Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!

Constitutional Law CAN Term 1 INTRODUCTION TO FEDERALISM Distribution o !o"ernmental #ower Federalism Basics Federalism in Canada & the Division of Powers Historical Judicial Interpretation of the Distribution of Powers C$ARACTERI%ATION OF LA&S' &(at is t(e )#it( * Substan+e) o t(e Law, )Matter)' Determinin. t(e #it( an/ Substan+e o a Statute Sin.lin. Out Double As0e+t Do+trine E e+t o Statute Ancillary Doctrine City !ational "easin#$ INTER#RETATION OF CONSTITUTION' &(i+( (ea/ o 0ower /oes t(is all un/er, !eneral #rin+i0les %&clusiveness Concurrency %&haustiveness Pro#ressive Interpretation 'nwritten Constitutional Principles Se"eran+e Rea/in. Down Fe/eral #O!! #ower 2#ea+e3 Or/er * !oo/ !o"ernment4 (he )ap Branch *subsumed under !ational Concerns Branch+ !ational Concerns Branch
$istor5 o t(e National Con+erns 6ran+( Current S+o0e o #O!! #ower un/er National Con+erns 6ran+( E e+t o u0(ol/in. e/ statute as "ali/ e7er+ise o #O!! 0ower un/er National Con+erns De inin. a National Con+ern Sin.leness3 Distin+ti"eness * In/i"isibilit5 2SDI4 Im0a+t on #ro"in+ial 8uris/i+tion re+on+ilable wit( Fe/eralism Newness

3 " 3 3 4 # $ $ $ 7 1 % 7 8 8 8 8 & ' ' 9 10

10 10 10 10 10 11 11

%mer#ency Branch
Nature o Emer.en+5 2,e Anti-Inflation Act4 Re9uirements o Form 2,e Anti-Inflation Act4 E e+t o :ali/ Use o Emer.en+5 6ran+( o #O!! #ower

11
12 12 12

CRIMINAL LA& #O&ER Pith and .ubstance of Criminal "aw Distribution of Powers in relation to Criminal "aw
Fe/eral Criminal Law #ower #ro"in+ial ;uasi<Criminal Law #ower

12 12 13
1" 1"

"imitations on Federal )overnment/s Criminal "aw Power

Formal Re9uirements o Criminal Law #ower :ali/ Criminal Law #ur0ose #ro(ibitor5 Le.islation3 not Re.ulator5

13
1" 1( 1(

Provincial 0uasi-Criminal "aw Power

En or+in. un/er s123 45$' #enalties or en or+in. "ali/ s123 (ea/s o 0ower s123 46$7 In"esti.ator5 #owers U0(ol/in. * C(allen.in. #ro"in+ial ;uasi<Criminal Le.islation U0(ol/in. #ro"in+ial Le.islation C(allen.in. #ro"in+ial Le.islation

15
1# 1# 1$ 1$ 1$

TRADE * COMMERCE' Re.ulation o t(e E+onom5 Distribution of Powers Federal Powers over the ,e#ulation of the %conomy s124 3$$
Re.ulation o International an/ Interprovincial Tra/e

1$ 17 17
1%

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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!
s123 48$ c$ Fe/eral De+larator5 #ower )eneral ,e#ulation o Tra/e A e+tin. t(e &(ole Dominion 1& 1&

Provincial Powers over the ,e#ulation of the %conomy s123 49$ and 4:$$
U0(ol/in. #ro"in+ial Le.islation un/er ss123 49$ or 4:$)

18
1'

TA=IN! * S#ENDIN! #O&ERS Distribution of Powers Federal (a&in# Powers7 s124 9$

Dire+t an/ In/ire+t Ta7ation Limitations on Fe/eral Ta7in. #owers

1' 19 19
20 20

Provincial (a&in# Powers7 s123 3$ & 2$; s123A 6$

Is t(e le"5 a ta7, C(ara+teristi+s o a Ta7 (<estban= First !ation! N*T +N T,+S CLASS Ro5alties Ta7 Re.ulator5 +(ar.es Ta7 2<estban= First !ation> Allard Contractors4 I so3 is it a /ire+t ta7, Dire+t Ta7ation test 28o(n Stewart Mill4 In/ire+t Ta7ation test 2Allard Contractors4 In/ire+t Li+ense Fees aut(ori?e/ un/er s123 2$ in +ombo w@ s123 49$ * 4:$ Is it ta7in. somet(in. in t(e 0ro"in+e, Is t(e le.islation 0ro0erl5 ena+te/, Is t(ere an5 immunit5 a"ailable, Crown Immunit5 2<estban= First !ation4 s1>? o Indian Act 2'nion of !B Indians4 I t(e ta7 is in"ali/3 +an 5ou .et a re un/, Re un/s o Ille.al@In"ali/ Ta7es 2@in#street Investments "td1 v1 !ew Brunswic= 4

20
20 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 2" 2" 2" 2" 2" 2"

Students can learn to improve their results on divisions of powers exams. There are certain typical mistakes that contribute to lower marks. The most important mistakes students make are: missing critical issues in analyzing the examination problem; addressing critical issues in a superficial manner, and or writing an unclear answer.

!uestions that present a fact pattern and re"uire students to analyze various legal issues are called #issue spotters$. Typically, issue spotters present students with a story line and re"uire students to #%dvise &$. To answer an issue spotter:
12"(#$-

'ead the "uestion carefully and identify all of the issues raised in the problem. (ake a careful outline detailing how you will deal with each issue. )rioritize each of the identified issues in your outline. *ithin your outline, for each issue, develop the arguments for helping &+s case and that harm &+s case, Select cases that support each of the arguments. ,dentify areas within each of the issues where the applicable case law does not fully resolve the problem. -.our professors often try to bring out issues for which the cases provide no clear or not very clear answers, in order to exercise your analytical skills/.

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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN! ,n each area, identify constitutional principles, policies, theories, doctrine and academic writing to support your arguments, particularly where the cases provide no clear answer. &- *here there are complexities, identify them. Show how to resolve the complexities. '- %pply the cases, arguments, principles and policies identified above to resolve each of the important issues in the fact pattern. 10- Try to leave time to edit your answer to improve clarity. 'eorganize your answer for a logical flow. Simplify your answer. %dd headings to help guide your reader. (ake the written answer easy for the reader to understand. 0ommunicate simply, clearly, agreeably.
%INTRODUCTION TO FEDERALISM Background notes from Hogg's Constitutional a! of Canada "2003#$ % make no &romises as to !'et'er (dinger agrees !it' Hogg) *ut 'e's 'el&ful in &ro+iding conte,t$ Distribution o !o"ernmental #ower Fe/eralism 6asi+s Canada is .ederal state /it0 Coor/inate Aut(orities' go1ernmental po/er is distributed b2t 3entral2.ederal aut0ority and se1eral regional2pro1in3ial aut0orities, e1ery indi1idual in t0e state is sub4e3t to la/s o. t/o aut0orities) (1! .ederal aut0ority 5 (2! pro1in3ial aut0ority Central 5 6egional Aut0orities are 3oordinate - neit0er is subordinate to t0e ot0er Contrast t0is /it0 t0e position o. lo3al or muni3ipal go1ernments, /0i30 are subordinate to a regional aut0ority (i-e- 3ity o. 7an3ou1er to pro1in3e o. 8C!Con e/eration' Canadian union o. pro1in3es- A +om0romise b2t 3on.li3ting impulses) Unit5 needed .or military and e3onomi3 strengt0 Di"ersit5 o. language, 3ulture, religion and lo3al institutions Dominion' .ederal Parliament (i-e- 9T0e :ominion 0as t0e po/er to regulate aeronauti3s9! #arliament' .ederal Parliament Le.islature' pro1in3ial Parliament !eneral 0ro0ositions 1So1ereignty in Canada is e;0austi1ely distributed amongst t0e .ederal2pro1in3ial go1ernments- Sometimes it 3ould in1ol1e 3ooperation amongst t0e .ed2pro1 to legislate to resol1e a parti3ular problem Courts are not e1aluating t0e /isdom and poli3y o. t0e legislation Liberal2broad interpretation approa30- T0e li1ing tree metap0or applies to ea30 bo; in t0e s-'12'2 subse3tions-

2"-

Fe/eralism in Cana/a * t(e Di"ision o #owers #rin+i0le o Subsi/iarit5' :e3isions a..e3ting indi1iduals s0ould, as .ar as reasonably possible, be made by t0e le1el o. go1ernment 3losest to t0e indi1iduals a..e3ted 6elatedly, matters t0at 3annot be e..e3ti1ely regulated at t0e pro1in3ial le1el s0ould be t0e responsibility o. t0e more distant .ederal le1el o. go1<tStron. Central !o"ernment' B!A gi1es pro1in3es only enumerated po/ers to ma=e la/s, gi1ing residue o. po/er to t0e .ederal Parliament under P*>> $istori+al 8u/i+ial Inter0retation o t(e Distribution o #owers CPC /as .inal 3ourt o. appeal .or Canada in 3onstitutional 3ases until 1'('

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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!
T/o ma4or .igures) Lord ?atson (1&&0-1&''! 5 Lord ,aldane (1'11-1'2&! 8elie1ed strongly in pro1in3ial rig0ts Establis0ed pre3edents /0i30 ele1ated pro1in3es to 3oordinate status /2 :ominion Narro/ interpretation to prin3iple .ederal po/ers (P*>> residuary po/er 5 trade and 3ommer3e po/er! ?ide interpretation to prin3iple pro1in3ial po/ers (property 5 3i1il rig0ts in t0e pro1in3e! Sin3e 1'(', SCC 0as allo/ed some gro/t0 o. .ederal po/er, but it is unli=ely t0at t0ere /ill be a /0olesale re4e3tion o. t0e CPC de3isions-

