Prestressed3

Part IV: Things I did not teach
but you should be aware of !!!

Composite Beam
Unbonded and External Prestressing
Anchorage Reinforcement
Camber and Deflection Prediction
168 2010 | Praveen Chompreda
Composite Beam
Typical Composite Section
Composite Section Properties
Actual, Effective, and Transformed Widths
Allowable Stress Design
Stress Inequality Equation, Feasible Domain, and Envelope
Cracking Moment
Ultimate Moment Capacity
Composite Beam
Composite generally means the use of two different materials
in a structural elements
In the context of bridge design, the word composite beam
means the use of two different materials between the beam
and the slab
Steel Beam + Concrete Slab
Steel beam carries tension
Concrete in slab carries compression
Prestressed Concrete Beam (high-strength concrete) + Concrete Slab
(normal-strength concrete)
Prestressed Concrete beam carries tension
Concrete in slab carries compression
Typical Composite Sections
Source: Naaman (2004)
Typical Composite Sections
Slab may be cast:
Entirely cast-in-place with
removable formwork
Using precast panel as a
formwork, the pour the
concrete topping
Benefits
Benefits of using precast elements
Save Time
Better Quality Control
Cheaper
There are some benefits of putting the composite slab
Provide continuity between elements
Quality control is not that important in slabs
Particular Design Aspects
There are 3 more things we need to consider specially for
composite section (on top of stuffs we need to consider for
noncomposite sections)
Transformation of Section to get composite section properties
Loading Stages
Horizontal Shear Transfer
Some portion, not all, of the slab acts integrally with the
beam. We need to determine the effective width of slab.
2010 | Praveen Chompreda 175
Effective Width
(AASHTO LRFD
- 4.6.2.6.1)
Exterior Beam Interior Beam
,int
,
' /2 6
min
2
/8
w s
e
e ext overhang
b t
b
b b
L
+
= +

' 12
min
/ 4
w s
e
b t
b s
L
+
s
be be
Exterior
Girder
Interior
Girder
ts
bw
bf
boverhang
' max
/2
w
w
f
b
b
b
Source: AASHTO (2000)
Transformed Width
Typically the concrete used for slab has lower strength than concrete
used for precast section
Lower strength Lower modulus of elasticity
Thus, we need to transform the slab material to the precast material
, ,
, ,
'
'
c CIPC c CIPC
tr e c e e
c PPC c PPC
E f
b b n b b
E f
= = ~
Modular Ratio, usually
< 1.0
Summary of steps for Width calculations
Actual Width
b
Effective Width
b
e
Transformed Width
b
tr
Equals to girder
spacing
Accounts for
nonuniform stress
distribution
Accounts for
dissimilar material
properties
After we get the transformed section, we can then calculate
other section properties
A
cc
= A
c
+ t
s
b
tr
y
tc
, y
tb
I
gc
Z
tc
, Z
bc
d
pc
yt
(abs)
yb
(abs)
c.g.
Precast
h
(abs)
Aps
Precast Cross-
Sectiona Area: Ac
c.g.
Composite
Composite Cross-
Sectiona Area: Acc
btr
dp
dpc
ytc
(abs)
ybc
(abs)
ytc
(abs)
Aps
Loading Stages
In allowable stress design, we need to consider at least two loading
stages, namely initial and service conditions.
In composite construction, the initial moment (immediately after
transfer) is resisted by the precast section, the same as in
noncomposite.
However the service moment (after the bridge is finished) is
resisted by the composite section (precast section and slab acting
together as one member)
Shored vs. Unshored
We need to distinguish two
cases of composite
construction methods:
Shored girder is supported
by temporary falsework when
the slab is cast. The falsework
is removed when the slab
hardens.
Unshored girder is not
supported when the slab is
cast.
Shored vs. Unshored
Moments resisted by the precast and composite sections are different in
the two cases
Different stresses during service
Load Fully Shored Unshored
Precast Composite Precast Composite
Girder Self Weight
Slab Weight
Superimposted Loads
(asphalt, etc.)

