6th World Conference on Detergents

Posters
der detergents is evident in several markets, as ownership of the washing machines has increased in recent years. Cleaning efciency and stain removal are key claims and are used by major brands. Many products claim additional benets such as multi-purpose, pleasant fragrance, and softness. The use of all purpose, high foam, powder detergents for household cleaning (oors and dishes) is wide-spread consumer practice in many markets. This has restricted the development and growth of household cleaning products (APC, Spray Cleaners) as available in developed markets. Compared to the European market, penetration of liquid laundry detergents, and rinse cycle fabric softeners is low, and limited to the high income regions. Manual dishwashing is the primary consumer practice, with low active products dominating the market. Liquid bleach, fragranced or without scent, is widely used for laundry, and for cleaning and disinfecting of household surfaces. This presentation will discuss changes in consumer attitudes and habits, and address major trends in product and technology in fabric care and home care markets.

Poster Presentations
Poster presentations are located on the 5th oor of the Montreux Convention & Exhibition Centre and will be on display for the duration of the conference. Authors have been requested to be present at their posters on Thursday, 12 October 10.2010.50 and 16.0016.20 1. Biodegradation of Nonylphenol Ethoxylate, Accumulation and Ecotoxicity of Stable Metabolites and Byproducts. M. Renkin1, A. Verhoeven2, and D. Develter1, 1Ecover Belgium NV, Malle, Belgium; and 2Hogeschool Antwerpen, Departement Industrile Wetenschappen & Technologie, Belgium.
The biodegradation of nonylphenol ethoxylate was determined by the OECD 303A activated sludge simulation test method. Nonylphenol ethoxylate was degraded for 93 +/- 2 % leaving at a 95% condence level, room for the presence of stable metabolites or by-products. Stable metabolites were accumulated for a given period using a modication of the OECD 303A test method. Ecotoxicity of stable metabolites was evaluated in the crustacea Daphnia magna and in the micro algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. In Daphnia magna a 48h-EC50 of 4,5 mg DOC/l was estimated. At a concentration of 8 mg DOC/l no toxicity was observed in Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata.

3. Palm Oil Methyl Esters: Feedstock for Environmentally Friendly Surfactants. Salmiah Ahmad, Parthiban Siwayanan, Zulina Abd Murad, Haliza Abdul Aziz, Norin Zamiah Kassim Shaari, Razmah Ghazali, and Zahariah Ismail, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division (AOTD), Malaysian Palm Oil Board. Malaysia.
The use of fatty alcohol for the production of environmentally friendly surfactants is widely practiced in the industry. Fatty alcohols are used to produce fatty alcohol sulphates, fatty alcohol ethoxylates and fatty alcohol ether sulphates and these surfactants are extensively used in cleaning as well as personal care products. For these surfactants the desired fatty chain length is in the range of C12-14 and these fatty chain lengths can be obtained from lauric oils. One of the lauric oils available in the world is palm kernel oil (PKO). Malaysia produces about 0.1 tonne of PKO for every 1 tonne of palm oil (PO) and palm oil is usually cheaper. It has been MPOBs interest to promote more uses of PO products in the non-edible sector in particular for the manufacture of surfactants. MPOB has been conducting research to increase the use of PO for the production of surfactants and one surfactant in particular, that has been thoroughly researched on, is Methyl Ester Sulphonates (MES) also known as Alpha-sulphonated methyl ester (Alpha-SME). Another strategy of MPOB is to avoid fatty alcohol since this is an expensive intermediate. A 20kg/hr pilot plant was purchased from Chemithon and used to produce MES based on PO-based methyl ester (ME). C16-18 (palm stearin) and pure C12, C14 and C16 methyl ester were used as feedstock. To convert ME to MES, liquid SO2 was rst converted to SO3 gas. This is then allowed to react with the ME in a falling lm reactor. After digestion, bleaching, neutralization and drying, MES of high active (>80%) and low disalt (<6%) were obtained. The MES were used to formulate cleaning products (powder detergent, liquid detergent, hand wash, liquid dish

