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ISBN 978-955-51227-0-2
t' t' frdayK jika;" 2008
Y%S ,xld cd;sl mqia;ld,h - m%ldYk.; iqlrK o;a;

jika;" t' t' frdayK

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ISBN 978-955-51227-0-2
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t' t' frdayK jika; uy;df.a ukd ixialrK
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uQ,sl Ydia;%Sh l;sldjg tla lrk ,o mfhaIkd;aul ,sms
tl;=jla fuf,i lD;shla f,iska fodrg jeu ms<sn|j
udf.a Wkqiq iqNdYsxik msK
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uilg jrla fyda fojrla f.or ishu fokd yd tlaj
jg biaf;damqf ys|f.k mjqf,a whf.a mqiafld,fha
,shd we;s flakaor igyka tlsfkl f.k iqmCIdfjka
n,d i;shlg fyda follg miq f.or tk mshdKkaf.a
flakaor m,dM, l:khg ijka fhduq lr isug l=vd
l, isgu mqre is ldhH_hla h'
tfia ne mqiafld, flakaor igyka w;=frka b;du
w,xldr whka ksujd ;nQ tlu flakaorh udf.a
flakaorh u ms<sn|j ud yg ;snqfka wysxil tfy;a
f,dl= wdvnrhls'
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1989 jk g fnka;r .fka tf;r f.kao.
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yerjq ikahla jYfhka fmkajdh yelsh'
f w;r wyfnka tla kl uqK .eiqk fkaof
fidar; kka jQ h;sjrhdK flfkl=f.a uiq weig
,la ug ,enqk wjia:dj f .= .uk werug ,o
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iriaj;S fydardjla fhk tla WoEikl Wka jykafia
l,la ;siafia uy;a jr jEhfuka wdrCId lrf.k wd
iriaj;S f;,a jla fnda fld,hl kegl .,ajd
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7

isxy, yeg mefha l%uhg ilia .kakd wdldrh ms<sn|

.Ks;uh iQ;% ka /ila Bg miq k lsysmhla ;siafia
mqre lrjk ,'
miqj Wkajykafia i;= jQ fmd;a m;a /ila udfj; fhduq
lrka '''ya''' oeka Th we;s' f uf.a ysKs fm;a;g
hkak k ye wjYH fj,djg wjYH foa ksis wdldrhg
wjYH muK ,ef' t;lka Tfydu lrf.k hkak' '''
hkqfjka mjid ud yg iuq kafkah'
ta kj werUqu l%ufhka o ,d ;rul jDCIhlaj je
tk wjia:df Yaj oHd, m%fYh ,nd fld<U Yaj
oHd,hg f;a tys wOHhk lghq;= lrf.k tka ;snQ
wjia:df 1997 jif tjlg whsiS h kka yeka jQ
m.K f;dr;=re ;dCIK tallh u.ska ixOdkh lrk
,o tla m%oYkhla kerug fhduqu udf.a fha ;j;a
tla yerjqula h' yd yd mqrd lshd m.Klhla w;ska
w,a,kakg bv ,o m<uq wjia:dj th h' m.Kl ms<sn|
WKla udfj; yg .ekSug th n,mdk ,oehs lsjfyd;a
th ksjerh'
kuq;a fldmshqgrh lshd isxyf,ka fldnqjla
j;a fkd;snqK hq.hla jQ tu ld,fha ud yg w; ka
iqukfialr k jQ iyDohdK flfkl=kaf.a ksjer u.
fmkau hgf;a fvdia fufyhq moaO;sfhka wer tu
.uk iudka;r .uklaj lrf.k hdug bv ,'
wk;=rej udf.a 23 jk ckau kh od u jD; lrk
,o fld<U Yaj oHd,hSh Ydia;%mSGfha YsIH m.Kl
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8

m.Klhla , jd lghq;= lsug iu;a u udf.a

m%:u f.!rj Wmdh ,enqug o f,dl= msjy,la h'
tys uqK.eiqk wis; ngqjka;=vdj" iy lkaoid m%ma
l=udr hk fo fidfydhqrka yd tjlg tu tallh Ndrj
is wdpdhH_ isu,a wfr;ak were;=uka .ufka
wu;l l< fkdyels p; jQy'
fufia wd .ufka mqj;am;a yd Ydia;%Sh f,aLkh ms<sn|
fodr.= jr lr udOH wdpdr Ou ms<sn| oekqj;a
lrka ud yg w; ka ri m%ldYk iud.f im;
fcHda;soHd mqj;amf;a l;D uKav, m%OdkS jYfhka
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,xld fcHda;sI ix.%yh kka jQ jdr ix.%yh u.ska oek
wk .;a l=ud fj,a,d,f.a fidfydhqrd o fuys .=re
ne;sfhka isysle|h hq;=h'
uf.a fkdje fl<ska isg .ekSug jD;a;Suh w;aje,
w,a,d ka fld<U Yaj oHd,fha foaYmd,koHd wxYfha
uydpdhHjrhd jYfhka o Y%S ,xld iudc oHd{hskaf.a
ix.ufha l%shdld wOHCIl yd uQ,Hdld jYfhka
lghq;= lrk chfoaj Whkaf.dv .=re mshdKkao fuys
wksjdhfhka isys le|h hq;=h'
f w;r fldf rdcOdkshg wh;a udkakdf.dv Y%S
iqruHdrdu mqrdK ydria:dkfha ydrdm;s wdpdhH_
fodvf.d,af,a m[a[dkkao iajdka jykafia o
Tref.dvj;a; u fmfofia Y%S inqoaOdf,dal
Oudh;kfha ydrdm;s mQcH ueKslalvjr [dKu,
iajdka jykafia o kuialdr mQjlj isysm;a lr'
9

Y%S ,xld oDIH yd m%idx.sl l,d YajoHd,hSh Wml=,m;s

uydpdhH_ chfiak fldgf.dv ue;ska o k;k mSGfha
my;rg k;k wOHhkdxYdm;s uydpdhH_ ,hk,a
fnka;rf.a ue;ska o" Wvrg k;k wOHhkdxYfha
ysgmq wxYdm;s uydpdhH_ Okmd, gf.or ue;ska
iy fcHaIaG lldpdhH_ ,xld;s,l ue;sksh o ;d,jdoH
wxYfha wxYdm;s ioaOd W;am,lkaof.a ue;ska o iy
Wvrg k;k wOHhkdxYfha wdOqksl lldpdhH_
Ydia;%m;s lS;s ;=udr mshkkao rEmisxy fidfydhqrd o
fuys,d fkdjla ia;=;s mQjlj isys le|h hq;=h'
k i|yka fkdjkakg fhkq ;j;a fndfyda iyDo le<la
f t<soelaug msgqmiska ;srfhka tmsg ys| l< Wmldr yd
mdGl Tng o KENDARA SINHALEN flakaor isxy,ka
fj wvhg f.dvje ud u;a l< iyDo mdGl Tng
o lD;{;dj m< lr'
t' t' frdayK jika;
hd;=ldl WmfoaYk fiajh
wxl 25"l=vdje,a, W;=r"
kdl=.uqj"
Y%S ,xldj'
wasantha2010@gmail.com
009441-2255556$009471-4161082$009472-3430028
http://kendaralk.blogspot.com

10

mgqk
iudc oHd;aul fcHda;sIh
brKu keu;s uDldx.h ,shk
m.Kl NdIdj fodai;rhs
Widfha Widfha wik kvq fia ,shefjk"
lshefjk fi;al
.%y wm, yd n,s Ydka;slu
is fmdfrdkaoj, oHd;aul me;slv
ffNrj fodaIh yd ffNrj mQcdj weiska
kele;a i;a iai yd ne /lshdj" wOHdmkh

11

iudc oHd;aul fcHda;sIh

T.iaf fld" uelaia fn" t,a vqlayhs iy ld,a

udlaia iska iudc .; lrk ,o iudchSh Ih Odrdjla
f,i wm ykd.kakd iudcoHd Ih Odrdj ngysr
f,dalfha wd.l nqoa mqkreofhka miq ys jQ ldl
ma,jh;a iu. ngysr iudcfha tjlg meK ke.=k Iu
iudc rgdjka yd Iu iudc M,hkag ms<s;=re fif
biau;= jQ Ih Odrdjla f,i wmg fmkajdh yelsh'
fcHda;SoHdj iyi% jIdl b;sydihla we;s ft;sidysl
IhOdrdjla jYfhka ykd.; yels Ih Odrdjls' fuu
Ih Odrdj iudc.; lsf mqfrda.d;ajh f.k lghq;=
lrk ,oafoa b;d rd;S;fha iQ mrdYr" W;a;r" .>"
l,HdKju" ffcks" ysr" ufyakamdo" jkd:dpdhH_
yd .fKaIdpdhH_ Nfgda;Am," mD:qhiia wd wd;ah
uqla;s {dk .fYkfha kshq;= jQjka /ila isks'
fudjqkaf.a mrud:h o ngysr iudcoHd Ih Odrdj
iudc .; lrk ,o m`jrekaf.a mrud:hg fnfyka
iudk;djla fmkakq lrkq ,nhs' kuq;a irh"
Bma;=j" wrdh" kh" nef,dakshdj" uOHu weuldf
udhkajre" hjk foaYh" nhsieka;shka wrdcHh wd N+f.
da,Sh l,dmhl fyda kuq ys jQ fcHda;SoHd Ih Odrdj
ckkhg odhl jQ m`jrekaf.a fcHda;SoHd kshuhka
12

yd mfhaIKhkays iudcoHd Ih m:h blaujd we;s

;;ajhla oel.; yelsh'
nDy;a mrdYr fydard Ydia;%h" fydardidrh" W;a;r
ld,duD;h" .> fydardj" l,HdKju idrdj,S" ffcks
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fydardNrKh" jkd:dpdhH_ Ndj l=;=y,h" .fKaIdpdhH_
cd;ld,xldrh" Ndj m%ldYh Nfgda;Am, ldj" m%Yak
ud.h wd fcHda;SoHd uQ,.%ka: mYS,kh lsf
fmkS hk m%n, fjkial iys; lreKq /ila we;'
ld,a udlaiaf.a iudch yd .egqu" fcyd f,kaialsf.a
iudch yd ;dCIKh" uelaia fjnf.a iudchSh ;ldmKh
yd t,a vqlayhsf.a iudch yd l%shdjdoh jeks iudc
oHd;aul .%yhka ;=< mqoa.,hd iudch iu. fhfok
wka; l%shdj,sfha iajNdjh meye,s lsug W;aydi ord
we;s nj fmkS hhs'
tys oel.; yels m%Odk fjki k iudcoHdj iska
mfhaIKhkag Ndckh lrk ,o mqoa.,hd yd iudch hk
lreKq iudch ;=< mj;sk wdldrh wkqj .%y lr.kska
th wjfndaO lr .ekSug .kakd ,o W;aidyhla nj fmkS
hEuhs'
kuq;a fcHda;SoHdj iska th is lsf iuia:
Yajhu ie,ls,a,g .kska mqoa.,hd yd iudch wjfndaO
lsug W;aidy .kS' fuu W;aidyh ;=< mD flakaSh"
mqoa., flakaSh oDIahla iys;j Yajfha l%shdld;ajh
ie<ls,a,g .kska Yaf,aIKh lrhs'

13

tfia mD flakaSh" mqoa., flakaSh oDIahlska Yaj

l%shdld;ajh ie,ls,a,g .kska mqoa.,hd yd iudch
wjfndaO lsug h;ak oeu iudcoHd;aulj .%y l<
fkdyelsh' tys,d iudcoHdj iska f.dKqlrkq ,nk
m%Odk ;lh jYfhka f.kyermdk m%Ok fya;=j f,i
fmkajd fokafka" Yaj l%shdld;ajh mqoa.,hdg yd
iudchg lrkq ,nk n,mEu ;drldoHdf fidhd.ekS
wkqj" weig fmfkk wdf,dal lsrK .uka .kakd f.h"
Yaj jia;+kaf.a ria;r Ndjhka wkqj mDhg ,dug
.;jk ld,h mqoa., mrudhqIh blaujk neks hkqfjks'
fuys,d fmkajdh hq;= lreKla we;' Yaj jia;+ka" Yaj
jia;+kaf.a iajdNdl wdf,dal lsrK yd Yaj jia;+kaf.a
wdf,dalhka mDhg ,dug wdf,dal jI %,shk
.Kkla .; jqj;a" tys,d l%shd;aul j;udkh jYfhka
olsk fudfyd; ;=< mqoa.,hdf.a Wm; ;SrKh lrka
mD flakaShj N+f.da,Sh wCIdxY foaYdxY wkqj wod<
f,df Yaj jia;+kaf.a msysu is;sh .; lrka
f,dm;alvh ke;fyd;a mqoa., flaka igyk ilikq
,nk nj oel.; yelsh' fkdtfia k .%yhska we;=
Yaj jia;+ka mqoa.,hdg yd iudchg we;s lrk n,mEula
ms<sn|j fyda Yaj jia;+ka iska mqoa.,hd yd iudch
md,kh lrk njla fcHda;S oHdfjka fkd lshfjhs'
kuq;a fcHda;SoHdj ms<sn|j mQK lreKq .fYkhlska"
Yaf,aYkhlska yd wjfndaOhlska f;drj we;=uqka fuh
jrojd lrkq ,nk .%yhla jYfhka fmkajdh yelsh'
fuu mqoa., flaka igyk ke;sk Tyq fyda weh
Wmkaff,a wod< ia:dkhg wkqj kef.kysr CIs;sc
fLdj wxYl 00 jYfhka f.k mDh flakafldg
14

ndysr wjldYh wxYl 3600 jYfhka f.k is;sh .;

lrk ,o Yaj jia;+kaf.a msysu wkqj tu ndysr wjldYh
iudk fldgia fod<ilg fnod flakfhys Ndj fod<i
ksKh fldg we;'
tys m<uq Ndjh ;=<ska iudch ;=< fjfik mqoa.,hdf.a
fm!reIh" mqoa., udkisl l%shdld;ajh" Ydl ieleiau"
w," fydafudak wd Ydl ridhksl l%shdld;ajh
o flaka igyfkys fojk Ndjh ;=<ska mqoa., oDIah"
mqoa., iudchSh wdl YlH;d o flaka igyfkys
f;jk Ndjh ;=<ska iyc yelshd" mjqf,a idudlhskaf.a
wka; in|;d" mjqf,a idudlhskaf.a mej;= rgd
o flaka igyfkys isjk Ndjh ;=<ska ud;D uQ,sl
udkisl phdrgdjka" uj" u fifkyi" uf.a Yr
fi!LHh" ud;D ySk;d" ud;D-odrl in|;d o flaka
igyfkys miajk Ndjh ;=<ska mqoa., wOHdmkh" mqoa.,
iudcdkqfhdackh" ore in|;d" oreM, yd idm,H;djh
o flaka igyfkys ihjk Ndjh ;=<ska mqoa., Ydl
fi!LHh" iudchSh |je" fidr i;=re Wmj" iudchSh
ndOl o flaka igyfkys i;ajk Ndjh ;=<ska mjq,"
jdyh" ,sx.sl;ajh" ia;%S mqreI iudcNdh l%shdld;ajh"
mqoa., iudc jHdNspdr" mqoa., iudc Iudpdr" mqoa.,
iudc rdpdr" lalido" fojk jdyh o flaka
igyfkys wgjk Ndjh ;=<ska mqoa., urKh" urKfha
iajNdjh" ish kid.ekS" wfkdah;djka o flaka
igyfkys kjjeks Ndjh ;=<ska mqoa., wd.l ;h"
wdpdroHd;aul iudc w.hka" ixialD;sl w.hka" mQj
ckau jdikd .=Kh o flaka igyfkys oijk Ndjh ;=<ska
ms;DuQ,sl udkisl phdrgdjka" mshd" mshmi {d;s;ajh
;=<ska ,nk Wreuhka" /lshdj" wdl Ofkdmdhkh
15

o flaka igyfkys tfldf<diajk Ndjh ;=<ska mqoa.,

wdodh ud." fojk jdyhlska ,nk jia;=j o flaka
igyfkys fodf<diajk Ndjh ;=<ska mqoa., ho" mqoa.,
ldhsl udkisl ksoyi wd lreKq /ila .%y lr.kq
,nhs'
b;du;a ir<j flfhka mejiSf mqoa., ;h yd
noaO w:" Ou" ldu" fudaCI hk i;r lreKqu mqoa.,
flaka igyk weiqre lr.kska fcHda;SoHdj iska
.%y lsug Ndckh lrkq ,nhs'
f w;r fcHda;SoHdj yd inkaO we;s wfkl=;a
iudchSh Ih Odrdjka ljfo hkak ykd.ekSu l<
hq;= fjhs' tu Ihhka my; lafjk whqka fm< .id
lah yelsh'
u ;drld oHdj Astronomy
ksia weiska o fCI" ffhda ;rx. yd m.Kl
weiqfrka wdldY jia;+kaf.a l%shdld;ajh ms<sn|j
fidhdne,Su is lrkq ,nk ohdjla jYfhka fmkajd
h yelsh'
u .Ks; oHdj Mathematics
c .Ks;h" cHd;sh" ;%sfldaK;sh wdoS .Kkh ls
is lrkq ,nk Ih m:hls'
u m%lafCIamK oHdj Projection
mj;sk o;a; weiqfrka bh i|yd h yels oE ms<sn|j
mqfrdal:k ksudKh lrkq ,nk Ih m:hls'

16

u m.Kl oHdj Computer Science

bf,lafg%dksla Wmdx. fYaIfhka g%dkaisiag we;=<;a
fldg idok ,o ix.Dys; mm: ^Integrated Circuit - IC)
Nd;d lrka ilik ,o o;a; ieliq WmlrKhla
f,i m.Klh l%shd;aul jk w;r tys l%shdld;ajh yd
Nd;dj ms<sn| l%ufohka o we;=<;a Ih m:hls'
u WmfoaYkh Counseling
udkisl wd;;Ska yd CIsma;Ndjhka fukau udkisl frda.
ldrl ;;ajhka yuqf mqoa.,hdg ish ffoksl ;fha
iy wfkl=la ldhH_hkays Tyqg wjYH lrk Wmfoia
,ndf l%ufohka ms<sn| Ih m:hls'
u wdpdr oHdj Ethics
mqoa., wka;l%shdjka" iudc l%shdjka" ixialD;sh yd iudc
wdh;k iu. wfkHdakH m%;sl%shd lsf wkq.ukh
l< hq;= m%;Ska ms<sn| ksKdhl meKf l%ufohka
ms<sn| Ih m:hls'
u wdhqfo ffjlrKh Ayurvedic Medicine
Ydl yd udkisl fi!LHh meje;au Wfoid wkq.ukh
l< hq;= ffjoHlrK l%ufohka w;=frka fmr. rgj,a
^fYaIfhka bkahdj" ;dhs,ka;h iy ,xldj jeks
rgj,a& iska wkq.ukh lrk ffjoHlrK l%ufohka
we;=<;a Ih m:hls'
u ufkda oHdj Psychology
is.auka f*%dhs k jQ oYkfhd iska yslrk ,o
mqoa., udkisl jHdka yuqf Bg m%;sldr lsf wjYH
mqoa., uki yd udkisl l%shdj,sh
17

u wufkda oHdj Para-Psychology

w-fN!;sl mqoa., ufkdaNdjhka ms<sn| Yaf,aIKhka
we;=<;a Ih m:hls'
u wNspdr Ritual
w-iajdNdl h:d:hka ;=<ska ksidg we;sjk .eg<
iy.; ;;ajhka i|yd wkq.ukh lrk ms<sfj;a
iuqodhhlska iuka; Ih m:hls'
u YO oHdj Audio-logy
w-iajdNdl h:d:hka yd ksid w;r mj;sk .eg
ksrdlrKh i|yd Yaj l%shdld;ajfhys wx.hla jYfhka
mj;sk YOh Wmfhda. lr ksidg iykhla ,ndf
wruqKska hq;=j ysfldg f.k we;s Ih Odrdjls'
u mQcd ka Worship Patterns
w-iajdNdl h:d:hka yd ksid w;r mj;sk .eg
ksrdlrKh i|yd Yaj l%shdld;ajh h<s ia:dmkh lsf
wruqKska ksid iska wkq.ukh lrk l%shd moaO;Ska
we;=<;a Ih m:hls'
u uka;%" ;ka;%" Yaf,dal" hdks" ieye<s" l
O jQ YO rgd weiqre lr .kska mqoa., ;h yd
noaO m%Odk l%shd wgla is lr.ekSu i|yd ksudKh lr
we;s Ih Odrdjls'
u mxp ;+h kdo Nd;h
ksia ukfia yd Yrfha we;s jk iqL" laL yd uOHia:
kaokhka i|yd fN!;sl mirfha we;s Wmdx. mylska
18

ilid .kakd ,o YO l%shd we;=<;a Ih m:hls'

u uQ;slrKh Sculpture
ksidf.a kaokSh ufkdaNdjhka u; ksia fha O
jQ mrud: idOkfhys ,d Nd; lsug f.dv k.k ,o
wkqrElrKhka iys; Ih m:hls'
u legh Carvings/ ;% yd jK ixfhdackh
Paintings and Colourings/ ieris,s Decoration
ksidf.a kaokSh ufkdaNdjhka u; ksia fha O jQ
mrud: idOkfhys ,d Nd; lsug m%;sksudKd;aul
ilH;djkaf.ka f.dv k.k ,o wkqrElrKhka iys;
;j o Ih m: lsysmhls'
u k;kh Dancing
ksidf.a kaokSh ufkdaNdjhka u; ksia fha O jQ
mrud: idOkfhys ,d Nd; lsug m%;sksudKd;aul
ilH;djkaf.ka f.dv k.k ,o mqoa., Yr.; oauh
weiqre lr .kska ksidf.a kaokSh ufkdaNdjhka u;
ksia fha O jQ mrud: idOkfhys ,d Nd; lsug
m%;sksudKd;aul ilH;djkaf.ka f.dv k.k ,o ;j
o tla Ih m:hls'
u wdf,dallrKh Lightings
ksidf.a kaokSh ufkdaNdjhka u; ksia fha O jQ
mrud: idOkfhys ,d Nd; lsug m%;sksudKd;aul
ilH;djkaf.ka f.dv k.k ,o O l%shdjka i|yd
wdf,dalh weiqre lr .kska ksidf.a kaokSh
ufkdaNdjhka u; ksia fha O jQ mrud: idOkfhys
,d Nd; lsug f.dv k.k ,o ;j o tla Ih m:hls'
19

we;fula fuu IhSh Yaf,aIKh i|yd frdaOd;aul

wdl,amhla lah yelsh' Bg fya;=j" fuys lafjk
we;e Ihhkaf.a uQ,sl isoaOdka;" ksjpk yd l%u
Nd;hka wkkH jQ ,CIK fmkajk neks'
tu Ihhka fuys,d inkaO;djla we;ehs iDcqj
ms<s.; fkdyels kuq;a h .eUqre Yaf,aYkhl Bg
inkaO;djla we;s nj fmkajdh yelsh'
h Ihhla ysf kj fidhd.ekSula u; mokj
th ysfjhs' fkd tfia k h ixialD;shla fyda h
ikaoNhla ;=< kj Ihhla ys u fjhs' f ;;ajh
iEu iudchSSh Ihhlg fukau iEu oHdjlgu fmd
Ou;djls'
kuq;a fuu fmd Ou;dj u; msysgd ikaoNh f;are
.ekSug hdf .fYlhdg tu Ihhg wod< jmih
f;are .ekSu w;HjYH lreKla f,i fmkajdh yelsh'