Live Loads
Stress Inequality Equations
Case Stress Inequality Equation
I Initial-Top
II Initial-Bottom
III Service-Top
IV Service-Bottom
VI Service-Top Slab
| |
= + = + >
|
\ .
min min
1
i o o i i
t ti
c t t c b t
Fe e F M F M

A Z Z A k Z
min min
1
i o o i i
b ci
c b b c t b
Fe e F M F M

A Z Z A k Z
| |
= + = s
|
\ .
1
'
p p
o c o c
t cs
c t t tc c b t tc
M M
Fe M e M F F

A Z Z Z A k Z Z
| |
= + + = + + s
|
\ .
1
p p
o c o c
b ts
c b b bc c t b bc
M M
Fe M e M F F

A Z Z Z A k Z Z
| |
= + = >
|
\ .
!
,
, ,
,
c CIPC c c
t slab c cs Slab
tc tc c PPC
E M M
n
Z Z E
= = s
Stress at the top of the slab must also be less than the allowable compressive stress
Top of precast,
not top of
composite
183
Feasible Domain & Envelope
We can rewrite the stress equations and add practical limit equation
No. Case Stress Inequality Equation
I Initial-Top
II Initial-Bottom
III Service-Top
IV Service-
Bottom
V Practical Limit
VI Service-Top
Slab
( )
| |
s +
|
\ .
0 min
1
b ti t
i
e k M Z
F
( )
| |
s + +
|
\ .
0 min
1
t ci b
i
e k M Z
F
0
1
'
t
b p c cs t
tc
Z
e k M M Z
F Z
| |
| |
> + +
| |
\ .
\ .
0
1
b
t p c ts b
bc
Z
e k M M Z
F Z
| |
| |
> + + +
| |
\ .
\ .
( )
0 0 ,min b c
mp
e e y d s =
!
,
, ,
,
c CIPC c c
t slab c cs Slab
tc tc c PPC
E M M
n
Z Z E
= = s
Top of precast
184
Ultimate Strength Design - Composite
Ultimate flexural strength of composite section follows similar procedure
to the T-section.
Shear design of composite section also the same as in noncomposite
section precast section resists all the vertical shear.
Shear Transfer
To get the
composite
behavior, it is
very important
that the slab
and girder must
not slip past
each other
Shear Transfer Mechanisms
The key parameter that
determines whether these two
parts will slip past each other
or not is the shear strength at
the interface of slab and girder
This interfacial shear strength
comes from Friction (F = N)
and Cohesion on the concrete
surface
If these are not sufficient, need to
provide shear reinforcement
Source: AASHTO (2000)
Shear Transfer
Shear Reinforcement
Single bar
Stirrups (multiple legs)
Welded wire fabric
Reinforcement must be anchored
properly to the girder (bends, hooks,
etc)
We generally design the web shear
reinforcement first, and extend that shear
reinforcement through the interface.
Then we check if that area is enough for
horizontal shear transfer at the interface.
If not, we need additional
reinforcement
If enough, then we are OK
Avf
N=Avf fy
Shear Transfer for Steel Girder
In composite steel-concrete system, the only source of shear
transfer is through the reinforcement (no friction or cohesion
here).
Studs Channels Spirals
Source: Nowak (2005)
Final Notes on Composite Behavior
Shear Stud is one of the most
common shear connectors it is
welded to the top flange of steel
girder
Source: Nowak (2005)
Unbonded Tendons
Unbonded Tendons
Segmentally constructed bridge and cable-stayed bridges are
examples of unbonded tendons in bridges.
Unbonded or External Prestressing
Strain compatibility does
not apply for unbonded
tendon (i.e. the strain in
steel does not equal to the
strain in concrete around
it)
The strain in tendon is
averaged along the length
of the beam
End Zone & Anchorage
Post-tensioning
anchorages creates very
high compressive stress
behind the bearing plate
195
Source: Lin and Burns (1981)
This causes large principal
tensile stress in the
transverse direction, leading
to concrete cracking
We need to determine the
magnitude of this stress and
design some reinforcement
for it
Source: Nawy (2000)
Methods:
Traditional
(Approximate)
Strut-and-Tie
Method (new for
ACI and AASHTO)
Finite Element
Analysis
(complicated)
Strut-and-Tie Method
Source: Nawy (2000)
Strut-and-Tie Method
Source: Nawy (2000)
Camber & Deflection
Camber and Deflection
AASHTO does not require the deflection criteria be met
But excessive camber and deflection causes uneven rides and the
impression that the structure is not strong enough
The structure may deflect and vibrate too much that it cause fatigue
failure (due to repetitive stress cycles), especially in steel connections.
Vibrations may cause discomfort to drivers on bridge
Detailed Calculation of Prestress Loss
In many cases, it is adequate to use the Lump Sum loss
In some cases, we need to know exactly the stress in the strands so we can
determine the camber and deflection
Cantilever Construction
Repair/ Rehabilitation
Source: www.arup.com (2010)

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Part IV: Things I did not teach

but you should be aware of !!!

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