EDS+06 0012+Earthing+Design+Criteria

Document Number: EDS 06-0012 Version: 2.
ENGINEERING DESIGN STANDARD
EDS 06-0012
EARTHING DESIGN CRITERIA

Network(s): EPN, LPN, SPN This standard details the criteria for designing earthing systems at all voltages. Stephen Tucker Steve Mockford 31/03/2015 11/03/2013 22/03/2013
Summary:
Originator:
Date:
Approved By:
Approved Date:
Review Date:
This document forms part of the Companys Integrated Business System and its requirements are mandatory throughout UK Power Networks. Departure from these requirements may only be taken with the written approval of the Director of Asset Management. If you have any queries about this document please contact the originator of the current issue.
Document History
(The document history notes below are intended as a guide only and may not cover all of the changes. If you wish to make use of this document it should be read in full.)
Version 2.0
Date 11/03/2013
Details Review date extended to tie in with the review of national standards ENA TS 41-24 and ENA ER S34 Reviewed for publishing on G81 website Reclassification of document from Earthing Design Manual Sections 1 and 2 Document rebranded Original
Originator Stephen Tucker
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0
22/08/2012 28/09/2011 11/03/2011 31/03/2008
Stephen Tucker Stephen Tucker John Lowe Stephen Tucker
THIS IS AN UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT, THE READER MUST CONFIRM ITS VALIDITY BEFORE USE
Date: 11/03/2013
Earthing Design Criteria
Document Number: EDS 06-0012 Version: 2.0 Date: 11/03/2013
Contents
1 2 3 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5 6 A.1 A.2 A.3 Introduction ................................................................................................................3 Scope ..........................................................................................................................3 Glossary and Abbreviations .....................................................................................3 Design Limits ..............................................................................................................3 Touch and Step Potential Limits ................................................................................. 3 HOT or COLD Classification ....................................................................................... 5 Transfer Potentials ...................................................................................................... 6 Risk Assessment .......................................................................................................6 References ..................................................................................................................7 EPN System Earthing Practice ................................................................................... 8 LPN System Earthing Practice .................................................................................... 9 SPN System Earthing Practice ................................................................................. 10
Appendix A Legacy System Earthing Methods ...............................................................8
Appendix B Definitions ....................................................................................................11 Appendix C Earthing Standards and Legislation...........................................................19 C.1 C.2 C.3 C.4 C.5 Industry Standards .................................................................................................... 19 British and European Standards ............................................................................... 20 North American Standards ........................................................................................ 20 International Standards ............................................................................................. 20 Legislative Documents .............................................................................................. 20
Figures
Figure B-1 Potential on Soil around Earth Rod 3D View .................................................13 Figure B-2 Potential on Soil Surface Near Earth Rod 2D View........................................15 Figure B-3 Touch, Step and Transfer Potentials at an Electricity Substation .....................17 Figure B-4 Potential Contours on Soil Surface around Earth Rod ......................................18
Tables
Table 4-1 Sample Maximum Acceptable Touch and Step Voltages (ENA TS 41-24 Figure 2) .................................................................................................................4 Table 4-2 Maximum EPR for a COLD Substation and for which a Transfer Voltage is Permitted ................................................................................................................5 Table 4-3 EPR above which Mitigation should be Considered by Third Parties ...................5
UK Power Networks 2013 All rights reserved
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Introduction
This standard details the criteria for designing earthing systems at all voltages. Definitions for the terms used and a catalogue of reference documents associated with earthing practice are given in Appendix B and Appendix C.
Scope
This standard applies to the earthing at substations and networks across all voltage levels. This document is intended for internal and external use.
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Term ASC EF EPR NER NEX FLC ROEP
Glossary and Abbreviations

