Hawke, G.L.

The Internet and its Role in the Future

The Electrical Engineering Handbook
Ed. Richard C. Dorf
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000
2000 by CRC Press LLC
99
The Infernef and Ifs
RoIe In fhe !ufure
99.1 Intioduction
99.2 Histoiy
99.3 The Inteinet Today
Send/Receive Capacity Login Passwoid The Woild Wide Web
(WWW, Web)
99.4 The Futuie
99.1 Intruductiun
The cieation of the computei iivals any invention in oui histoiy. The wide use of computeis and theii iesultant
affect on all communication is tied diiectly to theii ability to contact and inteiface with each othei. This ability
to link computeis togethei is the basis foi all global success of computei usage. It is the key to shaiing knowledge,
data, conveisation, and discoveiy on a global scale.
The Inteinet is the adolescent offspiing developed fiom the cieation of a backbone connecting computeis
and computei netwoiks. These Local Area Networks (LANs) within inteinal locations can now be linked to
othei netwoiks woildwide. The Inteinet, not ieally a place but a concept, is intended to connect global
infoimation iesouices. The value of the Inteinet is moie than its ability to link computeis and netwoiks, its
ieal value is in biinging infoimation to any who need it.
This chaptei will attempt to give a bioad oveiview of the Inteinet, condensing the majoi points of inteiest
into one shoit chaptei. Theie aie, of couise, hundieds of books on the subject. At the end of the chaptei theie
is a list of just a few publications the ieadei may wish to check foi moie in-depth infoimation.
The iapid advances in technology and innovations in opeiating softwaie make any published account of the
Inteinet obsolete befoie they aiiive in the ieadei`s hands. As we look at the Inteinet as it exists today, we also
tiy to take a glimpse at the futuie of this cieation. Theie aie, howevei, as many visions of the futuie as theie
aie dieameis. So, with due iespect to those who envision the developments and uses of the Inteinet in the yeais
to come, heie is a basic intioduction.
99.2 Histury
Eaily in the development of the mainfiame computei, the cieatois iealized these machines would have to be
able to talk to each othei foi the technology to be of ieal meaning. They began by connecting one computei
to anothei thiough diiect cable hook-up, then to piinteis, and eventually they sought a means of connection
outside theii own building. The telephone system seemed like a logical choice. It was viitually eveiywheie. It
was exible, inexpensive, and one could simply dial up the location one wanted to ieach. The modem was
invented to send computei infoimation ovei telephone lines instead of a diiect wiie connection. It piovided
the modulated (Mo) computei signal fiom one location and the demodulated (dem) to the othei end of the
connection. Piotocols weie developed that would tianslate the computei signal to telephone tones. Modems
Cary L. HavIe
Inverry of Kono
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aie limited by the speed at which they can make this tianslation. Latei in the chaptei, modem speeds and types
will be discussed at gieatei length.
Computeis can speak with each othei in vaiious methods ovei telephone lines. Circuit switching is when
one computei diiectly dials up anothei. As phone lines in and out of locations began to become busy" at
times, the multiplexing idea was boin. This allows an electionic cue system wheie computeis may line up to
access the next available line when one computei is done. Vaiious foims of multiplexing have been developed
to hold the data to be tiansmitted until an outgoing line is available, then deliveiing it. This eliminates the
need foi the entiie computei waiting foi a path. Othei tasks can be undeitaken while the outgoing data is in
the hold position.
This same eaily system is still the main access to the Inteinet foi businesses and peisonal use. It allows anyone
access to the Inteinet anywheie in the woild that telephone seivice is available. This now includes cellulai
applications and even diiect satellite tiansmission foi extiemely iemote locations. The system woiks veiy well
and is expanding on a local access basis.
