ECG Monitoring System ABSTRACT

This project ECG monitoring system deals with a transfer of ECG data from the patients to the doctor present in his cabin. The idea of our project is firstly taking up an ECG signal from the patient and reading the data in PC using an arduino (an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software) board. Then the signal is applied to noise removal, base wander removal and amplification circuits in labVIEW (a system design software) software. Now the ECG signal thus obtained is sent from the patients recording system to doctors using an Ethernet cable or LAN connection. This enables the monitoring of any number of patients by doctor at one place.

ECG Monitoring System CONTENTS TITLE

PAGE NO

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Heartbeat .........................................................................................................2 1.1.2 Heart And Functions ........................................................................................2 CHAPTER 2: SOFTWARE .............................................................................................4 2.1. LabVIEW..............................................................................................................4 CHAPTER 3. PROJECT OVERVIEW ............................................................................6 3.1. Aim ...................................................................................................................6 3.2. Basic idea behind the project .................................................................................6 3.3. Methodology .........................................................................................................6 3.3.1. Simulation ......................................................................................................7 3.3.2. Detrending .................................................................................................... 12 3.3.3. Merging Of Signals ....................................................................................... 16 3.3.4. Square and Square Root Of A Signal ............................................................ 16 3.3.5 Peak Detection .............................................................................................. 20 3.3.6. Array Building .............................................................................................. 25 3.3.7. Matlab Script ................................................................................................ 29 3.3.8. WA Noise ..................................................................................................... 30 3.3.9. Performing Feature Extraction On ECG Signals: ........................................... 38 3.3.10. UDP VI and Functions ................................................................................ 42 3.3.11. Flatten To String Function .......................................................................... 47 3.3.12. Unflatten From String Function .................................................................. 49 CHAPTER 4. RESULTS ............................................................................................... 52 4.1 Results ................................................................................................................. 52
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION ..54 5.1 Conclusion....54 5.2 Future Scope.54

ii

ECG Monitoring System

REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 55 APPENDIX........................................................................................................................56

iii

ECG Monitoring System LIST OF FIGURES

CONTENTS
1.1 1.2 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 ECG Signal Electrical activity of heart LabVIEW Flowchart for Server Simulation Detrending Merging Square of signal Square root of Signal Peak Detection for 1Channel Peak Detection for N Channel Peak Detection Array Building Matlab Script WA Noise(DWT Waveform) WA Noise(DWT Real Array) UDP Close UDP Open UDP Read UDP Write Flatten to string function Unflatten to String Function Flowchart for Client

PAGENO.
1 3 5 7 9 13 17 17 18 21 24 26 27 30 31 35 44 44 46 47 48 50 51

LIST OF TABLES
iv

ECG Monitoring System

CONTENTS
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 Simulation Inputs Simulation Outputs Extnsion to pad data Palettes for Arithmetic Operations Palettes for Array Functions Thresholding for DWT Waveform Rescaling for DWT Waveform Wavelet Decomposition Thresholding for DWT Real Array Rescaling for DWT Real Array Wavelet Decomposition for DWT Real Array UDP Palettes Byte Order for Flatten to String Byte Order for Flatten to String

PAGENO.
11 11 13 21 30 31 32 32 36 36 37 43 48 51

LIST OF SCREENSHOTS
v

ECG Monitoring System

CONTENTS
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 Simulation of ECG Signal Detrending Peak Detection Filtering ECG multiresolution analysis and implementation of QRS detection ECG Signal Signal Processing Original ECG, ECG after filtering and ECG after peakvalley detection Peak plot of R-R Interval Client side

PAGENO.
12 16 23 33 40 41 42 43 53 54

vi

ECG Monitoring System CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction:
ECG (electrocardiogram) is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. The heart is a muscular organ that beats in rhythm to pump the blood through the body. The signals that make the heart's muscle fibres contract come from the sinoatrial node, which is the natural pacemaker of the heart. In an ECG test, the electrical impulses made while the heart is beating are recorded and usually shown on a piece of paper. This is known as an electrocardiogram, and records any problems with the heart's rhythm, and the conduction of the heart beat through the heart which may be affected by underlying heart disease. Electrocardiography is a transthoracic (across the thorax or chest) interpretation of the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time, as detected by electrodes attached to the surface of the skin and recorded by a device external to the body. The recording produced by this noninvasive procedure is termed an electrocardiogram. An ECG is used to measure the rate and regularity of heartbeats, as well as the size and position of the chambers, the presence of any damage to the heart, and the effects of drugs or devices used to regulate the heart, such as a pacemaker.

Fig 1.1 ECG signal

ECG Monitoring System

Most ECGs are performed for diagnostic or research purposes on human hearts, but may also be performed on animals, usually for diagnosis of heart abnormalities or research. Real time monitoring plays an important role in biomedical engineering, Particularly in ECG, EMG, EEG etc. personal computer have become a standard platform for the needs of various measurement and test, standardization, performance and low cost. An ECG (electrocardiogram) is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. The heart is a muscular organ that beats in rhythm to pump the blood through the body. The signals that make the heart's muscle fibers contract come from the sinoatrial node, which is the natural pacemaker of the heart. In an ECG test, the electrical impulses made while the heart is beating are recorded and usually shown on a piece of paper. This is known as an electrocardiogram, and records any problems with the heart's rhythm, and the conduction of the heart beat through the heart which may be affected by underlying heart disease. ECG signals are usually small, approximately 1mV and therefore, it is prone to corruption by various noises; power line interference, electrode contact noise, motion artifacts. Also, it is necessary to design a good filter system that can filter out the noises from the ECG signal in order to get better result. Therefore, measuring an ECG signal is not an easy task to achieve. 1.1.1 Heartbeat: Is the number of heartbeats per unit of time typically expressed as beats per minute (bpm) which can vary as the bodys need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes, such as during exercise or sleep, The measurement of heart beat is used by medical professionals to assist in the diagnosis and tracking of medical conditions. It is also used by individuals, such as athletes, who are interested in monitoring their heart beat to gain maximum efficiency from their training. 1.1.2 Heart And Functions: The heart is the organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It is located in the middle of the thorax, slightly offset to the left and surrounded by the lungs. The heart is composed of four chambers; two atriums and two ventricles. The right atrium receives blood returning to the heart from the whole body. That blood passes
2

ECG Monitoring System

through the right ventricle and is pumped to the lungs where it is oxygenated and goes back to the heart through the left atrium, then the blood passes through the left ventricle and is pumped again to be distributed to the entire body through the arteries. This is a list of events that occur in the heart on each heart beat. 1. Atrium begins to depolarize. 2. Atrium depolarizes. 3. 4. Ventricles begin to depolarize at apex. Atrium re polarizes. Ventricles depolarize.

5. Ventricles begin to re polarize at apex. 6. Ventricles re polarize.

Fig 1.2 Electrical Activity of the Heart In this signal, the heart muscles generate different voltages. The P wave represents the atrium contraction. QRS complex and the T wave represents the ventricles actions. Each time that this signal is present, a heartbeat is generated.