8u/i+ial Re"iew on Fe/eral !roun/s 8u/i+ial Re"iew on Fe/eral !roun/s in1ol1es t/o steps) 1- C(ara+teri?ation' ?0at is t0e 9matter9 (or pit0 and substan3e! o. t0e 30allenged la/@ 2- Inter0retation' ?0at 93lass o. sub4e3t9 (or 0ead o. legislati1e po/er! does t0is matter .all under@ udi3ial re1ie/ as=s /0et0er t0e parti3ular statute 3omes /it0in t0e po/ers 3on.erred by t0e Constitution on t0e legislati1e body t0at ena3ted t0e statute %f t'e statute is -udiciall. determined to *e outside t'e &o!ers conferred u&on t'e enacting t'e *od.) t'en t'e statute is ultra +ires and in+alid$ En.or3ing t0e rules o. .ederalism in1ol1es interpretation o. t0e Constitution, /0i30 is similar to statutory interpretation- T0e 3ourts must determine t0e e;tent o. go1ernment po/er, based on t0e broad and 1ague language o. t0e Constitution- T0at<s t0is 3ourseA

C$ARACTERI%ATION OF LA&S' &(at is t(e )#it( * Substan+e) o t(e Law, T0e .irst step in 4udi3ial re1ie/ is to identi.y t0e 9matter9 o. t0e 30allenged la/ ( ,ussell!All " .ollo/ing .a3tors s0ould point in t0e same dire3tion- ?0en t0ere are in3onsisten3ies bet/een t0e ", t0en t0ere are potential problems /it0 1alidity1-

LooA at t(e obBe+t an/ 0ur0ose o t(e statute (.iemens! i- /+erall legislati+e intent - does not matter /0at single BP t0oug0t b- ?0at so3ial 5 e3onomi3 purposes /as t0e statute ena3ted to a30ie1e@ 3egislati+e 'istor. (/0ite paper, green papers, ,ansard! - e;amine t0e e1il /0i30 t0e statute /as aimed at remedying d- Pream*le e- 0orm and content o. t0e statute .- 1tated intent of little rele+ance (,J, AacDonald! g- (,trinsic e+idence admissi*le ()lobal .ecurities!) royal 3ommissions, la/ re.orm 3ommissions, go1ernment poli3y papers, parliamentary debates E7amine t(e e e+t o t(e le.islation (Aor#entaler! aegal effect C /0at t0e statute indi3ates t0roug0 a simple readingD 0o/ its supposed to operateD t0is is al/ays rele1ant b- Practical effect C 0o/ t0e statute is a3tually operatingD t0is is only sometimes rele1ant (Aor#entaler; if 'os&ital refuses to &erform a*ortion) t'en &ractical effect of statute is t'at a*ortion is *anned *2c no &ri+ate clinic can &erform a*ortion! i- E;trinsi3 e1iden3e admissible 0ere ()lobal .ecurities! LooA or a+tual intent * ulterior moti"es to s(ow +olourabilit5, A legislati1e body 3annot do indire3tly /0at it 3annot do dire3tly-

2-

"a-

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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!
b3de-

Pri1ate 3on1ersations or press releases about ob4e3ti1es ( Churchill Falls! Speed in ena3ting legislation (Aor#entaler! :o t0e means 30osen en0an3e purported ob4e3ti1es@ +. not, may s0o/ t0at purported purpose mas=s true purpose (Aor#entaler, E;trinsi3 e1iden3e admissible ()lobal .ecurities!

A 3olorable attempt to preser1e t0e appearan3e o. 3onstitutionality in order to 3on3eal an un3onstitutional ob4e3ti1e /ill not sa1e t0e legislation (Churchill Falls, &ro+ 3ct 'eld in+alid as coloura*le attem&t to interfere !it' e,tra&ro+incial contractual rig'ts ! S0e+i i+ Se+tion Im0u.ne/, ?0ere a spe3i.i3 se3tion o. legislation is being 30allenged, its pit0 and substan3e s0ould be identi.ied be.ore t0at o. t0e /0ole A3t +. t0e impugned se3tion is ultra +ires, it may still be up0eld i. it is su..i3iently integrated into a 1alid pro1in3ial legislati1e s30eme (.iemens! See An+illar5 Do+trine in )A v1 City !ational "easin# )Matter)' Determinin. t(e #it( an/ Substan+e o a Statute De inition o #it( an/ Substan+e' StatuteEs 3entral purpose or dominant 30ara3teristi3 (Aor#entaler! F:ominant purpose or true 30ara3terG ( ,J,-AacDonald! FAn a3tEs essential 30ara3ter or dominant .eatureG ( Imperial (obacco! :ominant or most important 30ara3teristi3 o. t0e 30allenged la/ ( )lobal .ecurities!A 9matter9 must be su..i3iently spe3i.i3 to 3ome /it0in a 3lass o. sub4e3t, or i. it 3omes /it0in t0e national 3on3ern bran30 o. t0e P*>> po/er, to ser1e as a limited, 4usti3iable restraint on .ederal po/er (,e Anti-Inflation ActD Crown Bellerbach!>enerally, identi.i3ation o. t0e 9matter9 o. a statute /ill o.ten e..e3ti1ely settle t0e Huestion o. its 1alidity, lea1ing t0e allo3ation o. t0e matter to a 3lass o. sub4e3t little more t0an a .ormality:i..i3ulties arise b23 many statutes 0a1e one aspe3t /0i30 3omes /it0in a pro1in3ial 0ead o. po/er and anot0er aspe3t /0i30 3omes /it0in a .ederal 0ead o. po/er- +n t0ese 3ases) T0e /ominant eature is t0e 9matter9 or t0e 9pit0 and substan3e9 o. t0e la/ *t0er .eatures are 9merely in3idental9 and irrele1ant .or 3onstitutional purposesE7am0les w(ere laws (a"e been u0(el/ /es0ite t(eir )In+i/ental) im0a+t on matters outsi/e t(e ena+tin. bo/5Cs Buris/i+tion' Ban= of (oronto v1 "ambe (1&&%!) CPC up0eld a pro1in3ial la/ /0i30 imposed a ta; on ban=s- +mpugned la/ /as 9in relation to9 dire3t ta;ation and merely 9a..e3ted9 ban=ing Carnation (1'$&!) lo3al mar=etingD interpro1in3ial traded @ello##s (1'%&!) ad1ertising .or 30ildrenD tele1ision Aontcalm (1'%'!) minimum /ageD airports Consortium Developments (1''&!) lo3al go1ernmentD 3riminal la/ Colourabilit5' ?0en a statute bears t0e .ormal trappings o. a matter /it0in 4urisdi3tion, but in reality is addressed to a matter outside 4urisdi3tion ( Aor#antaler4 #ra+ti+al E e+t' 3ourts /ill al/ays loo= at legal e..e3t o. legislation (by reading statute!, 3ourts do not al/ays 0a1e to loo= at pra3ti3al e..e3t- 8ut pra3ti3al2legal e..e3t dis3repan3y may under3ut ob4e3ti1e and purpose- (Aor#antaler4 Sin.lin. Out

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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!
!eneral Rule a.ainst Sin.lin. Out' Pro1in3ial legislatures are pro0ibited .rom singling out .ederal underta=ings .or spe3ial treatment )O !eneral A00li+ation)' Pro1in3ial la/s o. general appli3ation may 1alidly apply to .ederal underta=ings unless t0ey a..e3t a 1ital 3ore integral to t0e underta=ing (i-e- mgt! Double As0e+t Do+trine Double As0e+t Do+trine' Batters /0i30 in one aspe3t and .or one purpose .all /it0in s123, may in anot0er aspe3t and .or anot0er purpose .all /it0in s124 (Aan#at! Appli3able /0en .ederal 5 pro1in3ial 30ara3teristi3s o. la/ are roug0ly eHual in importan3e 8ot0 pro1in3es and .eds 3an t0en legislate pursuant to t0eir respe3ti1e 4urisdi3tion and purpose in t0is sub4e3t matter Can lead to dire3tly o1erlapping areas o. 4urisdi3tion, and 1irtually similar legislation ( Dupond! Remember' Batters 3an 0a1e dual aspe3ts - but a statute 3an only 0a1e one aspe3t, as ea30 statute must be assigned to one 0ead o. po/er (pro1in3ial or .ederal! (,am&les4 Dri"in.) 3riminal la/ .ederal po/erD regulating 0ig0/ays pro1 po/er !amin.) 3riminal la/ .ederal po/erD ppty 5 3i1il rig0ts pro1 po/er ( .iemens! $ealt() P*>> .ederal po/er (,J, AacDonald!D 0ospitals pro1 po/er En"ironment) P*>> .ederal po/er (Hydro 0uebec!D ppty 5 3i1il rig0ts pro1 po/er Al+o(ol) P*>> .ederal po/er (,ussell!D 0ospitals pro1 po/er ("ocal Prohibition Case! E e+t o Statute ,o/ does t0e statute 30ange t0e rig0ts 5 liabilities o. t0ose /0o are sub4e3t to it@ !o be5on/ t(e our +orners an/ looA at t(e a+ts ) Are t0e dire3t legal e..e3ts o. t0e statute dire3ted to t0e indire3t a30ie1ement o. ot0er purposes@ (,am&le) pro1in3ial statute t0at imposes 0ea1y ta; on ban=s may be 30ara3teriIed as an in1alid la/ in relation to ban=ing (,am&le4 Aor#entaler !o1 9$ stru3= do/n pro1in3ial la/ as in1alid attempt to regulate morality 1ia pro0ibition o. abortion used e;trinsi3 e1iden3e to s0o/ t0at legislature /anted to pre1ent Borgentaler .rom setting up pri1ate abortion 3lini3 in pro1in3e! A/ministration o statute 2a+tual use o law4 Hydro-0uebec) lo/ number o. to;i3 substan3es under regulation rein.or3ed 3on3lusion t0at Canadian %nvironmental Protection Act /as 1alid 3riminal la/ E i+a+5 o Statute is a matter .or Parliament, and not .or t0e 3ourts T0e 3ourts are not 3on3erned /it0 t0e /isdom or poli3y o. legislation C0ara3teriIation o. a statute must be based on t0e purpose and e..e3ts as understood by t0e legislatorsAn+illar5 Do+trine 2City !ational "easin#4 Issue' ?0at to do /2 spe3i.i3 statutory pro1isions t0at appear to en3roa30 on an ultra +ires 0ead o. po/er@ Merel5 In+i/ental' +n3idental e..e3t on t0e legislati1e sp0ere o. t0e ot0er 4urisdi3tion /ill no longer ne3essarily doom t0e statute to .ailure ("abatt!An+illar5 Do+trine' Statutory pro1isions t0at intrude into an ultra +ires 0ead o. po/er 3an be 1alid i. t0ey are ne3essarily in3idental to intra +ires legislation #it( * Substan+e Anal5sis' An3illary do3trine is part o. PAS analysisPage 2

Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!

#ur0ose' +n a .ederal system, it is ine1itable t0at in pursuing 1alid ob4e3ti1es, legislation /ill o33asionally impa3t on t0e ot0er le1el o. go1t<s sp0ere o. po/er *1erlap is e;pe3ted and a33ommodated in a .ederal state Certain degree o. 4udi3ial restraint reH<d in proposing stri3t tests

3 ste0s to a00l5in. t(e an+illar5 /o+trine' 1Consi/er if an/ to what e&tent t(e 0ro"isions intru/e into t(e ultra vires (ea/ o 0ower Se3tions do not intrude J A3t is +alid K Pro1isions are 1alid Se3tions do not intrude J A3t is in+alid K A3t is in1alid Se3tions intrude K mo1e to step L2 2Consi/er i t(e A+t on t(e w(ole is ultra vires 2+alidit. anal.sis4 c'aracteri5ation 6 assignment4 A3t is in+alid K A3t is in1alid- End o. Huestion A3t is +alid K Bo1e to step L" "Consi/er relations(i0 b@t 0ro"isions * A+t' Are t(e5 merel5 an+illar5 to t(e intra vires A+t, T0e test .or t0e reHuired degree o. integration 1aries a33ording to t0e sub4e3t matter and .a3ts at 0and) (1! 0o/ /ell t0e pro1ision needs to be integrated into legislati1e s30eme and (2! 0o/ important it is .or e..i3a3y o. legislation Fun+tional Conne+tion' +. impugned pro1ision only en3roa30es marginally on pro1in3ial po/ers, t0en .un3tional relations0ip may be su..i3ient Ne+essaril5 In+i/ental' +. impugned pro1ision is 0ig0ly intrusi1e, t0en a stri3ter 9ne3essarily in3idental9 test is appropriate City !ational "easin#7 Mederal Combines Investi#ation Act pro1isions only intruded lig0tly and t0ere.ore only a .un3tional 3onne3tion /as needed- Mun3tional 3onne3tion /as present as pro1isions intended to 3reate a more 3omplete and more e..i3ient system o. en.or3ement in /0i30 publi3 and pri1ate initiati1es 3ould bot0 operate to moti1ate and e..e3tuate 3omplian3eINTER#RETATION OF CONSTITUTION' &(i+( (ea/ o 0ower /oes t(is all un/er, !eneral #rin+i0les E7+lusi"eness E7+lusi"eness' A parti3ular 9matter9 /ill 3ome /it0in a 3lass o. sub4e3ts in only one list +. eit0er t0e .eds or t0e pro1in3es .ail to legislate to t0e .ull limit o. its po/er, t0at does not augment t0e po/ers o. t0e ot0er le1el o. go1ernment8ut t0e /ouble as0e+t /o+trine allo/s bot0 le1els o. go1<t to ena3t similar2identi3al la/s b23 su30 la/s 3ontain 9t/o matters9 Nnote t0at t0ey do not dupli3ate or o1erlapO?0ere t0e 0eads o. po/er do appear to o1erlap, t0e 3ourts 0a1e interpreted ea30 0ead o. po/er as e;3luding t0e ot0er- (,am&les4 s124 3$ 9trade and 3ommer3e9 K interpro1in3ial or international trade 5 3ommer3e s123 49$ 9property and 3i1il rig0ts9 K only lo3al trade and 3ommer3e Con+urren+5 ?0ile e;3lusi1ity is t0e rule, t0ere are some 3on3urrent 0eads o. po/er- Note t0at t0ere is also 3on3urrent legislati1e po/er in pra3ti3e due to t0e double aspe3t do3trine 5 t0e pit0 and substan3e do3trine- ?0ere legislati1e po/er is 3on3urrent, 3on.li3ts are to be resol1ed 1ia #aramount+5-

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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!
E7(austi"eness Any matter /0i30 does not 3ome /it0in any spe3i.i3 3lasses o. sub4e3ts /ill be pro1in3ial i. it is merely lo3al or pri1ate (s123 4:$! and /ill be .ederal i. it 0as a national dimension (s124; o0enin. wor/s!Too 6roa/ or :a.ue' A la/ t0at is e;3essi1ely broad or 1ague /ill be in3ompetent to bot0 le1els o. go1ernment 6emember t0at a la/ must be su..i3iently parti3ular t0at it 3an be attributed to a 9matter9 3oming /it0in one o. t0e 3lasses o. sub4e3ts in relation to /0i30 t0e ena3ting body is aut0oriIed to legislate Parliament s0ould not be able to e;tend its aut0ority into .ields o. pro1in3ial 3ompeten3e by ena3ting la/s upon sub4e3ts so di..use and per1asi1e t0at t0ey do not .it /it0in any enumerated po/er i-e- .ederal la/s t0at purport to regulate matters /it0in pro1in3ial (as /ell as .ederal! 3ompeten3e 3annot be sa1ed by 3lassi.ying t0e la/ as in relation to a matter as broad and di..use as in.lation (,e Anti-Inflation Act!#ro.ressi"e Inter0retation T0e general language used to des3ribe t0e 3lasses o. sub4e3ts is not to be .roIen in t0e sense it /ould 0a1e been understood in 1&$%- Li1ing TreeUnwritten Constitutional #rin+i0les Unwritten +onstitutional 0rin+i0les' demo3ra3y, 3onstitutionalism, t0e rule o. la/, t0e independen3e o. t0e 4udi3iary, t0e prote3tion o. 3i1il liberties, minority rig0ts, and .ederalismT0ere.ore one may 0a1e to rely on t0e un/ritten prin3iple o. Mederalism at t0e end o. t0e day Fe/eralism as a .o"ernin. unwritten +onstitutional 0rin+i0le No Frig0tG model o. .ederalism, but it is an underlying prin3ipleD t0ere.ore one must not tal= about .ederalism in t0e abstra3t b23 it 3ould 0a1e many di..erent meaningsD 0a1e to identi.y t0e 1ersion o. .ederalism you /ant t0e 3ourts to a33ept +. a pro1in3e 1otes to se3ede, t0e rest o. Canada bears a legal obligation to negotiate t0e terms o. se3ession /it0 t0at pro1in3e (.ecession ,eference! Courts o. ea30 pro1in3e must re3ogniIe 4udgments issued by t0e 3ourts o. ot0er Canadian pro1in3es, as per t0e .ull .ait0 and 3redit rule ( Aor#uard! Mederal prin3iple 0as spa/ned ot0er prin3iples) e-g- 6eHuirement o. *rder 5 Mairness Se"eran+e Appropriate /0en t0e t/o parts (good and bad! o. a statute 3an e;ist independently o. ea30 ot0er+n Canada, t0e presumption 0as been against se1eran3eRea/in. Down ?0ene1er possible, a statute is to be interpreted as being /it0in t0e po/er o. t0e ena3ting legislati1e body T0e statute remains 1alid but a more limited, 3onstitutional meaning is 30osen ?0ere + + applies, t0e pro1in3ial statute /ill be read do/n to e;3lude .ederally-regulated underta=ings .rom ot0er/ise 1alid and ostensibly appli3able languageT(e $ea/s o #owerD
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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!
Fe/eral #O!! #ower 2#ea+e3 Or/er * !oo/ !o"ernment4 P*>> is not separately enumerated 0ead o. po/er, but is .ound in opening /ords o. s124$istori+all5, P*>> /as 1ie/ed as a plenary grant o. po/er s124 enumerated 0eads o. .ederal po/er /ere merely e;amples o. pea3e, order and good go1<t o. Canada Problem /it0 t0is interpretation is t0at it gi1e t0e .eds unlimited po/er and lea1e t0e pro1in3es almost no po/er in3ompatible /it0 a .ederalist state T0is /as t0e 1ie/ ta=en in ,ussell /0i30 soug0t to 3reate a strong .ederal go1<t- ,ig0 point o. P*>> po/er- Courts 0a1e not 3ompletely o1erruled ,ussell, but 0a1e 0eld t0at plenary grant o. po/er t0eory o. P*>> is in3onsistent /it0 .ederalism prin3iple b23 it lea1es not0ing .or pro1in3es - sin3e almost anyt0ing 3an be o. 9national 3on3ern9To/a53 /e 1ie/ P*>> as a Resi/ual #ower3 liAe EF21G4 ("ocal Prohibition Case! +t a33ommodates only matters /0i30 do not 3ome /it0in any o. t0e enumerated .ederal or pro1in3ial 0eads o. po/er +. it doesnEt .it in '2, /e see i. it .its in '2(1$! or P*>> ,as to be o. parti3ular Canadian interest and importan3e Constitutional interpretation t0ere.ore reHuires t0e 3ourts to assign ea30 matter to an enumerated 0ead o. po/er - rat0er t0an simply saying it .alls under t0e residual .ederal P*>> 3lause or pro1in3ial s123 4:! 3lause 6esiduary nature o. .ederal po/er ensures t0at e1ery possible sub4e3t o. legislation belongs to eit0er t0e .eds or t0e pro1in3es Note t0at P*>> 0as not been t0e strongest po/er .or t0e .ederal go1ernment 9 distinct branches of Current .cope of PC)) Power7 1- !a0 6ran+(' i. sub4e3t matter is not 3ompletely distributed by t0e Constitution, it /ill be said to be legislation in relation to P*>> 2- National Con+erns' i. t0e sub4e3t matter o. a statute 3an be said to be a matter o. national 3on3ern, it /ill be said to be legislation in relation to P*>> "- Emer.en+5 6ran+(' i. t0e statute 3an be said to deal /it0 an emergen3y, it is legislation in relation to P*>> T(e !a0 6ran+( Hsubsumed under !ational Concerns BranchI P*>> po/er 3an be used to .ill gaps in t0e s30eme o. distribution o. po/ers- T0e Constitution re3ogniIes 3ertain topi3s as being 3lasses o. sub4e3ts .or distribution-o.-po/ers purposes, but .ails to deal 3ompletely /it0 ea30 topi3- P*>> po/er t0ere.ore 3ompletes t0e in3omplete assignment o. po/er 1ia t0e ga& *ranc'%&ample7 Fe/erall5<in+or0orate/ +om0anies Meds 0a1e 4urisdi3tion to in3orporate 3ompanies /2 .ederal ob4e3ts under P*>> as result o. >ap 8ran30 b23 s123 44$ gi1es pro1in3es po/er to in3orporate 3ompanies /2 pro1ob4e3ts (no 3orresponding enumerated .ed 0ead o. po/er! National Con+erns 6ran+( $istor5 o t(e National Con+erns 6ran+( "ocal Prohibition Case e;plained t0at ,ussell rested on P*>> po/er and t0en /ent on to enun3iate t0e 9national dimensions9 element o. P*>>-