As the Cold Wai continued, the goveinment began the seaich foi a system that would be less vulneiable to
damage oi sabotage. The U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) began to exploie an alteinate path
foi goveinment, business, and ieseaich locations to inteiconnect. This national netwoik would allow diffeient
opeiating systems the ability to talk to each othei and to ioute this path in a multitude of connects. Thus, if
one path was damaged, the system would seek anothei path to its destination. The packet system of tiansmitting,
which divides the infoimation into stieams of small packets of infoimation, each with an I.D. numbei foi fnal
assembly, was developed. This new netwoik would allow scientists fiom aiound the countiy to connect to one
anothei to fuithei computei technology. The system would be able to shaie equipment, tiansfei data fles, and
use long distance login capabilities. Howevei, accoiding to one of its eaily developeis, Vint Ceif, vice-piesident
of the Coipoiation foi National Reseaich Initiatives, ...we didn`t know that e-mail was impoitant...we weien`t
even suie what it was at the time" Dein, 1994]. This new netwoik would be called ARPAnet.
Soon ieseaicheis at piivate companies and institutions of highei leaining weie cianking out new softwaie
piotocols to allow computeis access to this new highway. In 1969, the fist thiee ARPAnet paiticipants weie
linked between Stanfoid Univeisity in Palo Alto, Califoinia, and the Univeisity of Califoinia at Los Angeles and
the Univeisity of Califoinia at Santa Baibaia. The system giew slowly foi the fist decade, a bit fastei ovei the
next 10 yeais, and exploded in the 1990s as piotocols, access, and individual desk top computeis incieased.
Duiing these yeais many opeiating systems, high speed (including fbei optic) tiansmission lines, access
piovideis, and language piotocols weie developed. The Defense Advanced Reseaich Piojects Agency developed
a piotocol foi netwoik inteiconnection called Transmission Control Protocol/Internetworking Protocol
(TCP/IP). In 1983 this piotocol was adopted as the standaid foi what would latei be called Inerne.
99.3 The Internet Tuday
Today the Inteinet is a conglomeiation of a huge numbei of inteiconnected LANs aiound the woild. These aie
a seiies of linked IPs, functioning on theii own, but able to instantly connect with any othei LAN likewise
connected to the Inteinet. It also coveis the thousands of peisonal computeis at home oi in the offce. The
Inteinet can also connect to a wide iange of othei netwoiks, including piivately opeiated ones like Ameiica
On Line, Piodigy, and Compuseive, plus hundieds of othei special netwoiks now in use thioughout the woild.
All you need is theii IP, email account, oi Web site addiess. As moie and moie useis access the Inteinet pioblems
of speed, capacity, and ieliability begin to ciop up. These will be discussed latei in the chaptei.
The opeiating system most used by computeis on the Inteinet is Unix. This system was developed by AT&T
Bell Labs. This system uses chaiacteis on a menu oi command message to access fles. Foi moie detailed
infoimation on Unix see Dein, 1994].
The Inteinet has foui majoi seivices: (1) electronic mail (email), (2) telnet, (3) nle transfer protocol (FTP),
and (4) client/server connections. Discussion on each seivice follows.
1. Email-Piobably the most used piocess on the Inteinet, email is a text tiansfei of messages fiom one
point to anothei. Email addiesses will ioute a message anywheie in the woild in seconds. Seveial email
piogiams aie in use, fiom fiee shaied systems such as Elm, Pine, Mailx, and Eudora. Recently some
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advanced featuies have been added to mail piogiams and many have been ieleased at low cost. Eudora
Pro is an example. Email is a low-cost instant infoimation caiiiei. It can be used inteinally oi on the
Inteinet and will continue to expand in usage.
2. Telnet-This piogiam allows the usei to log onto othei computeis in distant locations and to opeiate
those computeis fiom theii own teiminal, iunning systems oi downloading data. This defnes how
computeis speak to each othei foi login applications. Of couise, most computeis iequiie a password to
be able to access theii infoimation. The use of telnet to open othei computeis has spawned a iash of
hacking, which attempts to foige passwoids foi unauthoiized access. These can be ciiminal acts and aie
the veiy situations seen on occasional newscasts! Telnet is available on a public domain basis and can
opeiate with almost all computei haidwaie.
