e8i. a7i! "e'8a#ian &euntun#an. 01NA=3 Se8a#ai tan##a"an ter.a7a" "ro"osa! ini: De&!arasi Do.a 7iara.&an De an T)IPS untu& 'en#u%i .u8un#an antara Per%an%ian T)IPS 7an *,D: serta "er!in7un#an "en#eta.uan tra7isiona! 7an /erita ra&yat: 01NA53 7an DIP- 'e'8entu& Ko'ite Antar Pe'erinta. 7i Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua! 7an Su'8er

    2E Daya Geneti&: Pen#eta.uan Tra7isiona! 7an 5o!&!ore. 01NAA3 Pro"osa! "ro"erti s"esi5i& inte!e&tua! yan# 'un/u! 7a!a' 7is&usi internasiona! se%au. ini 7a"at 7i8a#i 'en%a7i ti#a &ate#ori; >2? "ro"osa! untu& 'e'8eri&an "er!in7un#an 7e5ensi5 !e8i. e5e&ti5 7ari 7o'ain "u8!i& su'8er 7aya #eneti& 7an "en#eta.uan tra7isiona! 7en#an 'e'"er!uas 7e5inisi @"rior art@ 7an H atau 'en/i"ta&an 7an 'enin#&at&an a&ses &e 7o&u'entasi su'8er 7aya 7o'ain "u8!i& #eneti& 7an "en#eta.uan tra7isiona! 7a!a' 7ata8ase on!ine 7an "er"usta&aan 7i#ita!6 >2? "ro"osa! untu& 'e'"ro'osi&an 8er8a#i !e8i. a7i! 7an 'erata 'an5aat su'8er 7aya #eneti& 7an "en#eta.uan tra7isiona! yan# ter&ait: se8a#ai'ana 7ia'anat&an o!e. *,D: 7en#an 'ensyarat&an "en#un#&a"an asa! 7ari setia" su'8er 7aya #eneti& yan# re!evan 7an "en#eta.uan tra7isiona! yan# ter&ait 7an 8u&ti ter.a7a" "ersetu%uan tan"a "a&saan 7ari "enye7ia yan# sa'a se8a#ai &on7isi 8ai& untu& 'en#a%u&an "er'o.onan "aten atau untu& 'ene#a&&an se8ua. "aten 7inyata&an 8er!a&u6 7an >B? "ro"osa! untu& 'e'8uat 8aru sui #eneris 8entu& "er!in7un#an .a& 'i!i& inte!e&tua! a5ir'ati5 untu& ( 8C$ "en#eta.uan tra7isiona!. 01NAC3 Satu atau !e8i. 7ari "ro"osa! s"esi5i& ini: 8ersa'a9sa'a 7en#an a'8an# "ertanyaan a"a&a. 7an se%au. 'ana a7a &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 7an .u&u' "ersain#an ti7a& se.at "a7a &enyataannya 'e'8eri&an 7e5ensi5 7an H atau "er!in7un#an a5ir'ati5 8a#i "en#eta.uan tra7isiona!: 8isa 'en%a7i 5o&us tu#as &e!as &.usus atau "ene!itian 'asa!a.. +e'inta sis a untu& 'e'8an7in#&an 7a'"a& "otensia! 7ari suatu "en#un#&a"an asa! 7an 8u&ti &e8utu.an "ersetu%uan 8ersa'a se8e!u'nya: 8er7asar&an a"a&a. itu 7i"a&sa&an se8a#ai syarat untu& 'e'"ero!e. "aten atau se8a#ai syarat untu& 'ene#a&&an .a& "aten: 'e'8eri&an &ese'"atan untu& 'ene!iti as"e&9as"e& "ra&tis "ero!e.an "aten 7an "roses "ene#a&an .u&u'. Se8a#ai 'asa!a. "ra&tis: 'e'a&sa&an "ersyaratan terse8ut se8a#ai syarat untu& 'e'"ero!e. .a& "aten a&an 'en#ena&an 8e8an 'en#.an/ur&an &antor9&antor "aten ti7a& 'e'i!i&i &ea.!ian a"a"un untu& 'eni!ai &e/u&u"an "en#un#&a"an: se7an#&an 'enera"&an "ersyaratan se"erti itu se8a#ai syarat untu& 'ene#a&&an se8ua. "aten 7inyata&an 8er!a&u a&an 5o&us siste' "aten "a7a 'ere&a 8e8era"a "aten 8iote&no!o#i /u&u" 8er.ar#a untu& 'ene#a&&an !aya&: 7an 7en#an 7e'i&ian 'a'"u 'en#.asi!&an 'an5aat. 01NA83 Se"erti yan# te!a. &ita !i.at: 'asa!a. 'un/u! &e7ua 8er&enaan 7en#an "er!in7un#an &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! untu& 8iote&no!o#i 'e7is: 7an "ro7u& 5ar'asi !e8i. u'u': a7a!a. &e"ri.atinan atas T)IPS 7an &ese.atan 'asyara&at. 01NA<3 +asa!a. ini star&!y 'en#un#&a"&an &ete#an#an yan# 'e!e&at 7a!a' siste' untu& 'eran#san# inovasi 'e!a!ui insenti5 8er7asar&an "e'8erian .a& e&s&!usi5 se'entara &e&ayaan inte!e&tua!. 01NC$3 T.e insenti5 yan# 7i8eri&an o!e. siste' "aten yan# 7a"at 7i&ata&an se8a#ai /ara yan# "a!in# e5isien untu& 'e'"ro'osi&an 8iote&no!o#i 'e7is 'o7ern 7an "ene!itian 7an "en#e'8an#an 5ar'asi. Pa7a saat yan# sa'a: 8a#ai'ana"un: tan"a 8e8era"a 'o7i5i&asi 7ari .a& e&s&!usi5 yan# 7i8eri&an o!e. siste' "aten: 'an5aat 8iote&no!o#i 'e7is 'o7ern 7an 5ar'a&o!o#i a&an 8era7a 7i !uar %an#&auan &euan#an 8anya& ne#ara 8er&e'8an#. Untu& itu: sa!a. satu &etentuan yan# "a!in# &ontroversia! 7i T)IPS &e8utu.annya 8a. a "er!in7un#an "aten 7i"er"an%an# untu& "ro7u& 5ar'asi. 01NC23 Da!au"un ( 8C2 Pasa! B2 7ari Persetu%uan T)IPS 7a!a' teori iEin an##ota DT- untu& resor untu& !isensi a%i8 "e'erinta.9'an7at se8a#ai res"on 7i8o!e.&an untu& &ea7aan 7arurat &ese.atan 'asyara&at: a!at ini teta" %au. 7ari %an#&auan untu& ne#ara9ne#ara 8er&e'8an# yan# ti7a& 'e'i!i&i in7ustri 7a!a' ne#eri &a"asitas untu& 'enan##a"i &risis &ese.atan: se8a#ai !isensi a%i8 8er7asar&an Pasa! B2 >5? T)IPS 7i"er8o!e.&an .anya %i&a @teruta'a untu& "aso&an "asar 7o'esti& An##ota yan# 'e'8eri&an i%in "en##unaan terse8ut.@ 01NC23 Pen#a&uan ini &e&uran#an 7a!a' Pasa! B2 te!a. 'en#.asi!&an 'o7i5i&asi "erta'a 7a!a' Per%an%ian T)IPS: 01NCB3 yan# 7iran/an# untu& 'e'8uat Ke"utusan "er'anen tan##a! B$ A#ustus 2$$B: aivin# "e'8atasan atas "a7a !isensi a%i8. 01NC=3 Pe'eri&saan 'ateri on!ine 'ene!usuri ne#osiasi yan#