Definition Arc suppression coil Earth fault Earth potential rise Neutral earthing resistor Neutral earthing reactor Full load current Rise of earth potential UK Power Networks (Operations) Ltd consists of three electricity distribution networks: Eastern Power Networks plc (EPN). London Power Network plc (LPN). South Eastern Power Networks plc (SPN).
UK Power Networks
Design Limits
The object of earthing design is to ensure that a substation is safe with regard to step and touch potentials and, in addition, to render it COLD, if reasonably practicable. Consideration should be given to reducing system earth fault levels where this provides an economical solution to the above. The limits are based on those in ENA TS 41-24 and ENA S36-1. 4.1 Touch and Step Potential Limits
The values given in Table 4-1 are the touch and step potential limits applicable within or adjacent to substations. For fault clearance times in excess of 5s a 75V touch voltage limit applies for high voltage installations.
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It is standard practice to specify a layer of 75mm crushed rock or chippings over the substation site area not already covered by concrete or tarmac. As Table 4-1 shows, this allows a higher value of safe touch potential within the area where this exists. A greater thickness of chippings has minimal effect on the tolerable voltage calculation, but does improve the integrity of the insulation. A layer of tarmac may be specified where higher voltage limits are necessary. A specification for surface covering material is contained in ECS 06-0022. In cases where the earth potential rise (EPR) is low and the touch and step voltage limits for the on soil situation are easily achieved, then the electrical characteristics of the chippings are not relevant and pebbles, sandstone or other material with the necessary mechanical and civil engineering qualities may be used.
Table 4-1 Sample Maximum Acceptable Touch and Step Voltages (ENA TS 41-24 Figure 2) Fault Clearance Time Touch 0.2s 0.35s 0.4s 0.5s 0.6s 0.7s 1.0s 1030V 600V 480V 290V 240V 195V 150V Soil Step 3200V 1800V 1500V 890V 670V 535V 450V Chippings (75mm- 150mm) Touch 1400V 800V 650V 380V 290V 250V 200V Step 4600V 2600V 2200V 1280V 980V 815V 640V
Outside the site area, where crushed rock is not used, the lower values are applicable. The safety of the working environment is further improved by ensuring that staff wear approved boots/shoes with adequate insulation and use insulating gloves when carrying out switching operations using metal handles that are connected to the earthing system. It is important to recognise that correct operation of protection devices and switches is assumed in determining the fault duration and the acceptable potential differences. The conductor and electrode cross sectional areas are based on a clearance time of 3s (with the exception of 132kV, which is based on 1s). In the unlikely event of the clearance time for backup protection exceeding this, the calculated back up protection operating time shall be used for these calculations. Higher EPRs may occur at remote structures, such as lattice towers and potential grading may be required there to control touch and step voltages if there is a higher than normal risk to the public and third parties. Step voltages on the soil within a substation are very rarely of sufficient magnitude to cause concern. However, outside the substation humans with no footwear or animals are much more susceptible to the effect of step voltages and due consideration of the possible impact shall be made. Step voltages of 25V to 50V can be fatal to horses and cattle. Animals with soft padded feet (such as dogs) are particularly susceptible. Particular caution is necessary if the access routes to schools, stables, milking parlours or camp sites are near the substation. No bare electrode should be installed in such areas and attempts should be made to restrict the step voltage.
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4.2
HOT or COLD Classification
The limits in Table 4-2 are to be used to classify a substation as either HOT or COLD, for liaison with BT, other telecommunication operators, Network Rail and to comply with ENA ER S36. These limits are not directly relevant to safety of operational personnel or the public, which is determined by touch, step and transfer potential limits and covered in Section 4.1. Where the EPR exceeds these values, a conductive earth path from the substation to a customer's premises is not permitted unless calculations show that they are lower than the applicable limit, or measures have been taken to control the voltages at those premises. Measures may include the separation of HV and LV neutral earths or provision of an isolation transformer see later sections for further details.
Table 4-2 Maximum EPR for a COLD Substation and for which a Transfer Voltage is Permitted Substation Voltage 400kV, 275kV and 132kV 66kV and 33kV Transfer Voltage 650V 650V High reliability lines with main protection that normally operate within 0.15 seconds and always within 0.5 seconds and has back up protection Normal reliability lines or clearance times in excess of 0.2 seconds Comments
430V 20kV, 11kV, 6.6kV 430V
If a substation is classified as a COLD site, no further action is necessary. If it is HOT, further investigation may be warranted to more accurately determine the EPR this is covered in more detail in the relevant earthing design standard (refer to Section 6 for specific references). Once a site has a definite HOT classification, limit values given in Table 4-3 will determine whether mitigation is necessary and enable calculation of the associated cost for third party equipment. Note: A dialogue is necessary with third parties about the area outside the substation where the Table 4-3 limit values are exceeded. The clearance times quoted are for a correct operation of main protection. Operation under back-up protection is not considered.
Table 4-3 EPR above which Mitigation should be Considered by Third Parties Third Party Equipment Involved Protection Clearance Time and Voltage Limit Above 0.2s BT and Telecommunication Operators BT and Telecommunication Operators Railways (Network Rail) Processing plants and refineries Isolation required on cable termination Attention to main trunk lines, domestic properties, call boxes, modems etc Attention to signalling and communication cables Attention to signalling, process control and communication cabling 430V 1150V 0.2s or less 650V 1700V
430V 430V
1150V 650V
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All reasonable endeavours should be used to reduce the EPR to below 5kV as the maximum limit and to 1.7kV as a generally accepted upper limit at substations. 4.3 Transfer Potentials
Limits are not defined in the standards, but the substation earthing system design shall ensure that transfer potentials exceeding 430V or 650V (as appropriate) do not exist. If transfer potentials above this value can occur, then potential grading at the remote end must be provided (refer to Figure B-1 and the remote touch voltage definition in Appendix B). The potential grading should provide similar protection to that at the primary substation.
Risk Assessment
The use of risk assessment approaches to design, construction and maintenance are recognised by the HSE and are to be included in the next version of ENA TS 41-24. The IEC standard recognises the probabilistic nature of the factors which influence the risk of a shock occurring. The factors include the level of fault current, its duration, the presence of human beings and the proximity to sensitive third party equipment. There are general cases where application of risk assessment can help in arriving at a sensible, cost effective design. For example, if the amount of high voltage equipment at a substation is minimal (a transformer within a durable, non-metallic enclosure supplied by underground cable), the risk of a high EPR occurring at a time when this may introduce danger may be so small as to become an insignificant aspect of the design. If however protection operation relies on a fault thrower operation, then the EPR associated with this operation must be taken into account. Work is presently taking place on risk assessment methodologies at at national level and once completed will be incorporated into the standards. In special cases, specialist advice can be obtained to provide a fully documented risk assessment. For example, the preferred electrode design may involve a perimeter electrode outside the fence. Trees or buildings may prevent installation of this on one or two sides of the site. They may also impede access to the fence. In this case it would be sensible to install the perimeter electrode just inside the fence on these two sides and quantify the risk of an excessive touch voltage occurring. However, there would be a requirement to monitor site developments and if the trees or buildings were removed, a perimeter electrode should be installed if the touch voltage requires it.
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References
Earthing Standard Grid and Primary Substation Earthing Design Secondary Substation Earthing Design Pole-mounted Equipment Earthing Design LV Network Earthing Design Customer Installation Earthing Design NetMap Earthing Information System (internal document only) Guidelines for the Design, Installation, Testing and Maintenance of Main Earthing Systems in Substations Procedure to Identify and Record HOT Substations
EDS 06-0001 EDS 06-0013 EDS 06-0014 EDS 06-0015 EDS 06-0016 EDS 06-0017 EDS 06-0018 ENA TS 41-24 ENA ER S36
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Appendix A Legacy System Earthing Methods

