Correcting The Anti Racialist Q&A

A fellow who calls himself The Prussian, but who I will call Mr. P for short, recentl !oste" a !iece entitle" The Anti#Racialist Q&A at a website calle" $%e!tic In%. As is to be e&!ecte" from a blog !ublishe" at a website with the wor" s%e!tic in its title, the !iece is characteri'e" b a snar% , un"eser(e"l confi"ent, an" self congratulator tone ta%en while !ushing !seu"o scientific "ogma unrestraine" b e(en the slightest hint of actual s%e!ticism. Mr. P calls out se(eral racialist sites b name an" among them is TheRight$tuff. As such, I am going to be res!on" to Mr. P an" e&!lain wh nearl e(er thing he sai" was wrong. Mr. P)s !iece consists of * sections+ a !reface, a section on science, an" a section on !olitics. I am onl going to res!on" to the section on science both because it is the section I am most intereste" in an" because there isn)t an !oint in tal%ing about the !olitical ramifications of science if ou "on)t get sai" science right in the first !lace. ,efore e&amining Mr P)s arguments, I)m going to clearl state the !osition I am "efen"ing. In m (iew, there are biologicall real races an" among them is the white race. These races are the result of tens of thousan"s of ears that the races s!ent e(ol(ing in "ifferent en(ironments. These "i(ergent e(olutionar histories ha(e resulte" in im!ortant genetic "ifferences between the races. ,ecause of this, racial "ifferences in intelligence, criminalit , an" !olitical beliefs, among other things, ha(e a !artl -but not wholl . genetic basis. Mr. P)s article begins b "en ing the biological realit of the white race. Ma%e no mista%e, Mr. P is not !ushing the stan"ar" leftist line that there is no genetic basis for "i(i"ing !eo!le into races. Rather, Mr. P is ma%ing the uni/uel ri"iculous argument that a Caucasian race, "efine" as inclu"ing 0uro!eans, Mi""le 0asterners, an" 1orthern Africans, e&ists biologicall , but that a white race, "efine" as 2ust 0uro!eans, "oes not. This claim is trul bi'arre. In the same wa that ou can loo% at someones genome an" tell if the are Caucasian or Asian ou can also tell if the are 0uro!ean or Mi""le 0astern.

This is because there are genes that are much more, or less, fre/uent among whites than among non white Caucasians which can be use" as mar%ers to !re"ict whether or not someone is white . 3ne nee" not be well (erse" in genetics to see how this coul" wor%. 4or instance, it it har"l ta%es an in# "e!th e"ucation to reali'e that the genes that ma%e white !eo!le)s s%in white -5. coul" be use" as a mar%er that woul" "istinguish whites from non#whites. 4urther, wi"el a(ailable ser(ices li%e 6*an"Me regularl loo% at genomes an" tell !eo!le not onl that the are from 0uro!e, but also what countr in 0uro!e the are from -6.. Clearl , then, there is a genetic basis to "emarcate 0uro!eans from non 0uro!eans. Mr. P also tal%s about the i"ea that e(olution has occurre" in 7uman !o!ulations o(er the last 89,999 ears an" !ro"uce" some im!ortant results. 7ere Mr. P)s criticism of racialists is not that the are wrong. Rather, he "oesn)t thin% that an one actuall "enies this an" that the racialists are therefore ma%ing a big stin% about nothing. 7e states I "on)t thin% an bo" reall thin%s that humans ha(e sto!!e" e(ol(ing. 7o!efull Mr. P will count $te(en :a ;oul", one of the most !rominent

e(olutionar biologists of the secon" half of the twentieth centur , as somebo" . Towar"s the en" of ;oul")s career as a l ing !ro!agan"ist for human e/ualit -*., he sai" this in an inter(iew 0(olution has become almost irrele(ant in human e(olution. There)s been no biological change in 7umans in <9,999 to 89,999 ears. 0(er thing we call culture an" ci(ili'ation we)(e built with the same bo" an" brain. -<. $o es, this i"ea, what is often calle" the stan"ar" social science mo"el, reall "oes e&ist.