2. The Changing Marketplace in the Middle East Opportunities and Challenges. Farrokh B. Malihi, Fargol Research Group, Iran.
The Middle East, also called Southwestern Asia, is a region comprising the lands extended from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. Thus dened it encompasses several countries with many cultural and ethnic groups including: Egypt, Turkey, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Palestinian Territories, Kuwait, and countries of the Arabian peninsula (Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain). With a relatively young and educated population of over 330 million, a total GDP/PPP of over $ 2,100 billion, and a wealth of natural resources, the area offers enormous potential for growth of the detergent industry. Oil and gas remain the core element of economic performance in several countries of this region. Recent increase in oil prices, has resulted in increased purchase power particularly for consumer goods. There is however a broad distribution of income resulting in signicant differences in the consumption prole and consumer habits in this market. A substantial segment of population is well able to afford products further up the hierarchy of household and personal care products. The laundry category is by far the largest detergent category in this market. Per capita consumption is in the range of 3-6 Kg depending on the market. The region is mostly a hand wash detergent market, with high foam all purpose powder detergents accounting for over 60% of consumption in most countries. Signicant growth of the automatic pow-

Posters
wash etc.). The performances of these products were similar if not better than the products available in Malaysian market, most of which are based on alkyl benzene sulphonates (LAS). However, MES has better hardness tolerance and comparable biodegradability and ecotoxicity characteristics compared to LAS. With the escalating price of petroleum and therefore petroleum-based products, palm oil based methyl esters offer good alternative as feedstock for the production of environmentally friendly and cheaper surfactants. Besides the large oleochemical complex (capacity approximately 2 million tonnes) the development of biodiesel in Malaysia ensures their availabilities at competitive prices.

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4. Delivery of Hydrophobic Biocides and Disinfectants in Water-Based Formulations. Kolazi S. Narayanan, Domingo Jon, Jay Patel, and Sotiri A. Papoulias, International Specialty Products, USA.
Many key cleaning product actives, including certain biocides and disinfectants, are hydrophobic in nature and therefore more difcult to formulate in aqueous solutions. There are different approaches employed to deliver these important actives in water-based formulations that are preferred for most consumer and industrial applications. In many cases, aqueous suspensions are prepared using polymeric dispersants and emulsication of the hydrophobic components is accomplished using a combination of solvents, surfactants and emulsiers. However the use of many solvents is often undesirable due to the hazardous nature, high volatility and ammability of these chemicals. Furthermore, biological activity and performance of the nal products depend on the ability to produce ne particle suspensions delivering the active ingredients in an effective manner. This paper examines novel delivery approaches to produce concentrates, which upon dilution in water can produce stable fine dispersions and micro-emulsions of hydrophobic biocides and disinfectants. In addition, the introduction of lm forming polymers in the concentrates extends the performance of these active components in many cleaning products. The concentrates of these components can be added to commercial aqueous cleaning compositions to provide the required performance in terms of antimicrobial and antibacterial protection. Examples of the designed delivery systems will be provided along with the stability and/or biological activity of selected biocides and disinfectants used in typical waterbased cleaning products. Extensions of this delivery approach are also considered to enhance the yield of fragrances and the dispersion of oils formulated in several cleaning applications.

In order to evaluate environmental concentration of Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), Alcohol ethoxylates (AE), Alkyldimethylamine oxide (AO) and Dihydrogenated tallow -dimethylammonium chloride (DHTDMAC), which are Class 1 designated chemical substances of Japanese PRTR Law, we have been monitoring the surfactant concentrations of river water in 4 rivers of two metropolitan areas in Japan. The mean concentrations of LAS, AE, AO and DHTDMAC of the 7 monitoring sites during the period from 2000 to 2004 were 0.010 mg/L, 0.0011 mg/L, 0.00004 mg/L, and 0.0008 mg/L, respectively. The environmental concentrations of those surfactants have been constantly very low during recent 5 years. Before the JSDA monitoring program, there were no reported AO monitoring studies in the world for actual environment such as river and lake. We analyzed C10-16 AO concentrations of river water samples using LCMS method, and were able to obtain exposure level information in actual environment. In the most samples only C12 AO was detected. Using the monitoring data, environmental risk assessment of the 4 surfactants in the aquatic environment in Japan was also conducted. PEC/PNEC ratios of the 4 surfactants were estimated to be below 1 to give the conclusion that the environmental risk of the surfactants was low in Japan.