A.1 EPN System Earthing Practice
LV Winding Earthing Earth Tx & NER or high impedance earthing Tx only 132/11 132/11 Yy Yyy Solid Solid NEX Common NER or NEX Earthing Tx & NER or NEX New schemes now high impedance earthing Tx only 132/11 Ydd Solid Earthing Tx & NER or NEX New schemes now high impedance earthing Tx only 33/11 Dy and Yy Unearthed ASC, NEX or NER 700A/Tx for reactor or dependent on NER value 700A/winding 2 secondary windings NEX 8.5 Separate earthing Tx for each winding ASC systems extremely common on rural networks, most fully rated (some short term). Some ASC earthing now uses NEX instead of solid earthing when ASC is out of service. In particular for Dy transformers or Yy fitted with Tertiary as earth fault currents can exceed 3 phase under these conditions Maximum Fault Current 1000A/Tx (older schemes limited EF current to full load current based on Tx rating) 700A/Tx 700A/winding or Tx 700A/Tx 2 secondary windings NEX 8.5 132/11 Yd Solid Comments
Transformer Ratio (kV/kV) 132/33
Winding Arrangement Yd
HV Winding Earthing Solid
Liquid NERs no longer used. If required solid ones are used
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Transformer Ratio (kV/kV) 33/6.6
Winding Arrangement Dy and Yy
HV Winding Earthing Unearthed
LV Winding Earthing NER or NEX Maximum Fault Current 450A approx/Tx for reactor or dependent on NER value 2500A/Tx Comments
33/3.3
Yy
Unearthed
Solid
A.2
LPN System Earthing Practice