Race and Intelligence

Mr. P also s!en"s a goo" "eal of time tal%ing about Race an" Intelligence. Aroun" the worl", blac%s score lower on intelligence tests than whites. In America, for instance, the blac% mean IQ is =8 while the white mean IQ is 599. In Africa the blac% mean IQ is closer to >9. $o calle" racialists thin% that this "ifference in intelligence is substantiall , but not wholl , "ue to genetics. Mr. P "oes not. In

fact, as if to go out of his wa to remin" the au"ience of his ignorance, Mr. P sa s that nothing that he has rea" about race an" intelligence suggests that genes cause a substantial !art of the ,?@ IQ ga!. In other wor"s, he "i"n)t bother rea"ing an thing b the !eo!le he is attac%ing !rior to attac%ing them. ,ut I am ha!! to alle(iate Mr. P of his ignorance. To this en", I !resent Mr. P with a list of m 59 fa(orite reasons for thin%ing that genes ha(e something to "o with the ,?@ IQ ga!+

5. Attem!ts b

!rograms li%e hea" start to gi(e blac%s highl

enriche" e"ucational

en(ironments ha(e faile" to !ro"uce lasting changes in their IQ)s relati(e to whites -58..

6. Chil"ren of blac% !arents that ma%e between 5A9B an" 699B a ear are less intelligent than white chil"ren from families that ma%e less than 69 B a ear -=.. $imilarl , the IQ "ifference between rich blac% %i"s an" rich white %i"s is e(en larger than the IQ "ifference between !oor blac% %i"s an" !oor white %i"s -66..

*. 3ur societ has ob(iousl become much less racist o(er the last hun"re" ears. Cet, the blac%?white IQ ga! is basicall the same to"a as it was in 5D5= -D.

<. ;enetic theor !re"icts that the chil"ren an" gran" chil"ren of smart !eo!le will ten" to be e(er "umber until the reach the a(erage IQ le(el of the !o!ulation. The chil"ren an" gran" chil"ren of smart blac% !arents regress in this wa to a mean IQ of =8 while the chil"ren of smart white !arents regress to a mean IQ of 599. The onl ob(ious e&!lanation for this comes from genetics ->..

8. @hites ha(e larger brains than blac%s -<*.. This seems to be for genetic reasons since there are also man other muscular an" s%eletal "ifferences between blac%s an" whites that are

associate" with e(ol(ing larger brains an" because these brain si'e "ifferences are !resent at birth -55.. Earger brains are also associate" with being more intelligent -<*.. Three lines of e(i"ence suggest that this association is causal+ first, genes that are associate" with being more intelligent are also associate" with larger brains -59. secon", a !erson)s brain si'e changes o(er time !re"ict changes in their intelligence o(er time -<8. an" thir", smarter siblings ha(e larger brains their their less intelligent siblings who crew u! in the same home as them -this suggests that the relationshi! can)t be e&!laine" b an !ossible confoun"ing (ariable in the famil en(ironment such as nutrition.. $o it seems that whites ha(e e(ol(e" to be more intelligent than blac%s !artl b e(ol(ing larger brains.

A. Mulattos -!eo!le who ha(e a blac% an" a white !arent. ha(e higher IQ)s than blac%s but lower IQ)s than whites. A genetic e&!lanation woul" !re"ict this because half of a mulatto)s genes are blac% an" half are white. In fact, e(en with in blac% !o!ulations those who ha(e lighter s%in -because the ha(e more white ancestors. ha(e higher IQ)s. -56. -5*.

>. The Minnesota trans#racial a"o!tion stu" , which is the best of its %in", foun" that at age 5> blac%s a"o!te" into u!!er mi""le class white homes a(erage" an IQ of =<, Mulattos a(erage" D*, an" whites 596. Thus, being raise" in an affluent white famil "i"n)t boost blac% or Mulatto IQ 2ust as a -mostl . genetic h !othesis woul" !re"ict -5<..

=. $ome IQ sub#tests are more heritable than others. -That is, twin stu"ies show that "ifferences between in"i(i"uals on some tests are more "ue to genetic "ifferences between !eo!le than others.. The race IQ ga! is largest on those subtests with the highest le(els of heritabilit ->. an" the onl ob(ious e&!lanation for this is that the ,?@ IQ "ifference is cause" b genetics.

D. Fersions of genes associate" with intelligence "iffer in fre/uenc between the races in such a wa that fa(ors white !eo!le. -5=. -5D.