6. The EU REACH Regulatory System: PreRegistration Evaluation of OECD SIDS-Approved ChemicalsLAB and LAS as Case Studies. David J. Kent and John E. Heinze, CLER, the Council for LAB/LAS Environmental Research, c/o John Adams Associates, USA; and ECOSOL, the European producers of Linear Alkylbenzene, a sector group of Cec, Belgium.
The new REACH regulatory system for registration, evaluation and authorization of chemicals will be implemented in the European Union beginning next year. This far-ranging program requires the preparation and submission of registration dossiers for most chemicals that are manufactured or imported in Europe. Following the initial registration submission, some chemicals may also have to undergo further evaluation to determine potential hazard and risk; and a smaller set of chemicals may also have to undergo an authorization procedure in which uses of the chemicals might be severely restricted or banned. While all chemicals meeting the volume thresholds will have to be registered, some chemicals have already been extensively reviewed and assessed under the existing Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) assessment program. This poster presents case studies using linear alkylbenzene (LAB) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) to address the process for pre-registration evaluation of chemicals that already have previously approved OECD SIDS assessments. The evaluation will consider use of equivalent data from published literature, weight of evidence, structureactivity relationships, read-across within chemical categories, and use and exposure information. The case studies will also examine whether LAB and/or LAS meet the criteria for the evaluation and authorization phases of REACH given the extensive data available, including OECD SIDS assessments.

5. Environmental Concentration and Risk Assessment of Surfactants in Japan. Naohiro Nishiyama1, Akiko Yamamoto2, and Kazuaki Miura3, Environmental and Human Safety Task Force, Japanese Soap and Detergent Association (JSDA); 1Kao Corporation, Japan; 2Procter & Gamble Far East, Inc., Japan; 3Lion Corporation, Japan.

912 October 2006 Montreux, Switzerland

Posters
the bleach agent and an activator, and a process for its manufacture have been developed to insure a higher probability of bleach-activator reactions in the wash. The benets of such a cogranule are a consequence of its dissolution mechanism and the synergistic interaction between its main components. This alternative bleaching system gives more effective performance at lower temperature washing conditions and so becomes very attractive to world regions such as the United States, Asia and Latin America, where heating is not part of the typical washing cycle. Such cogranules are especially suitable to be used as part of heavy duty powder detergents or bleach booster formulations.

7. Microemulsion Formation of Palm Oil Relating to Detergency. Parichat Korphol1, Sumaeth Chavadej1, John F. Scamehorn3, Chantra Tongcumpou2, 1The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand; 2National Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand; 3School of Biological, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, USA.
The ultimate objective of this work is to form microemulsions with palm oil for detergency application. Secondary alcohol ethoxylate, a nonionic surfactant and branced alcohol propoxylate sulfate sodium salt, a hydrophobic anionic surfactant are selected to form microemulsion with palm oil at different temperatures and different volumetric ratios of oil to surfactant solution. Both single and mixed surfactant systems which exhibit very low or ultralow interfacial tension will be selected as formulations for detergency experiments. Effects of surfactant concentration, temperature, salinity and oil loading on detergency performance will be carried out. Furthermore, spreading coefcient of each formulation, effect of coalescence time, surfactant adsorption isotherm and the dynamic interfacial tension will be measured in order to obtain a better understanding the mechanism of oily soil detergency.

10. Recent Improvements in Linear Alkylbenzene Technology. Dennis J. Bellville, Larry C. Erickson, and Srikantiah Raghuram, UOP LLC, USA.
Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, commonly referred to as LAS, is the workhorse surfactant used in home laundry detergents. Continuous process innovation for the production of its precursor linear alkylbenzene (LAB) has been developed and commercialized to maintain the market viability of LAS. Depending upon whether or not the production of LAB can be integrated within the infrastructure of an oil renery, there are two basic types of LAB plants. For those plants where renery kerosene is available on site the LAB plant process scheme starts with the production of normal parafns as the principal feedstock. Process innovation involving the production of normal parafns has been targeted to increase capacity while reducing capital cost. The normal parafns are then converted to normal olens which are nally then alkylated with benzene to produce the desired LAB. For plants not integrated with a renery, but which can otherwise purchase normal parafns the LAB plant process scheme starts with the conversion of the normal parafns to normal olens followed again by the alkylation of those normal olens with benzene to produce the nal LAB. The use of a new generation of catalysts for the conversion of the normal parafns to normal olens has allowed LAB producers the opportunity to optimize capacity and operating costs. In addition to these two basic types of LAB plants a third even less integrated type of plant is possible whereby purchased normal olens, either internal or alpha type, are directly alkylated with benzene to produce the LAB. Value engineering associated with the alkylation step has similarly resulted in the opportunity for producers to reduce operating cost by reducing utilities consumption. This poster will address the most recent technology improvements made to the various process steps along these possible LAB plant process schemes for improved profitability for either the present or future LAB producer.

