BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

EEE - 332
EXPERIMENT 6

ALTERNATOR POWER
OBJECTIVES * To observe the effect of the excitation on the power delivered by an alternator. * To observe the effect of power delivered by an alternator on the torque of the prime mover. DISCUSSION Apart from portable or mobile engine driven alternators (ac generator) operating in remote areas or for emergency use, most ac generators feed into large electrical distribution networ s where the frequency and voltage have been established by other generators operating in the system. Alternators are then said to feed into an !infinite bus", meaning literally, a large electrical distribution system of tremendous power. The existing frequency and voltage of this infinite bus cannot be altered by the addition of any incoming alternator. The incoming alternator will have a constant flux in its air#gap because of the fixed# frequency and voltage of the !infinite bus" it is connected to. The flux is normally produced by the dc rotor current and$or the ac currents in the stator. %hould the dc current be less than that needed to produce the required flux, then the stator must supply the difference by drawing lagging reactive power from the infinite bus. &onversely, if the dc rotor current is larger than required, the stator will draw leading reactive power from the infinite more or less reactive power with the infinite bus. &hanging the dc excitation of an alternator that is tied into an infinite bus can only cause it to exchange more or less reactive power with the infinite bus. An alternator can only deliver active power (watts) to an infinite bus by forcing its rotor to move ahead of its normal no#load position. 'echanical torque must be applied to attain and eep this advanced rotor position. The torque multiplied by the speed is a measure of the mechanical power, which the alternator receives and, therefore, the electric power it delivers, it delivers, (t is clear then, that the prime mover must apply torque to the rotor. The more torque applied the greater will be the active power delivered by the alternator until it reaches the limit of its capacity. An alternator can smoothly glide into synchronous motor operation when the prime mover ceases to deliver driving torque to it. (n fact, an alternator (operating as a synchronous motor off the infinite bus) may deliver mechanical power to its prime mover. An alternator, driven by a water turbine, can, in step less fashion, become a synchronous motor, driving the water turbine as a water pump.

INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS *+%&,(-T(./ *& motor$1enerator %ynchronous 'otor$1enerator *& 5oltmeter$Ammeter A& Ammeter A& 5oltmeter Three#-hase 8attmeter %ynchroni9ing 'odule -ower %upply :and Tachometer &onnection 0eads Timing =elt PROCEDURE War ! "# H!"$ %&'(a")* ar) +r)*) ( ! ($!* La,&ra(&r- E.+)r!/) (0 D& &( /a1) a - 2& )2(!& * 3!($ ($) +&3)r & 0 T$) +&3)r *$&4'5 ,) (4r )5 &66 a6()r 2&/+')(! " )a2$ ! 5!%!54a' /)a*4r)/) (0 ). >sing your %ynchronous 'otor$1enerator, *& 'otor$1enerator, %ynchroni9ing 'odule, -ower %upply, *& 5oltmeter$Ammeter, A& Ammeter and A& 5oltmeter, connect the circuit shown in ?igure. /ote that the alternator output is connected through the Three#-hase 8attmeter and %ynchroni9ing 'odule to the fixed 4)65, @ phase output of the -ower %upply, terminals ),3 and @. The rotor of the %ynchronous 'otor$1enerator is connected to the variable <#34< 5 dc output of the -ower %upply, terminals A and /. The dc shunt motor (*& 'otor$1enerator) is connected to the fixed 34< 5 dc output of the -ower %upply, terminals 2 and /. 3. a) &ouple the *& 'otor$1enerator 'otor$1enerator) with the Timing =elt. to the alternator (%ynchronous '.*+0 23)) 234) 24)3 2436 2437 244) 273) 223) 2;3< 2;4) 2;43

b) %et the field rheostat of the *& 'otor$1enerator at its full cw position (for minimum resistance). c) -lace the synchroni9ing switch in its open position. @. a) Turn on the -ower %upply. >sing your :and Tachometer, adBust the rheostat of the *& 'otor$1enerator for a motor speed of )6<< r$min. b) Turn on the switch % and adBust the dc excitation of the alternator until the output voltage +)C 4)6 5 ac. c) %ynchroni9e the alternator with the power line and turn on the synchroni9ing switch.