    28 'enye8a8&an 'o7i5i&asi ini se.in##a 'ena ar&an &ese'"atan untu& 'e'"e!a%ari "eran DT- T)IPS *oun/i! 7a!a' "en#e'8an#an &e8i%a&an &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! internasiona!. 01NC53 +asa!a. 'un/u! &eti#a 8iote&no!o#i "ro"erti inte!e&tua! internasiona! yan# 8er.u8un#an 7en#an 'e!i8at&an 8iote&no!o#i "ertanian 7an "er!in7un#an varietas tana'an. 01NCA3 Se'entara Pasa! 2C.B 7ari Per%an%ian T)IPS iEin an##ota DT- untu& 'en#e/ua!i&an 7ari "aten tu'8u.an 7an .e an se!ain 'i&ro9or#anis'e: 7an "roses 7asarnya 8io!o#is untu& "ro7u&si tana'an 7an .e an se!ain "roses non98io!o#is 7an 'i&ro8io!o#is: itu ter'asu& syarat se8ua. 'enentu&an 8a. a varietas tana'an .arus 7i!in7un#i 8ai& o!e. "aten atau 7en#an siste' sui #eneris yan# e5e&ti5 atau &o'8inasi &e7uanya. 01NCC3 T.e &etentuan 7a!a' Pasa! 2C.B %e!as ti7a& 'en#.arus&an an##ota DT- untu& 'e'atu.i revisi >2<<2? ter8aru >atau 7a!a' .a! ini versi !ain? 7ari Konvensi Internasiona! untu& Per!in7un#an Garietas ,aru Tana'an >UP-G?: 01NC83 ta"i ti7a& 'e'er!u&an an##ota DTuntu& 'enye7ia&an @e5e&ti5@ tana'an ( 8C2 8er8a#ai "er!in7un#an 7ari 8e8era"a 'a/a'. Se%u'!a. ne#ara 8er&e'8an# 'e'i!i. untu& 'e'atu.i !e8i. a a! 7an !e8i. ter8atas 2<C8 revisi UP-G: 7an 'ere&a 7i"er8o!e.&an untu& 8er#a8un# UP-G se8e!u' UP-G ta.un 2<C8 7i#anti&an o!e. UP-G 2<<2. 01NC<3 Na'un: &arena UP-G 2<<2 te!a. 7i#anti&an UP-G 2<C8: 7a"at 7i&ata&an 7i 8a a. T)IPS Pasa! 2C.B yan# UP-G 2<C8 se8enarnya ti7a& 'enye7ia&an @e5e&ti5@ sui #eneris untu& "er!in7un#an varietas tana'an: se.in##a 'enyaran&an "otensi sen#&eta a"a yan# 7i!a&u&an 7an ti7a& ti7a& 'eru"a&an @e5e&ti5@ sui #eneris "er!in7un#an varietas tana'an. Lain sen#&eta "otensia! yan# 7a"at ti'8u! 7i 8a a. T)IPS Pasa! 2C:B 8erasa! 7ari &enyataan 8a. a seti7a&nya 8e8era"a ne#ara 8er&e'8an# an##ota DT- te!a. 'ena5sir&an Pasa! 2C:B untu& 'en#iEin&an "en#e/ua!ian 7ari @se!uru. atau se8a#ian 7ari 'a&.!u& .i7u" a!a' 7an 8a.an98a.an 8io!o#is yan# 7ite'u&an 7i a!a': atau teriso!asi 7arinya : ter'asu& #eno' atau "!as'a nut5a. 7ari &e.i7u"an a!a' yan#. @ 01N8$3 "ena5siran itu &e'un#&inan 8esar a&an 7itantan# o!e. an##ota DT- in7ustri ti7a& &onsisten 7en#an Pasa! 2C.2 7an 7isera.&an &e"a7a "roses "enye!esaian sen#&eta DT- untu& reso!usi a&.irnya. 01N823 Ju#a re!evan 8a#i "er!in7un#an 8iote&no!o#i "ertanian 7an varietas tana'an a7a!a. 1A8aru98aru ini 'en#a7o"si Per%an%ian Internasiona! tentan# Su'8er Daya Geneti& Tana'an untu& Pan#an 7an Pertanian: 01N823 yan# a&an 'en#atur a&ses &e 'ateri yan# "a!in# 7a!a' &o!e&si "!as'a nut5a. nasiona! 7an internasiona! >!e8i. 7ari A %uta a&sesi se&itar 2.B$$ &o!e&si 7i se!uru. 7unia? serta 7i situ 7an su'8er on95ar'. 01N8B3 1A- Per%an%ian Internasiona! 7ine#osiasi&an 7en#an "en#ertian 8a. a a&an se!aras 7en#an Konvensi Keane&ara#a'an Hayati ( 8CB: 7an 'iri" 7en#an *,D 7a!a' tu%uan se/ara &ese!uru.an untu& 'e'"ro'osi&an &onservasi: "e'an5aatan 8er&e!an%utan: 7an "e'8a#ian 'an5aat yan# a7i! ti'8u! 7ari "en##unaan su'8er 7aya #eneti& tana'an untu& "an#an 7an "ertanian: serta ter&ait "en#eta.uan "ertanian tra7isiona!: untu& "e'an5aatan 7an &eta.anan "an#an. 01N8=3 Na'un: Per%an%ian 1A- %u#a 8er%a!an 7en#an 8ai& 7i !uar *,D: 7a!a' .a! ini 'e'8an#un siste' nasiona! 7an internasiona! yan# su7a. a7a 7ari &o!e&si eJ situ "!as'a nut5a. su'8er 7aya #eneti& untu& "an#an 7an "ertanian: yaitu *onsu!tative Grou" on Internationa! A#ri/u!tura! )esear/. >*GIA)? : 01N853 7an 'e'8uat 5or'a! @Siste' +u!ti!atera!@ 9 yaitu: siste' @8aran# /o''on9"oo!@ 9 7a!a' ti#a "u!u. ena' #enera tana'an 7an 2< #enera .i%auan: 7iran/an# untu& 'enye7ia&an @7i5asi!itasi@ >yaitu : #ratis atau 8iaya ren7a.? a&ses &e su'8er 7aya #eneti&: 7an untu& 'e'asti&an "e'8a#ian yan# a7i! 7ari 'an5aat yan# 7i"ero!e. 7ari setia" "ro7u& &o'ersia! yan# 'en##a8un#&an 8a.an98a.an 7ari Siste' +u!ti!atera!. 01N8A3 Se8ua. 5itur "entin# 7ari @a&ses yan# 7i5asi!itasi@ 8a. a Per%an%ian 1A- 8erusa.a untu& 'e'"ro'osi&an a7a!a. 8a. a "eneri'a su'8er 7aya #eneti& tana'an #eneti& ter/a&u"

