3, Ch2 - Ethernet and Basic Switch Config

Basic Switch Concepts and Configuration Ethernet & Switch Admin
Week #3
Ch2. Wayne Lewis PP45-85
Routing and Switching CNET 311

Centennial College
Ali Nezhad
Basic Switch Configuration
Topics
Introduction to Ethernet
CSMA/CD, Frame Format, Duplex Mode, MAC Table
Ethernet LAN Design Considerations

Segmentation, Latency, Bottlenecks
Switch Characteristics
Forwarding Methods, Port Symmetry, Buffering, L3 support
Cisco Switch Management

Ali Nezhad CNET 311 Routing and Switching
Introduction to Ethernet/802.3 LANs
Key Elements
CSMA/CD Transmission Modes Frame and Addressing Formats Duplex Settings Switch Port Settings MAC Address Table Management
CSMA/CD
Rules which station gets access to the shared medium. Works only for half-duplex communication
Two paths are needed for full-duplex.
CSMA/CD- Access Method

Listen before transmission. Busy medium keep listening. Idle medium transmit immediately. While transmitting listen for collisions. After transmission, stop listening. If collision invoke collision resolution.
CSMA/CD- Collision Resolution

All involved stations stop transmitting. They send a brief jamming signal to inform other listening stations of the collision. All stations waiting to transmit invoke the random binary exponential backoff algorithm. When the backoff delay expires, devices go back to the listen-before-transmit mode.
CSMA/CD- Backoff Algorithm

Ensures that two stations involved in a collision do not try to transmit at the same time and collide again. It creates a fairness problem:
While the collided stations are waiting a new station can get access to the medium and transmit before them.
CSMA/CD- Medium Diameter

Impacts collision detection mechanism. Cant be too big:
Signal is attenuated to levels below the collision detection threshold. Signal from one station gets to another station willing to transmit too late. collision
The higher the speed the shorter the medium TF >= 2 tp 10BaseT: 5 segments and 100m/seg when using hubs 100BaseT: 3 segments and 100m/seg when using hubs
Transmission Modes
Unicast
ftp, http, smtp, telnet,
Multicast
Video conferencing, Logical group membership required.
Broadcast
ARP query messages,
10
Ethernet Frame
Encapsulates L3 packets. Has headers and trailers. Used for Tx/Rx synchronization. Uses CRC to detect errors in the frame.
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Ethernet Frame
Data: L3 PDU
46 1500 bytes, may contain padding.
Len/Type: length of data field in bytes

> 1536 <= 1536 Type Length
Specifies which L3 protocol is implemented.
12
MAC Address Format

2 main parts:
OUI: Organizational Unique ID
24 bits Manufacturer ID
Vendor Assignment Number

Uniquely identifies the NIC
First 2 bits only meaningful in a dest_add

Broadcast bit: broadcast or multicast address U/L: global or private address
0: globally unique 1: locally administered
13
Duplex Settings
Half-Duplex
Used in hubs. Low performance, 50%
Full-Duplex
Better performance, 100% Supported by most switches 2 paths for 2 directions no collisions
Auto
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Switch Port Settings- Duplex Mode

Must match the media type 3 modes
Half-duplex Full-duplex: default for 100Base-FX Auto: 2 ports auto-negotiate the best mode.
default for Fast & 10/100/1000 Ethernet If auto-negotiate fails half-duplex
15
Switch Port Settings- Auto-MDIX

When enabled, the port detects the cable type (-- or X ) and configures the interface. CLI command: mdix auto Default on IOS 12.2(18)SE and alter Enabled by default on 2960
16
MAC Address Table Mgmt.

Important for unicast and multicast Populated manually or dynamically For interconnected switches, the table records multiple MAC addresses for the port connected to the other switch.
S1 MAC Addr ss !a"# Port P1 MAC MAC1 MAC2
S1
P1
P4
S1
MAC1
MAC2
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MAC Address Table

Automatic (Dynamic) Population
Switch receives a broadcast frame from PC1 on Port1. SRC and inbound port are recorded. Switch floods the frame on all ports but Port1. PC2 replies with a unicast frame for PC1. Switch records PC2s MAC on Port3. Future communication between PC1 and PC2 are unicast.
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Ethernet LAN Design Considerations
19
Segmentation- Collision Domains

Collisions and collision resolution waste BW. Collisions depend on the number of users. An area where frames collide, is a collision domain and is called a segment. Smaller segments result in fewer collisions. Each switch port is a dedicated connection and a separate collision domain. Switches reduce collisions and enhance thruput.
20
Segmentation- Collision Domains