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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!

Note t0at "PC and ,ussell are 0ard to re3on3ile) "PC up0eld pro1in3ial lo3al-option temperan3e s30eme under s123 49$ 5 4:$ t0at /as 1ery similar to t0e .ederal lo3aloption temperan3e s30eme in ,ussell /0i30 /as also up0eld b23 it didn<t .all under s123 49$ or 4:$-

Current S+o0e o #O!! #ower un/er National Con+erns 6ran+( Mederal go1ernment 0as t0e ability t0roug0 P*>> po/er to legislate in sub4e3t matters t0at are o. a national 3on3ern (Crown Bellerbach, fed$ /cean 7um&ing Control 3ct &ro'i*its dum&ing at sea) u&'eld *2c marine &ollution 8 national concern! &(at is a National Con+ern, ?0et0er t0e matter o. t0e legislation goes beyond lo3al or pro1in3ial 3on3ern or interests and must .rom its in0erent nature be t0e 3on3ern o. t0e :ominion as a /0ole- Parliament must s0o/ it is unHuestionably o. Canadian importan3e and signi.i3an3e- (Canada (emperance Federation!National Con3erns 8ran30 o. P*>> po/er 3an aut0oriIe legislation in re.eren3e to an5 subBe+t o national +on+ern, in3luding) 1- Non-enumerated sub4e3ts o. national 3on3ern (Crown Bellerbach!, and 2- Ne/ aspe3t o. an e;isting sub4e3t t0at be3omes a matter o. national 3on3ern (Hauser, fed 9arcotic Control 3ct u&'eld *2c &ro'i*ition of illicit drugs 8 national concern !eird decision *2c .ou'd t'ink drug &ro'i*ition !ould *e criminal la! *ut :CPC !as confused as to !'et'er feds could &rosecute criminal offences) so t'e. mo+ed drug &ro'i*ition to P/;; *2c fed &o!er to enforce P/;; !as clear and t'e. !anted to confuse &oor la! students<# E e+t o u0(ol/in. e/ statute as "ali/ e7er+ise o #O!! 0ower un/er National Con+erns T0at sub4e3t 0ermanentl5 be3omes a matter o. .ederal 4urisdi3tion (i-e- aeronauti3s! Contrast t0is /it0 up0olding a .ederal statute under Emergen3y 8ran30 o. P*>>) t0at sub4e3t only tem0oraril5 .alls under .ed 4urisdi3tion De inin. a National Con+ern T0e sub4e3t in eit0er 3ase must 0a1e sin.leness3 /istin+ti"eness * in/i"isibilit5 2SDI4 t0at 3learly distinguis0es it .rom matters o. pro1in3ial 3on3ern and a s+ale o im0a+t on 0ro"in+ial Buris/i+tion t(at is re+on+ilable /it0 t0e .undamental distribution o. legislati1e po/er under t0e Constitution (Crown Bellerbach! Pra3ti3al 3onsiderations 3ome into play 0ereSin.leness3 Distin+ti"eness * In/i"isibilit5 2SDI4 #ro"in+ial inabilit5 test' ?0at /ould be t0e e..e3t on e;tra-pro1in3ial interests o. a pro1in3ial .ailure to deal e..e3ti1ely /it0 t0e 3ontrol or regulation o. t0e intra-pro1in3ial aspe3ts o. t0e matter@ E/in.erCs :ersion o t(e #ro"in+ial Inabilit5 Test' ?0at /ould 0appen i. one or t/o pro1in3es re.used to 3ooperate@ ?ould t0is in0ibit legislati1e inter1ention to t0e problem@ *r is t0is an ordinary pro1in3ial matter t0at 3ould be dealt /it0 indi1idually and /ould not be a ma4or issue i. one pro1in3e .ailed to deal /it0 it@ Im0a+t on #ro"in+ial 8uris/i+tion re+on+ilable wit( Fe/eralism Mederalism prin3iple important /0en determining 1alidity under P*>> ,o/ /ould assigning t0is matter to P*>> a..e3t t0e s3ope o. 4urisdi3tion le.t open to t0e pro1in3es@
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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!

Creati1e 30ara3teriIation important Atta3=ing .ederal legislation) 30ara3teriIe it broadly Pp0olding .ederal legislation) 30ara3teriIe it narro/ly

(,am&les !'ere P/;; -ustified under federalism &rinci&le4 Marine 0ollution (Crown Bellerbach; marine &ollution is indi+isi*le *2c .ou can't 'a+e a &ractical fed=&ro+ di+ision of !aters in &ro'i*iting dum&ing# (,am&les !'ere P/;; not -ustifia*le under federalism &rinci&le4 En"ironmental 0rote+tion (Hydro-0uebec; (P3 not +alid under P/;; *ut still +alid under criminal la! &o!er! E+onom5 (P/;; cannot *e used to regulate industr. merel. *2c an industr. is nation= !ide 6 im&'t to nat'l econom. most regulation of industr. is &ro+incial! Newness 6emember, t0e National Con3erns 8ran30 o. P*>> po/er 3an aut0oriIe legislation in re.eren3e to an5 subBe+t o national +on+ern, in3luding) 1- Non-enumerated sub4e3ts o. national 3on3ern (Crown Bellerbach!, and 2- >enuinely Ne/ Aspe3t o. an e;isting sub4e3t t0at be3omes a matter o. national 3on3ern (Hauser!!enuinel5 New Matter' Legislation adopted to deal /it0 a genuinely ne/ problem /0i30 did not e;ist at t0e time o. Con.ederation and 3learly 3annot be put in t0e residual s123 1G$ 3lass o.< <matters o. a merely lo3al or pri1ate nature< 3an be up0eld under National Con3erns 8ran30 o. P*>> (Hauser! Simply 3olle3ting ol/ matters into a new a00roa+( is not su..i3ient .or a ne/ sub4e3t matter (,e Anti-Inflation Act, 8eetI<s dissent, inflation national concern!+. t0e sub4e3t matter is) 1- 30ara3teriIed as a 3olle3tion o. pro1in3ial sub4e3ts 2- not a .ederal 0ead o. po/er "- one 3learly =no/n o. in 1&$% t0en t0ere is no /ay it 3an .all under t0e National Con3erns bran30 o. P*>> ( ,e Anti-Inflation Act, 8eetI dissent!Emer.en+5 6ran+( Emergen3y 8ran30 o. P*>> allo/s .eds to deal /it0 an emergen3y by en3roa30ing on pro1in3ial 0eads o. po/er (,e Anti-Inflation Act, ma-orit. u&'eld fed 3ct as +alid use of emergenc. P/;; &o!er> Beet5 dissented as 'e found no emergenc.> !e use t'e case for Beet5's dissent !'ic' set out re?'ts for emergenc. *ranc'!Emergen3y bran30 3on.ined to temporary and e;traordinary role reHuired .or national regulation in time o. a3tual emergen3y (i-e- /ar!Note %mer#encies Act 0as repla3ed <ar Aeasures Act) Creates 1arious 3lasses o. emergen3ies (publi3 /el.are, publi3 order, int<l 5 /ar! 6egulates E;e3uti1e legislati1e po/er granted /0en E;e3uti1e de3lares an emergen3yNature o Emer.en+5 2,e Anti-Inflation Act4

