List of Abbreviations 1 2 3 CAUS CONJ D D ! #$ & $ N ()*+ (N+ (N! (N& (## LOC N $ NO) O#( *+ *!

* # +L S S*ON SU1 first person second person third person causative conjunction dual deter"iner er%ative evidentials' %enitive i"perfective, infinitive interjection inverse direction irrealis locative ne%ative no"inali-er orientation prefi. perfective past tense/ plural refle.ive sin%ular spontaneous0 subordinator

!he evidential "ar2ers encodes the source of the infor"ation3 !he reader is referred to 4ou 5Jin% Lin 627778 chapter 9: for details3 Notice that the i"perfective "ar2ers ko-; na-; and a- also encodes "eanin% of evidentialit<3 , !he i"perfective in =hou2eji r$<alron% is reali-ed b< the ste"1 for" of a verb >ith no specific "ar2ers; as in an e"bedded clause3 And in other cases; the i"perfective "ar2ers i3e3 a-, na-, and koprobabl< encodes "odalit< or evidentialit<; besides aspectual infor"ation; as in ?ian%@#on% Lin 61AA3:; 4ou@Jin% Lin 62777:3 !he< cannot occur in e"bedded clauses3 / !he verbal suffi. -s is used onl< in the "odall< un"ar2ed perfective situation; and its "eanin% i3e3 past tense; is considered obsolete in =hou2eji r$<alron%3 Still; ( have ter"ed it as *!; follo>in% 1u@ +an Buan% 61AAC: and Jac2son !3@S3 Sun 62777:3 0 ( follo> *rof3 Sun in the no"enclature of this cate%or<3
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!able of Contents Chinese abstract n%lish abstract Ac2no>led%e"ent in Chinese List of Abbreviations Chapter 1 (ntroduction 131 Lan%ua%e in stud<DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD1 132 Literature revie>DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD331 13231 Citation for"s of verbsDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD331 13232 *articipant no"inali-ationDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD31 13233 Co"ple"ent and adjunctDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD3332 1323E Jac2son !3@S3 SunFs researches 6forthco"in%: on Caoden% r$<alron%DD33 133 !heoretical fra"e>or2DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD33 13331 No"inali-ationDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD333 13332 #elativi-ationDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDE 13333 Co"ple"entationDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD339 13E !ranscription of DataDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDG 139 Or%ani-ationDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD3H Chapter 2 k- and ka- in Iord +or"ation 231 (ntroductionDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD33A 232 Citation for" of verbsDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD33A 23231 Co""on verbsDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD17 23232 AdjectivesDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD13 23233 &erbs ta2in% a non@hu"an 6a%ent: ar%u"entDDDDDDDDDDD331G 2323E )odal au.iliariesDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD1H 23239 Derived verbsDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD3321 2323G !he verb ka-paDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 2E 2323C !he opposition of k- and ka-DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD32G 233 *articipant no"inali-ationDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD32C 23331 A%ent and patient no"inali-ation in ?ian%@#on% Lin 61AA3:DDDDD2H 23332 *atient no"inali-ationDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD32A 23333 A%ent no"inali-ationDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD3337 23E ConclusionDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD332

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Chapter 3 Co"ple"entation 331 (ntroductionDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD33 332 Co"ple"ent t<pesDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD333E 33231 Sentential co"ple"entsDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD33339 33232 (nfinitive co"ple"entsDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD3H 33233 No"inali-ed co"ple"entsDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD33E2 3323E Co"ple"ent t<pesDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD3392 333 *redicate t<pesDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD33DDDDDDDDD399 33331 Au.iliariesDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD3339G 33332 )ental verbsDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD9A 33333 Control verbsDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD333G1 33E *redicate nounsDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD33G3 339 ConclusionDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD33GA Chapter E #elativi-ation E31 (ntroductionDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDC1 E32 !he ele"ents in a relative constructionDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD33C3 E3231 !he head of a relative clauseDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD333CE E3232 !he deter"iner tDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDC9 E3233 !he internal structure of a relative clauseDDDDDDDDDDDD333CG E323E (nternall< headed relative clausesDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCA E3239 &alenc< chan%in% a-DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD33H7 E33 Constraints on relativi-ation of =hou2eji r$<alron%DDDDDDDDDDD3H3 E3331 !he inverse direction "ar2er w(u)-DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD3H3 E3332 !>o co"petin% strate%ies of relativi-ationDDDDDDDDDDDD3HG E3333 !he k- and ka- oppositionDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD33HH E3E &alenc< chan%in% a- and its ho"ophonesDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDHA E39 ConclusionDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD33A2 Chapter 9 Conclusion 931 !he opposition of k- and ka-DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD3A3 932 +uture researchesDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDAE 93231 No"inali-ationDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDAE 93232 Co"ple"entationDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDAE 93233 #elativi-ationDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD33AG #eferencesDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDAH

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