The connection established between host A and host B is called a microsegment and is managed by the MAC table.
21
Segmentation- Broadcast Domains

A collection of inter-connected switches, hubs and bridges. These devices do not limit frame broadcasts. Only a L3 entity e.g a router or VLANs can create separate L2 broadcast domains. L3 entities segment both broadcast as well as collision domains. All 1s address in a subnet is recognized by all devices as the broadcast address.
22
Network Latency
3 Sources
NIC Delay: (PHY layer )
The time taken by the NICs at the source and the destination to send and receive electrical signals.
Propagation Delay: (PHY layer )

0.556s per 100m for CAT5 UTP.
Intermediate Devices: L1, L2, L3

Switches are faster than routers.
23
Network Latency
Why switches are faster than routers. No L3 processing ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuits)
H/W support for networking tasks
Port-based buffering Port-level QoS Congestion management

24
Network Latency
Routers and Latency-Segmentation Trade-off
25
Network Latency- Switch Delay

Forwarding rate of the switch fabric has a big impact on the delay of a switch. Do not over-subscribe Example:
A 48-port switch with 1000Mbps ports needs a forwarding rate of 96 Gbps.
26
Network Congestion
Without proper segmentation, collisions and broadcast traffic clog the network. Causes:
Powerful end devices: Create data faster. Network Traffic: e.g. ARP and data accessed remotely for the operation of the network. Applications: Realtime applications, desktop publishing, e-learning, need more BW.
27
Bottlenecks
The link to server is the bottleneck. Use more NICs on the server. For inter-connected switches, we could use faster links or link aggregation.
28
Switch Characteristics
29
Forwarding Methods
Cut-thru: Lacks error checking. Not used in Catalyst switches
Fast-forward: forward as soon as Dest-add is received. Fragment-free: error check only the 1st 64 bytes.
Store & Forward: modern method

Data buffered until frame is received in full. During reception, Dest-addr is examined. Later, FCS is checked. If no error forward Required for QoS.
Frames must be classified and prioritized.
30
Port Symmetry
Symmetric: Same BW allocated to all ports Asymmetric: Some ports may be allocated higher BW.
Good for client-server applications Implemented by most recent Catalyst switches Requires memory buffering
31
Memory Buffering
Amount of memory allocated to buffering is configurable. 2 Methods
Port-based
Each port has a FIFO queue.
Shared Memory
All ports buffer their frames in a common memory. Memory for each port is allocated dynamically.
32
L3 Support
A L3 switch uses IP-addressing info too. L3 switches route packets faster than routers due to specialized switching hardware. L3 switches do not perform all routers functions such as:
Remote access connections More support for WAN interface cards (WIC)
Icons: L2
L3
33
Cisco Switch Management
34
CLI
2 Levels of Access User EXEC: default after entering the CLI Allows a few basic monitoring commands. Privileged EXEC: enable mode Allows access to all device commands. Can be password protected. Allows access to other config modes such as global, interface and line. Enable and disable commands
35
GUI- Cisco Network Assistant

Free Can manage multiple devices
36
GUI- CiscoView
Displays a physical view of the switch.
37
GUI- Cisco Device Manager