8. Synergism Effect Between Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate and Block Copolymer In Aqueous Solution. E.M.S. Azzam, Applied Surfactants Laboratory, Petrochemicals Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Egypt.
The synergism behavior of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) with Poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) block copolymer was studied using surface tension measurements. The surface and thermodynamic parameters of adsorption and micellization for single and mixed solutions were investigated. The results show that the surface and micellization properties of SDBS were improve as a result of mixing with the block copolymer. The mole fraction in micelle and interaction parameters of mixed solutions were calculated. The foam stability of single and mixed solutions was determined. The mixed solutions show a good foam stability than the single solutions of SDBS and block copolymer.

9. New Patented Technology Provides Superior Oxygen Bleach Performance. George Nunes1, Bob Scarella2, and Georg Borchers3, 1Clariant, Brazil; 2OCI, USA; 3Clariant, Germany.
Sodium Percarbonate has already been used for a long time as an effective bleaching agent. Its mechanism of action basically involves the generation of hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous medium and its optimum performance is seen at higher temperature washing conditions. Often, detergent formulations include a bleach activator along with the sodium percarbonate for the purpose of an in-situ formation of peracetic acid, an even more effective bleaching agent than the oxygen bleach itself. As a new alternative of activated bleach, a cogranule of

11. Recent Shifts in the Linear Alkylbenzene Supply Center of Gravity. Dennis J. Bellville, Larry C. Erickson, and Srikantiah Raghuram, UOP LLC, USA.
Concurrent with the increased demand for detergent products in Asia and the Middle East, the supply center of gravity of linear alkylbenzene (LAB), the most dominant of the many precursors used in nished detergents, also

Posters
appears to have shifted. In 1994 for example, supply of LAB exceeded local demand by a mere 40 kilo metric tones per annum (kMTA) in India whereas demand exceeded supply by 75 kMTA in the Middle East (M.E.). In 2011, indigenous Indian supply is expected to exceed demand by 120 kMTA and local M.E. supply is expected to exceed demand by almost 170 kMTA. The very direction of trade will have reversed and traditional LAB importers will have become exporters in just over a decade and a half! Simultaneously however, high kerosene and benzene prices continue to put pressure on the sustained growth of the use of LAB. Recent enhancements to the technology have attempted to address these issues of increased price pressures by developing technology to allow the use of lower value feeds while producing higher value products such as heavy n-parafns that can be sulfonated to secondary alkane sulfonates. While some of these improvements have already been translated to commercial reality, others are being discussed with both existing and new customers. This poster will discuss each of these developments in detail and provide concrete examples of the economic impact that each one of them has on production costs and gross prot.

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an industrial soap and it was examined on reactive printed cotton fabric according to Standard AATCC 61 and ISO CO1CO6. The coconut and olive mixture soap shows relatively excellent washing properties comparing to an industrial soap and it is suitable for washing process of textiles.

14. Effect of Wetting Agents in Bleaching of Kenaf Cellulosic Fibers. Mazeyar Parvinzadeh1, Hossein Naja2, and Amir Kiumarsi1, 1Color Control and Color Reproduction Department, Iran Color Research Center, Iran; 2Textile Engineering Group, Shahre Rey Branch of Islamic Azad University, Iran.
Kenaf contains a relatively high content of lignin, hemicelluloses and other materials in addition to cellulose. Therefore, it is expected that the bleaching and dyeing behavior will be different as compared to cotton. Bleaching leads to loss in the tensile strength of the bers, caused by partial removal of the non-cellulosic components that constitute are responsible for intercellular binding materials. The kenaf bers bundles can be bleached, dyed and used for various textile applications. Wetting and penetrating agents can help to remove impurities from bers. In this research, the effect of wetting agents in bleaching process of kenaf bers was examined. For this purpose, kenaf yarns were bleached with hydrogen peroxide using 1%, 2%, 4% and 8% of the wetting agent as auxiliary in bleaching solution at boil. The effect of different percentages of wetting agent and duration of process were discussed on whiteness and yellowness of samples were measured using a reectance spectrophotometer. According to the results, the whiteness of samples was increases with an increase in the percentage of wetting agent percentages in solution. Also, some decrease in yellowness value of samples was observed due to wetting agent usage in solution.

12. New Trend for the Development of Visbreakin Heavy Gas Oil by Cationic Surfactants (Phase Transfercatalysts). A.K. El Morsi, and A.M.A. Omar, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Egypt.
Thermal cracking (visbreaking) of the gas oil with boiling point above 350oC was carried out in presence of 0.5 wt % of phase transfer catalyst. The catalysts used were Pmethyl toloyltriethyl ammonium chloride and P- methyl toloyl triethanol ammonium chloride. These catalysts were prepared and analysed in this study. Cracking reactions were conducted in an autoclave and the operating variables; reaction temperature, contact time and structure of hydrophilic group of phase transfer catalysts, were studied. The reaction pressure through the whole reaction was 20kg/cm2. The adsorption behaviour of synthesized phase transfer catalysts on barite was measured using a modied version of the Franmkin adsorption isotherm. The DG, DH, DS. parameters of the adsorption reaction were calculated. The yield of the isoparafn was 39%. The effectiveness of the adsorption of (PTC) and its efciency as a promoter for the free radical chain reaction were investigated. The resulting adsorption parameters conrm the suggested reaction mechanism.