20

h jia;=jla foi wm n,k wdldrh by; rEm igyka

;=<ska fmkajd we;' fuu WodydrKd;aul rEm igyk ;=<
by< isg my< ne,Su;a" my< isg by< ne,Su;a fmkajd
we;' fuu rEmigyka foflysu wei msys ia:dkh iy
tu wefiys oDIAh fhduqjk Ydj iy fldaKh fmkajd
we;' f wkqj m<uq rEmfha Ihh jia;=f idjh
olsk w;r fojk rEmfha Ihh jia;=f me;slvla
muKla oel.ekSug ,la jk nj wmg fmkk lreKls'
by;ska oela jQ fmd Ou;dj m<uq rEmhg wdfoaY l<
fkdyels w;r fojk rEmhg uekka .e<fmkakls' f
wkqj my; oelafjk m tu kHdh Ih noaO l< yelsh'
u
m<uq ia:rh - f.or isg f.oka msg; ne,Su
u fojk ia:rh - msg;g f.dia f.or foi ne,Su
u f;jk ia:rh - .f isg k.rh foi ne,Su
u isjk ia:rh - k.rhg f.dia .u foi ne,Su
u miajk ia:rh - rgl isg foaYhka foi ne,Su
u ihjk ia:rh - foaYhlg f.dia rg foi ne,Su
u i;ajk ia:rh - mDfha isg Yajh foi ne,Su
u wgjk ia:rh - Yajhg f.dia mDh foi ne,Su
u kjjk ia:rh - uu iska wkqka oelSu ^wdrEV mdo&
u oijk ia:rh - wkqka udj olsk whqka uu wkqka
oelSu ^wdrEV mdo&
u tfldf<diajk ia:rh - wkqka udj olsk whqka uu
iska ud oelSu ^wdrEV mdo&

fuys olajk ,o ia:r tfldf<dfiys l%shd;aul jk

Ihhka /ila wmg oel.; yelsh' mqoa.,hd yd uki hk
fojeoEre jia;+ka uQ,sl;ajfhka ixialD;sl f,dalhla
f.dvk.d we;s whqre;a" tfiau tu ixialD;sl f,dalh
21

u; Ihh Odrdjka f.dvk.d we;s whqre;a wmg f

wkqj fmkajdh yelsh'
fufia f.dvk.k ,o oYkh we;= iudchSh Ihh
Odrdjka fuka u oHdkql+, mokula we;s iEu Ihh
Odrdjla u iy oHdkql+, mokula ke;ehs i,lk
Ihhka ish,a,u fuu rduqj ;=< wka;.; fldg we;'
fuu rduqj ;=< fcHda;sIh Ihh ljr wdldrhlska
f.dvke.S we;s o hkak fuka u th l%shd;aul jk wdldrh
ms<sn| j uIKd;aul whqka uid ne,Su fuu ,smsfha
m%Odk wruqK jYfhka fmkajdh yelsh'
by; olajk ,o ia:r igykg wkqj tys i;ajk ia:rfhka
by<g .sh Ihhla f,i m%:ufhkau fcHda;sIh Ihh
fmkajdh yelsh' tys l%shdld;ajh mDfha isg Yajh
foi ne,Sulska wdrN fjhs'
wx.=;a;r ksldfha p;=lal ksmd;fha f,dal iQ;%fha fmkajd
we;s wdldrhg buiax fhaj nHduu;a;fla lf,anf
f,dalx p f,dal iuqohx p f,dal ksfrdaOx p f,dal
ksfrdaO.dKS mmox p m[a[fma hk f,dalh" f,dal
iNjh" f,dal ksfrdaOh iy f,dal ksfrdOh i|yd jk
m%;smod ud.h hk i;r lreKq fuu nUhla muK jk
Yrh ;=< u wka;.; jk nj nqrka fmkajd we;'
tu uQ,sl m%ldYh neyer fkdfldg mqoa.,hdf.a misrka
;=<ska .%yKh lrkq ,nk Ih jia;+ka yd tlS Ih
jia;+ka ms<sn|j mqoa.,hdf.a ukfiys f.dv kef.k
ixialD;sl w;aoelS ;=<ska mqoa.,hd by; olajk ,o
22

ia:r f.dvk.d .kakd nj wmg fmkajdh yelsh'

fufia f.dvk.d .kakd ia:r tlsfkl Yaf,aIKh
lsfuka iudchla f.dv kef.k whqre;a" tfia f.dv
kef.k iudch ;=< mqoa., yd iudc wka;l%shdjka
f.dvkef.k whqre;a" tu wka; l%shdjka mdol fldg
wdlh foaYmd,kh iy wfkl=;a fN!;sl Ih
moaO;Ska f.dv k.d .kakd whqre;a iy inkaO;d;aul
oDIahlska ne,Sf wjfndaO l< yelsh'
f wdldrhg uQ,slj Ihh Odrdjka f.dvkef.k w;r
tlS f.dvkef.k Ihh Odrdjka ixjOkh lsf
O ikaia:dk miqlr bh n,d .uka lrk nj o
wmg oel.; yels iajdNdl isoahls'
fuu Ih ixjOk l%shdj,sfha oel.; yels ,CIKhla
jkafka W;aidy ls iy jer ;=<ska Ih ixjOkh
lsuhs' th ufkdoHdkql+, .%hka ;=< fmkajd we;s
udkj ixcdkkd;aul l%shdj,sfha iajNdjh u; isjkakla
nj wmg fmkajdh yelsh' kuq;a we;e Ihh Odrdjka
tys m%;sreoaO Ydf isg meK kef.k nj lsis
mqoa.,hl= Yajdi fkdlrk fohla jYfhka lsj yelsh'
kuq;a i;Hh olskjqka ta Yajdi lr;s' i;Hh oelSug
wdrdOkd lrka udkj ixcdkkd;aul l%shdj,sfha
m%;sreoaO Ydf isg meK ke=k fcHda;SoHd Ihh
Odrdj ms<sn| uIKd;aul oDIAhla we;slr.kakd
f,i b,a,ka fuu ,smsh ;jrg;a bm;a lr'
wjqre 1805la jhie;s Ndr; fhda.shd uydj;d nnd
hkqfjka 2009 ud;= 16 jeks k is m;%fha m< wfidal
23

ud,suf.a weuldf isg ,shk ,o ,smshg wkqj" hful=g

Ndjkdj Wmfhda. lrf.k mqoa.,fhl=f.a udkisl
ixjOk l%shdj,sfha by< ia:rhlg ,dh yels nj
Tn lshjkakg we;ehs is;uq' t;=<ska mqoa.,hdf.a whqIh"
iaurKh muKla fkdj j ffY,hkaf.a fN!;sl;ajh
mjd md,kh lsf m%n, yelshdjla olajd ;a; Yla;sh
l= .ekah yels nj fmkajd fohs'
fuu ;;ajh nqka jykafia o uCu ksldhg wh;a uyd
mksndK iQ;%fha ;yjqre lrka wk| yshkag mjid
we;af;a i;r iDoamdohka jk
u pkao ^i;r w.;shg [pkaoh" oafYh" Nh"
fudayh] fkdhdu&"
u ;a; ^rd. oafY fudydfhka oukh lrk ,o
is;&"
u h ^Wmka wl=i,a ueug;a" kQmka wl=i,a
fkdbmeoug;a" kQmka l=i,a bmeoug;a" Wmka
l=i,a je hqKq lsug;a .kakd W;aidyh&"
u uxid ^oi wjHdlD;dfhka f;dr ld,du
iQ;%fha mjik ,o wdldr jQ uYkhlska hq;=
oYkhg fhduq lrk ,o is;&
wdh ukdj jvk ,oafol=g wdhq l,amhla fyda Bg je
m%udKhla hful= iska wjYH k j;a h yels njhs'
kuq;a udr jHmq;%dfYj is wk| yshkag ta mejiQf
l=ula oehs jgyd .ekSug isysl,amkdj fkdjQfhka nqka
jykafiag wdhq l,amhla j;a ug wdrdOkd fkdlrk
,o neka miqj jH mq;% udrhdf.a msKsjka mEug lrk
,o wdrdOkh nqka jykafia iska ms<s.kakd ,'
24

fuu ksoYkh ;=<ska meye<s jk h:d:h ;=< fmkakq

flfrkafka h oelSula wkqj fufyjkq ,nk is;lska
l< yels ia; l%shdjls' kuq;a fuwdldru jQ Ih
oekqulska hq;= u fyj;a iajhxN=({dkfhka wjfndaO
lrk ,o f,dal h:d:hg wkqj ukdj ixjOkh
lrk ,o is;lska kj Ih oekqula fN!;sl f,dalhg
odkh lsu ixlSK hhs wmg yeS .sh o b;du;a ir,
l%shdj,shla nj ta foi ukdj uYkfha meye<s fjhs'
Bg lu WodyrKh isoaOd: f.!;uhkah'
fulS ish lreKq wkqj udkj ixcdkkd;aul l%shdj,sfha
m%;sreoaO Ydf isg meK ke=k fcHda;SoHd Ihh
Odrdj ljr k i:rhl mj;skafka o hkak uIkhg
Ndckh l< hq;a;ls' fcHda;SoHd Ihh Odrdj ljr k
i:rhl mj;skafka o hkak uIkhg Ndckh lsu
i|yd wkq.ukh lrk iyinka; Ih mrdihksla
hq;= tu Ih Odrdj wm iudc oHd;aul fcHda;sIh
kka ksjpkh l< yelsh'

25

26

brKu keu;s uDldx.h ,shk

m.Kl NdIdj fodai;rhs

m.Klhla hkq bf,lafg%dkslj l%shd;aul lrkq

,nk hka;%hla jYfhka ykajdh yelsh' fuu hka;%h
m%Odk jYfhka fCIa;% ;=kl l%shd;aul fjhs' tk"
oDVdx." uDldx. iy i uey;alrejl= jYfhka th
yiqrejkakd fmkajdh yelsh'
oDVdx. - m.Klfha w;ska we,a,sh yels Wmdx. Hardware

uDldx. - m.Klfha l%shdld;ajh Software

i uey;alre - th yeisru Live-ware
fuu m%Odk fCIa;% ;=fkys m<uq fCIa;%h jvd;a mok
ldhH_Ndrhla bgq lrkq ,nhs' th wdodk ^Input&" ieliq
^Processor& yd m%;sodk ^Output& jYfhka fldgia ;=klska
hq;= fjhs' fuys wdodk tallh o;a; m.Klh fj;
,dnf ke;fyd;a m%fY lrf ldhH_fhys kshq;=
27

fjhs' ieliq tallh tu o;a; fYaIs; ;lK Wmdhhka

weiqre lr.kska i uey;alre iska ,ndfok
Odkhka wkqj l%shd;aul fjhs' m%;sodk tallh u.ska
tfia ilid .kq ,nk o;a; mok f;dr;=re jYfhka
ksIamd;hka f,iska t<solajhs'
m.Klfha fuu wdodk tallh O o;a; m.Klh
fj; m%fY lrhs' Y%jH o;a; ke;sk ksidf.a
Y%jfKakash u.ska .%yKh l< yels o;a;" oDIH o;a;
fkdfyd;a ksia weiska .%yKh lrk fohs;h iy
ksia ukig f.dapr jk iakdhq wd. fydafudakuh
oHq;a Odrd ix{d jYfhka mj;sk iEu o;a;hla u wdodk
tallh u.ska m.Klhg fhduql< yelsh' we;e g
ukfia fydafudakuh oHq;a Odrd ix{djka fla;kh
l< yels o@ hk meKh Tng we;sh yelsh'
weuldf f*vr,a nqoa wxYh u.ska w;awvx.=jg .kq
,nk h iellrefjl= m%Yak lsu i|yd Nd; lrk
m%Yak ls l=h we;=<;ska msg; fkdfmfkk rej,ska
wdjrKh lr we;s tlls' tys msg;ska fiajfhys kshq;=
Yd, lKavdhula fjhs' tla mqoa.,fhl= muKla m%Yak
ls is lrk w;r ;j;a msila m.Khla wdOdrfhka
wfOdarla; leurd Wmfhda. lr .kska Tyqf.a fyda
wehf.a fud,fha ridhksl m%;sl%shdjka ie,ls,a,g
.kska ta wkqj m%lafCIams; o;a; Yaf,aYkh lsfuka
Tyq fyda weh mjik oE i;H f;dr;=re o ke;sk wi;H
f;dr;=re o hkak ksKh lrkq ,nhs'

28

http://kendaralk.blogspot.com/2010/11/blogpost_20.html ys we;s fl fhda la,smh kerfuka

Tng th ikd: lr .; yelsh'
fuu fl fhda la,smh Tng ukfia fydafudakuh
oHq;a Odrd ix{djka fla;kh l< yels nj f;are
.ekSug lu ksoiqkls' by; olajd we;s PdhdrEm tu
fhda la,smfhka .kakd ,o tajdh'
m%Odk jYfhka m.Klfha bf,lafg%dksl Wmdx.
l%shd;aul lrug wjYH oHq;a Odrd ix{d jYfhka
m%Odk wjia:d follska hq;=j l%shd;aul fjhs' tajd we;
iy ke; hk wjia:d foflys mj;shs' fuh" oHq;a Odrd
ix{dj mej;Su iy |jeu olajd,hs' m.Klfha CIq
bf,lafg%dksl Wmdx.hkag f;are .; yels tlu NdIdj
fuu uQ,sl wjia:d fol muKla nj ie,lsh hq;=h'

29

kuq;a fuu wjia:d fol Wmfhda. lr .kska O

;lK Wmdhhka u;ska Tn ij m.Kl ;srh u;
olsk iEu w;=re uqyqK;la u ksue we;s nj Wola isyshg
.; hq;=h'
m.Kl ;srh u; uefjk mslai,hla ksuefjk ;s;la
mjd oHq;a Odrd ix{djkays we;s m%Odk wjia:d fol
wkqj l%shd;aul jk nj meye<s l< yelsh'
m.Kl NdIdjla hkq m.Klhg wdodk o;a; m%fY
lrf hka;% NdIdj jk 0 iy 1 ke;sk oHq;a Odrd
ix{dj |jeu iy mej;Su hk fla;hka fol njg
mj;kh lsf l%shdj,sh ^Encode -fla;kh& fukau
hka;% NdIduh fhul w:h idudkH jHdjydl
NdIdkqhqla;j wre;a .ekau ^Decode -fla;kh& i|yd
yelshdj we;s uQf,damdhsl ixcdkk" bf.kq yd ;lk
isoaOdka; moaO;shla jYfhka fmkajdh yelsh'
m.Kl uDldx. jYfhka o fuu m.Kl NdIdjka
l%shd;aul fjhs' fYaIs; ldhH_hka bgqlr.ekSu i|yd
fjkuu ksudKh lrk ,o fhojq uDld. kka
jHjydr lrkq ,nk uDldx. fldgila o m.Kl
wdY%s;j l%shd;aul fjhs'
iuia: hka;%h moaO;shla jYfhka wfkHdakH inehdjlska
hq;=j l%shd;aul lru i|yd wjYH yeisf ms<sfj,
ksKh lrk ,nk moaO;s uDldx. kka jHjydr lrk
uDldx. fldgila o m.Kl wdY%s;j l%shd;aul fjhs'
mqoa., brKu keue;s mrs.Kl uDldx.h

30

fuu l%shdj,shg k;== jk mrs.Klh iy tys l%shd;aul

uDldx. ksudKh we;s wdldrh by;ska ukdj
wjfndaO lr.kakg we;ehs wm is;uq'
uDldx.hla fla;kh lsf ke;fyd;a h Odkhla
iemhsh hq;= wdldrh flfia h hq;= o hkak m.Klhg
ykajd f l%shdj,sh flfia isjkafka o lshd uid
n,uq'
m<uqfjkau h isula wjYH f' tu isug wod<
lreK l=ula o hkak meye,s lr .ekSu m%:ufhkau is
l< hq;= fjhs' ksid hk i;ajhd wod< lreK f,iska
bm;a l< yelsh' O odYksl yd wd.l u;jdohkag
wkqrEmj ksid hkq w;s ixlSK m%mxphla jYfhka
fmkajdh yelsh' fuu w;s ixlSK m%mxph l%shd;aul
jk wdldrh ie<ls,a,g .ekSf th iajdNdl udkisl
l%shdj,Ska iuqodhla ;=<ska fufyhjk fN!;sl Yrhlska
iuka; jk nj oel .; yelsh'

31

fN!;sl jYfhka ksid bkash moaO;shl tl;=jla

jYfhka .; yelsh' th Yaf,aIKh lsf muKla
fjka fjka jYfhka mj;shs' tfia fkdue;s wjia:djkays
Tyq fyda weh mqoa.,fhla jYfhka ykd.; yels
fN!;sl Yrhlska fmkS ishs'
fN!;sl Yrfha l%shdld;ajh udkisl l%shdld;ajh
u; isfjhs' udkisl l%shdld;ajfhka fN!;sl Yrh
w;a k fgl ke;fyd;a fN!;slfhka udkisl;ajh
ika ula isjk gl fN!;sl Yrh l%shd rys;
fjhs'
f ms<sn|j is lrk ,o .eUqre Yaf,aYkhka ;=<ska
mqoa.,hdf.a fN!;slh yd udkisl;ajh hk tajd
tlaj mj;sk wjia:djkays tu foflysu wfkHdakH
inehdjlska f;drj mqoa., fN!;slhg fukau
udkisl;ajhg o n,mdk wdldrfha Yla;Ska l%shd;aul
jk nj ta ms<sn|j lrk ,o mfhaIK ;=<ska meye<s
lr f.k we;'
fuu ;;ajh wd.l meye,s lsul fohka jykafia
k jQ mqoa.,fhl=f.a ndysr uey;aula jYfhka
w:ksrEmKh lr we;s nj oel.; yelsh' fn!oaO
.%yhg wkqj mqoa.,fhl= fyda i;ajfhl= jYfhka .;
yels fohla ke;s nj lshef' kuq;a iu;h ;=< ksid"
mqoa.,hd iy i;ajhd hk jHjydrh l%shd;aul nj nj
nqoaO foaYkdj ;=<ska lreKq meye<s lr .; yelsh'
fn!oaO .%yhg wkqj ksid" mqoa.,hd iy i;ajhdg
isjk fuu ndysr uey;alrKh jYfhka wjia:d 5 la
32