59. 0galitarianism isn)t e(olutionaril or geneticall !lausible. @e %now that the "ifferent en(ironments the races e(ol(e" in !ro"uce" "ifferences in 2ust about e(er !h sical trait from bone "ensit to height to muscle si'e. An" we %now that the large "ifferences in weather an" foo" a(ailabilit must ha(e cause" !eo!le to beha(e "ifferentl . The i"ea that these "ifferent en(ironments selecte" for intelligence with e&actl e/ual !ressure seems

incre"ibl unli%el . $imilarl , stu"ies ha(e foun" that the races "iffer in the fre/uenc of most -or all. genes -5A. an" this inclu"es genes that affect brain "e(elo!ment -5>.. $o the races !ossessing an ran"om single gene in the same fre/uenc is unli%el . In#or"er for them to ha(e to same genetic !rofile with regar"s to intelligence, which in(ol(es thousan"s of genes, this woul" ha(e to ha!!en thousan"s of time. If we assume that that the !robabilit of the races ha(ing the same fre/uenc for some gene is <9G -its actuall much lower. an" that

intelligence in(ol(es 58 genes -it actuall in(ol(es thousan"s. the !robabilit that the races woul" ha(e the i"entical fre/uencies for each of these genes is .9995G. ;i(en this, the i"ea that the woul" ha(e the e&act same fre/uenc for the thousan"s of gene that affect intelligence is basicall im!ossible.

After he ignores all of the e(i"ence in fa(or of a genetic e&!lanation of the ,?@ IQ ga!, Mr. P goes on to share his own theor about wh blac%s are "umber than whites. In his e es there are three main cul!rits+ malnutrition, e&!osure to !ollution, an" e&!osure to !arasites. 0ach of these (ariables are associate" with low IQ an" each is much more common in Africa than in @hite nations. $o far as African IQ goes, which is e(en 58 !oints lower than the African American IQ, this is all fine an" "an" .

I)(e ne(er met an one that "enies that mal nutrition e&!lains !art of wh Africans ha(e such low IQ)s. ,ut in America a large IQ ga! remains an" it is this IQ ga! that racialists are t !icall referring to when the sa that the ,?@ IQ ga! is mostl heritable. It is true that !ollution, mal nutrition, an" !arasites, e&ist to some "egree e(en in America. An" because blac%s are more li%el than whites to li(e in !o(ert the are more e&!ose" to each of these (ariables than whites are. This is wh it is im!ortant that the ,?@ IQ ga! is larger among rich chil"ren than among !oor chil"ren -66.. Po(ert , an" things associate" with !o(ert li%e !ollution, "isease, an" mal nutrition, cannot e&!lain the ga!. If the "i" then the ga! woul" lessen substantiall when onl loo%ing at rich %i"s. In realit , it wi"ens. Mr. P also mentions the 4l nn effect. The 4l nn effect refers to the fact, "isco(ere" b :im 4l nn, that IQ)s aroun" the worl" ha(e been rising for the last centur . This rise in IQ has been so large that African Americans to"a ha(e higher IQ)s than @hite Americans "i" 599 ears ago. This is true but irrele(ant. If I too% two s!ecies of !lant, one of which was geneticall !re"is!ose" to be taller than the other, an" trans!lante" them from shitt soil to (er goo" soil the geneticall shorter !lants might en" u! being taller than the geneticall tall !lants were in the shitt soil. This "oesn)t tell us an thing about wh , within a gi(en en(ironment -soil., one !lant is consistentl taller than the other -genes..

Race and Crime

As e(er one %nows, blac%s commit a lot more crime than whites "o. Racialists claim that genetics e&!lain a lot of this ,?@ crime ga!. Reasons for thin%ing this inclu"e the fact that racial "ifference in misbeha(ior can be seen as earl as !reschool -6=. an" is global -6D.. An", as with the ,?@ IQ ga!, the ,?@ crime ga! has been aroun" for a long time. H$ census re!orts show that there were more blac%s in 2ail than whites as earl as 5D59 -*9.. Also li%e intelligence, the i"ea that the "ifferent en(ironments the races e(ol(e" in selecte" for the e&act same le(els of aggressi(eness or im!ulse control "oesn)t seem !lausible.