Web based
38
GUI- SNMP based applications

Such as HP OpenView
39
Switch Boot Sequence

Pow r $n %oad Boot %oad r A s(a## S7 in 584AM 4$MM$5 1ro(1t 5$ 3ound .$S) S arch s a## su"dirs and th n a## th fi# s in th origina# dir%oads th d fau#t .$S i(ag and "oots th switch .nsta## $S9 1assword r co: r09 for(at f#ash *+S S*S! %+, turns a(" r5$ *+S S*S! %+, "#in6s gr n.nitia#i& s th on/"oard f#ash fi# s0st (Succ ss) Boot %oad r initia#i& s CP' r gist rs ! sts 4AM and f#ash fi# P rfor(s P$S! s0st (
's r +2+C 1ro(1t
.nitia#i& s int rfac s "as d on startu1 config in th f#ash-
*+S
.$S found in d fau#t dir ctor0 ) 5$
Sa( na( as .$S
40
Switch Administration
Management Interface Configuration
Assign the switch an IP address used for remote management using TCP/IP. This address is assigned to a virtual interface called a management VLAN. This VLAN must be assigned to specific ports. The default is VLAN1. But it is better to use another VLAN as the management VLAN.
41
Management Interface
Note; $n#0 on 8%A5 int rfac can " acti: at a ti( 7h n 8%A599 is acti:at d9 8%A51 " co( s inacti: Ali Nezhad CNET 311 Routing and Switching
42
Default Gateway
Used for Mgmt: ping, telnet, TFTP, (config)# ip default-gateway 172.17.99.1
43
Speed and Duplex Settings
Auto-negotiation between S1 and S2.
44
HTTP Access
Configure switch as a HTTP server. Required by: Cisco web browser user interface, Cisco router and security Device Manager (SDM), IP phones, (config)# ip http authentication enable (config)# ip http server Authn is optional. It controls who gets access. Usually handled by a separate server.
45
MAC Address Table Management
# show mac-address-table Dynamic addresses
SRC addresses learned from frames. Age when not in use. Default Age = 300 sec
Can be changed.
Static addresses
46
MAC Address Table Management
Static addresses
Assigned specifically to certain ports by admin. Dont age. Only devices known to the admin will be able to connect to the port. Add a static mapping (config)# mac-address-table static <mac-add> vlan <vlan-id> interface <int-id> Use no, to remove the static mapping.
47
Verifying Switch Configuration
Use the show command.
48
Backup
49
Restore
Note: The following command does not overwrite the

current config. It only merges with it and may cause problems due to conflicts. #copy startup-config running-config
50
TFTP Server- Backup
Used to save config file off the switch. Backup current config to the TFTP server:
Backup startup config to the TFTP server:

S1# copy nvram:startup-config tftp://172.16.2.155/tokyo-config
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TFTP Server- Restore
Directly to the RAM: S1# copy tftp://172.16 system:running
Commands are executed as the file is parsed line-by-line.
Copy to the flash: S1# copy tftp://172.16 nvram:startup- S1# reload

52
Clearing Config Info. From Startup
Must be in the privileged EXEC mode. Done before a complete re-configuration. #erase nvram: or #erase startup-config To erase a file from flash #delete flash:<filename>
53
Questions?
54

3, Ch2 - Ethernet and Basic Switch Config

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3, Ch2 - Ethernet and Basic Switch Config

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Basic Switch Concepts and Configuration Ethernet & Switch Admin

Routing and Switching CNET 311

Basic Switch Configuration

Ethernet LAN Design Considerations

Cisco Switch Management

Basic Switch Configuration

Introduction to Ethernet/802.3 LANs

Ali Nezhad CNET 311 Routing and Switching

Basic Switch Configuration

Basic Switch Configuration

Ali Nezhad CNET 311 Routing and Switching

Basic Switch Configuration

CSMA/CD- Access Method

Basic Switch Configuration

CSMA/CD- Collision Resolution

Basic Switch Configuration

CSMA/CD- Backoff Algorithm

Ali Nezhad CNET 311 Routing and Switching

Basic Switch Configuration

CSMA/CD- Medium Diameter

Basic Switch Configuration

Basic Switch Configuration

Ali Nezhad CNET 311 Routing and Switching

Basic Switch Configuration

Len/Type: length of data field in bytes

Ali Nezhad CNET 311 Routing and Switching

Basic Switch Configuration

MAC Address Format

Vendor Assignment Number

First 2 bits only meaningful in a dest_add

Ali Nezhad CNET 311 Routing and Switching

Basic Switch Configuration

Basic Switch Configuration

Switch Port Settings- Duplex Mode

Ali Nezhad CNET 311 Routing and Switching

Basic Switch Configuration

Switch Port Settings- Auto-MDIX

Ali Nezhad CNET 311 Routing and Switching

Basic Switch Configuration

MAC Address Table Mgmt.

Ali Nezhad CNET 311 Routing and Switching

Basic Switch Configuration

MAC Address Table

Basic Switch Configuration

Ethernet LAN Design Considerations

Ali Nezhad CNET 311 Routing and Switching

Basic Switch Configuration

Segmentation- Collision Domains

Basic Switch Configuration

Segmentation- Collision Domains

Basic Switch Configuration

Segmentation- Broadcast Domains

Basic Switch Configuration

Propagation Delay: (PHY layer )

Intermediate Devices: L1, L2, L3

Basic Switch Configuration

Port-based buffering Port-level QoS Congestion management

Basic Switch Configuration

Ali Nezhad CNET 311 Routing and Switching

Basic Switch Configuration

Network Latency- Switch Delay

Basic Switch Configuration

Basic Switch Configuration