15. Evaluation of Soil Removal by Quartz Crystal Microbalance Technique. Keiko Gotoh1 and Yumiko Tagawa2, 1Kyoto University of Education, Japan; 2Kobe University of Fashion and Design, Japan.
The removal of oily and particulate contaminants from gold and polymer substrates was evaluated by the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique and discussed on the basis of surface energetics. Polyethylene, nylon 6, and cellulose acetate lms were prepared on gold electrodes of the QCM by a spin-coating method. As model oily and particulate contaminants, arachidic acid and polyethylene particle were used, respectively. Arachidic acid was deposited onto the substrates by the LangmuirBlodgett (LB) technique and polyethylene particle from the aqueous dispersion. After the soil deposition, the substrates were cleaned in water/ethanol mixtures by applying mechanical action. The removal efciency was determined from the frequency changes of the QCM due to soil deposition and cleaning. The efciency was greatly dependent on the substrates in both cases of oily and particulate contaminants. In all systems, the soil removal increased with increasing ethanol concentration. In the presence of sodium hydroxide, the removal efciency of arachidic acid further increased because of the saponication. The

13. Preparation of Soap from the Mixture of Coconut and Olive Oils and its Application in Washing Process of Reactive Printed Cotton Fabric. Hossein Najafi1 and Mazeyar Parvinzadeh2, 1Textile Engineering Group, Shahre Rey Branch of Islamic Azad University, Iran; 2Color Control and Color Reproduction Department, Iran Color Research Center, Iran.
In this research, a new soap was prepared from the mixture of coconut and olive oils, sodium hydroxide, sodium oleate and sodium chloride. The solubility, washing and ionic properties of soap was evaluated at different pH conditions. Washing properties of mentioned soap was compared with

6th World Conference on Detergents

Posters
18. RETAINIncreasing the Deposition Efciency of a Benefit Agent Onto Fabric From a Laundry Detergent Formulation. Alan McClellan, Ashoke Sengupta, and Melanie Hughes, AMCOL Detergent Specialties, Colin Stewart Minchem Ltd., United Kingdom.
The laundry process is one of the most difcult processes in which to deposit desired benet agents onto the fabric in the wash, especially within automated washing machines. The very nature and purpose of the detergent is to remove dirt which is a contradiction to the process of depositing something onto the fabric. This and the quantities of water introduced and then drained in the washing and rinse cycles leads to a hostile environment for a particle required to deposit itself onto the fabric and to stay there for the duration. This Retain technology utilises a high molecular weight polymer to enhance deposition of a softness-inducing active onto the fabric by way of forming an active-polymer emulsion in a surfactant formulation. The increased deposition efciency of the active agent is attributed to the specic form in which the active agent is included in the detersive composition, produced upon mixing or diluting certain cationic oil-in-water emulsions of the active agent with detersive surfactants. The resulting cationic emulsion of the active agent is highly stable against coalescence and this stability is retained even when the emulsion is diluted with water. The individual cationic emulsier particles are pre-adsorbed and remain adsorbed on the emulsion droplets which contain the active and this leads to enhanced substrate-deposition of the active.

Lifshitz-van der Waals and acid-base components of the surface free energy of the soil and substrate were estimated from the contact angles of three probe liquids. The soil removal behavior in the present system was explained in terms of the free energy change resulting from liquid penetration between the soil and substrate in the zone of contact, which was calculated from the surface free energy components.

16. Study Of Diffusion Factor and Kinetics of a Rape Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Ethoxylation. Tomasz Kozlecki1, Adam Sokolowski1, Arkadiusz Chrusciel2, Wieslaw Hreczuch2, and Marek Marcinski3, 1Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland; 2MEXEO, Poland; 3ICSO Chemical Production, Poland.
The inuence of diffusion on the ethoxylation of a rape fatty acid methyl ester was investigated in a batch reactor. Ensuring constant environment, the hydrodynamic parameter of the system was changed and the effect on kinetics was observed. The analysis has demonstrated the importance of convective mass transfer in the process. The values of calculated Sherwood numbers showed that in the investigated environment convection contributes four times more than pure diffusion. This result allows us to focus the optimisation process on increasing the dynamics of convection and the mass transfer surface, for example, by modifying the absorber construction.