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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!
A su..i3iently great emergen3y to reHuire national regulation is reHuired to 4usti.y legislation under t0e Emergen3y 8ran30 o. P*>> (Fort Frances! 8u/i+iall5 Re"iewable' E;isten3e o. an emergen3y is 4udi3ially re1ie/able De eren+e to #arliament' Parliament /ill be gi1en great de.eren3e - only needs a 9rational basis9 to belie1e an emergen3y e;ists or is 3ontinuing *pponents o. legislation must s0o/ absen3e o. rational basis Can e;er3ise emergen3y po/ers proa3ti1ely appre0ended emergen3y su..i3ient Emergen3y legislation 3an o33ur in pea3etime ( Fort FrancesD fed @ar Aeasures 3ct !'ic' aut'ori5ed &eacetime &rice fi,ing u&'eld as +alid emergenc. legis$ des&ite infringement on &&t. 6 ci+il rig'ts! E;trinsi3 e1iden3e desirable 5 ne3essary to s0o/ non-e;isten3e o. emergen3y Re9uirements o Form 2,e Anti-Inflation Act4 E;traordinary nature o. t0e emergen3y bran30 o. P*>> di3tates manner and .orm Must be +lear t(is is emer.en+5 le.islation' Cannot be an ordinary manner and .orm) 3annot allo/ t0e slig0test amount o. 3ontro1ersy t0at t0is is emergen3y legislation +n3lusion o. 9emergen3y legislation9 /ording isnEt a guarantee, but absen3e is .atal (note t0at ma4ority in Anti-Inflation Act 0eld t0at in.lation /as an 9emergen3y9 despite la3= o. emergen3y /ording in preambleD preamble a3tually stated t0at in.lation /as o. 9national 3on3ern9! Spe3i.i3 /ords arenEt =ey Must be tem0orar5 (alt0oug0 legislation 3an be rene/ed! E e+t o :ali/ Use o Emer.en+5 6ran+( o #O!! #ower Emergen3y po/er is gi1en to t0e .eds tem0oraril5, and 3an 3ontain any po/er at all (in3luding enumerated pro1in3ial 0eads o. po/er! CRIMINAL LA& #O&ER Criminal Law #ower is a .ederal responsibility 7ery reliable 0ead o. po/er .or .ederal Parliament E1er-e;panding 0ead o. po/er) SCC li=es to up0old legislation under s124 3?$ Nbe3ause o. t0is, Parliament 3an be tempted to use it more t0an it s0ouldO #it( an/ Substan+e o Criminal Law 1- Look at object and purpose of the statute to define the corporate intent of the legislation. This can be done by: Examine legislative history of the statute Looking at the evil (problem) it as aimed at Looking at the form the legislation 2- Look at the legal effect of the statute !ractical effect can be relevant "- Look at the ulterior motive of the government "elevant hen there is allegation of colorability Distribution o #owers in relation to Criminal Law

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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!
Fe/eral Criminal Law #ower s124 3?$ C Criminal la/ and pro3edure and senten3ingD not limited to CC s124 3>$ C Establis0ment, maintenan3e 5 management o. .ederal penitentiaries #ro"in+ial ;uasi<Criminal Law #ower s123 :$ C Establis0ment, maintenan3e 5 management o. pro1in3ial prisons s123 46$ C Lo3al en.or3ement o. 3riminal la/ (pro1in3ial poli3ing po/er, prose3ution o. 3riminal o..enses, 3ourts o. 3ompetent 4urisdi3tion! s123 45$ C Pro1in3ial aut0ority to ena3t penal san3tions (i-e- .ine, penalty or imprisonment! .or en.or3ement o. any 1alid pro1in3ial la/ aut0oriIed under some ot0er pro1in3ial 0ead o. po/er! s123 4:$ C 6esidual pro1in3ial 0ead o. po/er (9generally all matters o. a merely lo3al or pri1ate nature9! Limitations on Fe/eral !o"ernmentCs Criminal Law #ower Mederal po/er under s123 3?$ is to be interpreted e;tremely broadly and generouslyOnl5 limitation is +olourabilit5) Parliament 3annot in1ade areas o. e;3lusi1e pro1in3ial 4urisdi3tion simply by legislating in 3riminal la/ .orm Bust ma=e sure t0ere is a 1alid publi3 3riminal la/ purpose T0e true ob4e3t, nature, s3ope o. statute must not be somet0ing in pro1in3ial 4urisdi3tion 1ee ,J, AacDonald !'ere fed statute u&'eld as +alid criminal la! *2c it &rotected 'ealt' des&ite 'a+ing incidental effect on ad+ertising !'ic' is under e,clusi+e &ro+incial -urisdiction 1ee Hydro 0uebec !'ere fed en+ironmental legislation u&'eld as +alid criminal la! *2c en+ironmental &rotection deemed to *e +alid criminal la! &ur&ose ! +n 3onstru3ting a 3riminal la/, t0e .eds need t0e .ollo/ing " t0ings) 1- Form' *bey t0e reHuirements o. .orm 2- #ur0ose' ,a1e a 1alid 3riminal la/ purpose "- A"oi/ Re.ulation' A1oid regulatory legislation (possibly! Formal Re9uirements o Criminal Law #ower Mederal 3riminal la/ legislation must 3ontain t0e .ollo/ing .orm ( ,e Dairy Industry Act, margarine &ro'i*itions not +alid criminal la! *2c margarine Bnot in-urious to 'ealt'B) t'erefore no +alid &u*lic &ur&ose!) 1- #ro(ibition 2- #enalt5 "- #ubli+ #ur0ose in relation to 3riminal la/ (Pit0 5 Substan3e!) E7+e0tions oAa5' Criminal la/ 3an 1alidly ma=e e;3eptions- Absolute pro0ibitions not reH<d (,J,-AacDonald!:ali/ Criminal Law #ur0ose T0e purpose o. t0e 3riminal la/ is to prote3t and underline our .undamental 1alues ( Hydro 0uebec!- T0e pro0ibition /it0 penal 3onseHuen3es s0ould t0ere.ore be dire3ted at an e1il or in4urious e..e3t on t0e publi3 (,J,-AacDonald>!) Qet Meds 0a1e dis3retion to determine t0e e1il t0ey /is0 to suppress, and t0e blame/ort0iness to atta30 (Hydro 0uebec!

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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!

E;isting 0arm not reHuired, 4ust a reasonable appre0ension o. 0arm- Parliament determines t0e degree o. 0arm ne3essary .or 3riminaliIation ( Aalmo-"evine!-

Suitable +riminal law 0ur0oses @ le.itimate 0ubli+ 0ur0oses in+lu/e' #ubli+ 0ea+e3 or/er3 se+urit53 (ealt(3 moralit5 (,e Dairy Industry Act! Double As0e+t Matters (,J,-AacDonald! Pse o. 3riminal la/ in an area also go1erned by pro1in3es does not assign .ull po/er to regulate in t0at area to Parliament ( Hydro 0uebec! #rote+tion o (ealt( (,J,-AacDonald, fed Co*acco Products Control 3ct u&'eld under s124 3?$ as +alid criminal la! &o!er) &rotection of 'ealt' from to*acco consum&tion !as +alid &u*lic &ur&ose! En"ironmental #rote+tion3 unrelate/ to (uman (ealt( (Hydro 0uebec) fed (n+ironmental Protection 3ct u&'eld as +alid criminal la! &o!erD note t'at dissent !ould'+e found 3ct in+alid *2c more regulator. t'an criminal ! So+ial3 e+onomi+3 or 0oliti+al (,J,-AacDonald! #rote+tion o "ulnerable .rou0s rom sel <in li+te/ (arm (Aalmo-"evine! Are not ro?en3 +an e70an/ into new matters (,J,-AacDonald! #ro(ibition o so+iall5 un/esirable +on/u+t (Aor#entaler; 42?5; a*ortion can *e criminali5ed = note t'at a*ortion criminal la! struck do!n under C'arter) s$7 ! #re"ention o +rime (see also Dupond !'ere munici&al *.la! u&'eld *2c directed at &re+ention of conditions likel. to cause crime ! E7am0le o In"ali/ #ubli+ #ur0ose' Bo##s (fed CC offence of dri+ing !it' license sus&ended struck do!n *2c license could *e sus&ended for non=criminal reasons> &ro'i*ition found to sim&l. *e enforcement measure for &ro+incial regulator. 6 ta,ing regimes) and not for criminal la! &ur&ose! #ro(ibitor5 Le.islation3 not Re.ulator5 T0e .ormal reHuirement t0at 3riminal la/ in3lude a pro0ibition ma. mean t0at .ederal legislation /ill be stru3= do/n i. it is more regulatory t0an pro0ibitoryCriminal la/ ordinarily 3onsists o. a pro0ibition /0i30 is to be sel.-applied to t0e person to /0om it is addressed- T0ere.ore, 3riminal la/ s0ould not be (1! administered by administrati1e agen3ies or (2! dis3retionary) See dissent in Hydro 0uebec7 .ederal (n+ironmental Protection 3ct in1alid be3ause .orm /as more regulatory t0an pro0ibitory :issent 3annot .ind 3lear pro0ibition - no 3riminal o..en3e o33urs unless administrati1e agen3y inter1enes (t0ere.ore 3rime depends on dis3retion o. e;e3uti1e! :issent troubled by pro1ision /0i30 e;empts pro1in3es /0o 0a1e identi3al en1ironmental legislation - 0o/ 3an pro1in3es 0a1e identi3al 93riminal la/9 legislation i. t0ey 3an<t ma=e 3riminal la/@ Note 3on3erns are in dissent only, so t0ey may not be good la/+n determining i. legislation 0as 3rossed t0e line .rom 3riminal to regulatory, 3onsider (1! nature and e,tent o. t0e regulation and (2! conte,t in /0i30 it applies +s t0e pit0 and substan3e o. t0e la/ regulation@ +. so, t0en statute may be stru3= do/n as in1alidT0at said, (ere are some reasons w(5 a seemin.l5<re.ulator5 s+(eme ma5 be u0(el/ as "ali/ +riminal law 0ower'
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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!
Criminal la/ po/er aut0oriIes 3omple; legislation in3luding dis3retionary administrati1e aut0ority (Hydro 0uebec; ma-orit.! 2- Criminal purposes may be pursued by indire3t means ( ,J, AacDonaldD ad+ertising &ro'i*itions are +alid criminal la! measures to &rotect against dangers of to*acco consum&tion!
1-