Wmfhdackh jk nj fmkajd we;' th kshdu Ou

jYfhka l%shd;aul jk nj meye<s lr we;'

c - jDCI,;dfhys meje;au

iD;= - ld,.=Ksl ;;ajhkaf.a n,mEu

;a; - ksia uki

lu - ksia ukfia l%shdld;ajh

Ou - we;su" mej;Su" ke;su" f,dal md,k
Ou;djka" f,dalfha iy tys mj;sk pl%Sh iajNdjh ;=<
ksKdhl
fuu f,dal Ou;djka wjia:d 8l l%shd;aul fjhs'
,dN" w,dN" hi" whi" kskaod" m%ixid" iem" la jYfhka
l%shd;aul fjhs' fuys,d iD;= yd c wjia:d folg
wu;rj ;jo wjia:d ;=kla l%shd;aul fjhs' tk" ;a;"
lu iy Ou hk wjia:d ;=khs'
fuhska o ;a; iy lu hk wjia:d fol jvd;a .eUqka
meye<s lsulg ,la lr we;' f ;;ajh Lqoaol ksldfha
ldKav 15ka tlla jk Ou mofha ;a; j.a.h ;=<ska
oel.; yelsh' g by; wm iska ,shk ,o zzfcHd;sIh
yd lufha ffojh ms<sn| u;jdo" phd iy wdf.
hkaf.a .;s ixl,kh ^ffoj iskafv%duh& ;=< isru
^http://kendaralk. blogspot.com/ 2009/06/ blogpost_6742.html& hk ,smsh kej; lshjd n,k f,i
isysm;a lr'
mqoa., ;h keue;s iskud mgfha mqoa.,hdf.a iy
udkisl l%shdj,sfha m%;sM,hla jYfhka luh iy lu
M,h hk wjia:d foflys jxpl Ou;djfhka hq;=j
33

u;=jk lu M,h keue;s m%Odk p;fha wdm;Hhg"

.%yKhg mqoa.,hd f.drejk wdldrh uekka fmkajd
we;af;uq'
fuu ,smsfha wm mqoa., ;h keue;s iskud mgfha
m%Odk p;h jk ffojh ke;fyd;a brKu hkak
m.Kl uDldx.hla jYfhka l%shd;aul jk wdldrh
fmkajd ug woyia lr we;s nj fuu ,smsfha ud;Dldfjka
meye<s lr we;'
tfiau tu uDldx.h ksudKh lrk ke;fyd;a th
rpkd lrk m.Kl NdIdj f;are lr ug W;aidy
.ksuq'
mqoa.,hd i;ajhd hk m%mxph flfrys n,mdk ffojh
ke;fyd;a brKu hkak fjk;a lsisjla fkdj" mqoa.,hd
iska u lrk ,o f;kd;aul l%shdjkaf.a m%;sM,h
jYfhka fmkakajd h yelsh'
mqoa., we.hq" ka;k rgd" is;= me;=" wej;= mej;="
Nj.d phd iy mqoa., ;h yd noaO iEu lreKla
u tys,d fcHda;sIh u.ska meye<s lr .; yels fiau
wjfndaO lr .; yelsh'
fuys m.Kl uDldx.hla f,iska mqoa.,hdg n,mdk
brKu l%shd;aul jk wjia:djl tu uDldx.fha
iajNdjh ljr wdldrfha tlla o hkak uid ne,sh
hq;=h' mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg th fjia fjhs' tys mqoa.,
wkkH;djhla oel.; yelsh' tfia k fuu brKu
hkak jD; uDld.hla f,iska fmkajd h yelsh'
34

brKu kue;s fuu jD; uDld.h (Open Source

Software) mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg fjkia jk w;r tfia
we;s jk fjkiau ljr idOl u; isjkafka o hkak
uish hq;= B< lreKhs' mqoa., we.hq" ka;k rgd"
is;= me;=" wej;= mej;= mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg
fjkia fjhs'
th Nj.d phdjla f,iska mqoa.,hdg l%shd;aul f
Nj wka;r ld,h ke;fyd;a Njdka;rh keue;s
;srfhka wfrka jeiS mej;Su fya;=fjka" j;udk
mqoa.,hdg ish mQj lu m:fha mdl Odrdf .,d tau
oel .; fkdyelsh'
fuh we;af;kau m.Kl NdIdjlska ,shk ,o m.Kl
uDldx.hlah' h uDldx.hla m.Kl NdIdjla weiqre
lr ,sf wkq.ukh lrk mshjr lsysmhla fjhs' tu
mshjr w;r mj;sk tla mshjrla k Odk ieliqu
ixfla;kh fldg oelau (Compilation)hs' tg tu
ixfla;k l%shdj,sh u.ska Odk ieliqu ;ksj l%shd;aul
h yels tlla (Self-excecutable) njg mj:kh lrhs'
tfiau tu uDldx.h f.dKqjla jYfhka mj;sk wjia:df
meye<sju th BtlaiaB f.dKqjla njg yrjd,hs' tu
f.dKqj iDcq jD; lr ne,Sul Odk ieliqu o;a;
hka;% NdIjg b;d im NdIdjlska ,shd we;s fla;dxl
/ila muKla oel.; yelsh' th f;are .; fkdyels
.%yhskag we;s wmf.a inkaOh fuka fmkajdh yelsh'
Nj.d phdjla f,iska mqoa.,hdg l%shd;aul fuu
35

mqoa., we.hq" ka;k rgd" is;= me;=" wej;= mej;=

wdfhys mQj lu m:fha mdl Odrdj fla;k
l%shdjlg ,la fldg mQj lu m:fha iajNdjh oel .;
yelsh' ta i|yd kj uDldx.hla jYfhka fmkajd h
yels fcHda;sIh bm;a lr ,sh yelsh'
tfiau fuu kj uDldx.h m.Kl NdIdjla jYfhka
o ykajd h yelsh' ta flfia o h;a" uDldx. m%Odk
fldgia folls' ix.Dys; lg, jYfhka iy NdIdjka
jYfhka tajd oel.; yelsh'
f wldrhg ixfla;kh we;s Odk ieliqu foi
ne,Sf Njdka;rh keue;s ;srfhka wfrka jeiS
mj;sk mqoa., mQj lu m:fha mdl Odrdf .,d
tau oel .ekSug k ixfla;kh we;s Odk ieliqu
fla;k l%shdj,shlg ,la l< hq;=h' ta i|yd YlH;djh
we;s NdIdj fcHda;sIhhs'
mqoa., mQj lu m:fha mdl Odrdf .,d tau fla;k
l%shdj,shla u.ska mCIdjg ,la l< hq;af;a wehs o@ hk
m%Yakh jeo.;a tlls' mp iuqmamkak wdh i;Hh ;=<
oel.; yels oajd oi fya;= m%;Hhka woHdj keu;s fuu
pl%fha iajNdjh fkdoel ysu jgd pl%hl wdldrfhka
l%shd;aul fjhs'
wcd mphd ixLdrd" ixLdr mphd [a[dKx"
''';kayd mphd Wmdodkx" Wmdok mphd Nfjda" Nj
mphd cd;s" cd;s mphd crd urK fidal mfoaj laL
fodaukiaiqmdhdid ixNjka;s''' ^uCu ksldh" Wm
mKaKdilh" Ouplalmj;a;k iQ;%h&
36

fuu ;;ajh f;are .; hq;af;a wehs o@ hk m%Yakh

ke;fyd;a fla;k l%shdj,shla u.ska mqoa., mQj lu
m:fha mdl Odrdf .,d tau mCId l< hq;af;a wehso
hk m%Yakhg ksjeru ms<s;=r jYfhka fuu ;;ajh
fmkajdh yelsh'
yq jk m,dM, l:khlg muKla fcHd;sIh iSud lr
;eu wm wkqu; fkdlruq' fuhg fya;=j k" mqoa.,
lu m:fha mdl Odrdf .,d tau mCId l< hq;af;a
brKu ,she we;s wdldrh n,d.ekSu i|yd fkdf'
tfiak brKu keue;s m.Kl uDldx.fhka wm
islsug wfmaCIs; m%Odk b,lal .; m%;sM,h l=ula h
hq;= o@
ngysr oHd{hska ld, hka;%hla iEug W;aydi .;af;a
tu.ska w;S;hg f.dia w;S;fha wmg lr.; fkdyels
jQ foa iy wmg jerk ;eka ilid .ekSf m%Odk
wfmaCIdfjks' kuq;a wmg ld, hka;% wjeis ke;' wm
i;=j fuu mqoa., brKu keue;s m.Kl uDldx.h
,shk ,o m.Kl NdIdj ;sf'
tu.ska fcHda;sIh keue;s m.Kl NdIdj weiqre fldg
mqoa., lu m:fha mdl Odrdf .,d tau mCIdjg
,lalr fuu jD; uDldx.fha mj;sk fodIyrKh l<
yelsh'
brKu keue;s mrs.Kl uDldx.fha
fodaIyrK l%ufoh

37

mrs.Kl wdY%s;j l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk uDldx.hkaf.a

mj;sk fodaIyrK l%shdj,shla we;' idudkHfhka
uDldx.hl mej;sh yels fodaI j.hka ljfoehs
m%:ufhka ykd.; hq;=h'

Odk fla;k fodI - Syntax Errors

jeros o;a; we;=,a lsrSu - Invalid Data Input
l%shd;aul f we;sjk fodaI - Executable
Errors

uDldx. wdY%s;j mj;sk fodaY ksYapfha oS idudkHfhka

is lrk l%shdj,sh k tys wjika m%;sM,h u; ke;sk
Output tflys osiajk frda. ixl+,;djhka wkqj th
ksYaph lrkq ,euhs'
tys oS we;sjk frda. ,CIK uQ,slj ;=ka wdldrhla .kS'
tu ;=ka wdldr frda. ,CIK wkqj ksYaph l< yels
fodaIhka o ;=ka wdldrhla .kshs'
by; fmkajd ka Odk fla;k fodI - Syntax Errors
hkq uDld.xh ksudKh lsrSf oS we;s jk wkjfndaOh
u; iy moaO;s Odk - System Commands ms<sn|
wjfndaOhlska f;drj uDld.h ksudKh lsrSfuka
we;sjk fodaI jYfhka fmkajdh yelsh'
mqoa.,fhl= ish ffojh ke;sk brKu ms<sn|j ie,lSf
oS j;auka osfhys wkd.;h i|yd n,mdk Tyq fyda weh
iska fmr Njhkays is lrk ,o l%shdjka ys m%;sM,h"
l%shdjkag wkqrEmj ldYh fjhs' ta wkqj wkqkag fukau
;ukag o hym;a m%;sM, we;s lrk lu iy wkqkag
38

fukau ;ukag o whym;a m%;sM, we;s lrk lu hkqfjka

l%shdjka fowdldrhlg j. l< yelsh'
fuu fowdldrfha l%shdjka wkqj tajdfha m%;sM,h o
fowdldr fjhs' fuu fowdldr m%;sM, we;s lsu i|yd
mqoa.,hd iska f;kd;aulj is lrk l%shdjka wkqj
mqoa., ;h keu;s moaO;sfha ixl+,;djka yg.kS' fuu
ixl+,;djka yd >Gkd;aul ixisoaka mqoa., fk;dj
wkqj l%shd;aul fjhs'
kuq;a fuu f;kd;aul l%shdjka foi ne,Sf tajdfha
Odkuh f;kd;aul Ndjh w;a;nHdndOdh ^;uqkag
wys; msKsi mj;sk& yd mrnHdndOdh ^wkqkag wys;
msKsi mj;sk& hk ;;ajhka u; islrk l%shdj,Ska u;ska
we;sjk tajd f,i ykd.; yelsh'
l< hq;a; yd fkdl< hq;a; hk oE u;ska we;sjk
ixl+,;djka jeros o;a; we;=,a lsrSf - Invalid Data
Input fodaI jYfhka ykd .; yelsh' fuu ;;ajhka
u; we;sjk ixl+,;djka fndfyd g wmg je,elaug
we;s bv wyqrd,hs' fjd fn!oaO .%hg wkqj fmkajd
we;af;a wdkka;h lu jYfhks' fuu wdkka;h
lu hym;a yd whym;a hk fowdldrfhkau mj;sk
w;r ta ta l%shdjkaf.a mj;sk ;;ajhka wkqj tajdg wod<
ixl+,;djka mqoa., ;fhys fmkakq lrhs'
l%shd;aul f we;sjk fodaI - Executable Errors
fndfyda g we;sjkafka mdil idOl u;h' fuh
mdil mok fodaY - Platform Errors jYfhka o wmg
y\qkd.; yelsh' fuu mdil mok fodaY - Platform
39

Errors fndfyda g mqoa.,hd j;ajk mdil jgdmsgdj

u; ;SrKh jk tajdh'
fmdf .;a l, fulS fodaIhka yrKh lsf l%shdj,sh
;=< m%uqL;dj .kafka f i|yd ke;sk fuu fodaIhka
;yjqre lr .ekSug Nd; lrk l%ufoh l=ula o hkak
u;h'
fuys mqoa., ffojh keu;s uDldx.h ixfla;kh
we;s tlla jk neka fla;k l%shdjla i|yd Nd; l<
hq;= ixfla;k l%shdj,shg wod< ke;sk th ksudKh
lrk ,o Odkhkaf.a p,Hhka - Variables ksKh l<
hq;= fjhs'
fuu p,Hhka Variables ksKh lsf th p,Hhla
nj oelau" p,Hhg wod< fhu l=ula o hkak meye<s
lsu iy p,Hh ksKh lr ke;sk ksjpkh lr
oelau hk m%Odk mshjr ;=k wkqj is l< hq;= fjhs'
we;af;kau mqoa., ffojh hk uDldx.h fla;k
- Encryption l%shdj,shlg fhduq lsf tys mj;sk
ixfla;k - Composed iajNdjh f;are .; hq;= lreKls'
fuu ixfla;k l%shdj,sfha ixfla;kfha iajNdjh ljr
idOl wkqj is we;af;a o hkak m%:ufhka uYkh
l< hq;= fjhs'
Njdka;rh kue;s ixfla;kh mqoa., ffojh hk
uDldx.fha mj;sk iajNdjhls' tneka tys mj;skafka
wrls' iajNdjfhkau m.Kl NdIdjla iajNdjh
fufiah' m.Klhg wdodk o;a; m%fY lrf hka;%
40

NdIdj jk 0 iy 1 ke;sk oHq;a Odrd ix{dj |jeu

iy mej;Su hk fla;hka fol njg mj;kh lsf
l%shdj,sh ^Encode -fla;kh& fukau hka;% NdIduh
fhul w:h idudkH jHdjydl NdIdkqhqla;j wre;a
.ekau ^Decode -fla;kh& i|yd yelshdj we;s
uQf,damdhsl ixcdkk" bf.kq yd ;lk isoaOdka;
moaO;shla jYfhka th fmkajdh yels nj wm l<ska
oelauq'
oHq;a Odrd ix{dj |jeug m%;sreoaO Ydf l%shd;aul
jkafka oHq;a Odrd ix{dj mej;Suhs' Njdka;rh kue;s
ixfla;kfha mj;sk wrg m%;sreoaO Ydf mj;skafka
wdf,dalhhs' wf iajNdjh Yaf,aIkh l< yelafla
wdf,dalh u; mokjh' ta wr mj;skafka wdf,dalh
u; mokj ke;sk Bg idfmaCIj neks'
tfia k fuu Njdka;rh kue;s ixfla;kfhka hq;=
mqoa., ffojh hk uDldx.fha fla;k YlH;dj
wdf,dalh mok lr .;a tlla h hq;=h' we;af;kau
fcHda;SoHdj ke;sk fcHda;sIh hkak wdf,dalh
mok lr.;a Ih Odrdjls'
wdf,dal m%Njhka iy m%;sN jia;+kaf.ka iuka;
fcHda;sIh m%Odk;ajh we;af;a iajdNdl wdf,dal
m%Njhla jk iQhhdgh' tfiau m%;sN jia;=jla fia
ie,lk pkahd fojeks ;ek ;nd we;' mqoa.,hdg
n,mdk ffojh ke;sk brKu uid nef,k
l%shdj,sfha flakaia:dkh mqoa.,hd jk neka Tyq jgd
ke;sk Tyq bmk kh" f,dj yd ia:dkh hk idOl
;=k flakalr Yaj wdf,dal jia;+kaf.a msysu is;sh
41

.; lrkq ,nhs' th Tn ljqre;a okakd ykk mqoa.,

flaka igykhs'
fuu mqoa., flaka igyk u.ska tu mqoa.,hd Wmk
kh" f,dj yd ia:dkh j;udkh fia i,ld Tyq fyda
weh iska islrk ,o f;kd;aul l%shdj,sfha Nj.d
phdjka f,iska mqoa.,hdg l%shd;aul mqoa., we.hq"
ka;k rgd" is;= me;=" wej;= mej;= wdfhys mQj
lu m:fha m%jdyl mdl Odrdj ms<sn| p,Hhka
f.dvk.kq ,nhs' fuu p,Hhkaf.a ksKdhl ;SrKh
lr we;s iajNdjhka criterion iu; lr we;af;a
hf:dala; fla;k l%shdj,sh i|yd wjYH lrk moku
u; msysgdf.kh'
fuu p,Hhkaf.a ksKdhl ;SrKh lr we;s iu;
Ih Odrdjkays wka;.; IhSl {dkh yd inkaO
we;s wfkl=;a iudchSh Ihhka ljfo hkak ykd.
ekSu l< hq;= fjhs' tu Ihhka by; m<uq ,smsfhka
meyeos<s lrkq ,enqfjuq'
mqoa., ffojh ke;sk brKu kue;s uDldx.fha
p,Hhkaf.a ksKdhl ;SrKh lr we;s iu; Ih
Odrdjkays wka;.; IhSl {dkh yd inkaO we;s
wfkl=;a iudchSh Ihhka pl%dldr fyda b,smaidldr
.ukam:hl fhfok Yaj jia;+kaf.a iajNdjhka"
iajrEmhka" p,s;hka yd phdjka wkqj iyinka;j
f.dKqlrkq ,nk ;lK WmkHdi .;lr tlS WmkHdi
Tmamq lr oelau i|yd f.dvk.k ,o Yaf,aIK l%ufo
weiqre lr .kskA mqoa., ffojh ke;sk brKu kue;s
uDldx.fha m%;sOdkh ljr wdldrhla .kafka o hkak
42

;SrKh l< yelsh'

tfiau mqoa., ffojh ke;sk brKu kue;s uDldx.
fha m%;sOdkfha iajNdjh ykd.ekSu ;=<ska tys mj;sk
fodaI bj;a lr .ekSu i|yd wkq.ukh l< yels
WmfhdacH;d;aul phdjka ljfo hkak ksYaph lr
.; yelsh'
fodaI bj;a lr .ekSu i|yd wkq.ukh l< yels
WmfhdacH;d;aul phdjka fndfyda g mqoa., ;h
yd noaOj is l< hq;= tajd fjhs' tk mqoa.,hdf.a is;s,s
mdol lr is lrk f;kd;aul l%shdjka uki" w:dka;
YO l%shdj ke;sk jpkh iy ndysr Ydl l%shdjkaf.a
tl;slNdjfhka hq;= phd rgdjka" is;= me;=" wdf.
hka yd ixcdkk mqoa., we.hqys Okd;aul" m%udKd;aul
yd .=Kd;aul fjkia l is lsu ;=<ska mqoa., ffojh
ke;sk brKu kue;s uDldx.fha m%;sOdkhkays mj;sk
fodaI bj;a lr.; yelsh'
we;e fgl fuu ,smsfhka meye,s lr we;s ixl,am
yd we;e jpkj, mj;sk w:fhys we;s .eUqre nj
hful=g ,smsfhka mejfikafka l=ula o hkak f;are
.ekSug ndOdjla h yels nj ,smsh ilid wjidkfha
th kej; lshjd ne,Sfuka miqj wmg wjfndaO h' kuq;a
ud;Dldjg wod<j mejish hq;= lreKqj, h:d:h meye,s
lsug Nd; ixl,am yd ;dCIKsl jpkj,ska f;drj
mejiSfuka tys w:h kshudldrfhka fkdlshfjk
neka th ;j;a ir< lsug woyia fkdlf<uq' kuq;a
hful=g f;are .ekSug yels Wmu ir, jyrla Nd;
lsug Wmu W;aidyhla .kakd ,o nj o mejish hq;=h'
43

,smsh lshjk Tng h .eg iy.; ixl,am yd jpk

yuqjqjfyd;a Bg wod<j m%;spdrhla wm fj; fhduq
lsfuka tajd meye<s lr h yels nj o m%ldY lr is'