17. Study on the Stability of Amino-Cyanogen. Yun Liu, Ya-li Shen, Yu-mei Sun, and Jin Zhao, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, China.
A series of amino-cyanogen bleaching activators was synthesized, and their activity and stability were determined using cloth soiled with alizarin and tea avin, and with cotton cloth with aged soil. It was demonstrated that the said compounds were more effective at low temperature comparing with TAED. Upon perhydrolysis, they might generate a peroxy imidic acid as the highly reactive bleaching species, without the loss of weight associated with leaving group such as TAED and AOBS. However some of them had a serious drawback since they were highly hygroscopic in nature. Eventually they hydrolyzed to the corresponding inactive amide. Stability tests indicated that at long time, high temperature, and high humidity the new compounds became dark as well as viscous. Among the Amino-cyanogens, such as M-SJA, Trimethylamine-SJA, Triethylamine-SJA, PyridineSJA, Betain-SJA, acetic-SJA, the last had the worst stability, lost the main activity, while M-SJA was the best. UV-Visa gave a strong red shift to the structure, max 586nm (A 0.188) for the dark acetic-SJA, while max 353nm (A 0.134) to the new prepared one, even though IR did not show signicant change to the structure. Protecting experiments adding kinds of inner additive or encapsulation were carried out. It was found that dryness and high pH were effective in protecting acetic-SJA; fatty acids with 12-16 carbon atoms and wax with low melting point as coating shell gave positive results.

19. Environmental Performance of LAS Produced from GTL Normal Parafn and Different Alkylation Routes. Bas Maase1, Henk Dirkzwager2, Charles Eadsforth3, John Handley4, Chris Mead4, and John Hill4, 1Shell International Gas Ltd., UK; 2Shell Global Solutions International BV, The Netherlands; 3Shell International Ltd., UK; 4SafePharm Laboratories Ltd., UK.
Normal parafn from Gas to Liquids (GTL) plants is of importance to the LAB industry, since it provides LAB producers with a more cost-effective feedstock than normal parafn extracted from kerosene. At the CESIO 2004 conference, work was presented that demonstrated that GTL Normal Parafn processes well in both HF and Detal alkylation routes. It also showed that LAS made using GTL Normal Parafn has a detergency performance equal to commercially available LAS. This poster now focuses on the environmental performance of LAS produced from GTL Normal Parafn. LAS samples, typical of LAS produced from kerosene derived normal parafn and from GTL Normal Parafn, were synthesised. These differed in terms of composition, mainly linearity and phenyl isomer composition, as a result of (a) the GTL Normal Parafn feedstock and (b) the type of alkylation process. Samples with a relatively low 2-phenyl isomer content were prepared via an HF alkylation route using two different sources of normal parafn (GTL and kerosene extraction). Other samples that differed in linearity were prepared with a relatively high 2-phenyl isomer content via a Detal alkylation route. An environmental test programme, including biodegrad-

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ability and aquatic ecotoxicity testing of all samples, was carried out. It conrmed that there was no signicant difference in either biodegradability or aquatic toxicity results for any of the samples. All samples achieved >60% biodegradability after 28 days (OECD 301B), with sh (LC50), invertebrate (EC50) and algal (IC50) ecotoxicity data in the range 110 mg/l, 110 mg/l and 10100 mg/l, respectively. All data are the same as previous results on LAS samples summarised in IUCLID and HERA databases, conrming the environmental acceptability of LAS derived from GTL Normal Parafn.

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20. GTL Normal Parafn: the Future LAB Feedstock of Choice. Bas Maase1 and Henk Dirkzwager2, 1Shell International Gas Ltd., UK; 2Shell Global Solutions International BV, The Netherlands.
The Gas to Liquids (GTL) industry is coming of age, with large-scale plants being built and proposed in Qatar, Nigeria, Algeria and other countries where there are suitable gas reserves. In parallel, the use of different inputs to provide synthesis gas for the Fischer-Tropsch process are being explored, like coal and biomass, where the product slate is identical to that of a GTL plant. In addition to clean transport fuel, GTL plants can also produce a range of other products, such as naphtha, lubricant base oils and normal parafn. The production of normal parafn from GTL is of importance to the detergents industry, especially the LAB industry, since it provides LAB producers with a more cost-effective feedstock than normal parafn extracted from kerosene. GTL Normal Parafn also provides additional benets to LAB producers such as increased exibility in plant location and decreased dependency on local kerosene availability. All this means that in the near future GTL Normal Parafn could largely replace kerosene derived normal parafn to meet the growth in demand for normal parafn. This poster will describe these developments and the accompanying benets for LAB producers in more detail. It will also investigate the future option of producing heavy (C14-C17) GTL Normal Parafn for the production of parafn sulphonates.