#ro"in+ial ;uasi<Criminal Law #ower Pro1in3es may not pass 3riminal la/ legislation (Dupond!J 8ut t0e .ollo/ing .our 0eads o. po/er gi1e pro1in3es ?uasi=criminal la! &o!er4 s123 49$7 En.or3ing 1alid regulatory or li3ensing s30emes s123 46$7 +n1estigatory Po/ers s123 45$7 Penalties reHuired .or en.or3ing 1alid s-'2 0eads o. po/er s123 4:$7 Batters o. a Lo3al and Pri1ate Nature En or+in. un/er s123 45$' #enalties or en or+in. "ali/ s123 (ea/s o 0ower Pro1in3ial la/s are not 3riminal la/ merely b23 t0ey 0a1e a pro0ibition and penalty ( Dupond!s123 45$ allo/s pro1in3es to establis0 pro0ibitions /2 penalties under pro1in3ial regulatory or li3ensing s30emes /0i30 are 1alid under some ot0er s123 0ead o. po/er (,io Hotel!1- T0e o..ense must be (a! reasona*l. necessar. .or t0e purpose o. t0e program, and (b! an im&ortant and integral part o. t0e s30eme2- T0e longer t0e penalty and t0e 3lose t0e terminology 3omes to des3ribing traditionally 3riminal 3ondu3t, t0e more doubt.ul t0e 1alidity o. t0e Pro1in3ial Ena3tment- :upli3ation o. CC language is .atal, but you 3an relate and use t0e CC as a re.eren3e (i-e- 9brea30 o. CC s-21' K no dri1er<s li3ense9! s123 46$7 In"esti.ator5 #owers T/o 0elp.ul areas o. in1estigatory po/er) s124 3?$ and s123 46! 8ot0 pro1s and .eds 0a1e in1estigatory po/ers in 3riminal matters, and may administer t0e 3riminal la/ as set out in t0e Criminal CodeU0(ol/in. * C(allen.in. #ro"in+ial ;uasi<Criminal Le.islation Legislation ena3ted in relation to s123 45$ or ot0er pro1in3ial 0eads o. po/er are o.ten 30allenged b23 it loo=s li=e 3riminal la/- T0is reHuires t0e 3ourts to dra/ a distin3tion b2t a 1alid pro1in3ial la/ /it0 an an3illary penalty and an in1alid pro1in3ial la/ t0at is in relation to 3riminal la/ po/erU0(ol/in. #ro"in+ial Le.islation #ro0ert5 as0e+ts Lo+al an/ #ri"ate nature o. t0e problem (DupondD local *.la! &ro'i*iting &u*lic assem*lies u&'eld as +alid e,ercise of &ro+incial &o!er to &re+ent conditions likel. to cause crime) to &reser+e &eace 6 re&ress disorderl. conduct in communit. ! Re.ulation o lo+al business 2ieJ Li+ensin.4 Pse t0e /ord Fli+ensin.G in relation to pro0ibitions and penalties (don<t say 9.ine9 or 9imprisonment9! (,io Hotel! Fo+us on 0ersons w(o mi.(t not be t(e a++use/ under t0e Criminal Code (,io Hotel; &ro+ 3ct focused on stri&&er em&lo.er) not stri&&er 'erself2'imself ! #re<em0ti"e striAe' Say t0e la/ is pre1entati1e, not pro0ibitory (Dupond! Lo+alit5' Say t0e la/ is lo3al in nature (Dupond!

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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!

Argue it is +om0lementar5 to 3riminal la/, not su00lementar5 (DupondD Aor#entaler4 Emp0asiIe +on+erns ot(er t(an moral ones (Dupond; &ro+ em&'asi5ed concern o+er &u*lic disorder) statute u&'eld> Aor#entaler, &ro+ tried to em&'asi5e concern o+er &u*lic 'ealt' s.stem) court found t'at !as coloura*le attem&t to &ro'i*it a*ortion and !as in+alid criminal la!! Emp0asiIe in+i/ental nature o 0ubli+ moralit5 (.iemens, local=o&tion D C statute u&'eld as +alid and in relation to regulation of gaming) onl. incidental effect on &u*lic moralit.! A1oid dis3ussing t0e problem being targeted (+olourabilit5! Double As0e+t Do+trine' T0e .a3t t0at t0e .ederal go1ernment can legislate in an area t0roug0 t0e 3riminal la/, but 0asnEt, is not .atal to pro1in3ial legislation ( Dupond, regulation of &olicing or munici&al acti+ities is dou*le=as&ect> .iemens) regulation of gaming!NOTE' t0ere are some traditional 3riminal a3ti1ities pro1in3es 3annot tou30

C(allen.in. #ro"in+ial Le.islation Pse o. terminolo.5 t(at +omes +lose to /es+ribin. tra/itionall5 +riminal +on/u+t (,io Hotel) &ro+ 3ct focused on nude entertainment as marketing tool) not Bmoralit.B! Pse o. t0e more se"ere an/ /ra+onian t(e 0enalt5, t0e more it loo=s li=e 3riminal la/ (,io Hotel! Pse o. t0e wor/s ) ine) or )im0risonment) Emp0asis on +ertain subBe+t matters (abortion and prostitution! (Aor#entalerD &ro+ Aedical 1er+ices 3ct &ro+isions struck do!n *2c P31 !as directed to!ards &ro'i*iting a*ortion) not regulation of 'ealt'! Du0li+ation o Criminal Co/e 0ro"isions (,io Hotel) &ro+ 3ct did not discuss o*scenit. or moralit. in &ro'i*iting nude entertainment! TRADE * COMMERCE' Re.ulation o t(e E+onom5 Distribution o #owers s124 3$ C Mederal po/er to regulate trade and 3ommer3e ( Parsons! 1- %nter&ro+incial and %nternational trade 2- ;eneral regulation o. trade and 3ommer3e s123 49$ and 4:$ - Pro1in3ial po/er o1er property 5 3i1il rig0ts and all t0ings o. 9merely lo3al or pri1ate 3on3ern9 Lo3al produ3tion and manu.a3turing s123 48$ c$ - Mederal de3laratory po/er o1er lo3al /or=s and underta=ings T0e original intent o. t0e Mat0ers o. Con.ederation /as a ni3e 3o0erent e3onomi3 union /it0 (1! no barriers to trade and (2! broad .ederal po/ers to deal /it0 trade 6eality no/ is a s0arply di1ided 4urisdi3tion on trade and 3ommer3e Mederal 0eads o. po/er relating to trade and 3ommer3e 0a1e been se1erely restri3ted as pro1in3ial prote3tionism too= 0old 6egulation o. E3onomy problems) (conom. is not entirel. indi+isi*le - it 3onsists o. an aggregate o. matters Eltimatel. e+er.t'ing is local D produ3tion al/ays starts out in t0e pro1in3es and mo1es out T0is means in regulating matters at t0e lo3al le1el, pro1in3es 3an 0a1e 3onseHuential e..e3ts on t0e national e3onomy

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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!
Li=e/ise, in regulating matters nation/ide, Parliament may 0a1e to 9rea30 ba3=9 to lo3al o33upations and underta=ings (see %astern (erminal %levators; reac'ing *ack is *ad! Pro+inces are al!a.s acting in t'eir o!n interests