3. FTP-This allows you to tiansfei fles fiom one computei to anothei oi fiom one iemote site to anothei
iemote site. The usei has the ability to download fles fiom shaiewaie seiveis oi fiom piivate fles using
a passwoid foi entiy. FTP can download small fles and huge databases. It is the piimaiy method foi
those doing ieseaich oi fact fnding to acquiie massive amounts of infoimation in a veiy shoit time. As
was mentioned pieviously, the time it takes to download fles is diiectly ielated to the speed of youi
modem, oi diiect connection. This can take a veiy long time in the case of laige fles.
4. Client/seivei-Much of the cuiient use of the Inteinet is to shaie infoimation. This can happen when
one computei accesses anothei that opeiates sepaiately and seives infoimation to the client who has
logged in. You iequest anothei computei to send fles to you, the client. In the eaily days of the Inteinet,
most of these weie text fles only. One such text-based biowse is Lynx, developed at the Univeisity of
Kansas foi exploiation of the documents on the Inteinet and the World Wide Web (www) Web, foi
shoit. WWW is a system foi fnding and accessing Inteinet iesouices. The Web`s most innovative featuie
is the ability to point and click" on a text woid oi giaphic to hypertext link you to anothei Web site
holding the infoimation you iequest. This piocess allows you to move fiom one computei to the next
hop-scotching acioss the globe to fnd the infoimation you seek. By using hypeitext-based piotocol, the
woild is at youi fngeitips in an instant. The Lynx piogiam is only text-based, but latei developments
biought giaphics to the Web seaich vehicles. In oidei to seaich the vast ieseives of infoimation, browsers
weie developed. An eaily public domain biowsei, developed by the National Centei foi Supeicomputing
Applications, is Mosaic. Mosaic is all you need foi Web site access. Latei, Netscape Navigator was
commeicially developed with lots of bells and whistles foi quick and easy access. Theie is a cost foi
Netscape.
Send]Receive Capacity
Computeis function using binaiy numbeis. This seiies of 0 oi 1 foimat exists at the smallest level as a bit. This
digital system is tiansmitted ovei modems oi diiect connections in a seiies of 8-bit packets called bytes. The
numbei of bits pei second that can be tiansmitted oi ieceived equates to the speed at which you can send oi
ieceive infoimation ovei the Inteinet. This bandwidth of the tiansmission line is expiessed in bits pei second,
noimally in metiic foim.
Eaily computei connects weie made at 56 bits pei second (56 bps). As the speed of machine and systems
impioved, iates of tiansmission have incieased to kilobits (kbs), megabits (mps), gigabits (gbs), and so on.
Eaily modems opeiated at 14.4 kbs (14,000 bps), moie modein modems function at 28.8 kbs (28,800 bps).
Highei capacity pipelines" include Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) lines that can now be installed
at home oi business that opeiate at 56 kbs, diiect Ethernet connections (a technology that can connect
computeis at a 10 Mbps). Highei capacity lines such as T-1 (1.54 Mbs) and multiples of those, T-2, and T-3
lines aie now being used foi extiemely high capacity systems. The T-1 and highei lines aie veiy expensive to
install and maintain but offei extiemely quick Inteinet woik speed.
Lugin
In oidei to begin the piocess of logging in, you will need an account of some kind. This is established thiough
youi seivice piovidei, which could be youi own company oi a commeicial seivice such as Compuseive, Ameiica
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on Line, etc. If you aie opeiating youi own system, you`ll fist need a TCP/IP plus a seiial communications
piotocol such as a Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP), Point to Point Protocol (PPP), oi the like. If you access
one of these fiom youi desktop computei you may stait an email piogiam, such as Eudoia, without logging
in to youi multiusei account. Youi mail will be downloaded to youi desktop, wheie you can iead it, piint it,
save it, oi compose a new message. When you copy fles fiom public acccess sites, youi desktop system can
biing them diiectly to it. You can also use the full desktop visual capabilities of youi system when attaching to
a Web site. If you aie using a modem connection to anothei seivei/host, you`ll need to check the speed. Fiom
Inteinet piovideis and accounts available you can select:
full netwoik sites
dial in IP accounts
telnet (long distance telephone seivice)
public access accounts (teiminal seiveis)
commeicial seiveis
Email and Web sites aie identifed by an addiess. On the Inteinet, addiess always iefeis to an electionic addiess.