    2; 7a!a' Siste' +u!ti!atera! ti7a& untu& @'en#&!ai' setia" .a& 'i!i& inte!e&tua! atau .a& !ain yan# 'e'8atasi a&ses 7i5asi!itasi untu& 'enana' su'8er 7aya #eneti& untu& "an#an 7an "ertanian: atau 8a#ian atau &o'"onen #eneti& 'ere&a: 7a!a' 8entu& yan# 7iteri'a 7ari Siste' +u!ti!atera!. @ 01N8C3 Per%an%ian 1A- %u#a 'e'8ayar 8i8ir9!ayanan &e"a7a &onse" @Petani FHa&@ 01N883 serta seoran# "etani sesuaiF .a& isti'e a untu& 'enyi'"an ( 8C= 7an 'en%ua! 8eni. "ertanian 7ise8ar&an. 01N8<3 ,a#ai'ana &etentuan 7i atas a7a!a. untu& 7i7a'ai&an 7en#an "ersyaratan T)IPS 8a. a se'ua an##ota DT- 'enye7ia&an @untu& "er!in7un#an varietas tana'an 8ai& 'e!a!ui "aten atau siste' sui #eneris yan# e5e&ti5 atau &o'8inasi 7ari"a7anya:@ 01N<$3 a7a!a. ti7a& 7itentu&an . Na'un: !aran#an ter.a7a" 'en#&!ai' .a& atas &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 7i8atasi untu& tana'an su'8er 7aya #eneti&: atau 8a#ian #eneti& 'ere&a: atau &o'"onen: @7a!a' 8entu& yan# 7iteri'a 7ari Siste' +u!ti!atera!:@ 01N<23 'enyata&an 8a. a "er!in7un#an varietas tana'an 7a"at 7i/ari untu& varietas yan# 8erasa! 7ari 8a.an a a! ini. Se!ain itu: Per%an%ian 1A- 'eneta"&an 8a. a "!as'a nut5a. 7ari Siste' +u!ti!atera! ini a&an terse7ia 7i 8a a. "ersyaratan "er%an%ian trans5er 'ateria! stan7ar >+TA?: yan# 'e'asu&&an &etentuan "e'8a#ian &euntun#an 7a!a' .a! &o'ersia!isasi "ro7u& 7i&e'8an#&an 7en#an 'en##una&an su'8er 7aya #eneti& yan# 7iteri'a 7ari Siste' +u!ti!atera!. 01N<23 ini %u#a: 'enun%u&&an 8a. a "er!in7un#an varietas tana'an 7a"at 7i/ari untu& varietas tana'an yan# 8erasa! 7ari su'8er 7aya #eneti& yan# 7iteri'a 7ari Siste' +u!ti!atera!: 'es&i"un 'e'atu.i "ersyaratan Per%an%ian ini "e'8a#ian &euntun#an. Da!a' .a! ini: Per%an%ian 1A- ta'"a&nya a#a& ana!o# 7en#an @o"en sour/e9@ "en7e&atan "en#e'8an#an "eran#&at !una&: yan# 'e'er!u&an su'8er >yaitu: 'anusia9 7i8a/a? &o7e untu& 7i7istri8usi&an 7en#an so5t are o"en9sour/e itu sen7iri: ta"i iEin "ro#ra''er untu& 'e'o7i5i&asi "eran#&at !una& 7an 'eri!is versi 7iu8a. 7en#an syarat 8a. a a7a!a. "ro"rietary. 01N<B3 Per!in7un#an yan# &uat atas &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 7ise7ia&an untu& varietas tana'an >ter'asu& varietas yan# 7i&e'8an#&an o!e. "etani inovati5?: &euntun#an !e8i. e&ono'is "asar97i"ro7u&si 7i sana &e'un#&inan a&an terse7ia untu& 8er8a#i sesuai 7en#an &etentuan Per%an%ian 1A- "e'8a#ian &euntun#an. Se8a!i&nya: 7e5inisi yan# !e8i. !uas 7ari setia" .u&u' yan# 7ia&ui @Petani F,enar@ atau "etaniF .a& isti'e a 7a!a' un7an#9un7an# "er!in7un#an varietas tana'an: se'a&in 8esar &e'un#&inan 8a. a 'an5aat ( 8C5 8erasa! 7ari Siste' +u!ti!atera! a&an ter7iri teruta'a 7ari varietas tana'an u'u' 'e'8ai& terse8ut. 01N<=3 Da!a' .a! a"a"un: &e8er.asi!an atau &e#a#a!an a&.ir &etentuan "e'8a#ian &euntun#an 7ari 1A- Per%an%ian Internasiona! a&an ter#antun# 7i 8a#ian si#ni5i&an ter.a7a" &e'a'"uan >7an &e'auan? 8er"artisi"asi &o!e&si "!as'a nut5a. untu& 'ene#a&&an &etentuan "e'8a#ian &euntun#an 7a!a' +TA yan# 8er!a&u 7an &e'a'"uan ,a7an Pen#urus 8ertan##un# %a a8 untu& 'e!a&sana&an Per%an%ian untu& 'en/a"ai &onsensus 'en#enai 8entu&: !eve!: 7an tata /ara "e'8ayaran 7ari 8er8a#i @a7i!@ 'an5aat 'oneter. 01N<53 Da!a' .a! a"a"un: suatu stu7i "er8an7in#an 1A- Per%an%ian Internasiona!: UP-G: 7an Per%an%ian T)IPS: 'ena ar&an &ese'"atan yan# 8ai& untu& 'e'8an7in#&an 8e8era"a siste' a!ternati5 untu& 'e'"ro'osi&an inovasi "ertanian: 'u!ai 7ari @8e8as@ untu& @o"en sour/e@ 7en#an siste' 'urni "ro"rietary: 7an 7en#an 7e'i&ian a&an 7i'asu&&an &e 7a!a' "ers"e&ti5 yan# !e8i. !uas "ertanyaan se"erti a"a yan# 'eru"a&an @e5e&ti5@ "er!in7un#an varietas tana'an 7a!a' arti Per%an%ian T)IPS. Stu7i se'a/a' ini %u#a 'ena ar&an &ese'"atan untu& 'enyi'"u!&an tentu sa%a 7en#an "e'eri&saan "er8an7in#an tentan# 7ina'i&a inovasi "eran#&at !una& 7an tana'an. Kesi'"u!an Pasa! ini te!a. 8eru"aya untu& 'enun%u&&an 8a. a sa!a. satu /ara e5e&ti5 untu&

    D$ 'e'"er&ena!&an 'a.asis a untu& tren saat ini 7an "er&e'8an#an 'asa 7e"an 7i 8i7an# .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! a7a!a. 7en#an 'e'"e!a%ari tren 7an "er&e'8an#an 7a!a' &onte&s 7ari suatu &ursus "en#antar &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! internasiona! yan# 7ise!en##ara&an se&itar ti#a te'a u'u' atau to"i&; >2 ? &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 7an "er7a#an#an internasiona!: >2? te&no!o#i 7i#ita!: 7an >B? 8iote&no!o#i: &eane&ara#a'an .ayati: "en#eta.uan tra7isiona!: 7an &ese.atan 'asyara&at. A7a se%u'!a. &euntun#an untu& "en7e&atan ini. Perta'a: ia a&an 'e'un#&in&an #uru untu& 5o&us "a7a isu9isu yan# 'un/u! .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 7i se!uru. &ursus "en#antar tun##a!: 7ari"a7a isu9isu 7a!a' "en#antar ter"isa. "aten: .a& /i"ta: 'ere& 7a#an# 7an &ursus. Ke7ua: tentu sa%a 7a"at 7ita ar&an se8a#ai se8ua. "en#antar sa%a: tan"a "er!u 'e'8utu.