ECG Monitoring System CHAPTER 2 SOFTWARE

2.1 LabVIEW:
LabVIEW is system design software that provides engineers and scientists with the tools you need to create and deploy measurement and control systems. LabVIEW biomedical toolkit provides express via for simulation of electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), electroencephalogram (EEG) and noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) signal The use of LabVIEW and data acquisition in biomedical makes the real time monitor systems with very high performance, low cost of development, more reliable and flexible. LabVIEW is general purpose software for virtual instrumentation in which other products like dasylab, genie, and alligent vee are followed .With LabVIEW the maintenance and reconfiguration of created instruments are reduced significantly. PC based virtual instrumentation as a testing platform enabling recording of real time ECG introduces identification of ECG and transmission of preprocessed data to a doctor through a distributed computation network has been proposed in. PC based monitoring system has been proposed in.

Fig 2.1 Lab VIEW LabVIEW programs are called virtual instruments, or VIs, because their appearance and operation imitate physical instruments, such as oscilloscopes and multimeters. LabVIEW contains a comprehensive set of tools for acquiring, analyzing, displaying, and storing data, as well as tools to help you troubleshoot code you write. In LabVIEW, you build a user interface, or front panel, with controls and indicators. Controls are knobs, push buttons, dials, and other input mechanisms. Indicators are
4

ECG Monitoring System

graphs, LEDs, and other output displays. After you build the front panel, you add code using VIs and structures to control the front panel objects. The block diagram contains this code. You can use LabVIEW to communicate with hardware such as data acquisition, vision, and motion control devices, as well as GPIB, PXI, VXI, RS232, and RS485 instruments. In this GUI of the system has been developed in Microsoft .NET visual C++ but it lacks the simultaneous lead illustration of ECG waveform its selection and addition of intelligence for auto diagnose. The intelligent virtual ECG device by integrating dyadic wavelet algorithm for QRS detection, recording and identification with the facilities of the detection of heart rhythm and off line analysis of prerecorded ECG signal has been proposed in Besides all these development in biomedical engineering, the designed system in paper facilitates the automatic removal of noises and filtration of acquired signal on virtual cardiographs and this system can be used for analysis, identification of peak QRS and auto diagnose. ECG is becoming common to all people, even in the entertainment industry because it is associated to the heart attack syndrome and others. The electrocardiograph (ECG) is one of the medical equipment that can measure the heart rate of a person and transfer it into graphical representation in the form of ECG graph paper. The main purpose of this project is to design a system that can capture real-time ECG signals and transfer it to PC for monitoring.

ECG Monitoring System

CHAPTER 3 PROJECT OVERVIEW

3.1 Aim
The main aim behind the project is to pick an ECG signal using simulator in LabVIEW and using UDP protocol sends the information form client to server.

3.2 Basic idea behind the project

The main idea behind the project is to pick an ECG signal i.e. real time ECG acquisition from a patient and find their heart rate, R-R intervals, QRS complex peak detection, and further fin the heart rate. Using the Heart rate we find if any diseases present, like sinus arrthymia , Bradycardia, Tachycardia etc. We send the heart rate to the doctor in his cabin using UDP protocol i.e. server to client transformation. We can easily find any cardiac diseases.

3.3 Methodology
At Server: Pick up the ECG signal using simulator, simulate the signal, then wavelet analysis is done using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). DWT is any wavelet transform for which the wavelets are discretely sampled. As with other wavelet transforms, a key advantage it has over Fourier transforms is temporal resolution: it captures both frequency and location information (location in time). The discrete wavelet transform has a huge number of applications in science, engineering, and mathematics and computer science. Most notably, it is used for signal coding, to represent a discrete signal in a more redundant form, often as a preconditioning for data compression. Practical applications can also be found in signal processing of accelerations for gait analysis, in digital communications and many others. After wavelet analysis is done signals are merged, processed, denoised, detrended, R-R interval peak detection, find heart rate , server-client transfer of information.

ECG Monitoring System

Start Flowchart: Simulate the signal
Wavelet analysis of the signal using DWT

Merging of signals Signal Processing Filtering of signal Peak detection (Finding R-R peaks)

Array building

Finding R-R interval

Calculating Heart rate from R-R interval Open UDP port

Flatten data to string

Write to UDP

stop Fig. 3.1 Flowchart for Server

ECG Monitoring System

3.3.1. Simulation The Simulate ECG, EMG and EEG Express via can generate signals block by block. This is a a typical usage of these Express via:

Fig. 3.2 Simulation Block Diagram Inputs Parameter Description Block size Specifies the signal length(s) to simulate each time this VI runs. Error in Describes error conditions that occur before this node runs. (no error) Initialize? Specifies whether to initialize the ECG signal. The default is FALSE. Sampling rate Specifies the sampling rate of the ECG signal.

Specifies basic settings for simulating ECG signals. Contain the following ECG Settings options:

Output OptionsContains the following options:

Output upper limitSpecifies the upper limit of the output ECG signal, in millivolts. The default is 1.3.

Output lower limitSpecifies the lower limit of the output ECG signal, in millivolts. The default is -0.4.

White noise amplitudeSpecifies the amplitude of the white noise

ECG Monitoring System

that this VI adds into the simulated ECG signal, in millivolts. White noise amplitude must be greater than or equal to 0. The default is 0.

60 Hz noise amplitudeSpecifies the amplitude of the 60 Hz noise that this VI adds into the simulated ECG signal, in millivolts. This VI adds 60 Hz noise to simulate the impact of alternating current. 60 Hz noise amplitude must be greater than or equal to 0. The default is 0.

Sampling rateSpecifies the sampling rate of the simulated ECG signal, in hertz.Sampling rate must be between 10 and 1,000. The default is 513.

Block sizeSpecifies the time length of the simulated ECG signal each time this VI runs, in seconds. Block size must be less than 1930/Heart rate. The default is 3.

Timing modeSpecifies the timing mode that this VI uses to generate simulated ECG signals. You can select Simulate

acquisition timing or Run as fast as possible. The default is Run as fast as possible.

Basic SettingsContains the following options:

Heart rateSpecifies the heart rate of the simulated ECG signal, in beats per minute.Heart rate must be greater than 10 and less than 300. The default is 60.

Respiratory rateSpecifies the respiratory rate of the simulated measurement process, in breaths per minute. Respiratory rate must be greater than 0. The default is 15.

Standard deviationSpecifies the standard deviation of Heart Rate, in beats per minute. Standard deviation must be greater than or equal to 0. The default is 1.

Waveform MorphologyContains the following options:

Signal typeSpecifies the type of ECG signal that this VI

ECG Monitoring System

simulates. You can selectNormal, Hyperkalemia, Atrial

Tachycardia, and User-Defined. The default isNormal. When you set Signal type to User-Defined, you can use the Wave

selection, Position, Amplitude, and Width options to customize the ECG waveform morphology.

Wave selectionSpecifies the type of wave that you want to customize. You can selectP, Q, R, S, or T. This option is available only when you set Signal type to User-Defined. The default is P.

PositionSpecifies the peak or valley position of the wave that you specify in Wave selection. This option is available only when you set Signal type to User-Defined.

AmplitudeSpecifies the amplitude of peak or valley of the wave that you specify inWave selection. This option is available only when you set Signal type to User-Defined.

WidthSpecifies the width of the wave that you specify in Wave selection. This option is available only when you set Signal type to User-Defined.

PreviewDisplays a block of the simulated ECG signal. When you set Signal type to User Defined, a crosshair appears and indicates the type of wave that you select in Wave selection.