44

.%y wm, yd n,s Ydka;slu

YajoHd, ugka W.kajk we;e Ih Odrdjka foi

ne,Sf fmkS hk lreKq lsysmhla we;' bka m<uq
lreK k" mok Ih neyerl ;nd wkq Ihhla m%Odk
Odrdjla jYfhka f.k lrkq ,nk b.ekauhs' kuq;a
Bg o idOdrK fya;= oelah yelsh' ta k" wkq Ih
Odrdj ;j;a m%Odk h Odrdjl wkq Ihhla jYfhka
mej;Suhs' fi!kaohh l,d Yaj oHd,fha l%shd;aul
n,s Ydka;sluh keu;s Ih WodyrKhla jYfhka .;
fyd;a th Wvrg" my;rg yd inr.uq hk k;k Ih
Odrdf Ydka;slu fldgig wh;a Ihhla jYfhka
l%shd;aul u ksid th fjkuu Ih Odrdjla jYfhka
tys l%shd;aul fjhs'
kuq;a fuys mj;sk uQ, i;a;dj foi ne,Sf fmkS
hk lreKla we;' iajNdj oHdj ke;fyd;a iajNdj
Oufhys mj;sk mqoa., lu Yla;sh u; Bg wkqrEm
45

jk mdlhka mqoa.,hdg n,mdk ld, jljdkq Yajfha

mj;sk .%y jia;+kaf.a kduhka wkqj ykd.ekSug
fcHd;sI Ihfhka msjy,la ,efnhs' tajd kj .%yhska
hkqfjka fmkajd we;s w;r tu kj .%yhska fufiah'
1. r
2. pka
3. l=c
4. nqO
5. .=re
6. Y=l%
7. Yks
8. rdyq
9. fla;= hkqfjka olajd we;'
kuq;a mqoa., lu Yla;sh u; Bg wkqrEm jk mdlhka
mqoa.,hdg n,mdk ld, jljdkq ueK .ekSf mqoa.,hdg
fuu kj .%yhska n,mdkq ,nk wdldrh Oh' tys
xfYda;a; uy oYd wkqrEm jk wdldrhg lrk ,nk
j.Slrhla oel.; yelsh' fuu xfYda;a; uy oYd
j.SlrKfha kj .%yhskaf.a wkqms<sfj, uola fjkia
whqka olajd we;'
1. r jI 06
2. pka jI 10
3. l=c jI 07
46

4. rdyq jI 18
5. .=re jI 16
6. Yks jI 19
7. nqO jI 17
8. fla;= jI 07
9. Y=l% jI 20
tl;=j jI 120
mqoa.,hdf.a mru wdhqI jI 120la jk whqka ilia fldg
we;s fuu j.SlrKfhys ta ta .%yhskaf.a oYd ld,hkays
uq, ueo w. hk ld,j, ta ta .%yhskaf.a Wmam;a;s
flakafha ;ekam;a jQ rdjHd kj .%yhskaf.a n, n,;d
wkqj fuu ;%sld,hkays wm, we;s fj;a' fufia we;sjk
wm, re lr .ekSu i|yd merKs iDIs l%ufohkag wkqj
ilia lrk ,o n,s Ydka;slu /ila f.kyer olajd
we;'
mqoa., lu Yla;sh u; Bg wkqrEm jk mdlhka
mqoa.,hdg n,mdk ld, jljdkq ueK .ekSf mqoa.,hdg
fuu kj .%yhska n,mdkq ,nk wdldrh wkqj fuu n,s
Ydka;slu fudkjdoehs f;drd.ekSu ukd m%d.=KHfhka
hq;= n,s werd iu;a fjhs'
mqrd;kfhys n,s werka fcHd;sIh" fjolu" uka;%
Ydka;%h" ldjHlrKh" Ydka;slu yd Ydka;sluhka is
lsf wkq.ukh lrk k;kh wd yi, Ys,am /
ila oek is h;a msila jYfhka lghq;= lrk ,'
wo wjdikdjlg fuka wOHdmk wud;HdxYh iska
lrf.k hkq ,nk Ih fYaISlrK ms<sfj;a fya;=fjka
47

fuu Ihhka tlsfklg fjkia yd tlsfklg lsis

in|;djkaf.ka f;dr yqol,d Ih Odrdjka njg
m;a we;' kuq;a Wiia wOHdmk wdh;khla jYfhka
Ydia;%Sh Ih mfhaIKd.drhla jk YajoHd,h ;=<
fuu ;;ajh ilid.ekSug fjr ork njla fmkSu Ydia;%
Wkak;sld Ydia;%{hskaf.a meiiqug ,lajk lreKla
yehg fmkajdh yelsh'
by; fmkajdka wdldrfhka mqoa., lu Yla;sfha
wkqrEm mdl yd tajd n,mdk ld,jljdkq wkqj ieliS
we;s .%y n, n,;d u; we;sjk wm, re lr .ekSu
i|yd merKs iDIs l%ufohkag wkqj ilia lrk ,o
n,s Ydka;slu fufia fmkajdh yelsh' kuq;a Ydka;s
m%m k jQ lD;sfhys g uola fjkia wdldrhg n,s
kshuh olajd ;sf'
1. r jI 06
wm, we;s lrk wukqIHhska ;%sN=jk hCIhd" x
ld,s hCIKS
uq,a fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd isfld;a
n,sh
ueo fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd jIdm;s
n,sh
w. fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd wNh
l<HdK n,sh
2. pka jI 10
wm, we;s lrk wukqIHhska jc% hCIhd" ffNrj
48

ld,s hCIhd
uq,a fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd ld,uD;Hq
n,sh
ueo fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd Ydka;s
ux., n,sh
w. fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd Y=N ux.,
n,sh
3. l=c jI 07
wm, we;s lrk wukqIHhska N+; hCIhd" fidakoka;
hCIKS
uq,a fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd N+u kd.
n,sh
ueo fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd uyfidma
ux., n,sh
w. fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd fI
rl=iq n,sh
4. rdyq jI 18
wm, we;s lrk wukqIHhska wiqr hCIhd" wiqr
ld,s hCIKS
uq,a fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd wiqr.s
rdCI n,sh
ueo fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd kd.
rdCI n,sh
w. fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd iqg rl=iq
49

n,sh
5. .=re jI 16
wm, we;s lrk wukqIHhska wNsudk hCIhd"
kS,lKa hCIKS
uq,a fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd jIdm;s
n,sh
ueo fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd wNh
l<HdK n,sh
w. fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd IaKq
rEm n,sh
6. Yks jI 19
wm, we;s lrk wukqIHhska wjr hCIhd" wjr.
s hCIKS
uq,a fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd oY fl%daO
n,sh n,sh
ueo fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd ks<
rdCI n,sh
w. fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd f.!
rdCI n,sh
7. nqO jI 17
wm, we;s lrk wukqIHhska nU hCIhd" .sKslKa
hCIKS
uq,a fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd jIdm;s
n,sh
50

 ueo fldgfia we;sjk

m[aphka;% n,sh

wm,

i|yd

w. fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd foaj

l<HdK n,sh
8. fla;= jI 07
wm, we;s lrk wukqIHhska Nd hCIhd" Nld,s
hCIKS
uq,a fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd n%yaurEm
n,sh
ueo fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd mCIqjka
rdCI n,sh
w. fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd ks<
rdCI n,sh
9. Y=l% jI 20
wm, we;s lrk wukqIHhska u,af,daor hCIhd"
ufyaYajr hCIKS
uq,a fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd foaj
ux., n,sh
ueo fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd Y=N
ux., n,sh
w. fldgfia we;sjk wm, i|yd w;a;
l<HdK n,sh
fuu n,s Ydka;slu meje;af wkq.ukh l< hq;=
;j;a oE /ila fjhs' tk" ta ta n,s Ydka;sluj, msysg
51

me;sh hq;= fojre ljryq o hkak" .%y odk" iakdkhg

T!IO" mQcd l< hq;= u,a" me<h hq;= mdIdK" me<h hq;=
f,day" me<h hq;= hka;% yd mQcdlghq;= jDCIhka wdhhs'

52

Widfha Widfha wik kvq fia

,shefjk" lshefjk fi;al '''

Widhlg jeiailg j;a f.dv fjkak tmd hhs wfma

merKs lshukla we;s nj Tn wid we;sjdg ielhla
ke;' tfiau bv kvqj;a lalido kvqj;a ksula oelsh
fkdyels kvq .Kfhys,d i,lk kvq jYfhka kS;s
fCIa;%fhys isk wh muKla fkdj idudkH ckhd mjd
jvd;a fydka okakd lreKla jYfhka fmkajdh yelsh'
fuu ,smsh Wid kvq mmdh ms<sn| lreKq f.kyer
mdk ,smshla o@ hk meKh fuu ,smsh lshjk Tng
we;sh yelsh' th idOdrKh' kuq;a th tfia fkdf' Bg
fya;=j" ksidg we;sjk .%y wm, re lr .ekSu i|yd
lshjk fi;alh ms<sn| iudc kS;s oHd;aul .%yhla
bm;a lsu fuu ,smsfhys mrud:h jk neks'
idudkHfhka Wid kvq mmdfha wkq.ukh lrk
h l%ufohla fjhs' tk" h isoahla h hq;=h'
tfia jk isu wrnhd widOdrKhg ,la jkafkl= tla
mdYjhl fjhs' tfiau isoahg wod< wfkla mdYjhka
53

ljqrekaoehs ykd.ekSu m%:ufhkau l< hq;= fjhs' tu

mdYjhka fufia fmkajdh yelsh
widOdrKhg ,lajkakd flfrys we;s jQ
widOdrKh is lrk ,oehs pQ; ;a;sfha mdYjh
kS;sh yd iduh /lSf mdYjh
kS;sh yd iduh /lSf mdYjhg wkq.;j isk
f;dr;=re /ialsf yd T;a;= uiSf mdYjh
isoahg wod< lreKq f.dKq lsu is lrk
kS;sf mdYjh
f.dKqlrk ,o lreKq bm;a l< hq;= Wid
mdYjh
Wid mdYjfha f.dKqlrk ,o lreKq ksYaph
i|yd bm;a lrk f;da,al mdYjh
isoah inkaOfhka lrkq ,nk Nd.h mj;ajk
cQ iNdj we;= ksYaph mdYjh
wod< isoah inkaOfhka weiska gq fyda fjk;a
,s; yd w,s; idCIs imhk mdYjhka
;a;s mdYjh wod< isug jQ; jrfoa iajNdjh
wkqj oKavKhg ,la l< hq;= k o`vqj ,ndf
fyda nkaOkd.dr .; lsf fyda fiajfha kshq;=
mdYjh
fuu mdYjhka ish,a, Widh jgd f.dKq ta ;=< /
f|ka wod< isu ms<sn| kvqj uiSug ,la flfrhs'
fuys m%:ufhka f;da,al mdYjh fj; kS;sf mdYjh
u.ska f.dKq lr bm;a lrk ,o isu ksYaph
mdYjh fj; fhduq lrhs' tfiau ksYaph mdYjh
54

t;eka isg wod< isug inkaO ish idCIs uiSug

,la lrkq ,nhs' idCIs uiSf isoahg wod< ish idCIs
mdYjhka Widhg f.kajd idCIs uYkhg ,la lsu
idudkH Wid mmdhhs' fufia ish idCIs uiSfuka
wkq;=rej idCIs u;ska jro Tmamq jQfha k" widOdrKhg
,la jQ mdYjh fj; jka ,nd ug o ;a;sfha mdYjh
jro ms<s.eksu fyda fkd.ekSu wkqj iy jrfoa iajNdjh
wkqj ,ndh hq;= o`vqju ksYaph mdYjh iska ;SrKh
lrkq ,ef' ta wkqj o`vqj ,ndf fyda nkaOkd.dr
.; lsf fyda fiajfha kshq;= mdYjh u.ska wod< jQ;
jerldr mdYjh fj; o`vqj muqKqjkq ,ef'
fuu Wid kvq mmdh foi uis,su;aj ne,Sf
mqoa.,hdg we;sjk .%y wm, re lr .ekSu i|yd ,shjkq
,nk yd lshjkq ,nk fi;al o tu fi;al lshh
hq;= wdldrh o fi;al lSf wdrdOkd l< hq;= foaj;d
mdYjhka ljf o hk lreKq ms<sn|j o jvd;a .eUqre
wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels jk w;ru wjfndaOfhka hq;=j
th wkq.ukh lsfuka wod< .%y wm, relr fi;
Ydka;sh <dlr .; yels jk nj mejish hq;=h'
f wkqj mqoa.,hdg we;sjk .%y wm,h hkak l=ula o
lshd m%:ufhka uid ne,sh hq;=h' mqoa.,hdg mqoa.,hd
iskau islrkq ,nk lufha iajNdjh wkqj ,efnk
mdlh l%shd;aul lsu i|yd Wmld Yaj mdil idOl
jYfhka .%y wm,h fmkajd h yelsh' mqoa.,hd iskau
islrkq ,nk lufha iajNdjh wkqj ,efnk mdlh
l%shd;aul lsu i|yd Wmld jk Yaj mdil idOl
.%yfoaj;djqka f,iska foaj;ajhg muqKqjd we;s nj fuys
m%:ufhkau fmkajdh hq;=h' f wkqj .%y foaj;djqka
ksfhdackh lrk mqoa., lufha mdl Yla;sh fj;
wuka;%Kh lsf iQ;%hla ke;sk l%ufohla pkaoia
Ydia;%fhys olajd we;' ta ksjer .K msysgqjd f.dvk.k
55

fi;alhhs' ke;sk ,smsfha m%Odk f;audf olajk ,o

kS;suh lreKq ie<ls,a,g .kska f.dvk.k ,o kvq
f.dKqjhs'
fuu kvq f.dKqj ke;sk fi;alh f;da,al ;ek iska
ksYaph mdYjh fj; fhduq l< hq;= fjhs' fi;alhg
wod<j ksYaph mdYjh yd f;da,al mdYjh ljqrekaoehs
uid ne,sh hq;=h' f;d,al mdYjh jYfhka fi;alfha
bm;a jkafka fi;alh lshjk ;eke;a;dh'
kS;sh ms<sn| wjfndaOh we;s yd kS;sh Wf.k we;s h
mqoa.,fhl=g ;ksju ;ukaf.a kvqjla Widfha ksYaph
i|yd bm;a fldg ta i|yd l:dlsug kS;sfhka wjir
we;sjdla fukau fi;alh o ksjer wCIr WPdrKh
lsf yd jpk fn hk ;ekays ksjer mo fnula
iys;j .dhkd l< yels wfhl=g ;udf.a wm,hg ,shejqk
fi;alh ;udgu .dhkd lr.; yelsh' kuq;a wfkla
mdYjfha iskafka kS;sh fydka o;a kS;sh bf.k.;a
kS;sfka neka ;ksju fi;al .dhkh fyda ;ksju
Widfha kvqjla bm;a lr hqla;sh ,nd.ekSug l:d
lsu oe,smsysfhka ls lkjd jeks ;;ajhla nj isys
;nd .; hq;=h' tfia fkdue;s jQ wjia:djkays wm,hg
,shejqk fi;alh .dhkfha we;s jQ fodia fya;=fjka
thska jialhl m%;sM, w;aug is we;s wjia:djka
fndfyduhla wm w;aoel we;s nj fmkajd h yelsh'
kuq;a f w;r ;ksju Widfha ;uqkaf.a kvqj bm;a
lr hqla;sh ,nd.;a wh jeks fi;al ;ksju .dhkd
lsfuka hym;a m%;sM, ,nd.;a;jqka w;f<diaila o
wmf.a w;aoelS keu;s bydi fmdf;a ,she we;s nj o
i|yka l< hq;= h'
fufia ,shefjk fi;alh ;ksju ksjer wCIr
WPdrKh lsf yd jpk fn hk ;ekays ksjer mo
fnula iys;j .dhkd l< yels wfhl=g ;udf.a wm,hg
56

,shejqk fi;alh ;udgu .dhkd lr.; yels jkafka

kuq . iNd Widhlg fyda ufyia;%d;a Widhlg
fyda uydlrKhlg fyda fkdmsi kvqjla mdf fyda
fndlal=jla Wv jd fyda uxikahl kej;S fyda l:d
l< fkdyelsjdla fuka Bg wod< ia:dkhla fj; fhduq
h hq;= u wksjdhh lghq;a;la jk nj isys ;nd .;
hq;=h'
;uqkg iaffjj ;ksju fi;alh lshu i|yd yelshdj
;snQj o . iNd Widhla fyda ufyia;%d;a Widhla
fyda uydlrKhla /ia lsug ;uqkg n,;, we;af;a
;uqka ta i|yd wod< mmdh wkq.ukh lrka kvqf.
dKqj ilid kS;sh yd iduh rlsk mdYjhka u.ska wod<
Widh fj; kvq f.dKqj fhduqlrfuka muKs'
ke;sk kS;sh yd iduh rlsk mdYjh fj; ;ukg
jQ widOdrKh bm;a lr Bg wod< meKs,a, Tjqkg
m%:ufhka fhduq l< hq;= fjhs' tg Tjqka tu ldrKhg
wod< j kvqjla f.dKqlr Widhg bm;a lrhs' ke;sk
;uqka Widhg kvq f.dKqjla fhduq lsug n,;, we;s
kS;S{jrfhla ud.fhka ;u widOdrKhg wod< isoah
kvq f.dKqjla jYfhka bm;a l< hq;=h' tg Widh
ish mdYjhka le|jd isoahg wod< widOdrKhg ,la
jQ whg ksis idOdrK Yaphla ;ldKql+, idCIs u;ska
,ndfohs'
fuu isu mqoa.,hdg n,mdk .%y wm, i|yd ,shefjk
lshefjk fi;alhg wod< jkafka ljr k wdldrhlg
o hkak uid ne,sh hq;=h'
Widh /ialsf n,;, hkq ish foaj;d fldGdY
yd wukqIH fldGdY /ia lsug wjYH iaf;da;%" hdks"
lkak, wdh oekisu jYfhka fmkajdh yelsh'
tfiau kS;sh fydka W.;a kS;S{jrfhl= fj; fhduq
57

 ;ukag is jQ widOdrKh meye<s l< hq;=jdla fuka

;ukaf.a .%y wm,hg wod< fi;alh rpkd lsug
m%:ufhka ;uqkg n,mdk ,o .%y wm,h l=ula o hkak
ksYaph lr .ekSug oCI ffoj{jrfhl=f.a msysg ,nd.;
hq;= fjhs'
tg fyf;u wod< mqoa.,hdg n,mdk ,o .%y wm,h
l=ula o hkak;a" Tyqg fyda wehg ys jQ flaka igyk
ke;sk Yaj .%y is;shu mCId fldg Bg wod<j .K
msysgqjd fi;alh rpkd l< hq;af;a ljr k fo
flfkl=kaf.a msysg wheka oehs fidhd.kska tu
foaj;djqka flfrys Nla;sjka;j fi;alh rpkd lrhs'
tfiau kvq f.dKqj Widhg Ndr u i|yd Widhg
hd hq;= neka foajd,hlg fyda fndhla fj; fhduq
.%y foaj;djqkag" iuq;s foaj;djqkag iy fjk;a
wukqIH fldGdYhlg w`v.eish hq;= k ta whg o
t;ekg /iajk f,i wdrdOkd l< hq;=h' f i|yd
tlS fldGdYhka fj; wduka;%Kh lsug iaf;da;%"
hdks" lkak, wdh Nd; lsug is fjhs' ta i|yd
tlS iaf;da;% hdks" lkak, l< yels foaj.e;sjrfhl=
fidhd .ekSu w;HdjYH lreKla fjhs'
Widfha kS;S{jrhdf.a .dia;=j f.jkakdla fukau
wod< iEu mdYjhka fj;u mqo mso,s ,nd h hq;= fjhs'
f i|yd le<s" m<;=re" u,a" nq,;a" foika" iqj|
iy myka wdf,dalh ,ndu wksjdhh fjhs' wukqIH
fldGdYhka fj;a k mqgq" hf.dv uia wdh o
we;e g ;eh hq;=fjhs' tajdfha wvqmdvqjla jQfha k
;uqka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkakd jQ hqla;sh bgqlrjd.ekSug
h h m%udohka we;s jkafka kvqjla B< kvq jdrhg
l,a;efuka la.efikakdla fuksh'
kvqjla ksYaph lrk wjia:df ksiqrejrhdg
58

wduka;%Kh lsug kS;S{jrekag jvd f;da,al ;ekg

n,;, we;sjdla fuka tlS iaf;da;% hdks" lkak, l<
yels foaj.e;sjrfhl=" lmq uyf;l= fyda ydria:dkhl
k oCI pkaoia Ydia;%fhys fl< meKs h;sjrhdKka
flfkl= ta i|yd jvd;au iqiq fjhs'
Tjqka <jd ;uqkaf.a wm<hg ,shefjk fi;alh lshjd.
ekSu fuys oelafjk ms<sfj, wkq.ukh lrka lrkafka
k b;d blauka id:l w;agq m%;HCI m%;sM, ,nd .; yels
jkafkah' jir .Kkdjla ;siafia rdc.sh" udkakdf.dv
.%dufha iqjyila okka fjkqfjka wm iska rpkd fldg
.dhkd lrk ,o wmuK fi;alj,ska id:l m%;sM,
w;agq nj iqruHdrdu mqrdK ydria:dkfha ydrdm;s
mqcHmdo fodvf.d,af,a m[a[dkkao iajdka jykafia
idCIs orK nj wm%udK ne;sfhka fidkia yka isysm;a
lr'