&an "ro#ra' "ra9syarat. Keti#a: tentu sa%a 7a"at 7ia%ar&an 'en##una&an 8a.an yan# se8a#ian 8esar: %i&a ti7a& se!uru.nya: terse7ia se/ara on!ine. Kee'"at 7an a&.irnya: ia a&an 'e'8eri&an 5o&us 8er8asis &e8i%a&an untu& stu7i .u&u' &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! internasiona!. 01Na23. T.o'as K Pro5esor Green Karo!e Hu&u' 7an Dire&tur: Pro"erti Inte!e&tua! K Pro#ra' Hu&u' Te&no!o#i: Das.in#ton University S/.oo! o5 La : St Louis: +o: USA. Arti&e! ini a a!nya 7iter8it&an se8a#ai ,a8 22 Pen#a%aran Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua!; Prinsi" K +eto7e >Yo Ta&a#i: Larry A!!'an: K +"aEi A. Sin%e!a: e7s: 2$$8.?. Pro5esor +/+anis 7an Saint Louis University La Journa! teri'a *a'8ri7#e University Press 7an Dor!7 Inte!!e/tua! Pro"erty -r#aniEation untu& i%in 'ere&a untu& 'ener8it&an 7i sini. 01N23. 2$ +aret 288B: 22 U.S.T. 258B: 828 U.N.T.S. B$5: terse7ia 7i .tt";HH i"o.intHeJ"ortHsitesH HtreatiesHenHi"H"arisH"75Htrt7o/sL o$2$."75 >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?. 01N23. Disi'"u!&an 2= Ju!i 2<C2: S. Do/ Per%an%ian. No <<92C >2<8A?: 22A2 U.N.T.S. B: terse7ia 7i .tt";HH i"o.intHeJ"ortHsitesH HtreatiesHenHi"H8erneH"75Htrt7o/sL o$$2."75 >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?. 01NB3. Li.at Konvensi Paris: su"ra note 2: seni. 2 >2?. 01N=3. Li.at i7. 01N53. I7. seni. 2$8is. 01NA3. Li.at Konvensi Pe'8entu&an -r#anisasi seni Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua! Dunia. B: 2= Ju!i 2<AC: 22 U.S.T. 2C=<: 828 U.N.T.S. B: terse7ia 7i .tt";HH i"o.intHeJ"ortHsitesH HtreatiesHenH/onventionH"75Htrt7o/sL o$2<."75 >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?. 01NC3. Disi'"u!&an 25 A"ri! 2<<=: Per%an%ian +arra&es. tentan# Pe'8entu&an -r#anisasi Per7a#an#an Dunia: La'"iran 2*: 28A< UNTS 2<<: terse7ia 7i .tt";HH . to.or#Hen#!is.H7o/sLeH!e#a!LeH2C9tri"s."75 >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8? 0se!an%utnya T)IPS A#ree'ent3. 01N83. Untu& Per%an%ian +arra&es. tentan# Pe'8entu&an -r#anisasi Per7a#an#an Dunia: A"ri! 25: 2<<=: 28AC UNTS 25= 7an "er%an%ian ter&ait untu& 7i&e!o!a o!e. DT-: !i.at -r#anisasi Per7a#an#an Dunia: DT- Hu&u' Te&s: .tt";HH . to.or# H in##ris H 7o/sLe H !e#a!Le H !e#a!Le..t' >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?.

    D. 01N<3. Li.at "a7a u'u'nya Per%an%ian T)IPS: su"ra note C. 01N2$3. I7. seni. A=. 01N223. Li.at "a7a u'u'nya Persetu%uan Antara Dor!7 Inte!!e/tua! Pro"erty -r#aniEation 7an Dor!7 Tra7e -r#aniEation: DIP-9DT-: 22 Dese'8er 2<<5: B5 IL+ C5=: terse7ia 7i .tt";HH i"o.intHeJ"ortHsitesH HtreatiesHenHa#ree'entH"75Htrt7o/sL o$B$."75 >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?. 01N223. Li.at: 'isa!nya: J.H. )ei/.'an: T.e Kno 9Ho Ga" 7a!a' Per%an%ian T)IPS; +en#a"a Peran#&at Luna& 8ernasi8 ,a7!y: 7an A"a A"a&a. So!usi: 2C Hastin#s *o''. K Ent. L.J. CAB: CA59AA >2<<5?. 01N2B3. Per%an%ian T)IPS: su"ra note C: seni. 2$.2. 01N2=3. I7. seni 2$.2. 01N253. I7. seni. 2C. 01N2A3. I7. seni. 2C.B >8?. 01N2C3. 2$ Dese'8er 2<<A: S. Do/ Per%an%ian. No 2$592C: "a7a 2 >2<<C?: BA I.L.+. A5: terse7ia 7i .tt";HH i"o.intHeJ"ortHsitesH HtreatiesHenHi"H /tH"75Htrt7o/sL o$BB."75 >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?. 01N283. 2$ Dese'8er 2<<A: S. Do/ Per%an%ian. No 2$592C: "a7a 28 >2<<C?: BA I.L.+. CA: terse7ia 7i .tt";HH i"o.intHeJ"ortHsitesH HtreatiesHenHi"H ""tH"75Htrt7o/sL o$B=."75 >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?. 01N2<3. DIP- *o"yri#.t Treaty: su"ra note 2C: art. =. 01N2$3. I7. seni. C. 01N223. I7. seni. 8. 01N223. DIP- Per5or'an/es 7an )e&a'an Per%an%ian: su"ra note 28: seni. 2892<. 01N2B3. -r#anisasi Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua! Dunia: Pro"osa! ,asi/ untu& Penye7iaan su8stanti5 7ari Tra&tat "a7a HAKI 7ari Data8ase To ,e Dian##a" o!e. Kon5erensi Di"!o'ati&: Do& DIP-. *)N)HD*HA >292$ Dese'8er: 2<<A?: terse7ia 7i .tt";HH . i"o.intH7o/u'entsHenH7i"!/on5H"75HA7/Le."75 >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?6 Inte!e&tua! Dunia Pro"erty -r#aniEation: )e&o'en7asi Data8ase +en#enai: 7i 2: DIP- Do/. *)N)HD*H2$$ >292$ Dese'8er: 2<<5?: terse7ia 7i .tt";HH . i"o.intH7o/u'entsHenH7i"!/on5H7istri8H"75H2$$7/."75 >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?. 01N2=3. Li.at Ger.ove& Sa' Ho e K Green.ouse Steven: Seatt!e A"a&a. 8a a. Ja' 'a!a' Sete!a. Gan##uan: NY Ti'es: 2 Dese'8er 2<<<: 7i A2.