HV Winding Earthing Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Unearthed Unearthed Unearthed Unearthed Unearthed Unearthed LV Winding Earthing NER Earthing Tx & NER Earthing Tx & NER Common NEX Solid Common NEX Earthing Tx & NER Earthing Tx & NER Common NEX Solid Solid Solid Maximum Fault Current FLC FLC FLC 1000A/winding 13.1kA 2000A/winding FLC FLC 1000A/winding 13.1kA 13.1kA 13.1kA 2 secondary windings 2 secondary windings 2 secondary windings Comments
Transformer Ratio (kV/kV) 132/66 132/33 132/22 132/20 132/11 132/11 66/33 66/22 66/20 66/11(6.6) 33/11(6.6) 22/11(6.6)
Winding Arrangement Yy Yd Yd Yyy Yy Yyy Yd Yd Yyy Yy Dy Dy
Note: 20kV is the new distribution voltage at Bankside. The transformer can accept a primary voltage of 66kV or 132kV and will initially operate at 66/20/20kV but will later operate at 132/20/20kV.
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A.3
SPN System Earthing Practice

HV Winding Earthing Solid LV Winding Earthing Individual earthing Tx & liquid NER Maximum Fault Current Typically FLC contributed per Tx Comments
Transformer Ratio (kV/kV) 132/33 Grid
Winding Arrangement Yd
NER values raised at some multipleTx sites, reducing EFL to combined rating of two Tx * Individual exceptions exist e.g. resistance earthing at gas/oil plants, and a few short-time ASCs in rural areas Some sites have dual secondary windings Inter-bus and Inter-network
33/11(6.6) Primary
Dy
Unearthed
* Solid
Typically 100 MVA (5250 or 8750A/Tx)
132/11(6.6) Grid 11/6.6 Inter-bus
Yy with delta tertiary Auto (or phase shifting auto) Dy Auto Single phase doublewound
Solid
Liquid NER per winding
FLC per secondary winding Comparable with Source side network, (whether Solid or NER) Unrestricted determined by source and step-down Tx impedance
Star-point unearthed
11(6.6)/3.5 Step-down 11(6.6)/2.0 Step-down
Unearthed Unearthed
Solid Solid
Star-point unearthed
Found only in small areas of obsolete-type nonstandard networks
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Appendix B Definitions
Wherever possible, the definitions are taken from IEV chapter 195, with additional wording added if necessary for clarification or for use within public power supply systems. Auxiliary Earth Electrode an earth electrode with certain design or operating constraints. Its primary function may be other than conducting earth fault current to earth. Chain Impedance the steel foundation of a tower forms an earth electrode. When several towers are connected together via the earthwire, a ladder network is formed. The overall earth impedance of the circuit from a specified point is called the chain impedance. Circulating Transformer Neutral Current the portion of fault current which flows back to the transformer neutral point via the metallic paths and/or the earthing system without ever discharging into the soil. Counterpoise conductor or system of conductors, buried in the ground and electrically connecting the footings of the supports of an overhead line. Earth Electrode Current this is the maximum value of current which the total earth electrode may be expected to conduct, during the lifetime of the installation. In single earthed neutral systems fitted with current limiting devices, the maximum earth electrode current is limited by that device unless there are secure parallel circuits offering an alternative current path to that provided by the earth electrode impedance. Earth Electrode Impedance this is the impedance to the general mass of earth, or reference earth, at a given frequency, of the following connected together: buried electrodes, cable sheaths, tower lines, earthing at adjacent installations and all connected fortuitous electrodes (such as steel reinforcing bars). Earth Electrode Resistance this is the resistive component of the Earth Electrode Impedance. Earth Electrode this is a conductor or group of conductors in direct contact with the soil and provides the conductive part in electrical contact with earth through which the fault current flows to ground. It can be a rod, tape, steel reinforcing bar or the sheath of some types of cable. Earth Grid for large area substations the earth electrode is normally run as a ring surrounding all the plant and equipment within the substation. The outer ring is then supplemented with cross-members run at 90 to each other, all connected together at crossing points and at the outer ring. This is known as the earth grid. The earth electrode area is the area occupied by the earth grid or electrode area. Earth Nest this is a collection of separate earth electrodes made up of rods and/or conductors specifically installed to make contact with the general mass of earth and connected together by a common metallic connection. The earth nest is to be kept free of any plant earthing connections and should be provided with a test link that does not require disconnection. Earth Return Current the proportion of fault point current which returns to source via the ground.
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Earth Return Path the electrically conductive path provided by the Earth between earthing arrangements, for example between the two rods at A and B. Earth Surface Voltage the voltage between a specified point on the ground somewhere near the rod and reference (true) earth. Earthing Conductor this is a conductor which connects plant, equipment and electrodes of the earth electrode system. Examples include the above ground connections between substation equipment and the earth grid, and the metallic sheath of an underground cable which has an insulated serving. Earthing Conductor Voltage this is the voltage between the earthing conductor and reference (true) earth. Equipotential Bonding this is the provision of electrical connections between conductive parts to reduce the potential difference between them. Exposed Conductive Part conductive part of equipment which is not normally live, but which can become live when basic insulation fails. Extensive Earthing System a large network of interconnected metallic buried or regularly earthed parts that surrounds totally or partially the earthing system of the substation. Fault Point Current (gross earth fault current) the maximum value of current which could flow at any fault point (NGT Definition). Functional Equipotential Bonding equipotential bonding for purposes other than safety. Earth Potential Rise (EPR), Earth Potential Rise (UE) or Rise of Earth Potential (ROEP) these are terms in common use meaning the same as the Earthing Conductor Voltage. It is the potential on exposed metalwork and the earth electrode or conductor during fault conditions, relative to remote earth. It is the product of the total earth impedance and the current that flows through this to ground. Note: that this value will differ at various points on a large earthing system. To help understand the definitions, a simple example is used. Assume two earth rods of 2.4m length have been driven into the ground in an open field about 50m apart and a current is passed between them. Figure B-1 shows the potentials which are established on the surface of the soil above one of the rods. The highest potential is directly above the earth rod (at A) and it falls off towards true earth potential as one moves away from it. The current flows through the ground between the two rods, taking a multitude of paths, but the current density is greatest near each rod.
