HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS

Introduction and Digestive System

PLEASE
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TAKE OUT PAPER AND PEN

We will be taking notes today

EXEMPLAR
If the stem is bent or snapped, the part above the bend usually dies. Explain why.
If the stem is bent or snapped this compromises the flow of the xylem vascular tubes which transports water and minerals. Though the leaf can still produce glucose due to photosynthesis, it can not once again match up with the xylem, to properly give it the amount of water and minerals to survive. Therefore, the leaf dies because it does not have the proper water and mineral flow to survive.
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LEARNING GOALS
1. 2. 3.

Medical Imaging Technology Human organ systems

Closer look at the digestive system

SUCCESS CRITERIA
1.

Explain how organ systems are similar to machines.

ORGAN SYSTEMS
Your body has 11 organ systems working together to keep you alive.

Figure 1

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Takes in new food and breaks it down Absorbs nutrients Removes solid waste from the body

Figure 1a

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Transports blood, nutrients, gases and wastes

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Figure 1b

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Controls breathing Exchanges gases in lungs

Figure 1c

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Removes liquid wastes from the body

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Figure 1d

IMMUNE SYSTEM

Defends the body against infections

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Transports blood, nutrients, gases and wastes

Figure 1e

Figure 1f

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Includes reproductive organs for producing offspring

Figure 1g

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Manufactures and releases hormones that act, along with the nervous system, to keep various body systems in balance

Figure 1h

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Includes skin, hair, and nails Creates a waterproof barrier around the body

Figure 2

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Detects changes in the environment and signals these changes to the body, which then responds

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Figure 1i

Supports, protects and works with muscles to move parts of the body
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Figure 1j

FIRST

UP:

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The digestive system can be broken up into five steps: 1. Mouth 2. Esophagus 3. Stomach 4. Small intestine 5. Large intestine

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Figure 3

MOUTH
Digestion begins in the mouth, where the teeth begin the mechanical breakdown of food into smaller pieces. An enzyme in saliva (called amylase) starts the chemical breakdown.

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Figure 3

ESOPHAGUS
At this point the food is in small chunks, called a bolus. After the food is swallowed, it passes through the pharynx into a muscular tube called the esophagus.
The muscular walls of the esophagus contract and relax (called peristalsis), pushing each chunk of food along until it gets to the stomach. The epiglottis prevents the food 13 from entering your respiratory system

Figure 3

STOMACH
In the stomach, gastric juices surround the food chunks.

Gastric juices are made up of hydrochloric acid, pepsin (enzyme), mucus and water. Pepsin breaks down protein and needs an acidic environment in which to function.
The stomach lining secretes mucus to protect the stomach wall from the gastric juices.
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Figure 3

STOMACH
Nerves in the stomach sense the presence of food and signal the stomachs muscle tissue (called rugae) to mix the contents, continuing the mechanical breakdown of the food. Between the gastric juices and the churning of the stomach muscles, the partially digested food breaks down to a liquid called chyme. When the food is fully mixed, a round muscle at the bottom of the stomach, the sphincter, relaxes and some of the stomach contents are released 15 into the small intestine.

SMALL

INTESTINE:

DUODENUM

The first metre of the small intestine is called the duodenum, which is where most digestion takes place. Ducts (small tubes) connect to the pancreas, liver and gall bladder, which release more digestive enzymes into the duodenum to complete the chemical breakdown of the food.
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Figure 3

SMALL

INTESTINE:

DUODENUM

Breaking down fat requires two steps:

1.

Figure 3

2.

The liver creates bile, which is stored in the gall bladder. Bile breaks up globs of fat into small droplets. The pancreas releases digestive enzymes to break the fat into even smaller pieces.

Secretions from the pancreas are also critical for digesting proteins into amino acids, which body cells use to build new proteins.

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SMALL INTESTINE
When the remaining digested food moves into the remaining length of the small intestine, it is ready to be absorbed into the body. The small intestine is covered with millions of interior folds, called villi and microvilli. These villi maximize the surface area over which nutrients and water can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

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LARGE INTESTINE
The final organ in the digestive system, it includes the colon, rectum and anus. The large intestine has a larger diameter and a shorter length than the small intestine.

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Figure 3

LARGE INTESTINE
The main function of the large intestine is to absorb water, vitamins and various salts from the digested food and get rid of undigested food through the anus as feces. It also contains bacteria which finish the process of breaking down food and also produce essential nutrients, like vitamin K

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EXIT QUESTION
In what ways are human organ systems similar to machines? Be specific and use terminology.
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REFERENCES
Figure 1 http://stat.gogo.mn/blog/9/82709/purple_lips/human%20anatomy.jpg Figure 2

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Organ_Systems_I.jpg
Figure 3 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Digestive_syste m_diagram_edit.svg/512px-Digestive_system_diagram_edit.svg.png For the Website http://kitses.com/animation/swfs/digestion.swf http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s06XzaKqELk

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