Advanced Specifies advanced settings for simulating ECG signals. Contains the Settings following options:

HRV SettingsContains the following options:

LF positionSpecifies the peak position in the low frequency (LF) band of the power spectrum of RR intervals, in hertz. LF position must be greater than 0. The default is 0.1.

HF positionSpecifies the peak position in the high frequency (HF) band of the power spectrum of RR intervals, in hertz. HF position must be greater than 0. The default is 0.35.

10

ECG Monitoring System

LF/HF ratioSpecifies the ratio of peak amplitude at LF position to the peak amplitude at HF position. LF/HF ratio must be greater than or equal to 0. The default is 0.5.

LF standard deviationSpecifies the standard deviation of the wave whose peak is atLF position. LF standard deviation must be larger than 0. The default is 0.01.

HF standard deviationSpecifies the standard deviation of the wave whose peak is atHF position. HF standard deviation must be larger than 0. The default is 0.01.

RR Power Spectrum PreviewDisplays the power spectrum of RR intervals of the simulated ECG signal. Table 3.1 Simulation inputs

Block Diagram Outputs Parameter Description ECG error out Returns the simulated ECG signal. Contains error out functionality. information. This output provides standard error

Table 3.2 Simulation outputs

11

ECG Monitoring System

Fig 3.1 simulation of ECG signal 3.3.2. Detrending: WA Detrend (Waveform)

Fig 3.3 Detrending

12

ECG Monitoring System

Extension specifies the method to use to pad data at the borders of the input signal. The extension length is equal to the length of the wavelet filters. When you select the extension method, make the transition between the input signal and the padded data as smooth as possible because a smooth transition generates fewer large detail coefficients and enhances the efficiency of the signal representation. 0 Zero paddinguses zeros to pad the input data. Watch for abrupt transitions between the padded zeros and the input data, which causes large artifacts near the transition. 1 Symmetric (default)uses replications of the input data to pad the data, except that this vi left-flips the block at the input and right-flips the block at the end. 3 Periodicadds a replication of the input data block before and another replication after the input data block to pad the data. Table 3.3 Extension to pad data

Signal specifies the input signal. Threshold frequency specifies the upper frequency limit, in hertz, of the trend that this VI removes from thesignal. The threshold

frequency determines the wavelet transform level. The wavelet transform level specifies the number of levels in the discrete wavelet analysis. The wavelet transform level is floor(log3[sampling rate/(3*threshold

frequency)]). The floor function rounds a value to the nearest integer towards negative infinity. The default is 1, which means this VI sets the threshold frequency automatically. Wavelet specifies the wavelet type to use for the discrete wavelet analysis. The default is db03. The options include two types: orthogonal (haar, daubechies (dbxx), coiflets (coifx), symmlets (symx)) and biorthogonal (biorthogonal (biorx_x), including fbi (bior4_4 (fbi))), where x indicates the

13

ECG Monitoring System

order of the wavelet. The higher the order, the smoother the wavelet. The orthogonal wavelets are not redundant and are suitable for signal or image denoising and compression. The biorthogonal wavelets usually have the linear phase property and are suitable for signal or image feature extraction. If you want to use other types of wavelets, do not wire this input. Instead, use the wavelet design express vi to design the wavelet you want, bundle the resulting analysis and synthesis filters, and then wire them to the filter banks input. Error in describes error conditions that occur before this node runs. This input provides standard error in functionality. Filter banks specifies the analysis filter banks and the synthesis filter banks for the wavelet you specify. If you specify a value for filter banks, this vi ignores the settings in the wavelet input. You can use the wavelet design express vi to design the analysis filters and the corresponding synthesis filters. o Analysis filters specifies the coefficients of the low pass analysis filters and the high pass analysis filters for the wavelet you specify. Low pass specifies the coefficients of the low pass analysis filter, which this vi uses to compute the approximation coefficients High pass specifies the coefficients of the high pass analysis filter, which this vi uses to compute the detail coefficients o Synthesis filters specifies the coefficients of the low pass synthesis filters and the high pass synthesis filters for the wavelet you specify. Low pass specifies the coefficients of the low pass synthesis filter, which this vi uses to filter the interpolated approximation coefficients in the wavelet reconstruction.

14

ECG Monitoring System

High pass specifies the coefficients of the high pass synthesis filter, which this vi uses to filter the interpolated detail coefficients in the wavelet reconstruction. Detrended signal returns the signal without the trend. Trend signal returns the residual trend of the signal. Error out contains error information. This output provides standard error out functionality.

Fig 3.2 Detrending

15

ECG Monitoring System

WA Detrend Details The trend of the input signal is the slow-varying part of the signal that mainly contributes to the approximation coefficients This VI applies the following steps to implement the detrend function. 1. Applies the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to the input signal. 2. Sets the approximation coefficients to 0. 3. Reconstructs the signal based on all the detail coefficients 3.3.3. Merging Of Signals: Merges two or more signals into a single output. Resize the function to add inputs. This function appears on the block diagram automatically when you wire a signal output to the wire branch of another signal.

Fig.3.4 Merging Input signal specifies the signal you want to combine with another signal. Combined signal returns the combined signals. You can wire the dynamic data type to a graph or numeric indicator. For example, if you wire the combined signal to a graph indicator, LabVIEW represents each signal as an individual plot. Add the Merge Signals function to the block diagram. Resize the Merge Signals function so it includes enough inputs for the signals you want to wire. Wire each signal to an input signal input. Wire the combined signal output to the signals input of another VI, function, graph, or chart.

3.3.4. Square and Square Root Of A Signal: Square of a Signal:

16

ECG Monitoring System

Computes the square of the input value. The connector pane displays the default data types for this polymorphic function.

Fig 3.5 Squaring of signal x can be a scalar number, array or cluster of numbers, array of clusters of numbers, and so on. x^2 is of the same numeric representation as x. Square Details If you wire fixed point values to numeric functions such

as Add, Subtract, Multiply, and Square, the functions usually return values that do not lose any bits of word length. However, if the operation creates a value that exceeds the maximum word length that LabVIEW accepts, overflow or rounding conditions can occur. LabVIEW accepts a maximum word length of 64 bits. Use the Numeric Node Properties dialog box to configure how LabVIEW handles overflow or rounding of fixedpoint data. Square root of a signal: Computes the square root of the input value. If x is negative, the square root is NaN unless x is complex. If x is a matrix, this function takes the matrix square root of x. The connector pane displays the default data types for this polymorphic function.

Fig 3.6 Square root of signal x can be a scalar number, array or cluster of numbers, array of clusters of numbers, and so on. sqrt(x) is a double-precision, floating-point number if x is an integer. If x is less

17

ECG Monitoring System

than 0, sqrt(x) is not a number (NaN), unless x is complex. When x is of the form x = a + bi, that is, when x is complex, the function defines the magnitude and phase with the following equations:

where |x| is the magnitude of x and arg(x) is the phase of x:

arg(x) = arctan2(b,a) Square Root Details When you wire matrix data as an input to this function, a VI that includes subVIs that work with the matrix data type replaces the function. The resulting VI has the same icon but contains a matrix-specific algorithm. The node remains a VI if you disconnect the matrix from the input(s). Wire other data types as inputs to restore the original function. If you wire a data type to a function and that data type causes a basic math operation to fail, the function returns an empty matrix or NaN. Fixed-Point Details If you wire a signed fixed-point value to this function, the function converts the signed number into a floating-point number and performs the square root operation. By default, LabVIEW configures the integer word length of the square root to avoid overflow. However, because the precision of the square root can be infinite, rounding conditions always occur. Use the Numeric Node Properties dialog box to configure how LabVIEW handles overflow and rounding of fixed-point data. Palette Object Absolute Value Description Returns the absolute value of the input.