An" the t !ical e&!lanations of blac% crime offere" b liberals sim!l "on)t wor%. ,lac%s reall "o commit more crime. It isn)t 2ust the racist legal s stem. @e %now this because huge sur(e s that as% thousan"s of !eo!le if the ha(e been the (ictim of a crime in the last ear an", if so, what the race of the !er!etrator was, show that blac%s commit far more than their fair share of crime -*5.. An" es, blac%s sa that the ta%e "rugs at the same rate that whites "o. ,ut stu"ies that test, (ia urine or hair sam!les, what "rugs someone has ta%en in the last month an" com!are those results with whether or not !eo!le (oluntaril a"mit to using the "rugs the ha(e been using show that blac%s lie about using "rugs far more often than whites "o -*6#*8.. 3h, an" if ou control for intelligence an" !ast histor of (iolence blac%s an" whites are e/uall li%el to go to 2ail -*A.. $o a racist legal s stem as an

e&!lanation won)t wor%. 1or can !o(ert or lac% of e"ucation e&!lain the ,?@ crime "ifference. The number of blac%s an" 7is!anics that li(e in an area is a better !re"ictor -an" therefore, statisticall , e&!lains more (ariance. of an areas crime le(el than either !o(ert or e"ucation are -*5.. In fact, unli%e in @hite an" Asian nations, (iolent crime is actuall !ositi(el associate" with wealth in ,lac% nations -*>.. Richer blac%s 2ust bu bigger guns. -This also suggests that things associate" with !o(ert that Mr. P brings u!, such as lea" e&!osure, "on)t account for the ga!.. An" the t !ical conser(ati(e stor about the brea%"own of the blac% famil starting in the 5DA9)s can)t e&!lain a goo" "eal of the ga! either since, as alrea" note", the ga! e&iste" long before 5DA9. Mr. P "oesn)t mention an of this "ata. Instea", he obsesses o(er what racialists ha(e sai" about a singe gene that co"es for a single en' me. This en' me, calle" MA3A, brea%s "own certain %in"s of neurotransmitters in the brain. Peo!le with a "isease calle" ,runner)s $ n"rome ha(e (er low le(els of MA3A an" are e&tremel im!ulsi(e an" (iolent -6*. an" mice with their MA3A genes change" such that the !ro"uce (er low le(els of MA3A are highl aggressi(e -6<.. These are e&treme cases, but within the general !o!ulation there are two (ersions of the MA3A gene which cause !eo!le to ha(e significantl lower than a(erage le(els of MA3A. 7a(ing either of these gene (ersions increases our chance of being a criminal -68 . -6A.. In fact, ha(ing the more se(ere of these two gene

(ersions "oubles a !ersons rate of (iolence -6A.. Consistent with the im!ulsi(eness of those who ha(e ,runner)s $ n"rome, ha(ing these genes is also associate" with ta%ing on more "ebt -6>.. An" lots of stu"ies ha(e shown that blac% !eo!le are more li%el to ha(e both of these "angerous gene t !es than white !eo!le are -6A.. Thus, a wealth of e(i"ence suggests that this genetic "ifference between blac%s an" whites is !art of wh blac%s commit more crime than whites. Mr. P offers two res!onses to this line of reasoning, both of which are inane. 4irst, he sa s that he "oesn)t thin% this single "ifference coul" cause a large "ifference in criminalit between blac%s an" whites. I)m sorr , Mr. P, but but genetics fran%l "oesn)t gi(e a "amn about what ou thin%. $econ"l , he notes that a large !art of the ,?@ crime ga! has to "o with non#(iolent "rug crime. Mr. P mista%enl belie(es that MA3A le(els are onl associate" with (iolence an" so "oesnIt thin% that the can contribute to "rug crime. ,ut, as we ha(e seen, MA3A le(els are also associate" with being im!ulsi(e an" that certainl coul" contribute to "rug crime. -There are also goo" theoretical reasons to sus!ect a lin% between MA3A an" im!ulsi(eness because lower le(els of MA3A will li%el lea" to more acti(it in those !arts of the brain that generate im!ulses -69... 4rom these ob2ections Mr. P conclu"es that the causes of the ,?@ crime ga! must be cultural. ,ut e(en if we grante" Mr. P)s fault !remises, this woul" not follow. MA3A is a single gene. There are thousan"s of others that coul" also cause the ,?@ crime ga!. 4or instance, there is also e(i"ence that the hormones which cause blac%s to ha(e "ar% s%in also causes them to be more aggressi(e -65.. An" as I re(iewe" !re(iousl , there is a lot of bac%groun" information that Mr. P ignore" which suggests that genes ha(e a lot to "o with the ,?@ crime ga!. Race and Civilization

Racialists often argue that genetic "ifferences between the races ha(e cause" racial "ifferences with regar"s to the %in"s of ci(ili'ations "ifferent races are li%el to set u!. In !art, this is for reasons alrea" "iscusse". 4or genetic reasons, blac% nations will ha(e a lot more crime in them.