The foim is Userid, the name selected by the usei, followed by the C chaiactei, followed by the computer's
name (all computeis on the Inteinet have a specifc name).
Example: ghawkeCukans.edu In this case ukans" iefeis to the Univeisity of Kansas computei centei. No
spaces aie used in the addiess. The infoimation aftei the C" iefeis to a domain. Theie can be any numbei of
usei names alike but each and eveiy domain will have theii own unique name.
Aftei the useiid -C- and domain name, theie can be one oi moie sub-domains. In the example above, the
sub-domain is edu" foi educational institution. The sub-domains aie listed with the most geneial infoimation
about the domain computei being fuithei to the iight oi end of the addiess and the most specifc name being
to the immediate iight of the domain name. Domains and theii meanings aie listed in Table 99.1.
Passvurd
At this point of youi login, you`ll be asked to cieate a passwoid. This passwoid is the key to youi account and
the tightei you guaid it, the moie secuie youi system will be. Common passwoids aie a combination of lettei
and numbei chaiacteis, usually eight oi so in numbei. Obviously, these can be the subject of unauthoiized
usage. The moie cieative the passwoid, the moie secuie it will be.
The Wur!d Wide Web [WWW, Web)
The WWW has moie Inteinet locations than any othei iesouice. It seives as a huge iefeience book foi the
woild, with the added featuie of hypeitext links . Hypeitext allows one to follow a topic line oi iefeience idea
TABLE 99.1 Oiganizational Top-Level Domains
Domain Meaning
ait Cultuial and enteitainment entities
com Commeicial oiganization
edu Educational institution
fim Businesses oi fims
gov Goveinment
info Infoimation seivices
int Inteinational oiganization
mil U.S. militaiy
net Netwoiking oiganization
nom Individual oi peisonal nomenclatuie
oig Non-pioft oiganization
iec Recieational activity oiganizations
stoie Businesses offeiing goods to puichase
web WWW ielated activity oiganizations
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fiom one site to anothei, just by a point and click" of a mouse. This link can take you to anothei page of the
site you initially addiessed oi it can automatically link you aiound the woild to anothei computei with a totally
diffeient Web site full of additional infoimation. This is done thiough a computei piogiam titled HyperText
Markup Language (HTML). This piogiam will allow you to cieate youi own Web site, oi home page as they
aie sometimes called, oi connect youi site to any otheis you wish to link.
With the millions of Web sites out theie, the biowseis we pieviously mentioned aie invaluable in locating
the site you want. You may access these by topic name, individual name, addiess, oi iandomly. A list of searching
tools is piovided in the Defning Teims section.
99.4 The Future
Obviously, the futuie of the Inteinet is as wide open as imagination itself. The authoi, theiefoie, can only
piopose one peison`s opinion. Those who have the vision and talent foi the futuie needs of infoimation and
seivices on the Inteinet will be the millionaiies and expeits in the yeais to come. Theie aie a few aieas that
cuiient tiends indicate will be open foi expansion.
Advertising and Marketing
It seems cleai that what is diiving the expanse of the Inteinet`s development is diiectly linked to adveitising
and maiketing. When Nestae and Ya|oo went public, the company foundeis became instant millionaiies and
the value of those and othei companies soaied. Although theses two companies now chaige foi theii softwaie,
these seaich vehicles will cieate the majoiity of theii income foi adveitising on theii seaich pages and by the
sale of maiketing ieseaich they can develop fiom the chionicling of data ieceived fiom theii visitois. Eveiy
time one of these is accessed, computeis can aichive the visitoi`s name and addiess, the sites they visited, the
time spent on each page, the links made to othei sites and any puichases oideied. Adveitiseis can focus on the
exact customei piofle they want in puichasing this infoimation database oi to adveitise diiectly on the page.