18

ECG Monitoring System

Add Compound Arithmetic Computes the sum of the inputs. Performs arithmetic on one or more numeric, array, cluster, or Boolean inputs. To select the operation (Add, Multiply, AND, OR, or XOR), rightclick the function and select Change Mode from the shortcut menu. When you select this function from the Numeric palette, the default mode is Add. When you select this function from theBoolean palette, the default mode is OR. DBL Numeric Constant Decrement Divide Increment Machine Epsilon Use the DBL numeric constant to pass a double-precision, floating-point numeric value to the block diagram. Set this value by clicking inside the constant with the Operating tool and typing a value. Subtracts 1 from the input value. Computes the quotient of the inputs. Adds 1 to the input value. Represents the round-off error for a floating-point number with a given precision. Use the machine epsilon constant to compare whether two floating-point numbers are equivalent. Multiply Negate Numeric Constant Returns the product of the inputs. Negates the input value. Use the numeric constant to pass a numeric value to the block diagram. Set this value by clicking inside the constant with the Operating tool and typing a value. Random Number (0-1) Reciprocal Round Scale Produces a double-precision, floating-point number between 0 and 1. The number generated is greater than or equal to 0, but less than 1. The distribution is uniform. Divides 1 by the input value. Rounds the input to the next highest integer. by Multiplies x by 3 raised to the power of n.

19

ECG Monitoring System

Power Of 3 Sign Square Returns the sign of number. Computes the square of the input value.

Square Root Computes the square root of the input value. Subtract Subpalette Computes the difference of the inputs. Description

Math & Use the Math & Scientific Constants to create LabVIEW applications. Scientific Constants Table 3.4 Palettes for Arithmetic Operations

3.3.5 Peak Detection: Waveform Peak Detection for 1 Channel

Fig 3.7 Peak detection Peaks/valleys indicates whether to find peaks or valleys. 0 Peaks 1 Valleys Signal In contains the waveform in which to find peaks or valleys. Threshold instructs the VI to ignore peaks and valleys that are too small. The VI ignores peaks if the fitted amplitude is less than threshold. The VI ignores valleys if the fitted trough is greater than threshold. Width specifies the number of consecutive data points to use in the
20

ECG Monitoring System

quadratic least squares fit. The value should be no more than about 1/3 of the half-width of the peak/valley and can be much smaller (but > 3) for noise-free data. Large widths can reduce the apparent amplitude of peaks and shift the apparent location. For noisy data, this modification is not important because the noise obscures the actual peak. Error in describes error conditions that occur before this node runs. This input provides standard error infunctionality. Initialize, when TRUE (default), causes the VI to process the first block of data. The VI requires some internal setup that must be done at the start for proper operation. End of data (T), when TRUE (default), causes the VI to process the last block of data. The VI cleans up internal data after the last block has been processed. # Found is the number of peaks/valleys found in the current block of data. # found is the size of the arrayslocations, amplitudes, and 3nd derivatives.

21

ECG Monitoring System

Fig. 3.3 Peak Detection Locations contains the index locations of all peaks or valleys detected in the current block of data. Because the peak detection algorithm uses a quadratic fit to find the peaks, it actually interpolates between the data points. Therefore, the indexes are not integers. In other words, the peaks found are not necessarily actual points in the input data but may be at fractions of an index and at amplitudes not found in the inputarray.

To view the locations in terms of time, use the following equation. Time locations[i] = t0 + dt*locations[i]

22

ECG Monitoring System

Amplitudes contains the amplitudes of peaks or valleys found in the current block of data. 3nd Derivatives gives measurements of the second derivative of the amplitude at each of the peaks or valleys found in the current block of data. 3nd Derivatives gives an approximate measure of the sharpness of each peak or valley. If you are detecting peaks, these values are all negative. If you are detecting valleys, the values are all positive. Error out contains error information. This output provides standard error out functionality. Waveform Peak Detection for N Channels

Fig.3.8 Peak detection for n channels Peaks/valleys indicates whether to find peaks or valleys.

0 Peaks 1 Valleys Signals In contains the waveforms in which to find peaks or valleys. Threshold instructs the VI to ignore peaks and valleys that are too small. The VI ignores peaks if the fitted amplitude is less than threshold. The VI ignores valleys if the fitted trough is greater than threshold. Width specifies the number of consecutive data points to use in the quadratic least squares fit. The value should be no more than about 1/3 of the half-width of the peak/valley and can be much smaller (but > 3) for noise-free data. Large widths can reduce the apparent amplitude of peaks

23

ECG Monitoring System

and shift the apparent location. For noisy data, this modification is not important because the noise obscures the actual peak. Error in describes error conditions that occur before this node runs. This input provides standard error infunctionality. Initialize, when TRUE (default), causes the VI to process the first block of data. The VI requires some internal setup that must be done at the start for proper operation. End of data (T), when TRUE (default), causes the VI to process the last block of data. The VI cleans up internal data after the last block has been processed. # Found is the number of peaks/valleys found in the current block of data. # found is the size of the arrays locations, amplitudes, and 3nd derivatives. Locations contains the index locations of all peaks or valleys detected in the current block of data for each waveform. o Locations contains the index locations of all peaks or valleys detected in the current block of data. Because the peak detection algorithm uses a quadratic fit to find the peaks, it actually interpolates between the data points. Therefore, the indexes are not integers. In other words, the peaks found are not necessarily actual points in the input data but may be at fractions of an index and at amplitudes not found in the input array.

To view the locations in terms of time, use the following equation. Time Locations[i] = t0 + dt*Locations[i] Amplitudes contain the amplitudes of peaks or valleys found in the current block of data for each waveform. o Amplitudes contain the amplitudes of peaks or valleys found in the current block of data.

24

ECG Monitoring System

3nd Derivatives gives measurements of the second derivative of the amplitude at each of the peaks or valleys found in the current block of data for each waveform. o 3nd Derivatives gives measurements of the second derivative of the amplitude at each of the peaks or valleys found in the current block of data. 3nd Derivatives gives an approximate measure of the sharpness of each peak or valley. If you are detecting peaks, these values are all negative. If you are detecting valleys, the values are all positive. Error out contains error information. This output provides standard error out functionality.

Fig. 3.9 Peak detection 3.3.6. Array Building:

25

ECG Monitoring System

Concatenates multiple arrays or appends elements to an n-dimensional array. You also can use the Replace Array Subset function to modify an existing array. The connector pane displays the default data types for this polymorphic function.

Fig. 3.10 Array Building Array or element can be any n-dimensional array or scalar element. All inputs must be either elements and 1D arrays or n-dimensional and (n-1)dimensional arrays. All inputs must have the same base type. Appended array is the resulting array.