59

60

is fmdfrdkaoj, d;aul me;slv

jdyh jQ l,S ukqIH ;fha ikaia:dkuh w;ska b;d
jeo.;a ;ekla yslr.kakd ikaia:dkhlehs lsjfyd;a
ta ksjerh' ksia ;fha <ore wjia:df isg urK
u[aplh olajd jQ .ufka jdyh keu;s ia:dkh
ksfil=f.a ;fha Tyqg yuqjk iqfYaIS ia:dkla
jkafka flfia o hkak uid ne,Su jeo.;ah'
jdyfha ia;%shl yd mqreIfhl= ldhsl jYfhka tla u
i|yd iudchSh we.hqulg wkqj f.dv ke.=kq iu;
rduqjla ;=< r|jkq ,nhs' tu rduqj ;=< j.hd m%;s ksIamdokh lsf ldhH_h m%Odk fjhs' tys ia;%sh Bg iqiql
imqrd ;su wjYH fjhs' m%:u wd;jh miqfldg ;su Bg
iqiqlu f,i i,lkq ,nhs'
fmros. ixilD;sh ;=< jdyhg yslr we;af;a jeo.;a
ia:dkhls' wmr. jqj o fuys t;r fjkila lsh fkdyelsh' ukao ta ;=< ysjk mjq, keu;s tallhg wmr.
ixialD;sfha o b;d jkd ia:dkhla yslr we;'
fYaIfhka fmr. ixialD;sfha flakaorh kka ykajk
hful= Wmk f,df wod< ia:dkhg l.; yels Yaj
.%y is;shug o jvd;a uq,a;ekla we;' <ufhl= Wmokd
ff,a mgka Tyqf.a urK u[aplh olajd fuu flakaor
61

igyk iq/lsj ;nd.kska O jQ wjia:djkays th

m%fhdackhg .ekSu fmr. ixialD;sfha l.; yels
,CIKhls'
fuu ,smf
s hka Tf wjOdkh fhduq lsug W;aidy .kafka
ia;%S mqreI fofofkl=f.a flakaor igyka Wmfhda. lr
.kska jdyfha mCIdjg ,la lrk fmdfrdkao
.e,mSu d;aul weilska ne,Su Wfoidh' tys o is
fmdfrdkaoj,g ys lr we;af;a m%Odk ;ekls' tneka
is fmdfrdkaoj,ska mCIdjg ,la lrk fhys d;aul
me;slv l=ula o hkak fuu ,smsfhka uYkh flf'
kele;a fmdfrdkaou
jDCI fmdfrdkaou
.K fmdfrdkaou
wdhqI fmdfrdkaou
ufyaka fmdfrdkaou
mCIs fmdfrdkaou
ia;%S > fmdfrdkaou
N+; fmdfrdkaou
fhdaks fmdfrdkaou
f.da;% fmdfrdkaou
rdYs fmdfrdkaou
jK fmdfrdkaou
rdYHdm;s fmdfrdkaou
,sx. Fmdfrdkaou
jYH fmdfrdkaou
kd fmdfrdkaou
rcq fmdfrdkaou
k fmdfrdkaou
fO fmdfrdkaou
62

 .%y fmdfrdkaou
fuf,i mCIdjg Ndckh flfrk fmdfrdkaoh'
ia;%S mqreI fofokd w;r wfkHdakH iqyo;djh yd jdyh
ksid mrudhqI kaokfhka f;drj tla wfhl=f.a fhdaj
jkafkahs uiSu fuu fmdfrdkao mCIdf uiSug
,laflf' fmdfrdkao .e,mSf 80]la Yaj .%yis;h
s f
lafjk pkahdf.a msysu" oDIah" n,dn," wjia:d
uYkh ;=<ska is flfrhs' b;s 20] wfkl=;a fcHda;sI
d;aul lreKq ie,ls,a,g .kska mCId lrkq ,nhs'
fuys ,d pkahdf.a msysu ie,ls,a,g f.k mCIdjg ,la
lsf d;aul me;slv m%:ufhka jr lr .; hq;=h'
idudkHfhka pkahd k 28lska mDh jgd tla .ukla
imQK lrhs' ia;%sh o f w;r k 28lg jrla isg
wd;j yrKh is lrhs' pkahd ish .ufka mDhg
,efnk oYkh wkqj k 30la fyj;a ;s 30la hkqfjka
j. fldg we;' th mqr yd wj hkqfjka fowdldrhla
.kS' mQK pka oYkfha isg imQKfhka pka oYkh
fkd,efnk wudjl kh uq,a fldg tu j.SlrKh is
fldg we;' mqr wgjl isg wj wgjl f;la ld,h we;ful=
mqr mCIh f,iska i,lk w;r wj wgjl isg mqr wgjl
olajd ;ska wj mCIh f,i ilkq ,nhs' ia;%shf.a o ire
ld,hla fukau oreM, yg fkd.kakd ld, iSudjla l.;
yelsh'
jdyfha jeo.;au ldhH_h orejka yslsu f,iska mejiSf we;ful= Bg tl fkdug bv we;' wfkl=;a
ish ldhH_hkays meje;au r|d mj;skafka fuu ore M,
wkqj hhs lsjfyd;a Bg tl jkq we;' tneka ore M,
63

inkaOfhka iudch f.dvke.+ iqcd; ore Wm;l iy

wjcd;l ore Wm;l l;sldj fuu jdyh keu;s isu
jgd f.dv ke.S we;'
pkahd .%y uKav,fha ia;%S ldrl .%yhd f,i i,lkq
,nhs' pkahdf.a msysu iQhH_hdg ria: u iy im
u wkqj ;ska .Kkh lrkq ,nhs' pkahd iu; rdYs
fod<fia isk wxYl l,d l,d .Kk wkqj kele;a
.Kkh lrkq ,nhs' iu; rdYs fod<ig ys jQ fYaIs;
.;s ,CIK fjhs' tajd rdYs .=Kd.=K ms<sn| Yaf,aIKh
lsfuka o; yelsh' tla rdYshla wxYl 30l m%udKhl
me;s we;' rdYs fod<i iy fodf<dia .%yhka my; olajd
we;'
v
v
v

fI v jDIN v :qk v lgl

isxy v lkHd v ;=,d v jDYal
Okq v ulr v l=N v k

rdYshla wxYl 03 l,d 20 ne.ska jk fldgia 09lg fnod

we;' tajd kjdxYl f,i ykajhs' fuu kjdxYlj,g
m%Odk .%yhska kj fokdf.a wm;S;ajh fjka fldg we;'
kjdxYl fldgia y;rl tl;=jla tla kel;la f,i
jHjydrhg f.k we;' tla tla kel;l wm;s .%yfhla
fjhs' tk tla rdYshl wxYl 13 l,d 20l whs;sh tla
.%yfhl=g yslr we;' m%Odk .%yhska 09 fokd w;f
fuu wm;S;ajh fn f.dia we;' Yaj ljfha wxYl
360 ;=< wxYl 13 l,d 20 ne.ska kele;a 27la olajd we;'
kele;a i;aiai jdy iSy
q i|yd mCId flfrk ckaud
;;ajhka iy tys wm;s .%yhska fufiah'

64

fmdfrdkao mCIdf m%:ufhkau i,ld nef,kqfha

fu wd jQ kele;a fmdfrdkaouhs' kele;a fmdfrdkaou
u.ska uQ,slj ckau" im;a" m;a" fCIau" m%;Hd" idOl"
jO" ffu;%S" mr ffu;%S hk wdldrhg ljr k iajNdjhl kel;la iylreg fyda iyldhg ysjkafka
oehs uiSuhs' f fcHda;sIdkql+, mslaiSuhs' kele;a ys
.%yhdf.a .;s ,CIK wkqj kelf;a iajNdjh ;SrKh
flfrhs ' h mq r eIfhl= g ys jk kel;g fhda ;
ia;%shf.a kel; iy tu ia;%shf.a kelf;a isg fhda;
mqreIhdf.a kel; olajd .Kkh lsf ysjk ;;ajh
l=ulao lshd uiSu lrkq ,nhs' l,amoDu ixialD; uyd
YajfldaIfha 4 jk ldKavfha 632 jk msgqfjys o c.ka
fudaykfhys o oelafjk m kele;a mdo ms<sn|j o fu
moafokau uid ne,sh hq;= nj olajd we;'
ckau" im;a" m;a" fCIau" m%;Hd" idOl" jO" ffu;%S"
mr ffu;%S hkqfjka k lr we;s ;;ajhkaf.a ksfhdack
,CIK .%y lr.; hq;f
= jhs' zckauZ hkq hul yg .ekSuhs'
fuu zyg .ekSuZ hkak u;=msg w:h f,i oelau fuys
W;h'
we;af;kau fuf,i j.SlrKh fldg we;af;a ixfla;
kdulrKhls' fuu ixfla; kdulrKh ;=< iu .;s ,CIK
yg.ekSu flfrys zckauZ kele;a n,mdkq ,nhs' DNA
mrSCIdjlska fuu ;;ajh ;yjqre lr.; yels fjhs'
iudk .;s fmkajk DNA wkq we;s g m; ,CIK
ifmaIKhla we;s u idudkH ;;ajhla nj dkql+,
u;hhs' m; ,CIK ifmaIKh hkq mrmrd.; h
wdndO ;;ajhla fyda mrmrd.; jHduh ;;ajhla miq
mrmrdjkag Wreufhka ,euhs' fuu ;;ajhka hgf;a
65

wx.l, orrejka Wmug fyda fjk;a mrmrdkqhd;

we;e frda.ldrl ;;ajhka we;s orejka bmug bllv
we;s nj fuys fmkajdh yelsh'
jdyhl ia;%shf.a;a mqreIhdf.a;a iudk DNA wkq
msysgk g mrmrdkq.; h h wdndO we;s orejka
we;s u flfrys th n,mdkq ,nhs' f,a {d;Ska w;r
jdyh ngysr ffj df o wkqu; fldg ke;af;a
fufyhsks' DNA mCIdjla ms<sn| fyd|u ksoYkh miq.
sh jif is jQ iqkd jHikh iu. wm w;a|skq ,enqfjuq' Baby 81 keu;s orejdf.a umshka f;drd.ekSf
is lrk ,o DNA mrSCIdj cuka cd;sl nfgda,a fn%Iaf.a
yqKqjgh kdglfha jQ yqKqjgfha mCIdj klrKh
lsula f,i fmkajdh yelsh' kuq;a d;aulj umshka
f;dard.ekSu i|yd DNA mrSCIdj fl;r Wmld jQfha o
hkak bka meyeos<s jQ fohls'
umshka yg orefjl= im;ls' jdyhl m%;sM,hla f,i
orefjl= yg .;af;a jqj o fkd.;af;a jqj o fuu kele;a
fmdfrdkaou ;=<ska is lrkq ,nk DNA mCIdj fmkakq
lrkafka orefjl= yg .kafka k tu orejd foumshkayg
im;a Wodlrk yelshdjkaj,ska iuka; jkakd jQ orefjl=
jk yd fkdjk njh' f,a mCIdjlska f;drj fuu ;;ajh
uish yels jvd myiq l%uhla fuu kele;a fmdfrdkaou
;=< wka;.;h' we;af;kau kele;a fmdfrdkaou hkq DNA
mrSCIdjla hhs lSu jvd;a ksjerh' tfiau m;a" fCIau"
m%;Hd" idOl" jO" ffu;%S" mr ffu;%S hk wx.hka o
fumoafokau .%y lr.; yels kuq;a ,smh
s >u j,lkq
jia fuf;lska ta kj;d .K fmdfrdkaou fj; wmf.a
wjOdkh fhduq lrkafkuq'
66

.K fmdfrdkaof i,ld nef,k lreKq ljf o hkak

m%:ufhka wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= fjhs' pkahd is rdYs
wxYl m%udKh wkqj ;SrKh jk kelf;ys fYI ,CIKhla
fuys mCIdjg Ndckh fjhs' pkahd is;g wm;s fjhs'
Yaj ljfha kel;lg ys wxYl 13 l,d 20 ;=< fYAIs;
jkakd jQ ,CIKhla fuys i,ld nef,a' tk" pkahd tlS
kele;aj,g meKSf ckahdf.a is; m%Odkj l%h
s d;aul
jk uYa;sIalfhys ke;sk fud,fhys we;sjk ridhksl
fydafudakhl wvq jeula mCIdjg Ndckh flf'
tlS .K ukqIH" foaj iy rdCI hkqfjka ;=ka wdldrhls'
rdc ud;Kav k uQ, .%ka:h lafjk wdldrhg fuu
fmdfrdkaou w;HdjYH fmdfrdkao w;r tlla fia
ia;r fldg we;' fuys,d w;HjYH fmdfrdkao m<uq
.Khg we;=<;a lsug ;r jeo.;a jQ lreK uiSug
,la l< hq;=fjhs' ,xld fcHda;sI ix.%yhzys ldKavfha
fojk l,dmfhys ^2005 uehs& zzfcHda;sIH yd mqoa.,
fm!reI jOkhZZ keu;s wm iska bm;a lrk ,o
,smsfhys udkj wjYH;d imqrd.ekSf mqoa., isf;ys
we;sjk fm%arKhka flfrys n,mdk mqoa., wdYhkaf.a
m%fNaolrKfhys is.auka f*dhs bm;a l< oYkh
mqoa., ;h ;=< l%shd;aulf iudc ;hg n,mdk
;j;a tla me;slvla jr lr.; yels wjia:djla f,i
fuu .K fmdfrdkaou fmkajd h yelsh'
we%k,Ska ^Adrenalin& iy Biagcka ^Estrogen& hkq
mqoa.,fhl=f.a ia;%S mqreI ffcj O;ajh we;s lsfuys
iy jOkh lsfuys fN!;slj n,mdk fydafudak folls'
fuu fydafudak ksIamdokh lsfuys ksia fud,fha
Bg idfmaCIj yg.kakd fjk;a fydafudak rdYshla fjhs'
67

tys m%udK;ajfhys fjkial wkqj mqoa.,hdf.a urKdYh mok fldg.;a wdl%uKYS,S;ajh fyda urKfhys,d
we;sjk rel;ajh;a" ;dYh mok fldg.;a wdorh
fyda ldudIdfjys,d we;sjk rel;ajh;a ;SrKh flfrhs' fuu rel;ajfha m%udKh wkqj mqoa., ukfia
we;sjk Ndjhka ;=kla l%shd;aul jkq nj by; ,smsfhys lauq' tajd ^b Id) iajdNdl ksi. wdYdjka"
^Bf.da Ego) iajdNdl ksi. wdYdjka hgm;a lrk
h:d:jd Nd;dj iy ^iqm Bf.da Super Ego) iudch
;=<k
s a ,nk fmd wdpdr Ou moaO;Ska f,i fmkajd we;'
fuu Ndjhka fcHda;sIh ;=< Yaf,aIKh fldg olajk
,oafoa mqoa.,hd Wmkd wjia:dfjys Yaj ljfha fmr.
CIs;sc fLdj wxYl 0 ^kaj& f,i .Kkh lsf
tys yuqjk kele; weiqrefldg ia;r flfrk z.KZ
k m%fNaoh ;=<sks'
rdCI - iajdNdl ksi. wdYdjka ^b Id) ukqIH
- iajdNdl ksi. wdYdjka hgm;a lrk h:d:jd
Nd;dj ^Bf.da Ego) foaj - iudch ;=<ska ,nk fmd
wdpdr Ou moaO;Ska ^iqm Bf.da Super Ego)

fuys iduH;dj wmg .K fmdfrdkaou Yaf,aIKh lsfuka l.; yelsfjhs'

1' fofokdu tlu .Kfha k Y=Nhs' isf;ys i;=g
we;slrjhs' we;s f'
2' ia;%sh ukqIH - mqreI foaj k Y=Nhs' W;=h'
3' ia;%sh foaj - mqreI ukqIH .K k uOHuhs'
4' foaj - rdCI .K fofla k fkdiSfya wY=Nhs'
5' ukqIH - rdCI .K fofla k udrl ;r w.=Khs'
68

6' ia;%sh rdCI iy mqreIhd ukqIH .Kfha k b;d

blauKska urKh fyda Ok ydksh we;s f'
7' ia;%sh ukqIH iy mqreIhd rCI .Kfha k b;du
wY+Nhs' kuq;a rdc ud;Kavh fmkajd fokafka
f ;;ajh iem ,efnk njh'
iajdNdl ksi. wdYdjka ^b Id) iu ;;ajfha miqjk
fofofkl=f.a tla u isf;ys i;=g we;slrug fya;=jk
;;ajhla nj wmg fmkajdh yelsh' tfiau iajdNdl
ksi. wdYdjka hgm;a lrk h:d:jd Nd;dj ^Bf.
da Ego) w.hk yd l%shd;aul lrk ia;%shl iudch ;=<ska
,nk fmd wdpdr Ou moaO;Ska ^iqm Bf.da Super Ego)
w.hk yd l%shd;aul lrk mqreIfhl= iu. tlau W;=
lreKls' iudc ixjOkfhys,d th Wmldr fjhs'
iudch ;=<ska ,nk fmd wdpdr Ou moaO;Ska ^iqm Bf.da
Super Ego) w.hk yd l%shd;aul lrk ia;%shl iajdNdl
ksi. wdYdjka hgm;a lrk h:d:jd Nd;dj ^Bf.da
Ego) w.hk yd l%shd;aul lrk mqreIfhl= iu. tlau
uOHu ug lreKq ljfo lshd ne,sh hq;=h' fug
ia;%sh ;u ksi. wdYdjka ms<sn| fojk wjia:dj miqfldg f;jk wjia:dfjys miqjk neka ia;%S mqreI fiajk
ldhH_fha WodiSk .;s fmkaug mqjka neka tfia olajd
we;s nj fmkajd h yelsh' Bg fya;= d;aulj uiSf
meye,s jkafka fydafudak l%shdld;ajfha j,;djla
g n,mdk njhs'
ksi. wdYdjka ^b Id) w.hk yd l%shd;aul lrk mqreIfhl= fyda ia;%shl f k Tyq fyda weh w ldudId we;s
wfhl= f,i ykd.; yelsh' Tyq fyda weh fj;ska jrog
69

neug fyda fm<ug we;s bv m%ia:d nyq, nj wm l<

mfhaIK ;=<ska meye,s we;' fndfyda wmpdr lghq;=
w;jr ls wdhg inkaO jQ mqoa.,hka rdCI .Kh ysj
Wm; ,nd ;snQ mqoa.,hkah' tmuKla o fkdj ;u jdyl
| mjd IKh lsf woyiska we;e fgl fudjqka
l%shdfldg ;snqKs'
ufyaka fmdfrdkaofuZys i,ld nef,k lreKq fudkjdo@
zzp;=F:_x ;;a p;=F:_x jd fm!k( mqfkHk jd mqk(
ia;%S;drldd( mqxi( ufyaka( Y=NfuOf;ZZ fydardNrK
167 Yaf,dal
zzia;%shf.a kelf;a mgka .ekakdu mqreIhdf.a kel;
4" 7" 10" 13" 16" 19" 22" 25 fjks kele;aj,ska tlla
k udfyaka fmdfrdkaou fZZ ia;%shf.a kelf;a mgka
mqreIhdf.a kel; olajd .eKSf y;frka y;rg wh;a
jkafka ufyaka fmdfrdkaou nj mQ jdpdkaf.a u;hhs'
ka wms kele;a fmdfrdkaofuys mCId lrk ,o ckaud
lreKq kjh fj; kej; wjOdkh fhduq lruq' wxl 01
j.=f lafjk ,d meyefhka wre lr we;s kele;aj,g
wkqj ;%sckau" ;%sfCIAu" ;%sjO .Kfhys ,d fuu ufyaka
fmdfrdkaou wh;a jk nj fmfka'
tfiau ufyaka fmdfrdkaofuys M, olajk fndfyda ,s;a
fmkajd fokafka zW;= mq;% im;aZ fyda zore iem yd
>dhqI ug fya;=hsZ hkqfjks' fuys 4" 13" 22 hk
kele;a ;%sfCIAu kele;a jk neka ta W;= nj meye<s
lreKls' ;%sckau yd ;%sjO kele;aj,g wh;ajk 7" 10"
70