!eneral .ui/an+e a00roa+( ("abatt! +. contractual rig'ts !it'in t'e &ro+ince are t0e ob4e3t o. t0e regulation, t0en t0e pro1in3e 0as aut0orityD +. regulation in t'e flo! of e,tra=&ro+incial trade is t0e ob4e3t, t0en .eds 0a1e aut0ority Fe/eral #owers o"er t(e Re.ulation o t(e E+onom5 2 s124 3$4 s124 3$ Trade and Commer3e .ederal po/ers are e;tremely limited ( "abatt!+nterpreting s124 3$ .ederal trade and 3ommer3e po/er (City !ational "easin#) citing Parsons! 1- Fe/eralism #rin+i0le' 9Trade and 3ommer3e9 are not be used in t0eir literal unlimited sense - /ould ma=e ot0er enumerated s124 0eads o. po/er meaningless (i-e- ban=ing, /eig0ts 5 measures! 2- Two 6ran+(es a- %nternational and %nter&ro+incial trade b- ;eneral regulation o. trade a..e3ting t0e /0ole dominion"- Does not in+lu/e intraprovincial tra/e' s124 3$ does not e;tend to regulating t0e 3ontra3ts o. a parti3ular business or tradeRe.ulation o International an/ Interprovincial Tra/e Parliament 0as aut0ority to regulate trade in matters o. interpro1in3ial or international 3on3ern Parliament 3annot regulate a trade in a pro1in3e in order to 3ontrol intrapro1in3ial matters o. t0at trade (%astern (erminal %levators) fed 3ct struck do!n *2c it regulated local grain ele+ators des&ite t'e o+erall goal of regulating inter&ro+incial grain trade ! Morm o. legislation is important (%astern (erminal %levators! +. .eds 3ould 0a1e t0e same e..e3t by .raming legislation under di..erent 0eads, t0ey must do so Pro1in3ial inability test doesn<t seem to apply to 1st bran30 o. s124 3$ (%astern (erminal %levators# s123 48$ c$ Fe/eral De+larator5 #ower s123 48$ c$ allo/s Parliament to de3lare lo3al /or=s 9to be .or t0e general ad1antage o. Canada or t/o or more pro1in3es9 Applies only to /or=s, not underta=ings- P0ysi3al element reH<d (%astern (erminal %levators! :oes not gi1e Parliament o!ners'i& o. lo3al /or= >rants .ederal 4urisdi3tion to regulate t0e /or= and its asso3iated underta=ings ( %astern (erminal %levators! )eneral ,e#ulation o Tra/e A e+tin. t(e &(ole Dominion T0is appears to be more t0an a single industry, parti3ularly i. itEs 4ust lo3al ( a*att! Fi"e In/i+ia o :ali/it5 .or !eneral Re.ulation o Tra/e (City !ational "easin#, fed Com*ines %n+estigation 3ct &ro+isions !'ic' created ci+il cause of action not +alid under 2nd *ranc' of s124 3$) *ut ultimatel. u&'eld under ancillar. doctrine as intrusion into s123 49$ &ro+incial &o!er to create ci+il causes of action !as functionall. connected to +alid legislation ! 1- Legislation must be part o. a .eneral re.ulator5 s+(eme 2- S30eme must be monitore/ b5 t(e +ontinuin. o"ersi.(t o a re.ulator5 a.en+5
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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!
Legislation must be +on+erne/ wit( tra/e as a w(ole rat0er t0an /it0 a parti3ular industry (- Legislation s0ould be o. a nature t0at t0e pro1in3es 4ointly or se1erally /ould be 3onstitutionally in3apable o. ena3ting (similar to Pro+incial %na*ilit. Cest! #- Mailure to in3lude one or more pro1in3es or lo3alities in a legislati1e s30eme /ould 4eopardiIe t0e su33ess.ul operation o. t0e s30eme in ot0er parts o. t0e 3ountry ( similar to Pro+incial %na*ilit. Cest!
"-

Note t0at t0is is not an e;0austi1e list Presen3e or absen3e o. any o. t0ese is not ne3essarily determinati1e 8ut presen3e o. su30 .a3tors ma=es it .ar more probable .ederal la/ /ill be up0eld as in relation to genuinely national e3onomi3 3on3erns, not 4ust a 3olle3tion o. lo3al 3on3erns #ro"in+ial #owers o"er t(e Re.ulation o t(e E+onom5 2 s123 494 an/ 4:$4 Pro1in3es 0a1e e;3lusi1e 3ontrol o1er)
12"-

Lo+al 0ro/u+tion an/ manu a+turin. (Parsons! Contra+ts an/ tra/e wit(in t(e 0ro"in+e (Parsons! #ro/u+tion o an in/ustr5 wit(in t(e 0ro"in+e' +. an industry is substantially lo3al in 30ara3ter, its regulation is regulation o. a trade /it0in a pro1in3e ( "abatt) fed 0ood 6 7rug 3ct &ro+isions regulating com&osition stds for lig't *eer struck do!n as in+alid attem&t to regulate local trade or industr., not'ing to s'o! inter&ro+incial trade!

#ro"in+es +annot en+roa+( on s124 3$ En3roa30ment e;ists i. statute in pit0 and substan3e is aimed at t0e regulation o. international or interpro1in3ial trade (Carnation, &ro+ 3ct u&'eld *2c P31 !as aimed at &rotecting local dair. farmers) not regulating inter=&ro+incial trade! Not rele1ant t0at t0e reason .or 3ontrolling interpro1in3ial trade /as to regulate trade /it0in t0e pro1in3e (Burns, &ro+ 3ct struck do!n as in+alid *2c aim !as to regulate inter&ro+incial trade of 'ogs) not to &rotect local 'og &roducers ! U0(ol/in. #ro"in+ial Le.islation un/er ss123 49$ or 4:$) Lo3aliIe t0e transa3tions Co<o0eration as in/i+ator o "ali/it5' S0o/ 3o-operation bet/een .ederal go1ernment and pro1in3ial go1ernment so t0at 3ourts /ill be 3autious about stri=ing legislation do/n as in1alid (.iemensD ,othmans! TA=IN! * S#ENDIN! #O&ERS Mis3al imbalan3e issues arise b23 Parliament 0as broader ta;ation po/ers t0an t0e pro1in3esPro1in3es are 3onstantly trying to get money .or t0eir programs Morm is 1ery important in t0is area *nly area in t0e Constitution /0i30 is go1erned by original intent, and not li1ing tree p0ilosop0yIn an5 ta7 0roblem3 +onsi/er t(e ollowin. issues' 1- +s t0e payment a ta;@ 2- +. so, is it a dire3t ta;@ "- +s it ta;ing somet0ing in t0e pro1in3e@

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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!
(#$-

+s t0e legislation properly ena3ted Nnote pro3edural pro1isions .or money billsO +s t0ere any immunity a1ailable@ +. t0e ta; is in1alid, 3an you get a re.und@

Certain well un/erstoo/ +ate.ories o ta7ation (a"e been .enerall5 establis(e/ as allin. wit(in one or ot(er o t(ese +lasses' *n3e a ta; is su33ess.ully labeled as dire3t or indire3t, it /ill remain t0at /ay+ts label /ill t0en determine 1alidity or in1alidity (CI)C! Framin. t(e issue' Mrame your ta;ing statute to .it a parti3ular 3ategory t0at 0as already been determined to be dire3t2indire3t (e-g- in3ome ta; is dire3t, and /ill al/ays be dire3t! Distribution o #owers s124 9$ C Mederal aut0ority to raise money by an5 mo/e o ta7ation (dire3t 5 indire3t! s123 3$ C Pro1in3ial aut0ority to ma=e la/s .or dire3t ta;ation /it0in t0e pro1in3e .or t0e raising o. re1enue .or pro1in3ial purposes s123 2$ C Pro1in3ial aut0ority to issue li3enses relating to s0op, saloon, ta1ern, et3 in order .or t0e raising o. re1enue .or pro1in3ial or lo3al purposes s123A 6$ C Pro1in3ial aut0ority to raise money by any mode o. ta;ation (dire3t or indire3t! in respe3t o. (1! non-rene/able natural resour3es and .orestry resour3es in t0e pro1in3e and (2! sites and .a3ilities in t0e pro1in3e .or t0e generation o. ele3tri3al energy s1435 NCro/n +mmunity Pro1isionO) No lands or property belonging to t0e Cro/n (or its agents! 3an be ta;ed (<estban= First !ation! Pro1in3ial ta;ing statutes don<t apply to .ederal Cro/n Mederal ta;ing statutes don<t apply to pro1in3ial Cro/n Fe/eral Ta7in. #owers' s124 9$ Dire+t an/ In/ire+t Ta7ation s124 9$ gi1es t0e Mederal Parliament a 1ery broad po/er- T0ey 3an ta; e1eryt0ing, .or any purpose so long as it<s aimed at raising re1enue, 3an spend t0eir money on anyt0ing t0ey /ant and 3an stop spending money anytime t0ey /antA Fe/eral an/ #ro"in+ial Re"enue<Raisin. OAa5' Mederal Parliament 3an spend its money any/ay it /ants, in3luding .or pro1in3ial purposes ( <interhaven .tables; man c'allenges federal %ncome Ca, 3ct *2c it funnels mone. to t'e &ro+inces) 3ct u&'eld as +alid! No S0en/in. Limits' Can spend and stop spending as it pleases (,e Canada Assistance Plan Act! A"oi/ Contra+ts) Meds 3an a1oid a .ederal-pro1in3ial 3ontra3t by legislation and eliminate C*A .or brea30 o. 3ontra3t by legislation ( ,e Canada Assistance Plan Act; 0eds sto& di+erting mone. to &ro+inces) t'at's oka.! Limitations on Fe/eral Ta7in. #owers Crown Immunit5' Cannot impose ta;es on pro1in3ial Cro/n property or lands (s1435!Note t0at s1435 does not apply to regulatory .ees Colourabilit5' Primary ob4e3t must be raising o. re1enue, not t0e regulation o. a pro1in3ial matter (<interhaven .tables, &ro+inces could o&t out of taking mone. from feds) so %C3 not regulation of &ro+incial matter! #ur0ose o Ta7ation must be Raisin. o Re"enue' Meds 3annot ta; in order to regulate a matter under pro1in3ial 4urisdi3tion (<interhaven .tables! #ro"in+ial Ta7in. #owers' s123 3$ & 2$; s123A 6$