    D2 01N253. -r#anisasi Per7a#an#an Dunia: De&!arasi +enteri 2=: Nove'8er 2$$2 DT H +IN >$2? H DE* H 2: =2 IL+ C=A >2$$2?: terse7ia 7i .tt";HH . to.or#Hen#!is.Ht.e toLeH'inistLeH'in$2LeH'in7e/!Le."75 >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8? 0se!an%utnya Do.a De&!arasi3. 01N2A3. I7. M 2C. 01N2C3. -r#anisasi Per7a#an#an Dunia: De&!arasi tentan# Per%an%ian T)IPs 7an Kese.atan +asyara&at 2= Nove'8er 2$$2: DT H +IN >$2? Dese'8er H 2: =2 IL+ C55 >2$$2?: terse7ia 7i .tt";HH . to.or#Hen#!is.Ht.e toLeH 'inistLeH'in$2LeH'in7e/!L tri"sLe."75 >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 -&to8er 2$$C?. 01N283. Li.at Siaran Pers: -r#anisasi Per7a#an#an Dunia: An##ota Peru8a.an -K untu& +e'8uat Kese.atan 1!e&si8i!itas Per'anen: >A Dese'8er 2$$5?: . to.or#Hen#!is.Hne sLeH"res$5LeH"r=2ALe..t' .tt";HH. 01N2<3. De&!arasi Do.a: su"ra note 25: M 2<. 01NB$3. Se!ain 'en#a%ar &ursus se8a#ai .u&u' "en#antar 7asar sa%a &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 'enin#&atnya sis a ta.un &e7ua 7i Das.in#ton University: Penu!is %u#a 'en#a%ar tentunya untu& &o'8inasi AS 7an 'a.asis a .u&u' Ero"a ter7a5tar 7i 7ua "ro#ra' .u&u' yan# 8er8e7a 'usi' "anas 7i Ero"a 9 University o5 San Die#o 2$$2 Lon7on Institut Internasiona! 7an Per8an7in#an Hu&u' 7an ta.un 2$$A Su''er Institute 5or G!o8a! Justi/e: 8ersa'a9 sa'a 7is"onsori o!e. Das.in#ton University S/.oo! o5 La 7i St Louis: *ase Destern )eserve University S/.oo! o5 La : 7an Universitas Utre/.t. Li.at Su''er Institute 5or G!o8a! Justi/e 7i .tt";HH!a ./ase.e7uHsu''er9institute ,e!an7a: >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 -&to8er 2$$C?. 01NB23. Untu& satu set !en#&a" 8a.an on!ine yan# 7a"at 7i#una&an untu& 'en#a%ar&an &ursus yan# 7i%e!as&an 7a!a' Pasa! ini: !i.at La"oran A&.ir 7ari Ko'isi Ha& Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua! 7an stu7i atas &ertas 7an 7o&u'en !ainnya. Ko'isi Ha& Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua!: +en#inte#rasi&an Ha& Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua! 7an Pen#e'8an#an Ke8i%a&an >2$$2?: terse7ia 7i .tt";HH .i"r/o''ission.or#H#ra".i/H7o/u'ents..t' >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 -&to8er 2$$C? 0se!an%utnya Ko'isi HKI La"oran A&.ir3 . 01NB23. Li.at /atatan su"ra 2=92< 7an te&s yan# 'enyertainya. 01NBB3. Se!ain Per%an%ian T)IPS itu sen7iri: 8a.an 8a/aan untu& se#'en ini tentu sa%a 8isa ter7iri 7ari ,a8 2; Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua! 7an Pen#e'8an#an: Ko'isi HKI La"oran A&.ir: su"ra note B2: %a' 22928. 01NB=3. Li.at Per%an%ian T)IPS: su"ra note C: seni. 2.2: <$9=$. 01NB53. Per%an%ian T)IPS: su"ra note C. 01NBA3. Li.at i7. seni. 2. 01NBC3. Li.at i7. seni. 2: n.2. 01NB83. Untu& te&s 7ari 7ua "u!u. e'"at "er%an%ian 7i&e!o!a o!e. DIP-: !i.at Dor!7

    DD Inte!!e/tua! Pro"erty -r#aniEation: DIP-9Di"erinta. Per%an%ian: .tt";HH . i"o.intHtreatiesHenH >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 -&to8er 2$$C?. 01NB<3. Li.at Per%an%ian T)IPS: su"ra note C: seni. <. 01N=$3. Li.at i7. seni. 2$. 01N=23. Li.at -r#anisasi Per7a#an#an Dunia: In7e&s Sen#&eta +asa!a.: 8a#ian T)IPS: .tt";HH . to.or#Hen#!is.Htrato"LeH7is"uLeH7is"uLsu8%e/tsLin7eJLe..t' N "er%a!anan >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?. 01N=23. Untu& "e'8a/aan "en#antar 'un#&in tentan# to"i& ini: !i.at ,a8 5; Ha& *i"ta: So5t are 7an Internet: Ko'isi HKI La"oran A&.ir: su"ra note B2: 7i <5922$6 *.ar!es ). +/+anis: T)IPS +en#a'8i! Ja!an )aya In5or'asi; Internasiona! Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua! 7an Per!in7un#an E'er#in# Te&no!o#i Ko'"uter: =2 Gi!!. L. )ev 2$C >2<<A? 0+/+anis se!an%utnya: +en#a'8i! T)IPS "a7a In5or'asi Ja!an )aya3.. Untu& 7is&usi tentan# a"a yan# a&an 'en#untun#&an in7ustri !e8i. 7an &uran# 7ari Per%an%ian T)IPS: !i.at *.ar!es ). +/+anis: Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua! 7an Internationa! +er#er 7an A&uisisi: AA U. *in. L. )ev 228B >2<<8?.. Untu& 7is&usi tentan# tantan#an yan# 7i.a7a"i 7a!a' DIP- 7an DT- 7a!a' 'en#atur .a& &e&ayaan inte!e&tua! 7a!a' era in5or'asi: !i.at Pa'e!a Sa'ue!son: Tantan#an untu& Dor!7 Inte!!e/tua! Pro"erty -r#aniEation 7an Per7a#an#an As"e& yan# 8er.u8un#an 7en#an Ha& Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua! De an 7a!a' Pen#aturan Ha& Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua! 7a!a' In5or'asi U'ur: Eur. Inte!!. Pro" Da.yu: Nove'8er 2<<<: 7i 5C8. 01N=B3. *oun/i! Dire/tive <2H25$HEE*: 2<<2 -.J. >L 222? =2 >E*?: terse7ia 7i .tt";HH ireta".area./o'HGo".erHGovH-t.erH/o"yri#..e/ >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?. 01N==3. Untu& "e'8a/aan "en#antar 'un#&in tentan# to"i& ini: !i.at *.ar!es ). +/+anis: Per!in7un#an Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua! 7an )everse Te&ni& Ko'"uter Pro#ra' 7i A'eri&a Seri&at 7an +asyara&at Ero"a: 2<<B Hi#. Te/.. LJ 25 >2<<B?6 +/+anis: T)IPS +en#a'8i! Ja!an )aya In5or'asi: su"ra note =2. 01N=53. Untu& "e'8a/aan "en#antar 'un#&in tentan# to"i& ini: !i.at *at.erine L. +ann: ,a!an/in# Isu 7an Yuris7i&si Tu'"an# Tin7i. 7a!a' G!o8a! E!e&troni& +ar&et"!a/e; *onto. U*ITA: 8 Das. UJL K Po!Fy 225 >2$$2?6 +/+anis: +en#a'8i! T)IPS 7i Ja!an )aya In5or'asi : su"ra note =26 Pa'e!a Sa'ue!son K Kurt -"sa.!: PeriEinan In5or'asi G!o8a! In5or'asi Pasar; Ke8e8asan Kontra& +e'enu.i Ke8i%a&an Pu8!i&: Eur. Inte!!. Pro" Da.yu: A#ustus 2<<<: 7i B8A. 01N=A3. Petun%u& <AH<HE* 7ari Par!e'en Ero"a 7an De an 22 +aret 2<<A tentan# "er!in7un#an .u&u' ter.a7a" 7ata8ase: 2<<A -J >L CC? 2$ >EU?: terse7ia 7i .tt";HHeur9 !eJ.euro"a.euHLeJUriServHLeJUriServ.7oO uri P *ELEQ; B2<<AL$$$<; EN; HT+L >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8? 0se!an%utnya EU Dire/tive Data8ase3. 01N=C3. Untu& "e'8a/aan "en#antar 'un#&in tentan# 'asa!a. ini: !i.at 1D Gros.ei7e: Data8ase Per!in7un#an 9 T.e Day Ero"a: 8 Das. UJL K Po!Fy B< >2$$2?6 *.ar!es ). +/+anis: Data8ase Per!in7un#an 7i Era Di#ita! In5or'asi: C )o#er Di!!ia's UL Da.yu C >2$$2? 0se!an%utnya: +/+anis: Data8ase Per!in7un#an3.