16" 19" 25 hk kele;a ljr k fya;=jla ksid ufyaka

fmdfrdkaofuys wkq k jodrd we;a hs h ielhla
we;ful=g we;sh yelsh'
10 yd 19 hk kele;a ;%sckau kele;aj,g wh;a f' fuu
,smsfha m<uq fldgiska la jQ ziu .;s ,CIK yg.ekSu
flfrys tk zm; ,CIK ifm%aIKhZ flfrys zckauZ
kele;a n,mdkq ,nkZ ;;ajhla l.; yelsh'
zwmam l< foa mq;d fkdfldf<d;a fkdf. mq;dZ hk
idudkH jHjydrfha mj;sk lgjpk fhfuys iNjh
ol=Kq .srejdm;a;=f bx.%Sis tacka;jrfhl=f.a m%ldYhlg
inkaO nj ol=Kq .srejd m;a;=fjys we;e fjr<nv fmfoiaj, ckm%jdohla j wo o we;e jeyshka mjikq ud
wid we;' tk iq tcka;jrhd mjid we;af;a mshd l<
foh mq;d fkdl<fyd;a Tyq zfkd Wf.a mq;dZ hkakh'
zfkd Wf.a mq;dZ hkak zfkdf. mq;d f,i miqj
jHjydrhg meK we;s nj Tjqka mjihs'
by; ckjyrg Tn is; fhduqlrkq ,enqf ufyaka
fmdfrdkaofuys 10 yd 19 hk ;%sckau kele;aj,g wkqj
m; ,CIK ifm%aIKhlska mshd yd iudk .;s we;s mq;%
odrldka ms<sis|.ekSfuys ,d hg lS kele;a fya;= N+; jk
nj fmkS hhs' f wkqj W;= mq;% im;a ,eu flfrys
mj;akd idM,H;dj ueKSu i|yd ufyaka fmdfrdkaou
b;d jeo.;a fjhs'
ufyaka fmdfrdkaof b;s ;%s jO" yd ;%s fCIau kele;a
iSySu wkqj ore iem yd >dhqI u flfrys ta n,mdkq
,nk nj mejish yelsh' zore iemZ hk jok wdldr
71

lsysmhlg w : lah yelsh' orejka ,eu ksid

umshka njg m;afuka jk im;a;sh tlls' wfkl k
orejkaf.ka foumshka ,nk iemhs' f folu imQ K
u flfrys jvd;a n,mdkq ,nkafka hf:dala; mqreIhdf.a
yd ia;%shf.a kele; ys .%yhskaf.a ksi . .;s ,CIK
yd wfkHdakH ;%d;%;djka wkqjh'
fuu fmdfrdkao .e,mSu is lsf is l< hq;= ;jo
fYaIs; lreKla jkafka fjka fjka jYfhka ia;%shf.a
o mqreIhdf.a o flaka igyka mCId fldg ne,Suhs'
tneka fuu ,smsh lshjk mdGl Tfnka b,a,d iskafka
is fmdfrdkao d;aulj bm;a lsfuka Bg jy,a
wfkl=;a idOl flfrys wjOdkh fhduq fkdfldg ;Ska
;SrK .ekSfuka je,lS lghq;= lrk f,ihs'
fmdfrdkao iai muKla n,d jdy iSyqula is lrk
g mqoa.,noaO idOl ;=<ska ish yels h n,mEula
fkdfmkS hd yelsh' tfia g tu fmdfrdkao mCId
lrk ,o fcHda;I
s {hdg fyda uq uy;a fcHda;I
s Hgu kskoa d
lsug fyda fodaIdfrdamK t,a, lsug we;s bvlv jeh'
ngysr ldh ls;ail ufkda djg wkqj ore m%iQ;sfha
je fokdjla Wiq,kq ,nk uj iajdNdl ore Wm;lska
fuf,dj t<sh olsk orejl ys lrk ujg jvd udkisl
jYfhka orejd flfrys wdorh fifkyi laug W;aiql
jk nj fmkajd oS we;' tfiau tu orejka o foumshka
flfrys wdorhla olajhs' tn orejka ug yd mshdg
jOhla f,i idudkH meje;au ;=< iuch iska olshs'
kuq;a orejdf.a fm!reI j Okh flfrys yd wNsfhda.
ch.ekSu flfrys orejdf.a mj;sk l=i,;d j Okhg
72

fyj;a wNsfm%arKuh ;;ajhka we;su flfrys W;al

ufyaka fmdfrdkaofuys mCId flfrk fuu ;;ajh
Wojk nj wmf.a mCIK ;=<ska fy<s we;s nj wmg
fmkajd h yelsh'
jdyfha jeo.;a jkakd jQ lreKq w;r b;du;au jeo.;a
lreKla inkaOfhka ia;%S oS > fmdfrdkaou lreKq
idlPd lrkq ,nhs' fld<U f,a,fha .%ka:m%ldY
hka;%d,fha f' ' m%kdka uy;d iska m%ldYhg m;alrk
,o YljI 1839 fyj;a l%sia;= jI 1917 mpd[a.
,sf;ys lafjk wkaoug" zia;%shf.a kel; mgka .ekakdu
mqreIhdf.a kel; 13lska tyd k ia;%S > iSyqu f'
th Y=Nhs' 13lska wvq k wY=NhsZ ' ' ' hkqfjka ia;%S
> fmdfrdkaou ia;r lr we;' tfiau frdydka isisr
l=udrhka ish ,xld mpd[a. .%yiaMqg ,sf;ys fuu
fmdfrdkaou meye,s lr we;af;a ia;%shf.a kelf;a mgka
.eKf.k hk g 1 isg 9 olajd jQ kel;lg mqreIhdf.a
kel; wiqf k wY=N nj olajd we;' 10 isg 13 olajd
uOHia: nj olajd we;' ;jo 14 isg 27 olaj kele;a jvd;a
Y=N nj olajd we;'
ia;%S > fmdfrdkaofuys mCIdjg ,laflrkafka
l=ulao lshd uiSu jvd;a jeo.;ah'
ngysr fcda;sI{hska wxl 13 jvd;au wY=N wxlhla fia
i,lkqfha uka hs uid ne,Su fuys jeo.;a fjhs' f
13 keu;s ixLHdj l=ula o@
wvqu ;rf ldur ish oyia .Kklska iuka; jkakd jQ
fydag,aj, jqj o 13 wxlh iys; ldurhla ke;' fndfyda
73

g fydag,a ldur jvd;a Nd; flfrkqfha jdy lghq;=

inkaOfhka uOqiuh .; lsugh' fjk;a lghq;=
inkaOfhka o fuu 13 wxlh wY=N wxlhla fia Tjqyq
i,ld lghgq;= lr;s' mD f.da,h jgd wxYl 3600la
we;s nj Tng wm l<ska mjid we;s nj u;l we;ehs is;uq'
fuu fmr. fcHda;sY{hska o 13 wxlfhys wY=N ;;ajh
l ;snQ nj meye,s lr fmkajd h yelsh'
fuf;la m, jQ ,sms u.ska kele;a" .K" ufyaka" ia;%S >
hk fmdfrdkao ms<sn| d;aul f;dr;=re Tng m%ldY
lf<uq' rdYs iy rdYHdm;s fmdfrdkao ms<sn| ia;r
u;= ,smshlska f.k taug woyia lrka fuu ,smsfhka
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka fhdaks iy ,sx. hk fmdfrdkao
ms<sn| d;aul f;dr;=re Tn fj; f.k tughs'
zfhdaksZ iy z,sx.Z hk jHjydrh Tf u;lhg kef.k
iefkka tljru ia;%shlf.a iy mqreIfhl=f.a ,sx.sl
moaO;sh yd ine ,sx.sl wjhj flf Tf is; we hdu
ksrdhdifhkau isjkakls'
tfiau Tf is;g fun m%Yakhla o we;s f' tlu
mqoa.,fhl=g fuu ia;%S ks;a; yd mqreI ks;a; msysh
yelso@ hkak tu m%Yakhhs' kuq;a ukqIHhdf.a isref
weka%k,Ska (Adrenaline) iy Biagcka (Estergen) hk
fydafudak l%shd;aul jk nj wm mejiqjd Tng u;l
we;ehs is;uq' tu fydafudak fol mqreI Yr ,CIK yd
ia;%S Yr ,CIK jOkh lsu flfrys iy ,sx.sl ;Dma;sh
we;s lru flfrys n,mdkj' tfiau fuu fydafudak
folu iEu mqoa.,fhl=f.au isrer ;=< l%shd;aul fjkj'
74

fhdaks fmdfrdkaou iy ,sx. fmdfrdkaou fydafudak

l%shdld;ajh flfrys ljr wdldrhlska n,mdkafkao
hkak uid n,uq' ,sx.sl wjhj jOkh iu. mqo.
a ,hdf.a
isref fukau ukfia o ,sx.sl ;Dma;sh u inkaOfhka
fm%arKhla ke;sk wdYdjla we;sfjkj' is.auka f*%dhs
jeks ufkda d{hska fmkajdfok wkaoug <ore wjfha
mgkau udkjhd ;=< ,sx.sl ;Dma;sh u inkaOfhka
fuu wdYdjka we;sjkj' l=vd <orefjl= ujf.a ;kfhka
ls Wrdfndk wjia:df mgkau Tyq fyda weh ;=< tu
wdYdj fyj;a wjYH;djh jOkh jk nj Tjqka mjikj'
udkj wjYH;d mQrKh inkaOfhka fY%aIG meye<s
lsula isl< tan%y udiaf,da mjik m udkqIsl
wjYH;d mQrKfha Oqrdj,shla l.; yelsh' tu Oqrdj,sh
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v :qk .srd mdg ^fld< mdg&
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88

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rdYs ksi. .;s ,l=Kq
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89

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lreKla jQfha fuu m%fNaolrKh Wmka kh" Wmka f,dj
yd ia:dkh ksjerj igyka lr.;a flaka hq., 1"000lska
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lafjk Wmfoiaj,g wu;rj by; la jQ rdYs iajNdj
.e,mS fofokdf.a ljr ugul mj;Shs uiSu b;du;a
wjYH lreKla nj fmkajd h hq;=h' fuu ,smsfha
idudkH m[apd. ,s;l lafjk Wmfoia kej; bm;a
fkdlsug woyia lrk ,oafoa ,smsh >u je,elau
i|ydh' mqoa., fm!reIh ^,.ak rdYsh&" mqoa., yoj;
^pka rdYsh&" mqoa., wd;au Yajdih ^iQhH_ rdYsh&" mqoa.,
wdorh ^isl=re rdYs& iy mqoa., lduh ^fN!u ^l=c& rdYs&
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90

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rdYHdm;s fmdfrdkaof d;aul me;slv fuu
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ms<sn| lreKq meye,s lr .ekSu i|yd my; wxl 01 rEm
igyk foi m<uqj wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

oeka Tn rdc iNdjla isf;a ujd.kak' tys rcq foah iu.

isxydikdrEVj yshs' rcqf.a isxydikhg fome;af;a hqjrc
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fiakdm;s hqj, wk;=rej yshs' mqfrdays; n%dyauKhka
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91

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mKjkak' wjidk wdik fol ^ulr l=N& hdplhdg
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fidhd.; yelsh' fuu rdc iNdfjka msgux flrek
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Oqufla;= fyj;a j,a.d ;re

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92

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l,dmfha ^2006 Tlaf;dan& fylag moauis uy;d fmkajd
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93

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94

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k.d .ksuq' ta iu.u fuu flaka igykg wkqj tu
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95

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96

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97

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99

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101

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102

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;=<ska o ;j;a msila ksia uki hqKq lsu ;=<ska o Bg
103

ms<sh fifuys ksr; h'

w udkqISh hd;=ldl wNspdr ka (Para-Psychological Rituals) ms<sn| dkql+, uIkhl fhf
wjYH;dj fyj;a jevodhS nj fuys wmg biau;= lr lah
yelsh' dkql+, uIkhl fhfuys wjYH;djhg yd
M,odhS;djhg fya;=j jkafka b;d ir, iajdNdl;ajh yd
noaO jQ m%;m
s odjla" l%h
s d mmdhla w udkqIh
S hd;=ldl
wNspdr ka ;=< wka;.; ;sfnk neks' b;d ir<
WodyrKhla f i|yd Tng fmkajdh yelsh'
wkqrdOmqrfha uydydr mqrdd leKS N+fha msys
leisls<shla ^uQ;%d lsu i|yd Nd; flfrk ia:dkhla&
yd tys ksudKd;aul jHqyh ms<sn| ieleiaula f.k
n,uq' wxl 01 rEm igyfkys lafjk tu ksudKh u.ska
iajNdl;ajhg fl;r .re lr we;ao hkak uid ne,Su
w.fkah'

m%isoaO k.rhl uyck leisls<shla wi<ska .uka lrk

g wmg th y\q k d.; yels h ' fya ; = j uQ ; % d j,s k a
yuk .kaOhhs' tn m;% fkdlr we;s leisls<shla
ksCIKhg Ndckh lsfuka tys ;a;s yd fmd<j rdhk
104

wdldrh l.; yelsh'

wkqrdOmqr uydydr mqrdd leKS N+fha leisls<sh;a"
uyck leisls<sh;a foflys fi!LHdrCIs; Ndjh mfil
;nd bka mirhg jk ydksh uiSf fmkS hkafka
uydydr leisls,sh b;du;a fi!LHdrCIs; fukau mir
ys;ld wkaoka ksudkh lr we;s njhs'
fuu WodyrK folska tk wkqrdOmqr mqrdd leKS
N+fhka fidhd.;a leisls<sh yd j;auka uyck leisls<sh
u.ska j;udkfha iy w;S;fha jeisls<s yd leisls<s
ksudKfha wkq.ukh fl we;s mdil idOl ms<sn|
;elSu wmg jgyd .; yelsh' w;S; yd j;udk leisls<s
ksudKd;aul l%h
s dj,sfha ksid iajdNdl;ajhg .relsu flf;r meyer yer we;s o hkak fuhska jgyd .;
yelsh'
nysrj fodaIh yd nysrj mQcdj ms<sn| weiska ne,Su
ms<sn|j lreKq mjik w;r wkqrdOmqr mqrdoHd leKS
N+fha leisls<sh;a yd j;auka uyck leisls<sh;a .ek
f;dr;=re laug woyia lf<a lreKq folla fya;=fjks'
bka m<uqjekak" w;S; yd j;udk uQ,sl ksia wjYH;d
i|yd bflfrk f.dvke.s,s ;ekSf ksid we;=
iuia: mdil yd moaO;sh fkdi<ld yer we;s
nj fmkajd u h' fojk lreK jkafka" tfia ksid
we;= iuia: mdil yd moaO;sh fkdi<ld yeu
fya;=fjka wksgq M, we;sjk nj fmkajd uh'
f wkqj fmkShk jeo.;a lreKla jkafka w udkqISh
hd;=ldl wNspdr ka (Para-Psychological Rituals)
iajdNdl;ajh yd noaO jQ m%;smodjla" l%shd mmdhla
105

wkq.ukh lrk neka mdil iunr;dj /lSfuys,d

th uy;a fia odhl f'
ksia l%shdldrl fya;=fjka mDfha l%shd;aul jkakd jQ
pqnl fCIa;%fhys we;sjk Iu n, mka;Ska Yaf,aIKh
lsu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=h' h N+ Nd.hla
me<bKs jeglska fyda m%dldrhlska fyda fjka lSu ksid
we;sjk Iu n, mka;Ska iukh lsu i|yd w udkqISh
hd;=ldl wNspdr ka (Para-Psychological Rituals)
;=< oel .ekSug we;s tla m%;sluhla f,i ffNrj mQcdj
fmkajdh yelsh'
mDfha pqNl W;=re Ydj yd iu; W;=re Ydj w;r
meye<s fjkila we;s nj wm oksuq' O%ej uq,alr mDfha
wdk;sh wkqj yd N%uKh u;a iQhH_hdf.a .=re;ajh
fya;=fjka iQhH_hd jgd b,smaiSh .uka u.l mDh .uka
lsf we;sjk ,mamd wdosh tu fjki we;su flfrys n,mdk nj fmkajdh yelsh'
hg lS wdldrfha iSud udhs ksKh ls" me<bKs jeg
bls" m%dldr ne wdh fya;=fjka mDfha pqNl
n,fLd fjkia u ks i d l% s h d;a u l jka k d jQ Iu
n, mka;Ska fmd<f N+ .Nh ;=<ska muKla fkdj
oi Ydfjkau we;sjkafka mDh Yaj wjldYh ;=<
mj;sk jia;=jla neks' fufia oi Ydj uq,alr we;sjk
Iu pqNl n, mka;Ska ffNrj fodaI jYfhka wmg
ykd.; yelsh' kuq;a fcHda;sI d;aulj yd uka;%
d;aulj fuu fodaI i|yd wm;S;ajh ork fYaIs;
mqoa., fldGdYhla jk nj i|yka fjhs' tlS mqoa.,
fldGdYhka oi os.a md, ffNrjhka f,i fcHda;sIfha
yd uka;% df fmkajd fohs'
106

fmd<f we;sjk N+ lmk" kdhhE" .xj;=r" iqkd

r< ke.S" iq<s l=Kdgq ;;ajhka f iEu isula u
ksia l%shdlrlj, m%;sM, f,i fyj;a m%;sl%shd jYfhka iajdNdl;ajh ;=<ska we;sjk ;;ajhka nj ms<s.
ekSug ngysr mYapd;a kQ;kjd iy we;e lafjdkagjd
.=rel=<hkaf.a irK .shjqka ue<s njla olajhs' we;e
fgl Tjqyq ;u oeKqu i|yd ,e we;s iy;sl yd iudc
nqyquka keu;s msgfmd;a; fuu woyia ms<s.ekSug hdf
m f hehs fhka w udkqISh hd;=ldl wNspdr
ka m%;sfCIam lrk nj weug W;aidy .kS' nq
jokl we;s fY%aIaG;ajh fuys fmkajd h hq;=h' zznyqx
fp irKx hF;s mnn;dks jkdks p wdru reCL fp;Hdks
ukqiaid Nh ;cC;d ^ksid Nh ix;%dihg m;ajk
wjia:djka ys mj;" jk .yK" wdrduhka" jDCIhka
yd ffp;Hia:dkhka msysg m;kZ nj [fyj;a udkisl
|jej, w udkqISh wNspdr ka wkq.ukh lsug
fhduqjk nj] ka lshef&ZZ tjeks wjia:dj, hg lS
we;e o msia w udkqISh hd;=ldl wNspdr ka fydr
ryfiau wkq.ukhg fm<fUk uq;a ta nj h wjia:djl
m%isoahg m;a jkafka hehs yeS hk kEu fgl Bg
b;d ;ka myr .eiSug Tjqyq fm<fU;s' fuu ;;ajh
,dxlSh iudch ;=< o meye<sj l.; yels lreKls'
oi os.a md, ffNrjhka Wfoid islrkq ,nk lkak,
ls" Tjqkaf.a l%uhka jKkd ls" mso<s lem ls"
mso<s yd nkaOkh ls wjidkfha ffNrj f.dgq iu.ska
;=ukai,lska" h niakd ;eklska fyda md mshlska
;nd ta foij;a fkdn<d meK oi Yd wdrCId fldg
ksOkajia;= ;ekam;a lr ffNrj mQcdj is lrhs'

107

wm iska zzfcHda;sIh yd jks Yla;shZZ ms<sn| fcHda;sI

ix.%yfha m< l< ,smsfha oS fmkajd ka m jks Yla;sh
wfkl=;a Wmpdr l<uKd iu. Nd; fldg hg lS Iu
pqNl n, mka;Ska uOkh lsug iu;a m%;sn,hla
ksmou is lrkq ,nhs' fuys m%ia:dr .; lrk ,o jks
rgd jejdr .Kkla .dhkh lsu u.ska mqoa., ;a;
Yla;sh yd noaO lr ^isoa lr.;a uka;%" ;ka;%" wIagl yd
hdks Nd;fhka& fuu m%;sn,h ksmojkq ,ef'
fufia ksmojkq ,nk m%;sn,h oi Ydfjka l%shd;aul
jkakd jQ Iu n, mka;Ska fj; fhduqlr pqNl kshdu
Ou Nd; fldg tu Iu n, mka;Ska iu. nkaOkh
lsula is flfrhs' tfia nkaOkh lrkafka tys,d Nd;
flfrk ;gqj ke;fyd;a mQcdikh iu.hs' wk;=rej tu
mQcdikh ;=ukai,lska" h niakd ;eklska fyda md
msgkshlska ;eu is lrkafka oi Ydfjka l%shd;aul
jk Iu n, mka;k
S a kej; ksidg wys;lr n,hka f,i
l%shda;aul ug we;s wjia:d je<elaug h'

108

kele;a i;a iai yd ne

/lshdj" wOHdmkh

Tnf.a uYk wei ffNrj fodaIh yd ffNrj mQcdj

flfrys fhduq fldg ta ms<sn|j kj oDIafldaKhlska
ne,Sug fuu ,smsfhka Tng wdrdOkd lr'