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Surface Potential ( % of GPR)
60
45 A 30
15
0 20 0 Distance (m) -20 -10 D E 0 10 Distance (m) 20 30
Figure B-1 Potential on Soil around Earth Rod 3D View
Global Earthing System an extensive earthing system for which touch, step and transferred voltages are within tolerable limits. An example would be several 11kV substations and their associated LV cable networks in close proximity to one another, especially if the underground cable is of the hessian served type. HOT Substation a HOT substation is defined as a substation where the rise of earth potential when maximum earth fault current flows, can exceed values specified in ENA TS 41-24. Refer to Table 4-2 for the current values. As a general rule, the 650V value normally applies to 132kV and higher voltage equipment. It will also apply to 66kV and 33kV equipment if the protection clearance times and dependability are such that it can be classified as high reliability. Note that the above criteria determine the site classification, but not the requirement or otherwise to carry out mitigation work. This is explained in more detail in Section 2 (design limits). Independent Earth Electrode an earth electrode located at such a distance from other electrodes that its electrical potential is not significantly affected by electric currents between Earth and other electrodes. Insulation of operating location a measure to increase the resistance between the floor (or surface) at an operated location and earth, in such a way that no non-permissible voltages can be picked up.
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Interference unwanted electrical coupling between a primary circuit or earthing conductor and a nearby secondary control or communication cable, occurring under network earth fault conditions. This may occur in two main ways: Conductive Interference Voltages relative to earth imposed on the secondary circuit, owing to the local rise-of-earth-potential in the vicinity of a substation earthing system during a network earth fault. (This effect is the main risk associated with HOT substations.) Inductive Interference Voltages induced between the ends of the secondary circuit, owing to parallelism with a primary circuit carrying unbalanced current during a network earth fault. (In practice this effect is typically confined to private pilots laid along the route of long primary cable feeders.)
Lightning Conductor a conductor appropriately placed on a structure to conduct lightning current to an earthing arrangement. Main Switchgear Earth Bar the earth bar to which all the exposed metalwork of equipment within a building or switch-room is connected. In substations with frame leakage protection fitted, there will be two earth bars. Exposed switchgear metalwork will be connected to one bar and the earth grid and incoming cable sheaths to the other. The two bars will be connected at several points, each connection passing through a frame leakage CT. Material Alteration the work or change at an existing substation that determines whether attention is required to its earthing. The factors include: Construction activities involving more than direct replacement, on a like for like basis, of one or several items of plant. For example, increase in transformer numbers or capacity. The substation metal fencing arrangement is modified, particularly if new or extended metal fences are used (it is envisaged that only the fence earthing will be reviewed for this not the overall substation earthing). The earth fault level is increased significantly. The construction of circuits supplying the site is changed and so increases the amount of fault current returning via the soil. For example, if a tower line is replaced with insulated trident type construction for environmental reasons. A significant proportion of an existing Hessian served cable network is being replaced using plastic sheathed cables.
Mid-Point Conductor or Electrode a conductor electrically connected to the mid-point (often between parts of an installation owned by different companies) and capable of contributing to the distribution of electrical energy. This is a design concept often used by north American companies, but does not represent good practice and should be discouraged. Multi-Earthed Neutral Conductor System a neutral conductor of a distribution line connected to the earthing system of the source transformer and regularly earthed, for which touch, step and transferred voltages are within tolerable limits. Neutral Conductor the conductor electrically connected to the neutral point and capable of contributing to the distribution of electrical energy. Neutral Point the common point of a star connected poly-phase system or the earthed midpoint of a single phase system. Parallel Earthing Conductor a conductor laid along the cable route to provide a low impedance connection between the earthing arrangements at the ends of the cable route.
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Path any non-metallic material between the bare skin and the earthing system. Potential Grading control of the earth potential, especially the earth surface potential, by means of earth electrodes. Primary Earth Electrode an earth electrode specifically designed or adapted for discharging earth fault current to earth, often in a specific discharge pattern, as required by the earthing system design. Protective Equipotential Bonding this is equipotential bonding for the purpose of safety. Protective Conductor a conductor provided for the purposes of safety (protection against electric shock). Power System Earthing functional earthing and protective earthing of a point or points in an electric power system. Resistance between the body contact points and return paths the resistance between the bare skin of the contact point and the metal being touched or of the remote electrode to which current through the body will return. It includes gloves, shoes, contact with surface soil and the soil between the surface and metal electrode. Soil Resistivity the resistivity of a typical sample of soil. It is the specific electrical resistance across two opposite faces of a 1m3 homogeneous sample. It is expressed in units of ohm-metres.
