ABSTRACT

In this 21 St century, where we do not even think living without electricity then there comes the need of an inverter in case of power cuts. An inverter is used to produce an un-interrupted 220 A! supply to the device connected as the load at the output socket. "he inverter gives constant A! voltage at its output socket when the A! mains power supply is not availa#le. "he uninterrupti#le solar power supply is intended to take small stand#y loads off the grid, and power them directly from solar panels. "he supply acts as an uninterrupti#le power supply $%&S', switching seamlessly #ack to the grid if the solar power is unavaila#le during the night or cloudy weather. "he gradual warming of our planet due to man-made pollution is a topical issue. "here are record high levels of greenhouse gas e missions, and 20( of these gas emissions can #e attri#uted to residential energy use. Around 2) metric kilograms $*+ l#s' of !02 gas is generated from a coal-fired power station which could #e reduced #y using the solar energy which is availa#le to us in plenty of amount.

INTRODUCTION General
A power inverter, or inverter, is an electrical power converter that changes direct current-$,!' to alternating current-$A!', the converted A! can #e at any re-uired voltage and fre-uency with the use of appropriate transformers, itching. and control circuits. solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of replications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport #ulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply A! power from ,! sources such as solar panels -or #atteries. "he inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier. "he electrical inverter is a high-power electronic oscillator. It is so named #ecause early mechanical A! to ,! converters were made to work in reverse, and thus were .inverted., to convert ,! to A!.

DESIGN Basic designs

In one simple inverter circuit, ,! power is connected to a transformer through the centre tap of the primary winding. A switch is rapidly switched #ack and forth to allow current to flow #ack to the ,! source following two alternate paths through one end of the primary winding and then the other. "he alternation of the direction of current in the primary winding of the transformer produces alternating current-$A!' m the secondary circuit. "he electromechanical version of the switching device includes two stationary contacts and a spring supported moving contact. "he spring holds the mova#le contact against one of the stationary contacts and an clectromagnet pulls the mova#le contact to the opposite stationary contact. "he current in the electromagnet is interrupted #y the action of the switch so that the switch continually switches rapidly #ack and forth. "his type of electromechanical inverter switch, called a vi#rator or #u//er, was once use in vacuum tu#e automo#ile radios. As they #ecame availa#le with ade-uate power ratings, transistors and various other types of semiconductor switches have #een incorporated into inverter circuit designs. !ertain ratings, especially for large systems $many kilowatts' use thyristors0$S!1'. S!1s provide large power handling capa#ility in a semiconductor device, and can readily #e controlled over a varia#le firing range.

Solar inverter circuit

Components used:
&ic. 12 f 33)a &c 31) optocoupler %ps transformer for 220 volt output 4osfet irf /**$2' 5&5 transistor 6! 7*3 $1' &5& transistor 6! 773 $1' 1elay 12 v ,c Solar cell 12 volt * watt 1esistor8 1k $2', *)0 ohm $*' 1egulator I! )307$2' Step down transformer 220 volt - 9 volt :;, $7' ,iode $2' !apacitor 1000mfd $*'

In this pro<ect we design a &I! 12 f 33) #ase inverter to generate a 220 ac from transformer. =e use two mosfet for transformer switching. 4osfet is pct coupled with the microcontroller with pe 31) opto-coupler. S-uare wave >re-uency is provided #y the microcontroller at the rate of 70 ?/. =e use mosfet for high fre-uency switching. 4icrocontroller supply is provided #y the 7 volt regulated supply from 12 volt #attery. "his 12 volt dc #attery is charge #y the solar cell unit. #attery charge level is indicate #y the * l.e.d @s connected with the microcontroller. here we use four l.e.d for indication. In this pro<ect we provide a automatic switching circuit with main supply when main 1' is availa#le then there is no output and when main supply is fail then inverter is automatic on.

SO AR CE

Solar cell consists of two layers of semiconductor, one p-type and the other n-type, sandswiched together to form a @pn <unction@. Alien particles of light $@photons@' are a#sor#ed #y the semiconductor, they transfer their energy to some of the semiconductors electrons, which are then a#le to move a#out through the material. >or each such negatively charged electron, a corresponding mo#ile positive charge. called a @hole@. is created. In an ordinary semiconductor, these electrons and holes recom#ine after a short time and their energy is wasted as heat.ln a solar cell, however. the electrons and holes near the pn <unction are swept across in opposite d irections #y the action of the electric field and others diffuse towards the <unction to replace them. "his separation of charge induces a voltage across the device. 6y connec ting the device to an eAternal circuit. the electrons are a#le to flow - and this flow of electrons is what we call electricity.

CONC USION
After going through all the information teAted #efore we come to know that this pro<ect #asically focuses on saving the energy and using it whenever re-uired. =e can easily save and store the electricity. It harvests solar energy to replenish 12 volt Inverter #attery. It has auto cut off facility to stop charging when the #attery attains full charge. "he charger uses a 2* volt solar panel as input. >or enhancing the capa#ility, special and eAternal circuitry may #e added to the system.

RE!ERENCE
1. 4I:: 4A5 B and ?A=CI;S !.!. .I5";D1A"; ;:;!"1E5I!S. 4!D1A= I "I::. 19)2 2. 1EF !?E%,?%1F ,, S?A:: BAI5, . :I5;A1 I5";D1A";, !I1!%I"., 5ew Age International &u#lishers. 5ew ,elhi 2000 + . . " ? ; 3071 4I!1E!E5"1E::;1 A5, ;46;,,;, SFS";4. #y 4ohammad Ali 4a/idi.Internet reference =ikipedia

"e#sites

http8 www.atmel.comG http8,,@www.microchip.comG www.3072.com http8 @ www.#eyondlogic.org http8 www.ctv.esGpekits.Ghorne.html http8- www.aimelo#al.orgG www.google.com