A Rasih G3
1.
Page 1 of 17
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(a) A sample of a radioactive isotope contains N nuclei at time t. At time (t + t), it contains
(N N) nuclei of the isotope.
For the period t, state, in terms of N, N and t,
(i)
(ii)
B1 [1]
B1 [1]
(b) A cobalt-60 source having a half-life of 5.27 years is calibrated and found to have an
activity of 3.50 105 Bq. The uncertainty in the calibration is 2%.
Calculate the length of time, in days, after the calibration has been made, for the stated
activity of 3.50 105 Bq to have a maximum possible error of 10%.
source must decay by 8%
A = A0 exp(ln2 t / T)
or A/ A0 = 1 / (2t/T)
0.92 = exp(ln2 t / 5.27) or 0.92 = 1 / (2t/5.27)
t = 0.634 years
= 230 days
(allow 2 marks for A/ A0 = 0.08, answer 7010 days
allow 1 mark for A/ A0 = 0.12, answer 5880 days)
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C1
C1
C1
A1
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2.
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+ .
(a) Explain why the two -ray photons have the same energy.
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(ii)
the wavelength,
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(iii)
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the momentum.
2/7/2011
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3.
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(ii)
(iii)
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4.
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The controlled reaction between deuterium( 21 H) and tritium( 31 H) has involved ongoing
research for many years. The reaction may be summarised as
2H
1
3H
1
4He
2
1n
0
+ Q
1.12
1n
0
4He
2
7.07
Fig. 8.1
(a) Suggest why binding energy per nucleon for the neutron is not quoted.
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(b) Calculate the mass defect, in kg, of a helium 42He nucleus.
(c) (i)
State the name of the type of reaction illustrated by this nuclear equation.
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(ii)
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5.
Page 6 of 17
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t 1 = 0.693.
2
[
(c) Cobalt-60 is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 5.26 years (1.66 108 s).
A cobalt-60 source for use in a school laboratory has an activity of 1.8 105 Bq.
Calculate the mass of cobalt-60 in the source.
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mass of
Iron-56
By: N.A Rasih G3
Page 7 of 17
2/7/2011
The isotope Manganese-56 decays and undergoes -particle emission to form the stable
isotope Iron-56. The half-life for this decay is 2.6 hours.
Initially, at time t = 0, a sample of Manganese-56 has a mass of 1.4 g and there is no
Iron-56.
(a) Complete Fig. 7.1 to show the variation with time t of the mass of Iron-56 in the sample
for time t = 0 to time t = 11 hours.
10
12
t / hours
[
Fig. 7.1
(b) For the sample of Manganese-56, determine
(i)
(ii)
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mass of Iron-56
mass of Manganese-56
is equal to 9.0.
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7.
Page 9 of 17
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(iii)
Page 10 of 17
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(c) By reference to your answer in (b)(iii), suggest why dust that has been contaminated
with Strontium-90 presents a serious health hazard.
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Page 11 of 17
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A positron (+10e ) is a particle that has the same mass as an electron and has a charge of
+1.6 1019 C.
A positron will interact with an electron to form two -ray photons.
0
+1e
0
1e
Assuming that the kinetic energy of the positron and the electron is negligible when they
interact,
(a) suggest why the two photons will move off in opposite directions with equal energies,
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8.
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Page 12 of 17
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Fig. 7.1 illustrates the variation with nucleon number A of the binding energy per nucleon E
of nuclei.
Fig. 7.1
(a) (i)
(ii)
On Fig. 7.1, mark with the letter S the region of the graph representing nuclei
having the greatest stability.
+ 0n
142
54 Xe
90
38 Sr
+ neutrons
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(ii)
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Data for binding energies per nucleon are given in Fig. 7.2.
Fig. 7.2
Calculate
1.
2.
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(ii)
(iii)
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(b) Fig. 7.1 shows the variation with nucleon number (mass number) A of the binding energy
per nucleon EB of nuclei.
EB
A
Fig. 7.1
(i)
(ii)
1
n
0
141
Ba
56
92
Kr
36
+ 3 0 n.
1.
the uranium (
2.
the
3.
the
[2]
The neutron that is absorbed by the uranium nucleus has very little kinetic energy.
Explain why this fission reaction is energetically possible.
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