modied-OXO (C12, C13) hydrophobe gave similar and the highest level of foaming performance that was signicantly greater than conventional OXO derivatives of the same molecular weight. The stability of hand dishwashing formulations is inuenced by hydrophobe structure, the modiedOXO (C12, C15) hydrophobe demonstrating improved formulation stability compared to the linear (C12, C14) hydrophobe. Several non-ionic surfactants were screened in a model hard surface cleaning formulation using a simple scrubbing test with a linoleum panel and an oily/pigment soil. Other tests measured oily soil removal from a metal surface using a specially designed cabinet. Short chain hydrophobes (such as C11 or C9-11) gave superior dynamic surface tension reduction and higher cleaning performance compared to those of longer chain analogues (such as C12-15). Mixing two C9-11 ethoxylates with low and high ethylene oxide contents (such as 2.5 and 8 moles of ethylene oxide) gave enhanced (synergistic) cleaning performance.

22. Antifoam Granules with Excellent Low Temperature Defoaming Performance. C. Roos1, A. Di Pietro1, S. Mabire1, A. Baranyai2, Z. Szilgyi2, and D. Kramer2, 1GE Bayer Silicones, Germany; 2inprotec AG, Germany.
The high active content in detergent formulations and low water usage in modern automatic cleaning processes yields strong foam formation with the subsequent danger of reduction of cleaning efciency, poor rinsing and foam leakage, even machine damage. Accurate foam control is a need to make modern detergent formulations efcient in mechanical cleaning devices like washing machines and automatic dish washers, keeping the cleaning performance at the highest requested levels within different washing conditions and habits. Silicone antifoams have proven to provide a potent antifoam effect at lowest concentrations of dosage in many detergents. Development and manufacturing of the right antifoam compound already takes into account the overall performance needed within the nal detergent formulation, bringing the antifoam effect into optimum efciency. Thus, silicone-antifoam based emulsions are included into liquid detergents whereas solid granulates embedding the droplets of the silicone antifoam compound are added to washing powders in a post-addition processing step. Herewith we introduce a new silicone-based antifoam compound generated by GE Bayer Silicones that possesses excellent foam knockdown and defoaming persistence properties and an outstanding antifoam performance at low washing temperatures (T = 30C /40C). Its granular version created by inprotec AG through Matrix-Encapsulation of the liquid active by means of Fluidized Bed Spray Granulation Technology combines the foam suppressing effect of the new silicone compound with the effect of foam control through slow-release of the active silicone droplets from the solid carrier. Antifoam performance data based on tests at different temperatures and washing conditions are presented and effects are discussed.

21. Inuence of Surfactant Hydrophobe Structure on Performance in Hand Dishwashing and Hard Surface Cleaning. Julian Barnes1*, JanElsa Carty2, Vicki Jud2, Kim Millspaugh2, Kirk Raney2, Warren Schmidt2, Greg Shpakoff2, Bryan White2, and Paul Tortorici2, 1Shell Global Solutions International BV, The Netherlands; 2Shell Global Solutions US Inc., USA.
The foaming performance of a variety of alcohol sulfates and alcohol ethoxysulfates has been evaluated. Foaming was determined with and without a model soil, foaming with this articial soil correlating well with hand dishwashing performance. Detergent alcohols ranging from 99 % linear to 99 % branched were evaluated. Foaming of alcohol sulfates reduced with hydrophobe branching and was dependent on the type of branching and the total number of branches. Alcohol ethoxysulfates displayed a similar pattern. A totally linear (C12, C14) hydrophobe and Shells

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Posters
were convenient nonionic surfactants for such separations. The recovery of phenols depended mainly on the hydrophobicity and proton donor acidity of the investigated solutes. The results obtained could be explained by the linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) proposed by Abraham for micellar systems. The efciency of separation also increased with an increase of pollutant hydrophobicity. The hydrogen bond basicity and dipolarity of the pollutants decreased the recovery. The derived models enable optimum selection of pollutants, which can be effectively removed from aqueous streams by the cloud point extraction method.