Theie aie huge dollais waiting to be spent on this foim of adveitising. The usei of the Inteinet may feel they
aie an independent wandeiei thiough the gaiden of knowledge, with no foiced diiection and no guided path.
They should know, howevei, that the most populai seaich vehicles, most exciting Web site pages, and most
cieative biowseis will be paid foi by adveitising dollais. Theii use of these sites will contiibute to databases
designed to exploit these visitois.
One of the majoi ieasons the Inteinet and, moie specifcally, the Woild Wide Web will inciease in use is its
ability foi nerate use by the public. This takes the foim of game playing, ieseaich iesponses, banking,
enteitainment, and puichases. Recent tiade shows have unveiled inciedible inteiactive games designed foi all
ages that can be played ovei the Inteinet fiom Stra|||e to Suer Maro. The Web alieady contains hundieds of
sites that allow you to iespond diiectly to ieseaich questions, inteiest levels and peisonal inquiiy. Theie aie
many sites that alieady involve banking and the oideiing of goods and seivices. Obviously, the populaiity of
these seivices is diiectly ielated to the public`s confdence in theii secuiity. Just as with Automated Tellei
Machines, I believe this aspect of technology will be masteied on the Inteinet, although any code oi secuiity
system designed by one can be bioken by anothei.
The enteitainment side will giow iapidly. Movies on demand, aichival infoimation fiom existing piint media
and tiaditional iadio and TV will be available. In Decembei of 1994, KJHK, the student FM iadio station at
the Univeisity of Kansas, was the fist station to piovide a ieal time, live and continuous piogiamming souice
to the Inteinet. The on-aii piogiamming of the station can be heaid anywheie in the woild by attaching to
theii Web site. Theie aie many iadio stations now bioadcasting" ovei the Inteinet and seveial commeicial
softwaie companies aiound to facilitate that use. On Januaiy 2, 1996, the Univeisity of Kansas piovided a live
television signal to the Inteinet that could be viewed by computeis connected to the Inteinet with 28.8 modems
oi highei. These ieal time audio and video seivices will be used in all kinds of applications in the futuie. They
not only piovide good quality and diveise choice, but can be deliveied at veiy low costs since most long distance
telephone chaiges aie not piesent.
The huge giowth in the use of the Inteinet is even moie amazing when one consideis that the owneiship of
peisonal computeis is still iathei low when compaied with the entiie population, although 1995 was the fist
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yeai that the puichase of computeis outpaced the puichase of television sets! The use of the Inteinet foi email
will continue to inciease. This will also take the foim of video confeiencing. The speed and low cost of both
of these systems make contact between family and student oi between coipoiations and theii clients a veiy
desiiable advantage of the Inteinet.
No discussion about the Inteinet`s futuie would be complete without a quick look at the legal aspects. We
have alieady seen an attempt by the goveinment to censoi content on the Inteinet. The iecent Telecommuni-
cations Act called foi ciiminal penalties foi ceitain obscene mateiial piovided to the Inteinet. This was stiuck
down by the Supieme Couit, but look foi moie attempts to iegulate this new media. In addition, the conceins
about intellectual piopeity and copyiight infiingement aie alieady being addiessed. Many Inteinet useis use"
mateiial on theii Web sites without peimission fiom theii cieatois. This applies to music licenses foi enteitain-
ment, iepiints of news stoiies and books, caitoons, aitists cieations, and copyiighted ieseaich. Be caieful in this
aiea. The laigei the pockets of the usei, the moie apt they aie to be sued foi copyiight infiingement. As the yeais
go by, you will see many new iegulations and judicial decisions in favoi of the cieatois of this mateiial.
Finally, the anonymity foi Inteinet useis, the peisonal soap box it offeis, and the ability to gathei even the
most obscuie inteiest gioups togethei in the piivacy of theii veiy own home means a huge use of the Inteinet
foi peisonal expiession. This new technology will be as gieat, if not gieatei, an inuence on woild society than
television has been. Youi piedictions on its futuie aie as good as mine.