415 V 3 !"a#$

1 2 3 1

W1 2 3 4

W2 5 6

3 SYNCRHONOUR MOTOR/GENERATOR V E 1 0-0.25 V ac

I 1 0-0.25 A ac

1 2 3

4
.

4 6

7 0-240 V c N

0-0.3/1.5 A c

%C MOTOR/ GENERATOR 7 1 2

3 5
.

4 6 7 8

d) &arefully adBust the dc excitation of the alternator as well as the speed of the motor until both wattmeter and varmeter indicate 9ero. 'easure +), () and (3. +)CDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 5 ac, ()CDDDDDDDDDDDDDD A ac, ()CDDDDDDDDDDDDDD A ac

The alternator is now on the power line. (t is neither receiving power from the line nor delivering power to the line. 4. a) %lowly increase only the dc excitation of the alternator until ()C<.)A A ac. 'easure 8), 83, +) and (3. 8)CDDDDDDDDDDDDD 8 +)CDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 5 ac 83CDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 8 (3CDDDDDDDDDDDDDD A ac

b) ,eturn the voltage to 9ero and turn off the power supply. c) &alculate the apparent power delivered by the alternator, and the power factor Apparent power (%) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD%CDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD5A Active power(-) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD-CDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD8 d) *id an increase in dc excitation affect mainly the active or the reactive power delivered by the alternatorE Active 6. ,eactive

,epeat -rocedure @ until both wattmeters indicate 9ero.

7. a) %lowly decrease only the dc excitaion of the alterantor until ( ) C <.)A A ac. 'easure 8), 83, +) and (3 8)C DDDDDDD8 +) C DDDDDDD5 ac 83 C DDDDDDDDD 8 (3 C DDDDDDDDDA dc

b) ,eturn the voltage to 9ero and turn off the -ower %upply. c) &alculate the apparent and active power delivered by the alternator. Apparent power (%) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD%CDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD5A Active power(-)DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
4

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD-CDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD8 d) *id a decrease in dc excitation affect mainly the active or the reactive power delivered by the alternatorE Active ,eactive the reactive power the same in

e) 8as the nature (positive, negative) of procedures 4 and 7E

Fes /o +xplainDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD D A. ,epeat procedure @ until both wattmeters indicate 9ero. 2. a) %lowly decrease only the field excitation of the dc motor causing it to increase its torque until ()C<.)A A ac (the motor speed cannot increase because it is loc ed in with the alternator speed, which, in turn, is loc ed in with the power line frequency) 'easure 8), 83, +) and (3 8)C DDDDDDD8 +) C DDDDDDD5 ac 83 C DDDDDDDDD 8 (3 C DDDDDDDDDA dc

b) ,eturn the voltage to 9ero and turn off the power supply. c) &alculate the apparent and active power delivered by the alternator. Apparent power (%) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD % C DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD5A

Active power (-) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD - C DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD8

d) *id an increase in torque affect mainly the active or the reactive power delivered by the alternatorE Active ,eactive

;. ,epeat procedure @ until both wattmeters indicate 9ero. )<. AdBust the dc excitation of the alternator and the torque of the *& motor$1enerator so that the alternator delivers 7<8 of real power at a power factor of <.6<. 'a e measurements using each method. a) Alternator over#excited 8)C DDDDDDD8 () C DDDDDDDA ac +)C DDDDDDD 5 ac b) Alternator under#excited 8)C DDDDDDD8 () C DDDDDDDA ac +)C DDDDDDD 5 ac )). AdBust the dc excitation of the alternator and the torque of the *& motor$generator so that the alternator behaves as a perfect three#phase capacitance with a capacity of ))< var. 'easure 8), 83, +), () and (3 8)C DDDDDDD8 83 C DDDDDDDDD 8 () C DDDDDDDA ac +)C DDDDDDD 5 ac )3. AdBust the dc excitation of the alternator and the torque of the *& motor$generator so that the alternator behaves as a perfect three#phase inductor with a rating of ))< var. 'easure 8), 83, +), () and (3 8)C DDDDDDD8 () C DDDDDDDA ac
7

83 C DDDDDDDDD 8 (3 C DDDDDDDDDA dc

83 C DDDDDDDDD 8 (3 C DDDDDDDDDA dc

(3 C DDDDDDDDDA dc

83 C DDDDDDDDD 8 (3 C DDDDDDDDDA dc

+)C DDDDDDD 5 ac