    D< 01N=83. Li.at Data8ase Dire/tive Uni Ero"a: su"ra note =A: art. 22: resita! 5A. 01N=<3. Untu& 7is&usi tentan# isu ini: !i.at +/+anis: +en#a'8i! T)IPS 7i Ja!an )aya In5or'asi: su"ra note =2: 7i 25895<: 7an otoritas 7i&uti" 7i 7a!a'nya. 01N5$3. Li.at: 'isa!nya: E!e/s. ,outiIue Ho!7in#s *or" v. Ru//arini: 5A USPS27 2C$5: 2C$8: 2C2292C22 >2$$$?: No *iv.A $$9=$55: 2$$$ DL 2A22CA$: 7i ( 2: ( A >Pa ED: B$ -/t 2$$$? >'ene'u&an /e7era &onsu'en /u&u" 'ana &onsu'en &e!iru %enis na'a 7o'ain sa!a. e%a 7an @'ousetra""e7:@ yaitu: 7i&ena&an 8eron7on#an %en7e!a i&!an yan# ti7a& 7a"at &e!uar tan"a 'en#&!i& 'e!a!ui su&sesi se!uru. i&!an?. 01N523. Li.at Per%an%ian T)IPS: su"ra note C: seni. 2A.B. Untu& "e'8a/aan "en#antar 'un#&in tentan# 'asa!a. ini: !i.at Danie! Gervais: T.e T)IPS A#ree'ent; Penyusunan Se%ara. 7an Ana!isa 222 >Street K +aJ e!! Lt7 2<<8?6 Pau! J. Hea!7: 'e'oton# 1ie!7 P!ayin#; +en#atasi Distorsi In5or'asi 7an Asi'etri 7i Ga'e T)IPS: rev 88 +inn L. 2=< >2$$B?6 J. T.o'as +/*art.y: Di!usi +ere& se8ua.;. Ero"a 7an A'eri&a Seri&at Di8an7in#&an Hu&u': <= +ere& )e" 22AB >2$$=?. 01N523. Ke"utusan DIP- Na'a Do'ain: ar8iter. i"o.int .tt";HH H 7o'ain H &e"utusan H in7eJ..t'! >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?. 01N5B3. Li.at DIP- *o"yri#.t Treaty: su"ra note 2C: seni. 22922. Untu& 'e'8a/a "en#antar 'un#&in 7i DIP- *o"yri#.t Treaty: !i.at T.o'as *. Gin%e: T.e Ne DIP- *o"yri#.t Treaty; Se8ua. Hasi! Ha""y 7i Jene a: 5 Eur. Inte!!. Pro" )ev 2B$ >2<<C?. 01N5=3. Untu& "e'8a/aan "en#antar 'un#&in "a7a titi& ini: !i.at +/+anis: Data8ase Per!in7un#an: su"ra note =C6 +/+anis: +en#a'8i! T)IPS 7i Ja!an )aya In5or'asi: su"ra note =2. 01N553. Untu& 'e'8a/a "en#antar yan# 'un#&in "a7a titi& ini: !i.at ,a8 5; Ha& *i"ta: So5t are 7an Internet: Ko'isi HKI La"oran A&.ir: su"ra note B2: <5922$6 Kon5erensi P,, tentan# Per7a#an#an 7an Pe'8an#unan: ,a8 =: ,e8as 7an -"en9sour/e So5t are ; I'"!i&asi 8a#i Ke8i%a&an 7an Pen#e'8an#an TIK: 7a!a' E9*o''er/e 7an Deve!o"'ent )e"ort 2$$B 0UN*TAD se!an%utnya E9*o''er/e )e"ort3: terse7ia 7i .tt";HH .un/ta7.or#HenH7o/sHe/7r2$$BLen."75 >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari : 2$$8?. 01N5A3. Per%an%ian Internasiona! 'en#enai Su'8er Daya Geneti& Tana'an untu& Pan#an 7an Pertanian: 2< Juni 2$$=: terse7ia 7i 5t";HH 5t".5ao.or# H a# H /#r5a H itu H ITPG)e."75 >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8? 0se!an%utnya 1A- Per%an%ian 3: /atatan in5ra 7i8a.as 829 <5 7an te&s yan# 'enyertainya. 01N5C3. Li.at /atatan su"ra 2< 7an te&s yan# 'enyertainya. 01N583. Dor!7 Inte!!e/tua! Pro"erty -r#aniEation: Ko'ite Antar Pe'erinta.: .tt";HH . i"o.intHt&HenHi#/H >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?. 01N5<3. Li.at DT- De&!arasi Per%an%ian T)IPS 7an Kese.atan +asyara&at: su"ra note 2C. 01NA$3. Per%an%ian T)IPS: su"ra note C: seni. 2C.B >8?.

    D5 01NA23. Li.at ET* Grou": Isu: .tt";HH .et/#rou".or#HenHissues >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?. Ini a7a!a. 7e5inisi 8io"ira/y 7i7u&un# o!e. Gru" ET* >se8e!u'nya 7i&ena! se8a#ai )a5i 9 )ura! A7van/e'ent 1oun7ation Internationa!? @. Ke&ayaan inte!e&tua! a7a!a. "re7ator "a7a .a&9.a& 7an "en#eta.uan 'asyara&at "etani 7an 'asyara&at a7at@: se8ua. or#anisasi a7vo&asi yan# "er/aya 8a. a I7. 01NA23. Konvensi Keane&ara#a'an Hayati 8asa98asi: 'enyi'"u!&an "a7a tan##a! 5 Juni: 2<<2 2CA$ UNTS C<. Untu& "e'8a/aan 'un#&in tentan# "er!in7un#an "en#eta.uan tra7isiona! 7an .u8un#an antara T)IPS 7an *,D: !i.at ,a8 =; Pen#eta.uan Tra7isiona! 7an In7i&asi Geo#ra5is: Ko'isi HKI La"oran A&.ir: su"ra note B2: "a7a CB9<=6 *.ar!es ). +/+anis: Inter5a/e Antara Internasiona! Inte!e&tua! Pro"erti 7an Per!in7un#an Lin#&un#an; Keane&ara#a'an Hayati 7an ,iote&no!o#i: CA Das. ULS 255 >2<<8?. 01NAB3. Li.at UN*TAD9I*TSD Proye& HKI 7an Pe'8an#unan ,er&e!an%utan: Ha& Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua!; I'"!i&asinya untu& Pen#e'8an#an 5= >2$$B?: terse7ia 7i .tt";HH .i/ts7.or#H"u8sHi/ts7LseriesHi"rsHPP..t' >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i < Nove'8er : 2$$C?: 01NA=3. Li.at /atatan in5ra AA 7an te&s yan# 'enyertainya. 01NA53. De&!arasi Do.a: su"ra note 25: M 2<. 01NAA3. Li.at te&s su"ra atas /atatan 58. Untu& 'e'8a/a &e'un#&inan "er&e'8an#an ini: !i.at *.ar!es ). +/+anis: Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua!: Su'8er7aya Geneti& 7an Pen#eta.uan Tra7isiona! Per!in7un#an; ,er"i&ir #!o8a!: 8ertin7a& !o&a!: ! 