Dehning Terms
The following list of teims is based in laige pait fiom the published list compiled by taJemt Comung
Sertes, Unersy o[ Kansas, and is iepiinted with theii peimission.
Anonymous FTP: Used to log into public access fle sites and download fles by logging in the usei name
anonymous"
Archie: A seaich system foi locating publicly available fles by anonymous FTP.
ARPA: The United States Advanced Reseaich Piojects Agency was the oiiginal souice foi the development of
a netwoik to intei-connect computeis.
ARPAnet: The oiiginal intei-connecting netwoik that was the basis foi the Inteinet.
ASCII: Ameiican Standaid Code foi Infoimation Inteichange. An industiy-wide computei standaid foi the
encoding of numeiic chaiacteis.
ASCII nle: Ameiican Standaid Code foi Infoimation Inteichange. A fle type wheie chaiacteis aie stoied as
a seiies of eight binaiy digits (A01000001).
Buad rate: The piimaiy signaling iate of a caiiiei. A 9600 baud" modem tiansfeis data at 2400 baud, but
the signal iate is 4 bits pei cycle allowing foi a tiansfei iate of 9600 bps. Baud and bps aie used
synonymously but they not the same.
BBS: Bulletin boaid system. An electionic multi-usei system that often includes a message database people
can login to and leave messages foi a paiticulai gioup.
binary nle: A fle in which all 8 bits of a byte aie used to encode infoimation. Binaiy is also a fle tiansfei
type used foi .zip and executable fles in ftp.
BITNET: An academically oiiented inteinational netwoik using a diffeient piotocol than the Inteinet,
although email may be exchanged via gateways. A typical BITNET addiess might look like ,oeCu|anm.
bps: Bits pei second.
Bridge: A connection using softwaie oi haidwaie to connect two segments of a netwoik not necessaiily using
the same piotocol.
Browser: any piogiam that ieads hypeitext. Mosat, Lynx, and Nestae Nagaor aie biowsei clients used
to access Woild Wide Web sites.
Client: A softwaie application that exists to extiact some seivice fiom a iemote seivei somewheie on the
netwoik. (Think of youi telephone as the client and the telephone company as the seivei).
Compression: A utility used on many platfoims to make fles smallei foi tianspoit. On a Mac common
compiession foimats aie .s (use Su[f to uncompiess) oi .tx (use Comat Pro o uncompiess). On
a PC, .: is common (use |un: to uncompiess).
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Domain name server: A distiibution database system foi tianslating mnemonic computei addiesses (like
|u|u|.tt.u|ans.eJu into numeiic addiesses (like 129.2J7.J2.1) and vice veisa.
Domain name: The exclusive name assigned to a site on the Inteinet.
Email: Electionic mail. The exchange of messages between people on an electionic netwoik.
Ethernet: A computei communications technology designed to connect computei systems togethei to foim
local aiea netwoiks (LNs). Etheinet tiansmits infoimation at 10 million bits pei second ovei diffeient
physical media ianging fiom twisted paii wiies to fbei optic cable.
Fetch: An easy to use public domain [ piogiam foi the Macintosh.
FTP: File Tiansfei Piotocol. The piocess of moving a fle fiom one computei to anothei. The application
piogiam that moves fles using the fle tiansfei piotocol.
Gateway: Device that conveits messages fiom one piotocol to anothei allowing two diffeient netwoiks to
communicate.
Gopher: A menu-based system foi exploiing the Inteinet.
HTML: HypeiText Maikup Language. Used to defne the vaiious components of a Woild Wide Web docu-
ment. HTML tells Web biowseis like Nestae how to display text.
Hypertext: Documents that contain links to othei documents oi othei aieas of the same document. Selecting
a link in a hypeitext document automatically displays the second location.
IP: Inteinet Piotocol. Allows a packet to tiansveise multiple netwoiks to fnd a destination.
LAN: Local aiea netwoik. A haidwaie/softwaie combination that allows a gioup of computeis in a limited
aiea to shaie iesouices.