Wiia fm< Nd.h iu;a jqj;a" Wmdhla .;a;;a wkqkg

w; fkdmdk /lshdjla lr .kakmqjka ugulg ;h
f.dvk.d .ekSu b;du;a wmyiq ld,hlhs wms wo j;a
fjkafk' fndfyda ;reK ;reKshkag m%Odk .egjla
we;af;a;uqkaf.a fkdie<ls,a, u; fyda wdl Ialr;d
u; fyda ,enQ wvq wOHdmkh ksid fyda /lshdjla f;dard.
ekSf ljr wxYhlska ;uqkaf.a jD;a;Suh wkd.;h
109

;SrKh l< hq;=o@ hkak i|d.ekSuls'

fujeks orefjl=f.a wkd..ek ;Ska ;SrK .ksoa Tyqf.a
fyda wehf.a flakaorh ne foumsfhl= f k ta
b;du;a w;f<diaila fofkl= muKla h hq;=h' we;e
foumshka ;uqkaf.a wdYdjka uqka muqKqjkakg orejkag
W.kajkakg fmr ta orejdf.a wdYdj fyda yelshdj l=ula
o lshd uid nejd k" wo uqyqK fok .egjlg
uqyqK ug Tqjqkag is fkdf' Bg fya;=j ta orejkaf.a
leue;a; fyda orejkaf.a yelshdj fhduq jqk Ydk;sh
ta orejkaf.a ckaum;%fha ke;fyd;a Yaj .%y is;shf
oelafjk ksidh'
hful=f.a jD;a;Suh wkd.;h id:l f m<uq w;d,u
Tyqf.a fm!reIhhs' flakaorfha m<uq fldgqj Tyqf.a fyda
wehf.a fm!reIh ms<sn|j b;d Yd, udkhla jr lr
fmkajhs' m<uq fldgqj ksfhdackh lrk rdYsh wk;=rej
;j;a me;slvla fmkajd fohs' ta k m<uq fldgqj
ksfhdackh lrk .%yhdf.a iajNdjh" Tyqf.a n,h iy
Tyq ysk ia:dkhkah' ta wkqj tu mqoa.,hdf.a fm!reIh
ms<sn| ksjer ;%hla wmg ksudKh lr .; yels
f' Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a fm!reI rgdj ykd.ekSfuka
wk;=rej" wm fhduq h hq;af;a Tyqf.a Okia:dkhghs'
tfiau whia:dkh yd jehia:dkh we;=j ia:dk ;=ku
110

ms<sn|j hg oelajQ wdldrhg lreKq uish hq;= f' f

ish lreKq uiSfuka wek;=rej Tyqf.a luia:dkfha
ke;fyd;a Tyqf.a jD;a;sh ms<sn|j mejfik lreKq iDcqj
oel.; yels ia:dkh jk flakafha oY jk Ndjfha
iajNdjh uiSu wjYHhs'
Y%S ufyakamdohka iska r; zfydardNrKfhysZ
oHdrN ms<sn|j i|yka jk 13 jk mfofha 97
jk Yaf,dalfha isg 113 jk Yaf,dalh olajd jk Yaf,dal
fid<ilska kele;a i;a iafika mgka .; hq;= Ys,am
ljfoehs fmkajd ;sf' fuu kele;a i;a iafika
mgka .; hq;= Ys,am tu kele;aj,ska Wmka wh iskau
lrkqfha k" ta ta Ys,amfhys Tjqkg fl< meKsh yels
nj fndfyda fcHda;sI{hska w;r ;ju;a ryils'
hful=f.a jD;a;Suh wkd.;h ms<sn| lreKq fif
fuu i;a is kele;aj,g ksi.j ys jD;a;Ska ljfoehs
uiSu wksjdhfhkau l< hq;= lreKls' tneka ckau
flakaorfha tl" fol" tfld<y iy oyh jeks Ndjhkaf.
ka lshefjk lreKq iu.ska fuu kele;a i;a iaig
wod< lreKq o iuj f.k ;=,kd;aulj m,dM, lSfuka
fuu Ydia;%fhys i;H;djh ;yjqre l< yelsjd fiau Bg
lrk f,dl=u fiajh o fjhs' tneka fu;eka isg ta
ta kele;aj,ska yod< hq;= Ydia;% ljfoehs olajd we;s
111

lreKq olajkq ,ef' Tf Wmka kel;g ys fCIa;%h

l=ula o lshd thska Tng n,d.; yels f'
wiao

wdhqfo$jDCIdhqfo$wiqka
ke.Su
^r:jdyk
yeisru&$kele;a
bf.kSu$^ld,.=K oHd& Yl=K ks;s
bf.kSu
fnrK - wiqka" we;=ka yslauu
le;s - .sKs isis< lu ^w.aks ia:Nk - my; rg
kegq wdfhys fhfok& w.aks mQcd
frfyK - kCI;%h$ ks;s Ydia;%h$ w: Ydia;%h$
^wdl oHdj&$ lvq Ys,amh$ wd.l
kHdhka b.ekau ^fo Ydia;%&
uqjisri - we;=ka wiqka yslauu ^r: jdyk
yeisru& $ u,a,jfmdr yd fjk;a
wd;audrCIl igka l,djka$ iQm Ydia;%
^.Dy oHd&$ ix.S;h b.ekau
wo - we;=ka wiqka yslauu ^r: jdyk yeisru&$
iQm$ u,a,jfmdr iy fjk;a wd;audrCIl
igka l,djka$ Nr; kegq$ .Ks;h
bf.k .ekSu iy b.ekau$ lvq Ys,am
bf.k .ekSu iy b.ekau$ Ysjd.u
bf.k .ekSu
mqkdji - kegq iy fnr .eiSf l,dj$ yia;
112

fLd Ydia;%$ YO Ydia;% ^fi;al rpkh

yd lsheu& $ jHdlrK Ydia;%$ kele;a
Ydia;% ^iqN uqyq: idOkh&$ ix.S;h$
ks;s Ydia;%h ^wkdjels iy wkd.;
jdlH mejiSu&$ ;ka;$ Ydia;% .Ks;h
weiqka fjk;a NdIdkqhqla; uka;% rpkh
iy .dhkh&$ uka;% Ydia;%$ T!IO Ydia;%
^wdhqfoh&
mqI - we;=ka yslauu$ wiqka yslauu ^r:jdyk
yeisru&$ .Ks; dia;%$ wdhqO wNHdi ^ish
j.fha&$ fnr jehSu$ ;d,h inkaO
Ydia;%$ yia: fLd Ydia;%$ u,a,jfmdr
iy fjk;a wd;audrCIl igka l,djka$
kegq iy kdgH oelafuys$ iQm Ydia;%
^.Dy oHd&$ kele;a yd fjolu
wia,si - ^ld,.=K oHd& Yl=K ks;s bf.kSu$
I fjolu ^ridhksl oHd&$ wd.l
b;sydilrKh
ud - meoao$ b.ekafuys$ b;sydih b.ekafuys
mqjm,a - urKlu lsfuys ^wf.daiq fyda fjk;a
urKlu lrkq ,nk jD;a;Ska$ uka;%
m%fhda.% ;kaf;%daPdgk Ydia;
W;%m,a we;=ka yslauu$ wiqka yslauu
^r:jdyk yeisru&$ kq Ys,amfhys$ ;l
113

Ydia;%fhys
y; - kdgHlrKfhys$ ks;s Ydia;%fhys$ yia:
fLd Ydia;%fhys$ fnr jehqfuys$ kCI;%
oHdfjys$ foh bf.kqfuys$ .Ks;
Ydia;%fhys$ wdhqO Ys,amfhys$ jHdlrK
Ydia;%fhys
is; - is;=re lufhys$ ;l Ydia;%fhys$
IaKq mqrdKd mqrdK .%ka: yefuys$
.Ks;fhys
id - fcHda;sI Ydia;%fhys$ we;=ka yslauu$ we;=ka
msg ke.Su$ wiqka yslauu $ wiqka msg
ke.Su ^r:jdyk yeisru&$ u,a,jfmdr
iy fjk;a igka l,djka wOHhkfhys$
ix.S;h$ wdhqfoh$ iQm Ydia;%h
id - fcHda;sI bf.kqfuys$ wyia ;re mCId
lsu wqe;= jkakd jQ ;drld oHdfjys
wkqr - YHdu foh ke;fyd;a i;rjk
foh
yeoefuys$
kele;a
Ydia;%
bf.Kqfuys$ kS;s Ydia;% bf.Kqfuys$
iQm Ydia;% bf.Kqfuys$ ldjHlrKfhys$
kdgHlrKfhys
fog - rdc kS;s yeoEfuys$ kq Ys,am yeoEfuys$
b;sydih bf.KSfuys
uq, - ialkaO mqrdK bf.kSfuys$ fnfy;a iEfuys
114

^ ridhksl oHdf ( j;udkfha

*duishl jev lsu& uka;% Ys,amfhys
mqji, - im ys; Ydia;% bf.Kqfuys ^ridhk
oHdj o we;=<;a fjhs&$ c, ia:N ^ls
Ys,afhys&
W;%i, we;=ka wiqka yslauu ^r: jdyk
yeisru&$ lvq Ys,amfhys$ w: Ydia;%fhys
^wdl oHd&$ u,a,jfmdr iy fjk;a
igka l,djka wOHhkfhys
iqjK - Ou Ydia;% yeoEfuys$ u,a,jfmdr iy
fjk;a igka l,djka wOHhkfhys$ wdhqO
Ys,amfhys$ we;a wia yrUfhys ^r: jdyk
yeisru&$ kele;a Ydia;%fhys
fokg - .Ks;dhqfofhys ^ridhksl oHd .Ks;
lu yeoEfuys& wdhqfofhys
ishdji - f.da ls;aid ^mY= ffjoH lu&" fhda.
Ydia;%" we;=ka yslauu$ we;=ka msg ke.Su$
wiqka yslauu $ wiqka msg ke.Su ^r:jdyk
yeisru&
mqjmqgqm - iQm Ydia;%$ ueKsla ms<sn| lghq;=
^N+f.da,Sh ridhk oHd&
W;%mqgqm - wdhqO Ys,amfhys$ Ou Ydiaf;%daoa.
yKfhys$ u,a,jfmdr iy fjk;a igka
l,djka yeoEfuys
115

 fj;S - .Ks; lufhys$ wdhqfofhys$ jdok

Ys,amfhys$ u,a,jfmdr iy fjk;a
igka l,djka yeoEfuys$ Ou Ydia;%
yeoEfuys$ we;a wia yrUfhys ^r: jdyk
yeisru&
ta ta kele;aj,ska werh hq;= ldhH_hka Yaj .%y is;shf
ke;fyd;a orejkaf.a flaka igyfka oelafjk jD;a;Sh
wkd.;h ms<sn| uish hq;= Ndjia:dk ms<sn|j o lreKq
uid n,d mshjr .ekSug foumshka Wkka jkafka k
th hym;a wkd.;hla orejkag Wreu lr uls'
miq jok ( ,xld fcHda;sI ix.%yfhys 2005 jif cqks ui
1 ldKavfha 3 jk l,dmfha m< jQ ,smshls'

116

foaYmd,k fcHda;sIh

rd;S;fha mgkau fcHda;sIh hk jHjydrh iudch ;=<

O jQ l;sldj;a weiqre lrka jOkh we;' O
jQ oDIa fldaK weiqka tu l;sldj;a kej; kej; o
uiSug ,la lr we;' tlS l;sldj;a foi hqla;j ne,Sf
ke;fyd;a tu l;sldj;aj,ska neyerj ta foi ne,Sf oS
fmkShkafka tu iEu l;sldj;la ;=<u h iqfYaI;ajhla
.ej we;s njh' fcHda;sIh k jQ jHjydrh ;=< o th
lsh yelsh' fuys,d meye<s lr.; hq;= lreKq lsysmhla
fjhs' fcHda;sIh jkdys ixialD; ke;fyd;a ksid iska
f.dvkxjk ,o Ihhls' fuu Ih ;=< oYkhla fiau
m%dfhda.sl Nd;hla o fjhs' oYkh yd m%dfhda.sl;ajh
117

;=< meye<s fjkila lsh yelsh' tu fjki we;sfuys,d

n,mdk ,o lreKq ms<sn| iudf,dapkhla lr.; hq;=h'
fcHda;sIh ms<sn| .eUqre jegySula idudkH ck;djg
fkdue;s u bka m<uqjekakhs' fcHda;sI mqj;a m;a .Kkdjla rf olakg ;snqK o idudkH ckhdf.a fcHda;sIh
ms<sn| i[dKsl;ajh ke;fyd;a kqj;aNdjh b;du
j, ugul mej;Su fojeks lreKhs' f;jk lreK
f,i fmkajd h yelafla fcHda;sI oekqula h muKlg
we;s msi u;jdj fyda fjk;a O jQ fya;+ka n,mdkq
,efuka Tjqkaf.a fcHda;sI kqu wjq,a iy.; ;;ajhl
mej;Suhs'
fcHdaa;sIfka ms<sn|j ne,Sf ke;fyd;a fcHda;sIfhys
kshe,S lghq;= lrk msi foi ne,Sf m<uqj fmkShk
lreKla jkafka Tjqkaf.a fcHda;sIh ms<sn| oekq ug
tlsfkldg fjkianjh' O Kq ug ;=< miqjkakka
l=,l.; lrk g my; lafjk l=,lhkag Tjqka we;=<;a
l< yels nj my; fjkarEmfhka fmkajdosh yelsh'
1. fcHda;sI uQ,sl kqu muKla we;s wh
2. fcHda;sI uQ,sl kqu iy iudc kqu we;s wh
3. fcHda;sI uQ,sl kqu iy fjk;a IhdkqnoaO
kqu we;s wh
4. fcHda;sIh ms<sn| ukd YsCIKhla we;s wh
5. fcHda;sIh ms<sn| ukd YsCIKhla we;s iudc
kqka msmqka wh
118

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wm;s u;jdo l%shdld;ajh (Hegemony of Confederacy)
fyj;a tla mdYjhla iska ork wdl,amh wfkla
mdYjhka fj;" md,kh lsf woyiska fyda fjkh
119

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120

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ukeiska olska fCIa;h
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121

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lafjdkagjd ^Quantum& u;jdo Tiafia [a[dKjd
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122

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123

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124

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flaka Nd;d lrk tu mCI fol fndfyda g mCI.%dyS
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125

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126

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127

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128

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129


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130

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131

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nj fuys wjOdrKh l< hq;= i;Hhls'
jdyh m%udo u flfrys fuu fcHda;s oHdkql+,
ikaoNh Wmfhda.d;aulj .%yhg ,la l< yelsh' jdy
m%udohg ms<sh jYfhka fcHda;s oHdkql+,j is lrk
m%;slu f,i fi;al" hka;% oeu" uka;% Nd;h yd
fjk;a Ydka;slu Nd; lsu fmkajdh yelsh'

132

lalido f m%jK;djh je jljdkqjl

fmdfrdkao ne,Su Wmfhda.;
S dj ke;fyd;a
fmdfrdkao ne,Su
flfia n,mdkjdo@ hkak uiSu

jdyh keu;s ixialD;sl nefuka iudch ;=< we;s jQ

iudchSh tallhla jYfhka mjq, keu;s iudc ixia:dj
fmkajdh yelsh' tu iudc ixia:dj .egjlska f;drj
l%shd;aul u -lidoh hk jHjydrfhka meye<s lrhs'
tfiau -lalidoh hk jHjydrfhka hg lS iudc
ixia:df .eguh ;;ajhla we;sula fmkakq lrhs'
fuu ;;ajh kS;suh oDIafldaKfhka meye,s lsf
;j;a wdldrhlska fmkajdh yelsh' h iudc ixia:djl
meje;a u tlS iudch is k a u mKjd.kq ,enQ kS ; s
moaO;shlska ,ndfok wdrCIKhlska wdjrKh lr we;s
wjia:dj lidoh f,iska fmkajd h yelsh' tfiau lalidoh" h iudc ixia:djl meje;au wnqold ;;ajhla
hgf;a ;jrg;a mj;ajdf.k hdug wfmdfydi;a f
iudc .; kS;s moaO;shlska ,ndka rCIK wdjrKfhka
133

jkaf.ulg hg;aj fyda hg;a fkd hf:dal;

a mqo.
a ,hka
ksoyia lsu f,iska w: oelah yelsh'
ixialD;sl neulska we;sjk iudc tallhl l%h
s dld;ajh
ft;sydisl yd iudchSh oHd;aul uYkhla ;=<ska
meye<s lr .; yelsh' tn ixialD;sl neulska hq;=
iudc tallhl l%h
s dld;ajh blau jQ h:d:jd Nd;djl
meje;au mslaiSu i|yd fcHda;s oHd;aul .%yhla is
lsf mj;sk iudchSh oHd;aul hhs mjik tn
mfhaIK l%uhla wkq.ukh lsu W.yg h' iudchSh
oHdjkaf.a iSudjka blauj ,o bi ykd.ekSu tys
w;HjYH jk nj wjOdrKh l< hq;=h'
iudchSh l;sldj ;=< hf:dala; ikaoNh l%shd;aul jk
wdldrh meye<s lsf fcHda;s oHd;aul ixl,amhla
jk -fmdfrdkao ne,Su hkak m%Odk idOlhla j mj;sk
nj fmkajd h hq;=h' Y%S ,dxlSh iudch" bkahdj o
we;=<;aj -fmdfrdkao ne,Su pd;%hla jYfhka wkq.
ukh lrk nj lreKq uYkfha meye<s fjhs'
,xldf m,jk cd;sl mqj;am;a foi ne,Sf fmkS hk
lreKla jkafka flakah uq,a lr .;a fmdfrdkao ne,Su
,dxlSh ck {dKfha uq,a nei we;s fohla njh' flaka fha
jdylia:dkfha ^y;ajekafka& mdmSkaf.ka ^r" l=c" nqO"
Yks" rdyq" fla;= hk .%yhska& f;dr fyda mdmSkaf.ka hq;=
fyda flakays ;reKhska fyda ;reKshka fyda fidhk
ux., fhdackd iys; oeka m%udKh foi ne,Sf jdy
ixia:dj flfrys b;d Yd, n,mE iy.; idOlhla njg
fcHda;sIh m;aj we;s nj fmkajd fokakls'
134

jdyh keu;s ixia l D;s l dx.h ljr miq ula ;= <

l%h
s d;aul jkakla oehs uid ne,Su fuys m%fhdackj;a jkq
we;ehs is;' fYaIfhka yska Nla;slhka iy fn!oaOhska
fuu fmdfrdkao ne,Su flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrk
msi jYfhka ke;fyd;a wod< .egf fCIa;%.; ksheos
ldKavh jYfhka fmkajdh yelsh' f ksheh w;rg
uqia,s" l%sia;shdks iy lf;da,sl Nla;slhka we;=ug
we;s bvlv b;d iS;h' fya;=j Tjqka woyk wd. iska
fuu Ihh Nd; lsfuys,d oe kS;suh ;yx mKjd
we;s fyhsks'
fuu wd. ;=<ska YsCIKh lrk ,o yd YsCIKh fkdlrk
,o fiau wd.u hk idOlh lafjdkagjd w[a[dKsl
oDIafldaKfhka neyer lrk hk ,CIKj,ska hq;= kQk;
;reK mrmqr yd jdyhg t<efUk msia b;d nyq, jYfhka lalidohg f.drejk nj ,xldf lalido kvq
m%udKh ms<sn| iCIKhla lsf meye<s lr .;
yelsh'
fufia lalidohg keUqrejk msi zjkaf.ulg hg;aj
fyda hg;a fkd kS;suh neulska ksoyia uZ hk ;ekg
ldrKh ,>q fldg w;msiod .ekSug fm< isu iudc
.egjls' fuu iudc .egj ifuys ,d fcHda;sIhh
;=<ska isl< yels fiajhla f,iska fmdfrdkao ne,Su
fmkajdh yelsh'
,dxlSh iudchg lreKq wjOdrKh lsf woyiska yd tu
fiajhg oHdkql+, jrKhla iemhSu ;=<ska fcdfrdkao
135