22 *ar7oEo J. Int FK *o'". L. 5=C >2$$B?. 01NAC3. Untu& 8a/aan yan# 'un#&in usu!an ini: !i.at Nuno Pires 7e *arva!.o: Dari S.a'anFs Hut &e Kantor Paten; In Sear/. 7ari Ke8utu.an T)IPS9Konsisten Penya'"aian Asa! usu! Geneti& Su'8er 7an Se8e!u' Diin5or'asi&an: 2C Das. UJL K Po!Fy 222 >2$$5?6 *.ar!es ). +/+anis: 1ittin# Per!in7un#an Pen#eta.uan Tra7isiona! 7an ,io"ira/y K!ai' &e Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua! yan# a7a 7an Persain#an Keran#&a: 7a!a' Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua! 7an Su'8er Daya A!a' Hayati =25 >. ,urton -n#: e7: +ars.a!! *aven7is. IntF! 2$$=?6 An#e!a ). )i!ey: @Lurus +en/uri@; +enu%u Siste' A7at Per!in7un#an Pro"erti ,u7aya: 8$ Das. L. )ev A< >2$$5?6 Pasir Sa8ine: Sui Generis Hu&u' Untu& Per!in7un#an E&s"resi A7at Ke8u7ayaan 7an Pen#eta.uan Tra7isiona!: 22 U. Sueens!an7 LJ. 288 >2$$B?. 01NA83. Li.at "a7a u'u'nya *arva!.o: su"ra note AC. 01NA<3. Li.at /atatan su"ra 2C928 7an te&s yan# 'enyertainya. 01NC$3. Untu& 'e'8a/a &e'un#&inan "a7a titi& ini: !i.at ,a8 A; Paten )e5or'asi: Ko'isi HKI La"oran A&.ir: su"ra note B2: 7i 2229BA. 01NC23. Persyaratan ini 7a"at 7ie&stra"o!asi 7ari Pasa! 2C:2: yan# 'ensyarat&an 8a. a "er!in7un#an "aten .arus terse7ia untu& setia" "ene'uan: 8ai& "ro7u& atau "roses: 7a!a' se'ua 8i7an# te&no!o#i: 7an Pasa! A5:=: 'e'"er"an%an# "erio7e transisi untu& ne#ara 8er&e'8an#. Per%an%ian T)IPS: su"ra note C: seni. 2C:2: A5:=. Untu& 'e'8a/a &e'un#&inan "a7a titi& ini: !i.at ,a8 2; Kese.atan: Ko'isi HKI La"oran A&.ir: su"ra note B2: %a' 2<95A.

    DC 01NC23. Per%an%ian T)IPS: su"ra note C: seni. B2 >5?. 01NCB3. Li.at -r#anisasi Per7a#an#an Dunia De an U'u': A'an7e'en 7ari Per%an%ian T)IPS: DTHLHA=2 >A Dese'8er 2$$5?: terse7ia 7i .tt";HH . to.or#Hen#!is.Htrato"LeHtri"sLeH t!A=2Le..t' >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?. 01NC=3. Li.at -r#anisasi Per7a#an#an Dunia De an U'u': Pe!a&sanaan ayat A 7ari De&!arasi Do.a Per%an%ian T)IPS 7an Kese.atan +asyara&at: DTHLH5=$ 7an *orr.2 >B$ A#ustus 2$$B?: terse7ia 7i .tt";HH . to. or#Hen#!is.Htrato"LeHtri"sLeHi'"!e'L"araALe..t' >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?. 01NC53. Li.at u'u' -r#anisasi Per7a#an#an Dunia: Do.a Deve!o"'ent A#en7a; Ne#osiasi: I'"!e'entasi 7an Pen#e'8an#an: .tt";HH . to.or# H in##ris H trato"Le H 77aLe H 77aLe..t' >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?. 01NCA3. Untu& 'e'8a/a 7isaran&an "a7a to"i& ini: !i.at ,a8 B; Pertanian 7an Su'8er7aya Geneti&: Ko'isi HKI La"oran A&.ir: su"ra note B2: %a' 5C9C2. 01NCC3. Per%an%ian T)IPS: su"ra note C: seni. 2C.B >8?. 01NC83. Li.at Konvensi Internasiona! untu& Per!in7un#an Garietas Tana'an ,aru: 7i8u&a untu& 7itan7atan#ani 2 Dese'8er 2<A2: yan# te!a. 7irevisi "a7a 2< +ar: 2<<2 S. Treaty Do/. No 2$=92C >2<<2?: terse7ia 7i .tt";HH .u"ov.intHenH"u8!i/ationsH/onventionsH2<<2Ha/t2<<2..t' >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8? 0se!an%utnya UP-G Konvensi3. 01NC<3. Untu& an##ota UP-G 2<C8 7an 2<<2: !i.at An##ota Uni Internasiona! untu& Per!in7un#an Garietas Tana'an ,aru: .tt";HH .u"ov.intHenHa8outH'e'8ersH"75H"u8=2B."75 >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i Januari 25: 2$$8?. UP-G 2<<2 'u!ai 8er!a&u "a7a tan##a! 2= A"ri! 2<<8. Siaran Pers No B$: Internationa! Union Untu& Per!in7un#an Garietas Tana'an ,aru: ta.un 2<<2 Un7an#9Un7an# Konvensi Internasiona! untu& Per!in7un#an Garietas ,aru Tana'an >Konvensi UP-G? +asu& Into 1or/e >A"ri! 22: 2<<8?: .tt";H H .u"ov.intHenHne sH"ressroo'HB$..t' >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?. +enurut Pasa! BC >B? 7ari UP-G 2<<2: ti7a& a7a instru'en a&ses &e UP-G 2<C8 7a"at 7isetor&an sete!a. 8er!a&unya UP-G 2<<2. UP-G Konvensi: su"ra note C8: art. BC >B?. Ternyata: ne#ara9ne#ara 8er&e'8an# yan# te!a. 'u!ai "roses 8er#a8un# UP-G se8e!u' tan##a! 8er!a&unya 7ari UP-G 2<<2 7iiEin&an untu& 'e'atu.i UP-G 2<C8. 01N8$3. *ar!os +. *orrea: Ha& Ke&ayaan Inte!e&tua!: DT- 7an Ne#ara ,er&e'8an#; Per%an%ian T)IPS 7an Ke8i%a&an Pi!i.an 5= >Re7 ,oo&s Lt7 2$$$? >'en#uti" ,rasi! UU Paten Pasa! 2$.2Q: Hu&u' <2C< >2<<A??. 01N823. Untu& 'e'8a/a &e'un#&inan tentan# 'asa!a. ini: !i.at *.ar!es ). +/+anis: "aten #eneti& Pro7u& 7an Proses;. Se8ua. Pers"e&ti5 T)IPS: 7a!a' Pers"e&ti5 "a7a Pro"erties 7ari Proye& Geno' +anusia C<: 8C9<5 >1. S/ott Kie55: e7: E!sevier A/a7e'i/ Press 2$$B?. 01N823. Li.at 1A- Per%an%ian: su"ra note 5A.