GPR Ust1
Potential on exposed metalwork
Ust2
-10
0 Distance (m)
10
Figure B-2 Potential on Soil Surface Near Earth Rod 2D View
Step Potential (Us) as illustrated Figure B-3 there will be potential differences established on the surface of the soil when fault current is flowing. The magnitude of the potential difference a person walking in the area would experience depends upon the orientation of the feet with respect to the voltage contours and the distance between feet. Step voltage in a particular direction is defined as the potential difference between two points a metre apart. It is greatest adjacent to the electrode. Step potentials are those normally responsible for the death of animals, such as cattle and horses, during fault conditions, where values as low as
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25V can cause a severe shock or death. Step potentials can be reduced by using potential grading electrodes, in particular by installing the outermost electrodes at a progressively greater depth. Stress Voltage the voltage appearing during earth fault conditions between an earth part or enclosure of equipment or device and any other of its parts and which can affect its normal operation or jeopardizes safety. Structural Earth Electrode a metal part which is in conductive contact with the earth directly or via damp concrete, whose original purpose is not earthing, but which fulfils all requirements of an earth electrode without impairment of the original purpose. Examples include pipelines, sheet piling, foundations, reinforcing bars in concrete and the steel structure of buildings. Substation Main Earth Bar this is a central conductor to which all earthing and bonding conductors are connected. It is normally situated above ground but may be within a cable trench. It was a feature of older substation designs, but is not generally used now. Resistance Area (of a rod or electrode) the area around it where most of the voltage drop occurs. For a 2.4m rod in soil of uniform resistivity, this would be the area within 4 to 6m radius of the rod, for a moderate current flow. The radius would increase if the magnitude of the current increased or in a non-uniform soil which has a high resistivity lower layer. Touch Potential (Ut) Figure B-2 shows the potential on the surface of the soil near rod A, from the side and in two dimensions. If, during the time that fault current flows, a person were to touch the rod (or any exposed metalwork connected to it), then the potential difference experienced between hands and feet is termed the touch voltage. This is illustrated in Figure B-3, where UST1 is the touch voltage above the rod and UST2 the touch voltage some distance away. It is clear that it increases rapidly with distance from the rod, before levelling out. In calculating this value it is assumed that the feet are 1m away from the metalwork being touched. Touch voltages are normally reduced by using potential grading electrodes. Transfer Potential at position D in Figure B-3, the potential on the soil surface is higher than at true earth, but significantly lower than that at rod A. If the wire of an insulated conductor was connected to rod A and extended to position D, there would be a potential difference between the end of the wire and the surface of the soil at D. If a person was able to touch the wire, whilst standing at D, an electric shock may be experienced. The potential difference at D is termed the transfer potential. The transfer potential in AC systems has a maximum value equal to that of the rise of earth potential, such as at rod A. Where the potential rise exceeds a certain value, then precautions are necessary to prevent excessive transfer potentials. These are described later. The precise definition is as follows: A potential rise of an earthing system caused by a current flowing to earth, transferred by means of a connected conductor (for example a metallic sheath or pipe) into areas with little or no potential rise relative to reference earth. This results in a potential difference occurring between the conductor and its surroundings. True or Reference Earth with respect to each rod, is the potential on the surface of the soil a significant distance away, i.e. outside the resistance area, such as point E in Figure B-1. Because it is outside the influence area of the rods, the electrical potential there is conventionally taken as zero.
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Figure B-3 Touch, Step and Transfer Potentials at an Electricity Substation
Having described the standard terms and potentials for a simple example, Figure B-3 (which is taken from the European Standard) illustrates the potentials for a typical substation situation. The European symbols and descriptions are included for reference and the generally accepted UK equivalent term is included in brackets. As can be seen from the UTSTE symbol, it is necessary to consider connected earth electrodes at a remote point and this is precisely the arrangement where a remote distribution substation is connected to a primary substation via a plastic sheathed 11kV cable. Underground Cable Route Earth Electrode earth electrode usually laid along the cable route, protected if required against corrosion, to provide earthing along its route. Zone of Interest or HOT Zone. In Figure B-4, the potentials on the surface of the soil around the earth rod have been represented as equipotential lines. This is the same effect as would occur for a substation, except that the lines would follow the shape of the electrodes installed, particularly nearer the site, so would not normally be circular until a significant distance away. If the rise of earth potential at the substation exceeds one of the ITU or other agreed limits, then the equipotential line coinciding with these (e.g. 430 or 650V contour) would need to be identified. The area enclosed by the appropriate contour line is known as the zone of interest (sometimes referred to as the HOT zone). Special precautions may be necessary where there are any buried metallic services situated within the zone of interest.
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30 KEY 15 Rod 5 =1000V 4 = 650V 3 = 430V 0 2 = 200V 1 = 100V
-15
-15
0 METRES
15
30
Figure B-4 Potential Contours on Soil Surface around Earth Rod
Note: For other earthing terms associated with operational work e.g. circuit main earth, local earth, portable earth etc reference should be made to the distribution safety rules.
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Appendix C Earthing Standards and Legislation