23. TransalkylationA Heterogeneous Catalytic Process to Convert Heavy Alkylates (HAS) Back in Linear Alkylbenzene (LAB), Using Solid Acid Catalysts. Donato A.G Aranda and Expedito Pereira Santos, Chemical Engineering Department; School of Chemistry; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ, Brazil.
We present a new heterogeneous catalytic process to convert heavy alkylates (HAs) (C10-13 polyalkyl benzene), usual by-product in the production of C10-13 linear alkylbenzene (LAB), to monoalkylated aromatic compound, that is, producing back the desired detergent intermediate, over solid acid catalysts. The HAs are often used in some industrial applications, however sometimes this by-product is burned as such or mixed with fuel oil, what is a non-environmentally correct use. Operating conditions like temperature, pressure, space velocity and reactant concentrations are varied in favor of larger selectivities. The best catalyst produces up to 90% conversion and up to 80% selectivity to on-spec C10-13 linear alkylbenzene. The process can be conducted in batch or continuous reactors, always using the catalysts in xed bed systems. Either a dedicated new transalakylation unit or an appendix unit for current LAB plants can be adopted in this process. Any improvement in the conversion of normal parafn to LAB is desired. This new process, being able to convert a residue in the main intermediate for the detergent industry, can be a very positive factor in the economics of the overall operation of LAB plants. This process can also be evaluated for the reactions that produce cumene and ethyl benzene, and their polyalkylated by-products.

25. Characterization of Alkylglycopyranosides and Alkylglycofuranosides by HPLC-MS and Ion-Trap MS2. Miriam Beneito-Cambra, Virginia Bernab-Zafn, Jos Manuel Herrero-Martnez and Guillermo RamisRamos, Departament de Qumica Analtica, Facultat de Qumica, Universitat de Valncia, Spain.
Alkylpolyglycosides (APGs) in technical mixtures and toiletries were characterised by RP-HPLC-MS. Both alkylamide and CN columns, with ACN/ water mixtures, were used. The - and -epimers and ring isomers (pyranosides and furanosides) of the alkyl monoglycosides were resolved with the alkylamide column. The isomers of alkyl diglycosides and triglycosides were also partially resolved. With the CN column, the ring isomers were also well resolved, and the equilibration times were much shorter. The alkylamide and CN columns were applied to characterise APGs in toiletries using isocratic and gradient elution, respectively. Further, the MS and MS2 spectra of glucose and alkyl monoglycosides were studied. The positive-ion spectra showed single peaks of the [M+Na]+ ions. These peaks gave a complex pattern, common to all the compounds, in MS2. Schemes of the fragmentation pathways, including adducts of the sodium ion with fragments of the glucose moiety, and dimer and trimer clusters are presented. Using HPLC-MS2, the differences between the MS2 spectra of the alkyl glycopyranosides and alkyl glycofuranosides were established. The glycofuranosides showed a lower propensity to form dimer and trimer clusters than the pyranosides. This was useful in identifying ring isomers in the chromatograms

24. Cloud Point Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Solutions Containing Oxyethylated Triglycerides. Katarzyna Materna, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Poland.
Surfactants have several applications in industry, agriculture and household. They are also used in analytical chemistry to separate and pre-concentrate various substances. One of such methods is cloud point extraction (CPE), where phase separation is induced by change of temperature. The separated phases differ in their hydrophilicity and hydrogen bond basicity and acidity. As a result, organic solutes can be transferred to the surfactant rich phase of a relatively small volume in comparison with the volume of the initial feed. Thus, the method permits both, a separation and enrichment of the solute. It was the aim of this work to study the separation of selected phenolic compounds by the cloud point technique using oxyethylated triglycerides as a new type of nonionic surfactants obtained by a recently developed catalytic process. It was found that the cloud point phenomenon can be successfully used to recover the toxic phenolic pollutants from aqueous solutions and that oxyethylated triglycerides

26. The Use of a Derivative Containing Polyamide as a Detergent. Azza M. Mazroua1, M.Y. Abed1, and D.A. Ismail2, 1Petroleum Research Institute, Polymer Laboratory, Petrochemical Department, Egypt; 2Petroleum Research Institute, Surfactant Petrochemical Department, Egypt.
Four novel polymeric surfactant were prepared by condensation of a polyamide of low molecular weight with a long chain fatty acid which was linked at one of its ends with L-alanine or L-aspartic acid. Surface properties of their solutions, including surface tension, critical micelle concentration, effectiveness, maximum surface excess, and minimum surface area, were investigated for different concentrations at 25C. Standard free energies of micellization and adsorption were calculated for the prepared surfactants in aqueous solution.