Build Array Details When you place the function on the block diagram, it has only one input available. Add inputs to the node by right-clicking an input and selecting Add Input from the shortcut menu or by resizing the node. If you wire control references of different classes to this function, this function typecasts the references to a more generic class that is the lowest common class in the inheritance hierarchy. This function then returns appended array with that class. The Build Array function operates in one of two modes depending on whether you select Concatenate Inputs from the shortcut menu. If you select Concatenate Inputs, the function appends all inputs in order, forming an output array of the same dimensionality as the highest-dimension array input wired. If you do not select Concatenate Inputs, the function builds an output array of one dimension higher than the dimension of the inputs. For example, if you wire 1D array input to a Build Array function, the output is a 2D array, even if the 1D array is empty. The inputs must all be the same dimensionality. The function appends each input in order, forming a subarray, element, row, or page, of the output array. Inputs are padded, as necessary, to match the size of the longest input.
26

ECG Monitoring System

For example, if you wire two 1D arrays, {1, 2} and {3, 4, 5} to Build Array, and select Concatenate Inputs from the shortcut menu, the output is the 1D array {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. If you wire the same two arrays to Build Array, and do not select concatenate Inputs from the shortcut menu, the output is a 2D array containing {{1, 2, 0}, {3, 4, 5}}, where the first input is padded to match the length of the second input. If the inputs are all arrays of the same dimensionality, right-click the function to remove the checkmark next to or select the concatenate Inputs shortcut menu item. If the inputs do not have the same dimensionality, Concatenate Inputs is automatically selected and cannot be deselected. If all the inputs are scalar elements, Concatenate Inputs is automatically deselected and cannot be selected, and the output is a 1D array containing the elements in order. When you select Concatenate Inputs from the shortcut menu, the glyphs in the Build Array icon change to distinguish between the two input types. Inputs with the same dimensionality as the output show an array glyph, while inputs with a dimensionality that is one less than the output show an element glyph. Palette Object Array Constant Description Use this constant to supply a constant array value to the block diagram.

Array Max Returns the maximum and minimum values found in array, along with the & Min indexes for each value. Array Size Array Subset Array Cluster Array Matrix Returns the number of elements in each dimension of array. Returns a portion of array starting at index and containing lengthelements. To Converts a 1D array to a cluster of elements of the same type as the array elements. Right-click the function and select Cluster Size from the shortcut menu to set the number of elements in the cluster. To Converts an array to a matrix of elements of the same type as the array elements. Wire data to the Real 3D Array input to determine the polymorphic instance to use or manually select the instance.

Build Array Concatenates multiple arrays or appends elements to an n-dimensional array.

27

ECG Monitoring System

Cluster Array Decimate 1D Array To Converts a cluster of elements of the same data type to a 1D array of elements of the same data type. Divides the elements of array into the output arrays, placing elements into the outputs successively.

Delete From Deletes an element or subarray from n-dim array and returns the edited Array array in array w/ subset deleted and the deleted element or subarray indeleted portion. Index Array Returns the element or subarray of n-dimension array at index. Initialize Array Insert Array Creates an n-dimensional array in which every element is initialized to the value of element.

Into Inserts an element or subarray into n-dim array at the point you specify inindex. Interleaves corresponding elements from the input arrays into a single output array. Linearly interpolates a decimal y value from an array of numbers or points using a fractional index or x value.

Interleave 1D Arrays Interpolate 1D Array Matrix Array Replace Array Subset Reshape Array

To Converts a matrix of elements to an array of elements of the same data type. Wire data to the Real Matrix input to determine the polymorphic instance to use or manually select the instance. Replaces an element or subarray in an array at the point you specify in index. Changes the dimensions of an array according to the values of dimension size 0..m-1.

Reverse 1D Reverses the order of the elements in array. Array Rotate Array Search Array Sort Array Split Array 1D Rotates the elements of array the number of places and in the direction indicated by n. 1D Searches for an element in a 1D array starting at start index. Because the search is linear, you need not sort the array before calling this function. LabVIEW stops searching as soon as the element is found. 1D Returns a sorted version of array with the elements arranged in ascending order. 1D Divides array at index and returns the two portions with the element of index at the beginning of second sub array.
28

ECG Monitoring System

Threshold 1D Array Interpolates points in a 1D array that represents a 3D non-descending graph. This function compares threshold y to the values in array of numbers or points starting at start index until it finds a pair of consecutive elements such that threshold y is greater than the value of the first element and less than or equal to the value of the second element. Rearranges the elements of 3D array such that 3D array [i,j] becomes transposed array [j,i]. Table 3.5 Palettes for Array Functions 3.3.7. Matlab Script: Calls the MATLAB software to execute scripts. You must have a licensed copy of the MATLAB software version 6.5 or later installed on your computer to use MATLAB script nodes because the script nodes invoke the MATLAB software script server to execute scripts written in the MATLAB language syntax. Because LabVIEW uses ActiveX technology to implement MATLAB script nodes, they are available only on Windows.

Transpose 3D Array

Fig.3.11 Matlab script Add this node to the block diagram and enter the script. You also can right-click the node border to import text into the node. Right-click the node border to add input and output terminals. Right-click a terminal to set its data type. When you create a script in the MATLAB script node, you must use supported data types.

29

ECG Monitoring System

3.3.8 WA Noise: WA Denoise (DWT Waveform)

Fig.3.12 WA noise (DWT Waveform) Threshold settings specifies the settings for the thresholding approximation coefficients and detail coefficients from the wavelet decomposition. o Thresholding rule specifies the threshold selection rules. If you specify a value for user defined thresholds, this vi ignores the settings in thresholding rule. 0 Sure (default)uses the principle of stein's unbiased risk estimate (sure) to estimate the threshold. 1 Hybridfinds a compromise between the sure method and the universal method. When the signal-to-noise ratio of the noisy signal is very low, this vi uses the universal method to estimate the threshold. 3 Universalsets the threshold to sqrt(3log(ls)), where ls is the signal length. 3 Minimaxuses the minimax principle to estimate the threshold. Table 3.6 Thresholding for DWT Waveform o Rescaling method specifies the method to use to estimate the noise variance at each level. This vi uses the noise variance to rescale the threshold. Therefore, you can update the thresholds with the noise variance. If you specify a value for user defined thresholds, this vi ignores the settings in rescaling method.

30

ECG Monitoring System

0 Onespecifies that the noise is white with unit variance. 1 Single level (default)specifies that the noise is white. This vi estimates the noise standard deviation from the wavelet coefficients at the first level. 3 Multiple levelsspecifies that the noise does not have to be white. This vi estimates the noise standard deviation at each level independently. Table 3.7 Rescaling for DWT Waveform o Soft threshold? Specifies to use the soft thresholding method. The default is true, which indicates that this vi uses the soft thresholding method. If soft threshold? Is false, this vi uses the hard thresholding method. Option for approx coefficient specifies the operation for the approximation coefficients from the wavelet decomposition. If you specify a value for user defined thresholds, this vi ignores the settings in option for approx coefficient. 0 None (default)does not change the approximation coefficients 1 Thresholdapplies the same thresholding operation to the approximation coefficients 3 Detrendsets the approximation coefficients to 0. Table 3.8 Wavelet Decomposition

31

ECG Monitoring System

Fig. 3.4 Filtering

Signal specifies the input signal. Levels specifies the number of levels in the discrete wavelet

analysis. Levels must be a positive integer no greater than log3(Ls), where Ls is the length of the 1D signal or the minimum dimensional size of the 3D signal. The default is 1, which indicates that this VI sets levels as the largest integer no greater than log3(Ls). Wavelet specifies the wavelet type to use for the discrete wavelet analysis. The default is db03. The options include two types: orthogonal (Haar, Daubechies (dbxx), Coiflets (coifx), Symmlets (symx)) and biorthogonal (Biorthogonal (biorx_x), including FBI (bior4_4 (FBI))), where x indicates