C.1 Industry Standards
ENA TS 41-24 Guidelines for the Design, Installation, Testing and Maintenance of Main Earthing Systems in Substations (Note: This document was produced in 1992, has been partly updated and due for a complete rewrite. As it is the most up-to-date ENA standard, it is used as the prime document. Requirements considered likely in the revised version have been included wherever considered prudent.) ENA TS 43-94 Earth Rods and their Connectors ENA TS 43-89 Auxiliary Equipment on LV, 11kV and 33kV Overhead Line Supports (Note: Draft not formally issued.) ENA ER C55 Insulated Sheath Power Cable Systems ENA ER G12 Requirements for the Application of Protective Multiple Earthing to Low Voltage Networks ENA ER G59 Recommendations for the Connection of Embedded Generators to Electricity Distribution Systems ENA ER G75 Recommendations for the Connection of Embedded Generating Plant to Public Distribution Systems above 20kV or with Outputs over 5MW ENA ER G78 Recommendations for Low Voltage Supplies to Mobile Phone Base Stations with Antennae on High Voltage Structures ENA ER G83 Recommendations for the Connection of Small-scale Embedded Generators (up to 16A per phase) in Parallel with Public Low Voltage Distribution Networks ENA ER P20 Earthing Policy for Customers Installations ENA ER P23 Customers Earth Fault Protection for Compliance with IEE Wiring Regulations ENA ER P24 AC Traction Supplies to British Rail (Addendum No1 1990) ENA ER S34 A Guide for Assessing the Rise of Earth Potential at Substation Sites (Note: Most of the approaches used in S34 are considered robust and included in this document. Guidance on cables and other equipment not available when S34 was written has been included where possible.) ENA ER S36 Procedure to Identify and Record HOT Substations ENA ETR 128 Risk Assessment for BT operators working in a ROEP Zone ENA ETR 129 Risk Assessment for Third Parties using Equipment Connected to BT Lines NGTS 3.1.2 Substation Earthing ACE 19 Induced Voltages in Auxiliary Cables
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C.2
British and European Standards
BS EN 50522:2010 Earthing of Power Installations Exceeding 1kV AC BS EN 61936-1:2010 Power Installations Exceeding 1kV AC Part 1. Common Rules BS 7354:1990 Design of High Voltage Open Terminal Substations (Note: There is a special section giving guidance on the design of EHV substation earthing.) BS 7375 Distribution of Electricity in Construction and Building Sites BS 7430:2012 Code of Practice for Protective Earthing of Electrical Installations BS 7671:2008 incorporating Amendment No 1: 2011 Requirements for Electrical Installations (IEE Wiring Regulations Seventeenth Edition) CCITT/ITU International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee directives concerning the protection of telecommunication lines against harmful effects from electric power and electrified railway lines. C.3 North American Standards
IEEE Standard 81 (1991) Testing of Soil, Soil Resistivity and Electrode IEEE Standard 80 (2000) Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding IEEE Standard 655 (1987) Guide for Generating Station Grounding C.4 International Standards
IEC/TS 60479-1 (2005) Guide to Effects of Current on Human Beings and Livestock (Note: This standard is internationally recognised and forms the basis of calculation for estimating safe touch, step and transfer potentials. At the time of writing, there are some changes in this standard and it is still being reviewed by BSI and ENA in terms of its relevance to limit values used in the UK.) IEC 60909 (HD533) Short Circuit Calculation in Three Phase AC Systems IEC 61201 Touch Voltage Threshold Values for Protection Against Electric Shock IEV 60050-195 International Electro-technical Vocabulary: Earthing and Protection against Electric Shock (Chapter 195) C.5 Legislative Documents
HSE Booklet, Memorandum of Guidance on the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 The Electricity, Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations 2002
20 of 20