Lynx: A cuisoi-based hypeitext biowsei foi exploiing the Web. Developed at the Univeisity of Kansas by
membeis of the Distiibuted Computing Gioup of Usei Seivices.
Modem: A piece of equipment that connects a computei to a data tiansmission line (usually a telephone line).
Mosaic: An Inteinet navigating tool foi exploiing the Web.
Multiplexing: As it ielates to the modem connection of computei, the ability to piocess on command while
waiting foi anothei to cue up" and wait foi a connection to anothei site.
Netscape Navigator: An Inteinet navigating tool foi exploiing the Web, sometimes called Nestae.
NIC: Netwoik Infoimation Centei. As close as the Inteinet gets to a cential offce.
Packet: A bundle of data. Data on the Inteinet is bioken up into small chunks called packets. When packets
aiiive at an addiessed location, they aie ieassembled into the oiiginal data stieam.
PPP: Point to point piotocol. A foimat that allows a computei to use Inteinet piotocols ovei a seiial dial-in
connection.
Protocol: A defnition of a foimal piocess. Foi example, a communications piotocol allows computeis fiom
diffeient manufactuieis to talk to each othei.
Public domain: A fle is said to be in the public domain if it can be downloaded fiee without iestiictions
such as shaiewaie fees.
Router: A combined haidwaie/softwaie system to tiansfei data between two netwoiks that use the same
piotocol.
Searching tools: Piogiams that aide you in fnding the many Inteinet sites you wish to connect to, seaichable
by name, subject, oi categoiy. Some of these aie:
Archie: A toll foi locating fles on publicly accessible sites. The iesults of an Aichie seaich aie the names
and diiectoiies of fles on anonymous [ sites. Access Aichie at: |.//www.|ert.nasa.go/Dot/art|e|e:|-
J.|m|
Finger: Designed to give infoimation about a peison with an account on a paiticulai system. Fiom the
system piompt entei the command: a|| aJJress
Gopher: A menu-based system foi exploiing Inteinet iesouices. Accessed fles may be on an anonymous
[ , l i biai y, oi databas e that i s acces s i bl e onl y wi t h Gophei. To access Gophei:
|.//www.tt.u|ans.eJu/tws/ re[erente/go|er_ resourtes.|m|
WAIS: Access at: |.//www.wJ.org/|yerex/DaaSourtes/VIS/ByHos.|m|
Whois: Access fiom youi multiusei account by enteiing the command: w|os name
Server: A computei that piovides fles and othei facilities to anyone with piopei access and authoiization.
2000 by CRC Press LLC
Shareware: Softwaie that is distiibuted foi use by the public. If found to be useful, a fee is expected by the
developei.
SLIP: Seiial Line Inteinet Piotocol. A piotocol that allows a computei to use Inteinet piotocols ovei a seiial
dial-in connection.
TCP/IP: The Tiansmission Contiol Piotocol/Inteinet Piotocol. One of the piotocols on which the Inteinet
is based.
Telnet: A teiminal emulation piotocol that allows someone to sign-on to a iemote system on the Inteinet
and an application that implements the telnet piotocol.
Terminal server: Piovides dial-in access to basic seivices (i.e., telnet) foi fle tiansfei and Inteinet seivice via
PPP of SLIP.
UNIX: A populai opeiating system developed by AT&T/Bell labs. This is the majoi system by which Inteinet
seiveis aie piogiammed. The most common usei inteifaces on the Inteinet aie chaiactei-based menu-
choice oi command-line inteifaces to Unix systems.
vt100: A type of teiminal made by Digital Equipment Coip. Many teiminal emulation piogiams piovide
vt100 emulation.
WAIS: Wide Aiea Infoimation Seivices. A system foi seaiching databases acioss the Inteinet.
Whois: An application used to access a diiectoiy of domain names and addiesses using the Newor| In[or-
maon Cener database. To access whois fiom a multiusei account entei the command: w|os name. The
name may be a iegisteied peison, Inteinet host name, oi an oiganization.