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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!
Pro1in3ial le1ies must .it /it0in one o. t0e 0eads o. po/er in s123 or 23A- Mor s123 3$, t0ere are .i1e possible issuesIs t(e le"5 a ta7, C(ara+teristi+s o a Ta7 (<estban= First !ation! N*T +N T,+S CLASS 1- En.or3eable by la/ 2- Pnder t0e aut0ority o. t0e legislature "- +mposed by a publi3 body (- +ntended .or a publi3 purpose See <estban= First !ation (Band im&osed +alid) *ut inappli3able N1ia s1435O ta, on BC '.dro4 "1# enforcea*le *. la!) "2# im&osed under aut'orit. of legislature under +ndian A3t) "3# le+ied *. &u*lic *od. +ia Band Council) "4# for &u*lic &ur&ose of general *and go+ernance ! Ro5alties Ta7 6oyalties are an in3ident o. o/ners0ip and are based on a s0are o. t0e produ3tion used by a leasee6oyalties are not ta;es (CI)C, Bartland ma4ority, ro.alt. surc'arge !as a ta,) not a &ure ro.alt. as it !as not an incident of o!ners'i&!Re.ulator5 +(ar.es Ta7 2<estban= First !ation> Allard Contractors4 A 30arge primarily .or regulatory purposes, or as ne3essarily in3idental to a broader regulatory s30eme, is not a ta;A "ali/ re.ulator5 s+(eme is one /it0 t0e .ollo/ing .a3tors) A 3omplete and detailed 3ode o. regulation A spe3i.i3 regulatory purpose see=ing to a..e3t t0e be0a1iour o. indi1iduals A3tual or properly estimated 3osts o. t0e regulation A relations0ip bet/een t0e regulation and t0e person being regulated, /0ere t0e person being regulated 3auses t0e need or bene.its .rom it T0is 3an in3lude too t0at t0e 30arge is eit0er o..setting t0e 3ost o. t0e regime, or is t0e manner /0i30 itEs en.or3ed Ne;us bet/een t0e 30arge and t0e 3ost o. t0e ser1i3e pro1ided C0arge may e;ist to de.ray e;penses or ad1an3e regulatory purpose Contrastin. Ta7es wit( Re.ulator5 C(ar.es wit( User Fees' Ta7) raise re1enue .or general purpose Re.ulator5 +(ar.e) .inan3es a regulatory s30eme User ee) 30arges .or ser1i3es dire3tly rendered See also Allard Contractors re pro1in3ial po/er to impose indire3t li3ense .ees as an3illary addition to 1alid regulatory s30eme under s123 2$; 49$; 4:$I so3 is it a /ire+t ta7, Pro1in3ial le1ies under s123 3$ must be /ire+t ta7esDire+t Ta7ation test 28o(n Stewart Mill4 FA dire3t ta; is one /0i30 is demanded .rom t0e 1ery persons /0o it is intended or desired s0ould pay it- +ndire3t ta;es are t0ose /0i30 are demanded .rom one person in t0e e;pe3tation and intention t0at 0e s0all indemni.y 0imsel. at t0e e;pense o. anot0erG ( Ban= of (oronto v1
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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!
"ambe, Fue*ec 3ct im&osed ta, on national *anks in Fue*ec calculated on *uilt=u& ca&ital in /ntario> *anks argued indirect ta, outside of &ro+ince> :CPC u&'eld 3ct as +alid e,ercise of direct ta,ation !2in &ro+ince = Fue*ec intended *anks to &a. ta,> 3ct !as in relation to ta,ation) not *anking and !as intra 1ires# E7am0les o Dire+t Ta7es' +n3ome ta; 6etail sales ta; Ni-e- 93onsumer9 ta;es, see 'nion of !B IndiansO 7alue-added ta; 8usiness ta; Property ta; Mlat rate li3ense .ees In/ire+t Ta7ation test 2Allard Contractors4 +s t0e ta; related or relatable (dire3tly or indire3tly! to a unit o. t0e 3ommodity or its pri3e, imposed /0en t0e 3ommodity is in t0e 3ourse o. being manu.a3tured or mar=eted@ E7am0les o In/ire+t Ta7es' Customs duty E;3ise ta; E;port ta; (CI)C, Bartland ma4ority, &ro+ 3ct im&osed e,&ort ta, !'ic' !as 'eld in+alid and ultra 1ires *2c "1# indirect ta, and "2# in relation to s124 3$ regulation of int'l trade *2c of &rice fi,ing on int'l market! 6esour3e and 3ommodity ta;es (Allard Contractors, generall.) commodit. ta,es cling to &roduct 6 is &assed on to consumer Note' s123A 6$ no/ gi1es pro1in3es po/er to impose dire3t 5 indire3t ta; on resour3e produ3tion Sales ta; Ngenerally indire3t, unless 3olle3ted by t0e 1endor and paid by t0e 3onsumerO ( 'nion of !B Indians, retail sales ta,es direct *2c t'e. take &lace at P/1 ! 7ariable li3ense .ees In/ire+t Li+ense Fees aut(ori?e/ un/er s123 2$ in +ombo w@ s123 49$ * 4:$ T0e pro1in3es 3an ena3t li+ense ees t0at amount to indirect ta,ation, as an an3illary addition to a 1alid regulatory s30eme /0i30 3an be 4usti.ied under s123 2$ in 3ombo /2 23 49$ 5 4:$ (Allard Contractors) Aunici&al 3ct aut'ori5es Co?uitlam to set +aria*le gra+el fees *ased on +olume remo+ed) u&'eld as +alid indirect license fees in relation to +alid regulator. sc'eme ! s123 2$; in 3ombination /it0 49$ and 4:$ 3ompre0ends a po/er o. regulation t0roug0 li3enses and is not 3on.ined to dire3t ta;ation Ne7us b@+ Costs o S+(eme * Li+ense Fee' T0is ability is limited to an amount t0at 3an be used to de.ray t0e 3osts o. regulation- T0ere s0ould be some ne;us bet/een t0e 3osts o. t0e s30eme and t0e amount le1ied (see ,e %uri# %state !'ere &ro*ate fees struck do!n as in+alid indirect ta,ation *2c t'e. !ent into general re+enue 6 not to!ards defra.ing costs of issuing &ro*ate ! Test' Can t0e 1ariable .ees be 3onsidered indire3t in t0eir general tenden3y@ a- +. not, t0en t0e ta; is 1alid as dire3t ta;ationb- A .lat rate li3ense .ee /ill normally be seen as dire3t 2- :oes t0e A3t or by-la/ 3reate a 1alid regulatory s30eme to /0i30 t0e .ees 3an be related@
1-

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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!
Is it ta7in. somet(in. in t(e 0ro"in+e, Pro1in3ial le1ies must be ta;ation wit(in t(e 0ro"in+e (Ban= of (oronto v1 "ambe! s123 3$ Fdoes not reHuire t0at t0e persons to be ta;ed by Ruebe3 are to be domi3iled or e1en resident in Ruebe3- Any person .ound /it0in t0e pro1in3e may be legally ta;ed t0ere i. ta;ed dire3tlyG (Ban= of (oronto v1 "ambe, Fue*ec 3ct !'ic' ta,ed national *anks !2 Fue*ec *ranc'es !as +alid! Territorial limitation on 0ro"in+ial ta7ation 0owers (Air Canada! Air+ra t' Bust be a substantial, more-t0an-nominal presen3e in pro1in3e to pro1ide basis .or imposing ta; (Air Canada) &ro+incial Getail 1ales 3ct ina&&lica*le to air flig'ts t'at did not touc' do!n or land &ermanentl. in &ro+inceD did not decide !'et'er airs&ace !as e,traterritorial so 3ct still +alid# Berely going t0ru airspa3e *6 tou30ing do/n momentarily /0ile in transit 9/it0in t0e pro1in3e9 In #ersonam Ta7ation' Can ta; in &ersonam, but must e;pli3itly do so, and measure by somet0ing substantially /it0in t0e pro1in3e E;ample o. inappli3ability, /0ile t0e statute is still 1alidSales ta;es imposed on t0e 3onsumer are dire3t ta;es and 1alidly /it0in t0e 3ompeten3e o. t0e pro1in3e- T0ey ta=e pla3e at t0e point o. sale, and t0at is 0o/ t0ey are lo3ated ( 'nion of !B Indians v1 !B! Is t(e le.islation 0ro0erl5 ena+te/, Ta;ing legislation is a money bill- >enerally you 3an delegate la/ma=ing po/er, but s159 and s156 reHuire t0at t0e legislati1e bran30 impose a money bill (no ta;ation /it0out representation! See ,e %uri# %state (&ro*ate fee in+alid *2c fees enacted *. (,ecuti+e) not *. egislature = in an. e+ent) !ould not 'a+e succeeded as &art of +alid regulator. sc'eme *2c &ro*ate fees !ent into general re+enue and not to!ards defra.ing costs of &ro*ate !Is t(ere an5 immunit5 a"ailable, Crown Immunit5 2<estban= First !ation4 s1435)H9o ands or Pro&ert. *elonging to Canada or an. Pro+ince s'all *e lia*le to (a&ation$I *nly applies to ta;es, not regulatory 30arges s1>? o Indian Act 2'nion of !B Indians4 IA; s1>? pro0ibits ta;ation o. property (1! p0ysi3ally situated on a reser1e at t0e time o. ta;ation or (2! /0ose paramount lo3ation is on reser1e at t0e time o. ta;ation ( 'nion of !B Indians; *and's claim of immunit. from &ro+incial retail sales ta, fails *2c ta, is im&osed off=reser+e at time of sale! I t(e ta7 is in"ali/3 +an 5ou .et a re un/, Re un/s o Ille.al@In"ali/ Ta7es 2@in#street Investments "td1 v1 !ew Brunswic=4 Constitutional prin3iples allo/ ta; payers to get illegal ta;es ba3= (/it0out 3ompound interest! sub4e3t to t0e .ollo/ing) Pro1in3ial limitation periods >o1ernments see=ing de3larations .or stay .or a 3ertain period o. time Legislatures properly ena3ting t0e statute2ta; and apply retroa3ti1ely

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Constitutional CAN Term 1, Edinger, 2010-2011 Prepared by Simon Lin (based on a enn Lau CAN!

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