    DE 01N8B3. Li.at *ary 1o !er: +en#a&ses Su'8er Daya Geneti&; Hu&u' Internasiona! +eneta"&an Siste' +u!ti!atera!: 52 )es #eneti&. K Tana'an Evo!ution A$<: A$< >2$$=?. 01N8=3. 1A- Per%an%ian: su"ra note 5A: 8asa98asi: seni. 2.2: <. 01N853. Li.at *onsu!tative Grou" on Internationa! A#ri/u!tura! )esear/.: .tt";HH >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?. ./#iar.or#

    01N8A3. Li.at Ste".en ,. ,rus.: +e!in7un#i Pen#eta.uan Tra7isiona! Pertanian: 2C Das. UJL K Po!Fy 5<: 8298B >2$$5?. 01N8C3. Li.at 1A- Per%an%ian: su"ra note 5A: art. 22.B >7?. 01N883. I7. seni. <:29<:2. Konse" @Petani FHa&@ "a7a a a!nya 'e'e!u& 7a!a' reso!usi: 1A2<8< 7ita'8a.&an se8a#ai !a'"iran untu& ta.un 2<8B 1A- Internationa! Un7erta&in# "a7a Tana'an Su'8er Daya Geneti&. +e!a&u&an Internasiona! "a7a Tana'an Su'8er Daya Geneti&: La'"iran II )eso!usi 5 H 8<; Petani FHa&: terse7ia 7i 5t";HH5t".5ao.or#Ha#H/#r5aHiuHiuteJtE."75 >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?. Konse" @Petani FHa&@ 'eru"a&an rea&si "o!iti& untu& reso!usi !ain 1A-: %u#a 7ita'8a.&an se8a#ai !a'"iran Un7erta&in#: yan# "erta'a 7ia&ui untu& 'en#ena!i su'8er 7aya #eneti& tana'an se8a#ai @ arisan 8ersa'a@ u'at 'anusia .arus 7i"erta.an&an: 7an 'en%a7i @ 8e8as terse7ia @untu& 7i#una&an: untu& &e"entin#an #enerasi se&aran# 7an 'en7atan#: teta"i &e'u7ian 'en#a&ui 8a. a .a&9.a& tana'an "eterna& F: se8a#ai'ana 7itentu&an o!e. UP-G: 1A- Per%an%ian: su"ra note 5A: ti7a& &o'"ati8e! 7en#an +e!a&u&an terse8ut. +e!a&u&an Internasiona! Su'8er7aya Geneti& Tana'an: AnneJ I )eso!usi = H 8<; Inter"retasi Kese"a&atan "a7a Kesan##u"an Internasiona!. Konse" @Petani FHa&@ 7e'i&ian ta'"a&nya 7i"a.a'i se8a#ai .a& ana!o# 7an o55settin# .u&u' a5ir'ati5 8a. a "etani .arus 'a'"u 'ene#as&an ter.a7a" "e'u!ia tana'an: se"erti "e'u!ia tana'an 8isa 'enuntut .a& tana'an "eterna& sui #eneris ter.a7a" "etani >su8%e&: 7ari Tentu sa%a: untu& setia" @.a& isti'e a "etani@ yan# 7ia&ui 7a!a' un7an#9un7an# "er!in7un#an varietas tana'an yan# re!evan?. Pasa! <.2 7ari Per%an%ian 1A-: 8a#ai'ana"un: .anya 'enyata&an 8a. a tan##un# %a a8 untu& 'e u%u7&an Petani FHa& @8ersan7ar 7en#an "e'erinta. nasiona!.@ 1A- Per%an%ian: su"ra note 5A: art. <. Untu& "e'8a.asan rin/i tentan# Petani FHa&: !i.at ,rus.: su"ra note 8A: %a' 859<B. 01N8<3. 1A- Per%an%ian: su"ra note 5A: art. <.B >@Ti7a& a7a 7a!a' Pasa! ini a&an 7ita5sir&an untu& 'e'8atasi .a& 8a. a "etani .arus 'enyi'"an: 'en##una&an: "ertu&aran 7an 'en%ua! !a.an98eni. 7isi'"an H 8a.an 'enye8ar&an: tun7u& "a7a .u&u' nasiona! 7an se8a#ai'ana 'estinya.@?. Untu& an##ota UP-G: 8a#ai'ana"un: .a& isti'e a ini "etani .arus 7i%a8ar&an 7a!a' un7an#9un7an# "er!in7un#an varietas tana'an an##ota se8a#ai 8atas 7i se8e!a. &anan "e'u!ia tana'an sui #eneris F. Pasa! 25 >2? 7ari UP-G 2<<2 'en%e!as&an 8a. a "en#a&uan atas .a& isti'e a seoran# "etani a7a!a. o"siona!: ti7a& a%i8: 7an 8a. a setia" .a& isti'e a terse8ut a&an ter8atas "a7a 'e'un#&in&an "etani untu& 'en##una&an untu& tu%uan 'enye8ar&an: atas &e"e'i!i&an 'ere&a sen7iri: .asi! "anen 'ere&a "ero!e. 7en#an 'enana' varietas yan# 7i!in7un#i atau versi turunan esensia! 7ari"a7anya "a7a &e"e'i!i&an 'ere&a sen7iri. UP-G Konvensi: su"ra note C8: art. 25 >2?. Keisti'e aan ini se/ara su8stansia! se'"it 7ari"a7a .a& isti'e a 7isin##un# 7a!a' Pasa! <.B Per%an%ian 1A-.

    D8 01N<$3. Per%an%ian T)IPS: su"ra note C: seni. 2C.B >8?. 01N<23. 1A- Per%an%ian: su"ra note 5A: art. 22.2 >7?. 01N<23. I7. seni. 22.=: 2B.2 >7? >ii?. 01N<B3. Li.at UN*TAD E9*o''er/e )e"ort: su"ra note 55: 7i 2$$: yan# 'e'8e7a&an antara @o"en9sour/e@ "eran#&at !una& 7an "eran#&at !una& yan# 7i7istri8usi&an 7i 8a a. @/o"y!e5t@ GNU Genera! Pu8!i/ Li/ense: yan# 'en#.arus&an setia" re7istri8usi so5t are GPL yan# a&an 7iri!is .anya 7i8a a. GPL untu& 'en/e#a. @"enutu"an@ 7ari &o7e 7an 'en/e#a. "en##unaannya 7a!a' !in#&un#an "en#e'8an#an "ro"rietary &o'ersia!. 01N<=3. Untu& 7is&usi tentan# 8a#ai'ana Ha& Petani Fte!a. 7i!a&sana&an 7i tin#&at nasiona!: !i.at ,rus.: /atatan su"ra 8A: %a' <B9<8. 01N<53. Pasa! 2B.2 >7? >ii? Per%an%ian 1A- 'eneta"&an 8a. a @,a7an Pen#atur a%i8: "a7a "erte'uan "erta'a: 'enentu&an tin#&at: 8entu& 7an tata /ara "e'8ayaran@ 7ari 'an5aat 'oneter: @sesuai 7en#an "ra&te& &o'ersia!.@ Perte'uan "erta'a 7ari ,a7an Pen#urus 8er!an#sun# "a7a 2292A Juni: 2$$A. Untu& a#en7a 7ra5t se'entara 7an 7o&u'en !ainnya untu& "erte'uan ini: !i.at Do&u'en Si7an# Perta'a ,a7an Pe'erinta.an Per%an%ian Internasiona! 'en#enai Su'8er Daya Geneti& Tana'an untu& Pan#an 7an Pertanian: 2292A Juni: 2$$A: .tt";HH .5ao. or#Ha#H/#r5aH#82..t' >tera&.ir 7i&un%un#i 25 Januari 2$$8?. AKHI) D-KU+EN >*? 2$2$ T.o'son )euters. Ti7a& K!ai' -ri#. US Gov Pe&er%aan.

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