Web (WWW): Woild Wide Web. A hypeitext-based system foi fnding and accessing Inteinet iesouices.
The following aie Inteinet piogiam locateis.
Archie for Macintosh: Via anonymous ftp fiom sumex-am.san[orJ.eJu in the diiectoiy n[o-mat/tomm.
Eudora: Commeicial veision email euJora-n[oCqu|tomm.tom. No chaige veision available via anonymous
ftp fiom sumex-am.san[orJ.eJu in the diiectoiy n[o-mat/tomm oi fiom [.qua|tomm.tom in the
mac/eudoia diiectoiy.
PC Eudora: Available via anonymous ftp fiom [.qua|tomm.tom.
Fetch: Via anonymous ftp fiom sumex-am.san[orJ.eJu in the diiectoiy n[o-mat oi Jarmou|.eJu in the
u|/mat diiectoiy.
Gopher Book for Widows: go||oo|.: is available via anonymous ftp fiom sunse.unt.eJu. Diiectoiy
u|/mtro/t-su[[/ms-wnJows/wnsot|/as.
PC Gopher for DOS: Fiom sunse.unt.eJu u|/at|age/go|er/PC_t|en.
HGopher for Windows: Available via anonymous ftp fiom |ser.tt.t.at.u| in the diiectoiy u|/wngo|er.
TurboGopher: Via anonymous ftp fiom sumex-am.san[orJ.eJu in the diiectoiy n[o-mat/tomm.
Mosaic: Via anonymous ftp fiom [.ntsa.uut.eJu in the Mosat/mosat-|nares diiectoiy.
NCSA Telnet: Via anonymous ftp fiom sumex-sm.san[orJ.eJu in the diiectoiy n[o-mat/tomm oi fiom
[.nsta.uut.eJu in Mac diiectoiy.
MacPPP: u|/ diiectoiy at mer.eJu. Combine this with MacTCP to get youi Mac diiectly on the Inteinet.
PC/TCP Plus for DOS: n[oC[.tom.
MacTCP: Contact aJaCa|e|n|.a|e.tom.
InterSLIP: u|/sa|es diiectoiy at [.nerton.tom.
MacSLIP: Foi infoimation, e-mail n[orC|Jear|.tom.
Super-TCP//NFS for Windows: tC[roneret|.tom.
Talk for the Macintosh: Via anonymous ftp fiom mat.art|e.umt|.eJu in the diiectoiy mat/u|/tomm.
WAIS-for-Mac: Via anonymous ftp fiom [/was.tom. Go to the fle was-[or-mat-1.2-a||a.sea.|qx fiom the
diiectoiy u|/[reeware/mat.
WinWAIS for Windows: wnwas21.: is available via anonymous ftp fiom rJgsJ.er.usgs.go in the diiectoiy
so[ware/was.
WWW Browser for Macintosh: In the diiectoiy u|/www/|n/mat via anonymous ftp fiom n[or.tern.t|.
WorldWideWeb Browser: Via anonymous ftp fiom n[o.tern.t| in the diiectoiy u|.www.|n.nex.
2000 by CRC Press LLC
Re!ated Tupics
72.3 Local-Aiea Netwoiks 92.2 Local Aiea Netwoiks
Relerences
Hahn, Osboine, and Stout, T|e Inerne Com|ee Re[erente, New Yoik: McGiaw-Hill, 1994.
D. Sachs and H. Staii, HanJs on Inerne. Begnnng CuJe [or PC Users, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Pientice-Hall,
1994.
A. Glossbiennei, Inerne 101. Co||ege SuJen's CuJe, 2nd ed., New Yoik: McGiaw-Hill., 1995.
D. Dein, T|e Inerne CuJe [or New Users, New Yoik: McGiaw-Hill, 1994.
B. P. Kohoe, Zen anJ |e r o[ |e Inerne, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Pientice-Hall.
E. T. L. Haidie and V. Neov, Inerne. Ma|ng Lss, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Pientice-Hall.