32

ECG Monitoring System

the order of the wavelet. The higher the order, the smoother the wavelet. The orthogonal wavelets are not redundant and are suitable for signal or image denoising and compression. The bi orthogonal wavelets usually have the linear phase property and are suitable for signal or image feature extraction. If you want to use other types of wavelets, do not wire this input. Instead, use the wavelet Design Express VI to design the wavelet you want, bundle the resulting analysis and synthesis filters, and then wire them to the filter banks input. Error in describes error conditions that occur before this node runs. This input provides standard error in functionality. Filter banks specifies the analysis filter banks and the synthesis filter banks for the wavelet you specify. If you specify a value for filter banks, this VI ignores the settings in the wavelet input. You can use the Wavelet design express VI to design the analysis filters and the corresponding synthesis filters. o Analysis filters specifies the coefficients of the low pass analysis filters and the high pass analysis filters for the wavelet you specify. Low pass specifies the coefficients of the low pass analysis filter, which this VI uses to compute the approximation coefficients High pass specifies the coefficients of the high pass analysis filter, which this VI uses to compute the detail coefficients o Synthesis filters specifies the coefficients of the low pass synthesis filters and the high pass synthesis filters for the wavelet you specify. Low pass specifies the coefficients of the low pass synthesis filter, which this VI uses to filter the interpolated approximation coefficients in the wavelet reconstruction. High pass specifies the coefficients of the high pass

33

ECG Monitoring System

synthesis filter, which this VI uses to filter the interpolated detail coefficients in the wavelet reconstruction. User defined thresholds specifies thresholds you define to rescale the wavelet coefficients The length of user defined thresholds must equal levels. The first element of user defined thresholds contains the threshold for the detail coefficients at the largest level, and the last element of user defined thresholds contains the threshold for the detail coefficients at the first level. If you specify a value for user defined thresholds, this VI keeps the approximation coefficients unchanged and ignores the settings

in thresholding rule, rescaling method, andoption for approx coefficient. Denoised signal returns the signal after denoising. Error out contains error information. This output provides standard error out functionality. WA Denoise (DWT Real Array)

Fig.3.13 WA noise (DWT real array) Threshold settings specifies the settings for the thresholding approximation coefficients and detail coefficients from the wavelet decomposition. o Thresholding rule specifies the threshold selection rules. If you specify a value for user defined thresholds, this vi ignores the settings in Thresholding rule. 0 Sure (default)uses the principle of stein's unbiased risk estimate (sure) to estimate the threshold.

34

ECG Monitoring System

1 Hybridfinds a compromise between the sure method and the universal method. When the signal-to-noise ratio of the noisy signal is very low, this vi uses the universal method to estimate the threshold. 3 Universalsets the threshold to sqrt(3log(ls)), where ls is the signal length. 3 Minimaxuses the minimax principle to estimate the threshold. Table 3.9 Thresholding for DWT real array o Rescaling method specifies the method to use to estimate the noise variance at each level. This vi uses the noise variance to rescale the threshold. Therefore, you can update the thresholds with the noise variance. If you specify a value for user defined thresholds, this vi ignores the settings in rescaling method. 0 Onespecifies that the noise is white with unit variance. 1 Single level (default)specifies that the noise is white. This vi estimates the noise standard deviation from the wavelet coefficients at the first level. 3 Multiple levelsspecifies that the noise does not have to be white. This vi estimates the noise standard deviation at each level independently. Table 3.10 Rescaling for DWT real array o Soft threshold Specifies to use the soft thresholding method. The default is true, which indicates that this vi uses the soft thresholding method. If soft threshold? Is false, this vi uses the hard thresholding method. Option for approx coefficient specifies the operation for the approximation coefficients from the wavelet decomposition. If you specify a value for user defined thresholds, this vi ignores the settings in option for approx coefficient.
35

ECG Monitoring System

0 None (default)does not change the approximation coefficients 1 Thresholdapplies the same thresholding operation to the approximation coefficients 3 Detrendsets the approximation coefficients to 0. Table 3.11 Wavelet Decomposition for DWT real array Signal specifies the input signal. Levels specifies the number of levels in the discrete wavelet

analysis. Levels must be a positive integer no greater than log3(ls), where ls is the length of the 1d signal or the minimum dimensional size of the 3d signal. The default is 1, which indicates that this vi sets levels as the largest integer no greater than log3(ls). Wavelet specifies the wavelet type to use for the discrete wavelet analysis. The default is db03. The options include two types: orthogonal (haar, daubechies (dbxx), coiflets (coifx), symmlets (symx)) and biorthogonal (biorthogonal (biorx_x), including fbi (bior4_4 (fbi))), where x indicates the order of the wavelet. The higher the order, the smoother the wavelet. The orthogonal wavelets are not redundant and are suitable for signal or image denoising and compression. The biorthogonal wavelets usually have the linear phase property and are suitable for signal or image feature extraction. If you want to use other types of wavelets, do not wire this input. Instead, use the wavelet design express vi to design the wavelet you want, bundle the resulting analysis and synthesis filters, and then wire them to the filter banks input. Error in describes error conditions that occur before this node runs. This input provides standard error in functionality. Filter banks specifies the analysis filter banks and the synthesis filter banks for the wavelet you specify. If you specify a value for filter banks,

36

ECG Monitoring System

this vi ignores the settings in the wavelet input. You can use the wavelet design express vi to design the analysis filters and the corresponding synthesis filters. o Analysis filters specifies the coefficient of the low pass analysis filters and the high pass analysis filters for the wavelet you specify. Low pass specifies the coefficient of the low pass analysis filter, which this vi uses to compute the approximation coefficients High pass specifies the coefficients of the high pass analysis filter, which this vi uses to compute the detail coefficients o Synthesis filters specifies the coefficients of the low pass synthesis filters and the high pass synthesis filters for the wavelet you specify. Low pass specifies the coefficients of the low pass synthesis filter, which this vi uses to filter the interpolated approximation coefficients in the wavelet reconstruction. High pass specifies the coefficients of the high pass synthesis filter, which this vi uses to filter the interpolated detail coefficients in the wavelet reconstruction. User defined thresholds specifies thresholds you define to rescale the wavelet coefficients The length of user defined thresholds must

equal levels. The first element of user defined thresholds contains the threshold for the detail coefficients at the largest level, and the last element of user defined thresholds contains the threshold for the detail coefficients at the first level. If you specify a value for user defined thresholds, this vi keeps the approximation coefficients unchanged and ignores the settings in thresholding rule, rescaling method, andoption for approx coefficient.