EDS+06 0012+Earthing+Design+Criteria

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Document Number: EDS 06-0012 Version: 2.

ENGINEERING DESIGN STANDARD

EARTHING DESIGN CRITERIA

Originator Stephen Tucker

1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0

22/08/2012 28/09/2011 11/03/2011 31/03/2008

Stephen Tucker Stephen Tucker John Lowe Stephen Tucker

Earthing Design Criteria

Document Number: EDS 06-0012 Version: 2.0 Date: 11/03/2013

Appendix A Legacy System Earthing Methods ...............................................................8

UK Power Networks 2013 All rights reserved

Earthing Design Criteria

Document Number: EDS 06-0012 Version: 2.0 Date: 11/03/2013

Glossary and Abbreviations

UK Power Networks 2013 All rights reserved

Earthing Design Criteria

Document Number: EDS 06-0012 Version: 2.0 Date: 11/03/2013

UK Power Networks 2013 All rights reserved

Earthing Design Criteria

Document Number: EDS 06-0012 Version: 2.0 Date: 11/03/2013

HOT or COLD Classification

430V 20kV, 11kV, 6.6kV 430V

UK Power Networks 2013 All rights reserved

Earthing Design Criteria

Document Number: EDS 06-0012 Version: 2.0 Date: 11/03/2013

UK Power Networks 2013 All rights reserved

Earthing Design Criteria

Document Number: EDS 06-0012 Version: 2.0 Date: 11/03/2013

UK Power Networks 2013 All rights reserved

Earthing Design Criteria

Document Number: EDS 06-0012 Version: 2.0 Date: 11/03/2013

Appendix A Legacy System Earthing Methods

Transformer Ratio (kV/kV) 132/33

HV Winding Earthing Solid

Liquid NERs no longer used. If required solid ones are used

UK Power Networks 2013 All rights reserved

Earthing Design Criteria

Document Number: EDS 06-0012 Version: 2.0 Date: 11/03/2013

Transformer Ratio (kV/kV) 33/6.6

Winding Arrangement Dy and Yy

HV Winding Earthing Unearthed

LPN System Earthing Practice

Winding Arrangement Yy Yd Yd Yyy Yy Yyy Yd Yd Yyy Yy Dy Dy

UK Power Networks 2013 All rights reserved

Earthing Design Criteria

Document Number: EDS 06-0012 Version: 2.0 Date: 11/03/2013

SPN System Earthing Practice

Transformer Ratio (kV/kV) 132/33 Grid

Typically 100 MVA (5250 or 8750A/Tx)

132/11(6.6) Grid 11/6.6 Inter-bus

Liquid NER per winding

11(6.6)/3.5 Step-down 11(6.6)/2.0 Step-down

Found only in small areas of obsolete-type nonstandard networks

UK Power Networks 2013 All rights reserved

Earthing Design Criteria

Document Number: EDS 06-0012 Version: 2.0 Date: 11/03/2013

UK Power Networks 2013 All rights reserved

Earthing Design Criteria

Document Number: EDS 06-0012 Version: 2.0 Date: 11/03/2013

UK Power Networks 2013 All rights reserved

Earthing Design Criteria

Document Number: EDS 06-0012 Version: 2.0 Date: 11/03/2013

Surface Potential ( % of GPR)

0 20 0 Distance (m) -20 -10 D E 0 10 Distance (m) 20 30