ne,Su iqcd;lrKhg ,la lsug ,xldf O jQ fcHda;sI

mqj;am;a ird ;=<ska fcHda;sfka .kakd W;aidyhka
meiish hq;=h'
lalido f m%jK;djh je jljdkqjl zfmdfrdkao
ne,SuZ flfrys ;;aj iy;slhla u ;rul m%Yak lsug
,lah yels lreKla f,i we;e g fmkS hd yelsh'
kuq;a tys ,d mj;sk ;;ajh yd tfia we;sjk ;;ajhka
flfrys n,mdk idOl uiSf th .egjla fkdjk
nj fmkajdh yelsh'
fmdfrdkao ne,Sug m%:u mdfNda.slhka iska fmdfrdkao ne,Su is lrk fcHda;sfkaf.a oeKqu ms<sn|
;;aj iy;slh uid isu b;d jeo.;a lreKls' fuys,d
fcHda;sfofhys mj;sk idrOu yd m%{ma;Skag wkql+,j
lghq;= lrk lsis fcHda;sffhl= w;ska jer fmdfrdkao m%ldYhla n,dfmdfrd;a;= h fkdyelsh'
fcHda;I
s fhys Wkak;sh i|yd iy tys Nd;dj iqlr lsf
mru wruqKska t<s olajk mpd[a. ,s;aj, olajd we;s
fmdfrdkao mCIdj keu;s WOD;h hgf;a fmdfrdkao
iaila olajd we;' tysu .%y fmdfrdkaof ie,ls,a,g
.; hq;= .%y msys we;e ,s;a fmd;l ia;r lr we;'
hQ j. Nd.h" iqoYk pl%h" mdmdxYl pl%h" w;HdjYH
tfldf<dia fmdfrdkao" oi fmdfrdkao yd wg fmdfrdkao fyj;a wIgl+Gh hk lreKq o .re`vd wIaG fhdaks
Nd.h" .re`vd wIaG fhdaks kdudCIr .Ks; l%uh" tu
,s;a fmd;aj, olajd we;' kuq;a wkqfokSh j mejiSug
is we;s lreKla we;' tk f ;;ajh jxpksl l+G
136

mqoa.,hska fcHda;sfka hhs ;uqka u lshd .kska ,s;a

fmd;aj, we;s is fmdfrdkao muKla hka; n,d iqN
jYfhka tys .efKk fmdfrdkao .Kk 10la fyda
Bg je m%udKhl w.hla mefKa k jdyhg iqN nj
ke;fyd;a wiqN nj olajd is;s'
jdyfhys iqN wiqN whkhka" kele;a" ;s" lrK" fhda.
iy ,.akdh" wiqN ;s jdr yd foldK wxYl" wiqN .%y
;;ajhka hgf;a is l< hq;= Ydka;s ludh" jdyfhys iqN
wiqN ffoj{hkaf.ka uid ish hq;= nj yd ffoj{hka
lrd t<eh hq;= ke;fyd;a hdhq;= wdldrh" ffoj{hd
iska ;;ald, .%ypdrdkql+,j jdyfhys iqN wiqN ih
hq;= wdldrh" wmq;%S ffjOjH fhda. fkdfyd;a orejka yg
fkd.kakd fhda." wUqie fofokdf.a Nd.H im;a olajk
fhda." iajdhdf.a fyda Ndhdjf.a keiSu olajk fhda."
iajdhdf.a fyda Ndhdjf.a umshka ke;su flfrys
n,mdk fhda." wUqie fofokdf.a j;ajk fkdjk nj
oelafjk fhda." iajdhdf.a fyda Ndhdjf.a kska; nj
uik fhda." Ydl fn,ySk;djka fyda l,dx. iys;
;;ajhka uik fhda." lalidofhys pQ;hd njg iajdhd
fyda Ndhdj m;ajk fhda." nd, fhys u jekaoUq u
fyda nd, wmpdrhkag ,lajk fhda." mxpldu im;a
ke;fyd;a rEm" YO" .kaO" ri iy YamI hk im;a
fkd,nk fhda." lkHdx. Nd.h" I lkHd .%y fhda."
m%:u wd;jfha kele;a M," k M," bhdm: M, iy rer
M, o jdyhla is lsug m%udKj;a fmdfrdkao .Kk
o ia;%Skagu wkql+,j ke;fyd;a wd;jh uq,alr jdy
kele;a iEh hq;= nj o hk w;s Yd, fCIa;%hl ys we;s
fmdfrdkao mCIdf uid ne,sh hq;= m%Odk lreKq
137

flfrys fuu m%fhda.ld jxpksl mqoa.,hka wjOdkh

fhduq fkdlr;s' we;af;kau Tjqyq tn oE fcHda;sIfhys
we;s nj j;a okafka ke;'
lalido f m%jK;dj je jljdkqjla t<eu flfrys
o fuu jxpksl m%fhda.ld ffoj{hka hhs ;uqka u lshd.
kakd mqoa.,hkaf.a l%shd l,dmhka iDcqj n,md we;s nj
fmkajd h hq;=h'
fmdfrdkao ne,Sf oelsh yels mdfNda.slhka w;ska
isjk jer o h muKlg lalido f m%jK;dj
je ug n,mdkq ,nhs' tys,d Wmka kh" f,dj yd
ia:dkh jerhg fcHda;sfhd fj; iemhSfuka ilikq
,nk fla k a Nd; ls u' iudc ;;a j hka " n,hka "
,uqo,a yd n,mqjkaldrl uq,alr islrk jdyhkays
fukau fm%au in|;d u; islrk jdyhkays we;e
g flaka .e,mSu fkdi,ld foumshka iska jdy
lghq;= is lrkq ,n;s' ke;sk ys;=u;hg jdy fhdacl
;reK ;reKshka ;u ;uqka u jdyhg t<efU;s' tys
we;sjk ;;ajka yuqf jk lalidohlg fhduq ul
fcHda;sI{hd fj; fodaIdfrdamK t,a, l< yels kuq;a
tu fodaIdfrdamK w: rys; tajd nj mejish hq;= fjhs'
lalido f m%jK;dj je jljdkqjl idudkH
uyckhd i;= m%n, j.lSula we;' tk fcHda;I
s {fhl=f.a
oeKqu" w;aoelSu yd fcHda;sI oeKqfuys m%d.=kHh we;s
ffoj{ uyf;l= ,jd fmdfrdkao mCId lsu l< hq;=
nj h'

138

fuys fcHda;I
s hg w;ska msfik kjlhska we;e fgl
fpdaokdjla t,a, l< yelsh' th idOdrKh' kuq;a hful=
fcHda;sIhg w;ska msfik kjlfhl= ,jd fmdfrdkao
mCId lr .kafka k wksjdhfhka u fcHda;sIfhys
m%Kfhl= ,jd kej; tu flaka mCId lr .; hq;= nj
wjOdrKh l< hq;=h'
Bg ir< WodyrKhla mejish yelsh' Tn h lsis ldhsl
wdndOhlska fmf,k g ffjoH Wmdh w;ska .;a
ffjoHjrfhl= fj; hk wjia:djla isyshg k.d .kak'
Tng we;s frda.hg ir, ffjoH Wmfoila fyda ir,
m%;sldrhla kshu lrk Tyq Tng we;s frda.hg wkqj
ksYa; m%;sldrhla ,nd.ekSu i|yd fYaI{ oeKqula
we;s fYaI{ ffjoHjrfhl= fj; wksjdhhfkau Tnj
fhduq lrkq we;'
f moafoka wdOqksl fcHda;sffhl= ,jd islrk fmdfrdkao mCIdj m%K fcHda;
s ffhl= lrd fhduq lrh
hq;=h' ;ukaf.a wdOqksl;ajh ms<sn| ksy;udkS;ajfhka
ms<s.kakd wdOqksl fcHda;sfhd yg wksjdhfhka u
Ydia;%h msysgk w;r Ydia;%Od lD;yia; Ndjh keu;s
jia;= im;a lrd ,dug th hd;%djla lr.; yelsh'

139

140

f,daldh; fcHd;sIh yd foaYmd,k dj

zzfoaYmd,k djZZ hkak wo ojfia fndfyda jdohkag ,laj

we;s IhSh ud;Dldjls' tfia jqj;a zzf,daldh; fcHd;sIhZZ
ms<sn|j l;d lrkqfha fcHd;sI mqj;am;a l,dfjka muKls'
fuu ;;a;ajh fndfyda g wmg fmkS hkafka rf m%Odk
mqj;am;a tla mfil isg foaYmd,k oHdj wkqj foaYmd,kuh
l;sldjla ;u mqj;am;a weiqfrka f.k hk w;r ;j;a mfil
fcHd;sI mqj;am;a ish Yaf,aIKhka fcHd;sI dkql=,j
f.kyer olajkq l.; yel'
,dxlSh foaYmd,k l;sldj ;=< fuf,i fowdldr jq lshdj,shla
l%shd;aul ug idol lSmhla we;'
m<uqjeks idOlh njg m;aj we;af;a idudkH ckhdf.a ckao
n,h u; uyck u;h mok jk neka th ;udg ,nd.eksf
ls%hdj,sh ;=< uOH m%pdrKh fhdod.kakd foaYmd,k{hska ta
141

i|yd Bg fcHd;sI wkq.; lsug W;aidy orkafka uyckhd

fcHd;sI ms<sn|j jq isj{dksl wkqN+;shla ;=< j;a jk
ksidfjks' uyckhd Wmf;a isg urKh f;la iEu iqfYaI
wjia:djlu fcHd;sIhg wkql+,j ish ffoksl l%shdoduhka
is lrkq ,eu fya;=jls' ck ;h yd ne.;a fohla njg
fcHd;sIh m;aj ;su
ksid we;e foaYmd,k{hkaf.a
iydhl udOH WmfoaYlhf.a th m%fhdckhg .ksska lrk
wpdrj;a WmfoaYk ksid oHdkql=, mokula u; f.dvkes
;snq fcHd;sIh Ih mqiaila njg m;a we;s nj fmfkkak
;sKs'
ue;sjrK foaYmd,k m%pdrKh ;=< muKlA fkdj foAYm,Hk
Nd;j ;=< o fcHd;sI
S {hdf.a N+ldj fj;ska wm w;a
a kq ,enq
ksoYkd;aul isoaka .Kkdjls' m%Odk ck kdhlhl= njg
m;a jq tla foaYmd,k{fhl= jgd f.dkq jq g iudk isoaka
.Kkdjla 90 oYlh uq,oS aswmg l.; yelsh' uka;% j o
fcd;sIh ;=<u wkq.; jkakd jq tla Wm Ih lafI;%hla jk
neka tu dj Tyq iska Wmldr lr.;a njg o rdjhla h'
kuq;a f,daldh; fcH;sIh ;=< fun ir, lreKq i|ykaj
ke;' th werfUkafka mqoa., Wmam;a;s flakah o iu.sks'
mqoa., Wmam;a;s flakah ;=< i|yka jkakd jq rdc fhda. iu
f,daldh; fcH;sIh wdrN fjhs' wjka;s foaYfha iq fcHd;sI
wdpdh jrhl= iska ,shk ,o jrdyyshg ls%ia;= jI 966
oS ,shk ,o zzNfgd;aM, gsldj ZZg wkqj mKa; ms sfr.u
keu;s fcHd;sI{hd iska lrk ,o jrdyysr ikakhg
wkaj zzrdc fhd. ZZk jq tfldf<dia mf m,uq mka;sfha
rdc fhda. 77la o fojksm;sfha rdcfhda . 7lao ms<sj i|yka
fldg ckau m;%hg wkqj rdcH;ajh nefnk ld, n,dd.kak
wdldrh o fmkajd ;sf' f,dalhg b;du;a fiajhla ngq
l< isoaOd: f.!;uhkaf.a foayfhys jq fo;sia uyd mqreI
142

,laIK wkqj fyf;u pl%j;S rdcH;ajhg fyda nqoaO;ajhg

m;ajk nj kdulrK ux.,Hhg meK is fcHd;sIfhys fl<
mek is n%dyauKhka 107 fofkl= mjid id w;r W!K
frdau Od;= ,laIKhg wkqj wksjdfhkau nqjk nj mjid
is fldKav[a[ k n%dyauKhd miqj l=ure nqf Ialr
l%shd wjfha Wmia:dkmjd fhduqj is wfhl= nj fmkajd
h yelsh'
tfiau uhqrmdo "Y=rmdo" Ou lS;smdod .Dyia: mjrekag
iuld,Skfhl= f,i i,lk YS% ufyamdohka iska r;
fcHd;sIfhys ialkaO;%fhka fydrd ialkaOhg wh;a hehs
i,lk zzfydardNrKZZk jq lD;shg wkqj tys 15jk mfcofhys 127 isg 132 olajd jq Yaf,dal ihlska rdcdNsfIal
ljfhs olajd ;sf' wo o foaYmd,k mo md%ma;suh
wjia:djkag yd tu mo jqre f wjia:djkag wod< kele;a
iEfus fuu .=re WmfoaY wkqj tu kel;a idokq ,nk nj
tu kele;a idokq ,nk fcHd;sI{fhda oks;s'
foaYmd,kh ms<n
s |j yd foaYmd,k mo m%dma;u
s h wjia:djka yd
ine|s foaYmd,k wkdjels m<lsfuys fh we;s fcHd;sI{hka
ms<sn|j uisSf ngysr f,dalh ;=< wo o b;du;a m%isoahla
Wiq,k wfhls' zzfkda;%oduqia ZZ iema;en 11jk k wefuldkq b;sydifha isjqKq wre isu ms<sn|j mjd fyf;u
wkdjels m<fldg ;snq nj mqj;am;a iska ;;a ld, jljdkqj
iys;j fmkajd ;sKs' tfiau jer wkdjelsh m< lrkakg
fhk fcHd;sI{hkag urK ovqjug mjd ,laug is jq
wjia:d b;sydi .%ka: ;=<ska l.; yelsh
foaYmd,kh ms<n
s |j yd foaYmd,k mo m%dma;u
s h wjia:djka yd
ine foaYmd,k wkdjels m<lsfuys fh we;s fcHd;sI{hka
ms<sn|j uisf ngysr f,dalh ;=< wo o b;du;a m%isoahla
143

Wiq,k wfhls' fkda;% uqia bkah wrdcH ysf wjia:df

.=ma; hq.hg wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nk g ta ;=< fu!h
jxYhg ys jkafka fY%aIaG ia:dkhls' l%sia;= mQj 321 isyiqkg m;a kkao k rcqf.ka isyiqk ,nd .;af;a pkao .=ma;
l=udrhdh' Tyq lsis rdcH Wreuhla fkd;snqfjla hehs
uE;
b;sydi{hka iska ^ Thapar, Romila. History of India, (tr)
(1973 . India: Messs penguin Books Ltd ; Dehiwala:
Thisara packaging Indtry.)
wkdjrKh lrkq ,eh'
pka k jq .=ma; jxYhg wh;a l=ufrl=f.a .=rejrhd fukau
fcHd;sIh ;=< fl< meK is fl!,H k jq wdpdhHSjrhd
WmfoaYk ;=<ska
pka wrdcHhlg ysl lshkq ,nhs'
fl!,H k fuu wdpdhHSjrhd ms<sn|j Tn fydka wdid
we;af;a Tyqf.a w: Ydia;%h ;=< i|yka jk zzu;aiH kHdhZZiuks' fl!,Hfha w: Ydia;%h yd iudk m%isoaO;ajhla
Wiq,k" ngysr foaYmd,k d kHdh ;=< jvd;au idlcdjg
nka we;s zzl=udrhd Zzkeu;s .%ka:h rpkd lrk ,o
uelshdfj,a,s k jq foaYmd,k WmfoaYlhdf.a WmfoaYk .ek
Tn wid fyda lshjd we;ehs is;uq'
fl!,H yd uelshdfj,a,s k fofokdf.au b;sydih foi
jsuis,af,ka mlaId lr n,k g Tjqka fofokdu fcHd;sI
Ydia;%fhys yi, kqula iys;j is mqoa.,hka fofokl= nj
fmkS hhs' pka.=ma; yg rdcH;aajhg fYaI f,a Wreuhla
fkdjqj;a Tyqf.a ckau m;%hg wkqj rdcH;ajhg wkqu; wrdc
fhda. ;=klska iuka; is whqre yd fcHd;sIfhys Wm Ih
lafIa;hla jk foay ,laIK djg wkqj o wrdcH;ajhg
m;aug wjYH lrk foay ,laIK pka.=ma;% ;=< ;snq nj
fl!,Hhkaf.a l ;snq nj Nafgda;aM, ldfjys rdcfhda.
ms<n
s |j jk mfohg l,dka >fKaIdpdhHS n%dyauK m;=uka
iska r; cd;ld,xldrfhys ^mqiafld, fmd;& i|yka jk
nj mQldfjys i|yka fjhs'
144

f,daldh; fcHd;sIhg f wdldrfhka mqldjla ilid

.ksska tys Ih lreKq foig fhduqf mqoa., flaka
igyka jvd;a jeo.;a fjhs'tfiau h foaYmd,k ,laIhla
fyda mqoa.,hl= rdcH;ajhg m;ajk wjia:df ;;ald, flaka
igyk ^tu f,djg ys Yaj .%y is;shu& wkqj f,daldh;
fcHd;sIfhys m,m, l:kh is lrkq ,nhs' kuq;a fuys
jdyhg muKla wm mlaId lrk fmdfrdkao ne,Su hg ls
;;ald, flaka igyfkys Wod wjia:df .%y msysu;a kel;;a
yd mqoa., flakafhys .%y msysgsu yd kel;;a w;r fmdfrdkao
mlaId lsu;a wksjdfhkau l< hq;= jkafkah'
fuys wm f,dalfhys jvd;a r m%isoahla Wiq,kq ,nk
foaYmd,k kdhlhska lsysm fofkl=f.a ckau ,.ak ljfhs
uid ne,Su m%fhdckj;a fjhs' nKavdrfj, fmr.
fcHd;sI
oHd,hdm;sj is wNdjm%dma; jq weia 'v' lia;=r;akhkag
wkqj fuu ,.ak igyka Tng olajd,uq' ^lia;
= r;ak" tia'v'f.
dapr M, ^1972&' fudrjl ud;r" ls;s wfl%u 147-161 msgq
v isoaOd: f.!;uhkaf.a ckau ,.akh - lgl
v ,xldf wd.l yd foaYmd,ksl kdhlfhl=j is
wk.dl Oumd,;=ud - lkHd ,.akh
v ,xldf w.ue;s j rfhl= j is tia ' v' wd' vS '
nKavdrkdhl uy;d - l=N ,.akh
v j;auka ckdm;s mis ufyaka rdcmCI - lkHd ,.akh
v ysgmqq ckdm;sks pkasld nKavdrkdhl l=udr;=x.
ue;sksh - lgl ,.akh
v wefuldf m%:u cksm;s fcda fjdIsxgka uy;d
- fI ,.akh
v reishdf ld,a udlaia - l=N ,.akh
v cuksfha iaudla - lgl ,.akh
145

v cuksh tlai;a l< flhssi w.rcq - :qk ,.akh

v wefuldf ckdm;sjrfhl=j is
ma/kala,ska
rEiafj,a uy;d - lkHd ,.akh
v b;d,s wd{dodhl uQfida,skS - ;=,d ,.akh
v kefmda,shka w.rcq lkHd ,.akh
v miajk fcda rcq - k ,.akh
v yhjk fcda rcq - ;=,d ,.akh
v y;ajk tj rcq - Okq ,.akh
v uy;aud .dka
- ;=,d ,.akh
v w.ue;sjrfhl=j is kaaika p,a - ;=,d ,.akh
v lafgdarshd /k - jDIN ,.akh
v reishka wd{dodhl fcdai iagd,ska - ;=,d ,.akh
v reishdkq cd;sl 'whs'f,kska - ;=,d ,.akh
v frdau wrdcHfhl=j is kSfrda - Okq ,.akh
v tan%y ,skalka - k ,.akh
v weulka ckdm;sjrfhl=jis jqfrda ,aika - k
,.akh
fuu ,.ak ys ta ta foaYmd,k kdhlhska wdrN lrkakg
fhk foaYmd,k l%shdjka ;;ald, flaka igyka iu uid
ne,Sf fndafydag Wla; foaYmd,k l%shdoduhka Tiafia
b;sydih f.dvke.=k wdldrh f,daldh; fcHd;sIh ;=<ska
meye<s lr.; yel' fuu f,daldh; fcHd;sIh ms<sn|j
l;sldj f.dvk.kqfha foaYmd,k wkd.;h inkaOfhka
mqfrdal;k bm;a lsu Tiafiah' ieu fcH;sI{fhl= iskau
fndafydag fuu mqfrdal;kh f.dvk.kq we;' ;uka mYSkh
lrk mxpd[a. ,sf;ys ixj;air m;%h yd ikaikaokh lSu
f,daldh; fcHd;sIfhys ;j;a tla wx.hls'
fuu ixj;air m;% ms<sn|j lreKq uiSf lia;=r;akhka
^lia;=r;ak"tia 'v'f.dapr M, ^1972&' msgq &' bm;a lrk 21
146

jk Y;jI m,dm, l:kh b;du;a m%Yia; ugulmj;sk

nj fmfkkakg ;sf'
foaYmd,k yd f,daldh; fcHd;sIh w;r lsi
s iy inkaO;djla
fkdue;s tlla fia we;eful= is;d isk kuq fuu fol w;r
mj;sk iyinkaOh f.dvk.d.; yels wdldrh yd ta ;=<
mj;sk inkaO;djh jsjr lr.; yels ud. ms<sn|j ijdohl
fhu ldf,da; jqjls'

147

148