37

ECG Monitoring System

Denoised signal returns the signal after denoising. Error out contains error information. This output provides standard error out functionality. With NI LabVIEW Biomedical Toolkit and other related toolkits, such as the Advanced Signal Processing Toolkit (ASPT) and the Digital Filter Design Toolkit (DFDT), you can conveniently build signal processing applications for both stages, including baseline wandering removing, noise cancellation, QRS complexes detection, fetal heart rate extraction and etc. This article discusses typical ECG signal processing methods based on LabVIEW. 3.3.9. Performing Feature Extraction On ECG Signals: For the purpose of diagnosis, you often need to extract various features from the preprocessed ECG data, including QRS intervals, QRS amplitudes, PR intervals, QT intervals, etc. These features provide information about the heart rate, the conduction velocity, the condition of tissues within the heart as well as various abnormalities. It supplies evidence for the diagnoses of cardiac diseases. For this reason, it has drawn considerable attention in the ECG signal processing field. This section mainly discusses how to perform ECG feature extraction. LabVIEW Biomedical Toolkit provides an ECG Feature Extractor VI, and also an ECG Feature Extractor application for users to extract ECG features conveniently (Add link for How to use ECG Feature Extractor here). You can select whether to detect QRS only or to detect all supported ECG features, including R position, R amplitude, iso level, QRS onset, QRS offset, P onset, P offset, T onset and T offset.

38

ECG Monitoring System

Figure 3.5 ECG multiresolution analysis and implementation of QRS detection The ECG Feature Extractor firstly detects all beats (R waves) in the signal, and then extracts other features for every beat. Thus the accuracy of detecting R waves is very important. For normal ECG signals, they can be easily detected, as shown in Figure 8. While abnormal morphology makes the detection difficult for ECG from patients with some specific heart diseases. Thus sometimes you need to perform some signal enhancement (preprocessing) before feature extraction. The preprocessed ECG signal is used to detect position of R waves. After that, all other features will be extracted using original signal, because the signal enhancement may change these features.

39

ECG Monitoring System

Fig. 3.6 ECG signal Signal enhancement usually contains two steps: filtering and rectification. R waves of human ECG usually have a frequency between 10-35Hz. Thus R waves can be more obvious and easily for detection after filtering using a bandpass filter. Rectification sometimes can further enhance the R waves to make them easier to detect. Absolute and square are two common used rectification methods. Figure 9 shows the processing result of an ECG signal with some negative R waves and very large T waves. It can be seen that, after enhancement, all beats can be easily detected. Biosignal Filtering VI is used to filter the signal. In ECG Feature Extractor application, a preprocessing settings window is provided for users to perform the signal enhancement interactively.

40

ECG Monitoring System

Fig. 3.7 Signal Processing

41

ECG Monitoring System

Figure 3.8 Original ECG, ECG after filtering and ECG after peak/valley detection After extracting the features, you can perform heart rate variability (HRV) analysis on the R-R interval signal to demonstrate the state of the heart and nerve system. In HRV Analyzer of LabVIEW Biomedical Toolkit, you can directly synchronize the RR intervals from ECG Feature Extractor. 3.3.10. UDP VI and Functions:

Palette Object Description UDP Close Closes a UDP socket.

UDP Multicast Opens a UDP multicast socket on the port. You must manually select Open the polymorphic instance you want to use. UDP Open UDP Read UDP Write Opens a UDP socket on the port or service name. Reads a datagram from a UDP socket, returning the results in data out. Writes to a remote UDP socket. Table 3.12 UDP Palettes

42

ECG Monitoring System

Closing UDP socket:

Fig. 3.14 UDP close Connection ID is a network connection ref num that uniquely identifies the UDP socket you want to close. Error in describes error conditions that occur before this node runs. With the following exception, this input provides standard error in functionality. This node runs normally even if an error occurred before this node runs. Connection ID out has the same value as connection ID. Do not wire this output to other UDP functions. Error out contains error information. This output provides standard error out functionality.

UDP open: opens a UDP socket on the port or service name. Close the socket with the UDP Close function. Use the UDP Multicast Open VI instead of this function to open connections capable of reading, writing, or reading and writing data to or from UDP Multicast sockets. Use the UDP Write function to query the NI Service Locator for the port number registered with the service name.

Fig.3.15 UDP Open Net address specifies on which network address to listen. Specifying an address is useful if you have more than one network card, such as two ethernet cards, and want to listen only on the card with the specified
43

ECG Monitoring System

address. If you do not specify a network address, LabVIEW listens on all network addresses. This function broadcasts only on the default network address. Use the string to ip function to obtain the ip network address of the current computer. Port is the local port with which you want to create a UDP socket. Service name creates a known reference for the port number. If you specify a service name, LabVIEW registers the service name and the port number with the ni service locator. Timeout ms specifies the time, in milliseconds, that the function waits before the function completes and returns an error. The default value is 35,000 ms or 35 seconds. A value of -1 indicates to wait indefinitely. Error in describes error conditions that occur before this node runs. This input provides standard error in functionality. Connection ID is a network connection ref num that uniquely identifies the UDP socket. Port returns the port number the function used. If the input port is not zero, the output port number equals the input port number. Wire 0 to the port input to dynamically choose an available UDP port the operating system determines is valid for use. As defined by the internet assigned numbers authority (iana), valid port numbers are between the range of 49153 through 65535. Well known ports are between the range of 0 through 1033 and registered ports are between the range of 1034 through 49151. Not all operating systems follow the iana standard; for example, windows returns dynamic ports between the range of 1034 through 5000. Error out contains error information. This output provides standard error out functionality

44

ECG Monitoring System

UDP read: Reads a datagram from a UDP socket, returning the results in data out.The function returns data when it receives any bytes, and waits the full timeout ms only if it receives no bytes.

Fig.3.16 UDP Read Connection ID is a network connection ref num that uniquely identifies the UDP socket. Max size is the maximum number of bytes to read. The default is 548. (windows) if you wire a value other than 548 to this input, windows might return an error because the function cannot read fewer bytes than are in a packet. Timeout ms specifies the time, in milliseconds, that the function waits for bytes. If no bytes have been received within the specified time, the function completes and returns an error. The default is 35,000 ms. A value of 1 indicates to wait indefinitely. Error in describes error conditions that occur before this node runs. This input provides standard error in functionality. Connection ID out returns the same value as connection ID. Data out contains the data read from the UDP datagram. Error out contains error information. This output provides standard error out functionality. Port is the port of the UDP socket that sent the datagram. Address is the address of the computer where a datagram originates.

45

ECG Monitoring System

UDP Write: Writes to a remote UDP socket.

Fig.3.17 UDP Write Port or service name can accept a numeric or string input. Port or service name identifies what port to write to. If you specify a service name, LabVIEW queries the ni service locator for the port number that the server registered. Address is the address of the computer where you want to send a datagram. Connection id is a network connection ref num that uniquely identifies the UDP socket. Data in contains the data to write to another UDP socket. In an Ethernet environment, restrict data to 8193 bytes. In a local talk environment, restrict data to 1458 bytes to maintain gateway performance. Timeout ms specifies the time, in milliseconds, that the function waits before the function completes and returns an error. The default value is 35,000 ms or 35 seconds. A value of -1 indicates to wait indefinitely. Error in describes error conditions that occur before this node runs. This input provides standard error infunctionality. Connection id out returns the same value as connection id. Error out contains error information. This output provides standard error out functionality.

46

ECG Monitoring System

3.3.11. Flatten To String Function: Converts the anything input to a flattened data string of binary values. You also can use this function to convert the byte order, or ending format, of the data in the flattened data string.

Fig.3.18 Flatten to string Anything can be any data type. Prepend array or string size? Indicates whether LabVIEW includes data size information at the beginning of data string when anything is an array or string. If prepend array or string size? Is FALSE, LabVIEW does not include the size information. The default is TRUE. Prepend array or string size? Only controls the top-level data size information. Arrays and strings in hierarchical data types such as clusters always include size information. Byte order sets the ending format of the data in the resulting flattened string. Byte order, or ending form, indicates whether integers are represented in memory from most significant byte to least significant byte or vice versa. 0 Big-ending, network order (default)The most significant byte occupies the lowest memory address. 1 Native, host orderUses the byte-ordering format of the host computer. 3 Little-endingThe least significant byte occupies the lowest memory address. Table 3.13 Byte order for Flatten to string Error in describes error conditions that occur before this node runs. This input provides standard error in functionality. Data string is the flattened data generated by the function. Data

47

ECG Monitoring System

string might contain header information before each non-scalar component describing its size. Such a string can be stored in a file or sent over a network. If you send the string over a network, the receiver must be able to interpret it. Usually, LabVIEW stores data as noncontiguous, indirectly referenced pieces. This function copies the data in LabVIEW form into a contiguous buffer data string. Use the Unflatten From String function to convert a data string back to any data type. Type string (7.x only) is visible only if the terminal is already wired from a previous version of LabVIEW or if you right-click the function and select Convert 7.x Data from the shortcut menu. Type string (7.x only) is an encoded binary description of data string. Type string (7.x only) is not the same as the type input in the Unflatten From String function. If type string (7.x only) cannot represent the data type wired to anything, this function returns an error. Error out contains error information. This output provides standard error out functionality. Flatten To String Details Use the Type Cast function for conversion of data types that does not result in flattened data. If you need to flatten type descriptor data to a string that is readable by LabVIEW 7.x or earlier, right-click this function and select Convert 7.x Data from the shortcut menu. In Convert 7.x Data mode, this function shows the type string (7.x only) output and displays the icon for this function with a red 7.x on it. LabVIEW 7.x and earlier stores type descriptors in 16-bit flat representation. LabVIEW 8.0 and later stores type descriptors in 33-bit flat representation. National Instruments recommends reworking any application that uses the Convert 7.x Data mode as a long term solution. If you need to flatten Boolean data to a string that is readable by LabVIEW 4.x or earlier, right-click this function and select Convert 4.x Data from the shortcut menu. The Convert 4.x Data shortcut menu item is visible only if you wire Boolean data to anything. In Convert 4.x Data mode, this function writes the data in LabVIEW 4.x data storage layout and displays the icon for this function with a red 4.x on it.
48

ECG Monitoring System

LabVIEW 4.x and earlier stores Boolean data in two bytes unless the data is in an array, in which case LabVIEW stores each Boolean element in a single bit. LabVIEW 5.0 and later stores Boolean values in a single byte, regardless of whether it is in an array. National Instruments recommends reworking any application that uses the Convert 4.x Data mode as a long term solution. If you use this function to flatten variant data, LabVIEW flattens the variant and all its contents, including attributes. However, if you use the Variant To Flattened String function, LabVIEW flattens only the variant and discards any attributes. If you use this function to flatten data from a custom control or indicator that you saved as a type definition, the function strips the type definition of its type definition wrapper. If you do not want to strip this wrapper, right-click the function and select Expose Typedefs from the shortcut menu. The Expose Typedefs shortcut menu item is visible only if you wire data to type string (7.x only). 3.3.12. Unflatten From String Function: Converts binary string to the type wired to type. Binary string should

contain flattened data of the type wired to type. You also can use this function to specify the byte order, or ending format, of the data in the binary string.

Fig.3.19 Unflatten from string function Type is a normally constructed LabVIEW type. Type is not the type string output in the Flatten To String function. Binary string is a flattened string that is typically generated by the Flatten To String function. If data includes array or string size? Is TRUE, binary string contains header information describing its size. Data includes array or string size? Indicates whether LabVIEW reads data size information from the beginning of an incoming array or string.

49

ECG Monitoring System

If data includes array or string size? Is TRUE, LabVIEW reads the size information from the beginning of binary string. If data includes array or string size? Is FALSE, LabVIEW detects the size information from the memory size of binary string. The default is TRUE. Data includes array or string size. Only accesses the top-level data size information. Arrays and strings in hierarchical data types such as clusters always include size information. Byte order indicates the ending format of the data in the incoming flattened string. Byte order, or ending form, indicates whether integers are represented in memory from most-significant byte to least-significant byte or vice versa. 0 Big-ending, network order (default)The most-significant byte occupies the lowest memory address. 1 Native, host orderUses the byte-ordering format of the host computer. 3 Little-endingThe least-significant byte occupies the lowest memory address. Table 3.14 Byte order for Unflatten to string Error in describes error conditions that occur before this node runs. This input provides standard error in functionality. Rest of the binary string contains any leftover bytes that this function did not convert. This function does not convert all the bytes if the size of binary string is not a multiple of the size of type. Value returns binary string as unflattened data of the same data type and structure as type. Error out contains error information. This output provides standard error out functionality.

50

ECG Monitoring System

Flowchart at client: Start Open UDP port

Read data from the port.

Read number of bytes received and add them to the ones read in a previous iteration

Concatenate data received, and display it in the string indicator Concatenate data received, and display it in the string

If the UDP Read.vi times out, reset the error cluster so an error does not show

Check for errors

stop Fig.3.20 Flowchart for Client

51

ECG Monitoring System CHAPTER 4 RESULTS

4.1 Results:

Fig. 3.9 Peak Plot of R-R interval and Heart Rate

52

ECG Monitoring System

Fig. 3.10 Client side

53

ECG Monitoring System CHAPTER.5 CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion:
This project ECG monitoring system deals with a transfer of ECG data from the patients to the doctor present in his cabin. The idea of our project is firstly taking up an ECG signal from the patient and reading the data in PC using an arduino (an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software) board. Then the signal is applied to noise removal, base wander removal and mplification circuits in labVIEW (a system design software) software. Now the ECG signal thus obtained is sent from the patients recording system to doctors using an Ethernet cable or LAN connection. This enables the monitoring of any number of patients by doctor at one place.

5.2 Future Scope:

Transmission of signal to a remote PC using a dial up modem Optical isolation of power supply and data communication interface Development of analog subsystem to replace the analog ECG machine Acquisition of signals other than ECG Using the same ECG aquistion we can find the QRS peaks and find heart rate an detect some more cardiac diseases like sinus arythmia, myocardial infarctions etc

54

ECG Monitoring System

REFERENCES:
International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies http://www.academia.edu International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering J.W. Zheng, Z.B. Zhang, T.H. Wu, Y. Zhang, A wearable mobihealth care system supporting real-time diagnosis and alarm, Med. Bio. Eng. Comput. 45 (2007) Cosmanescu, B. Miller, T. Magno, A. Ahmed, I. Kremenic, Design and implementation of a wireless (Bluetooth (R)) four channel bio-instrumentation amplifier and digital data acquisition device with user-selectable gain, frequency, and driven reference, in: Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., 2006 Perkusich, G. S. Deep, M. L. B. Perkusich, and M. L. Varani, (1989) An expert ECG acquisition and analysis system, IMTC- 89, 184-189. J. Olansen, E. Rosow, Virtual Bio-Instrumentation, Biomedical, Clinical and Healthcare applications in LabVIEW, Publishing House Prentice Hall PTR, 2002 M. Unser, A. Aldroubi and M. Eden, On the asymptotic convergence of Bspline wavelets to Gabor functions, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 38 (2), 864-872, 1992

APPENDIX:

55