The will also ten" to be !oorer because intelligence is a !owerful !re"ictor of national income -*=.. It also seems reasonable to thin% that "umber !eo!le might ha(e "ifferent i"eas about !olitics than smarter !eo!le. There is also the fact that twin stu"ies show that genetic "ifferences account for a lot of the !olitical "ifferences between in"i(i"uals -*D. an" there are genes associate" with in"i(i"ualism an" collecti(ism which "iffer in fre/uenc between the races -<9.. This is not to sa that the en(ironment "oesn)t matter. It ob(iousl "oes. ,ut genetics li%el !la s a substantial role in wh $outhern Africans "i"n)t "e(elo! ci(ili'ation an" Asian ci(ili'ations ten" to be more collecti(ist an" less inno(ati(e then white ones. Mr. P "oubts this stor an" offers a ho"ge!o"ge of ba" arguments against it. Man of Mr. P)s arguments focus on outliers. 4or instance+ there are some nations, li%e 1orth an" $outh Borea, that are e&tremel "ifferent !oliticall but more or less the same geneticall . $o the en(ironment is clearl more im!ortant in "etermining a societies culture than genes are. As reference" before, the !roblem with this argument is that it relies on an e&treme outlier. It is as con(incing as sa ing that the ,?@ IQ ga! can)t be mostl "ue to genetics because white !eo!le raise" b "ogs are e(en less intelligent, relati(e to other whites, than blac%s are. $imilarl , Mr. P !oints out that some blac% nations are less corru!t than some 0uro!ean ones but ignores that, on the whole, white nations are clearl the least corru!t nations in the worl" -<5.. Mr. P also brings u! the fact that mo"ern Africa is, in some res!ects, more ci(ili'e" than 0uro!e was hun"re"s of ears ago. This is basicall the 4l nn effect again. An" it)s irrele(ant for the same reasons. Moreo(er, what mo"ern Africa is "oing, or at least attem!ting to "o, is co! ing the west. This "oesnIt in an wa challenge the i"ea that e(olution e&!lains !art of wh the @est "e(elo!e" such ci(ili'ations on their own an" ,lac%s "i"nIt. Mr. P also argues that the fact that Asians ha(e ma"e significant contributions to science shows that the ha(e the same genetic !otential for "oing science as white !eo!le "o. 3f course, this argument is ri"iculous. 1o one, inclu"ing racialists, "enies that Asians ha(e "one some goo" science. ,ut, again, we nee" to concentrate on aggregate grou! !erformance. An" as Charles Murra has

"ocumente" in his intellectual histor Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. To !"0, the (ast ma2orit of scientific inno(ations throughout histor ha(e in fact been "one b 0uro!eans -A.. This !ictures meshes well with racialism+ whites ha(e "one the most for science, followe" b Asians -who are much closer, geneticall , to whites than either Asians or @hites are to blac%s., followe" b Africans. Mr. P offers a s!ecial e&cuse for wh the nati(e Americans "i"n)t "o an thing worth !utting in a histor boo%. I call it the theor of time tra(eling "iseases. Cou see, starting aroun" 5A99, 0uro!eans brought o(er some nast "iseases that %ille" off a lot of In"ians. That)s wh the 0uro!eans an" Asians sur!asse" nati(e Americans in e(er im!ortant res!ect thousan"s of ears ago. That is, the reason 1ati(e Americans "i"n)t ha(e a $ocrates in <<9 ,.C is that we ga(e them small !o& in 5A89 A. J. Mr. P also argues that some of the e&treme !roblems foun" in cities li%e Jetroit cannot be blame" on genetics because Christian ,lac% nations "on)t e&hibit the same !roblems. 7is e&am!le of this is that Jetroit has a lower literac rate than Ben a, ,otswana, Tan'ania, an" Eesotho. The !roblem with this e&am!le is two fol"+ first, the "efinition of literate being use" in Jetroit isn)t the same as the one being use" in Ben a so the com!arison is meaningless. $econ"l , it once again misses the bigger !icture+ on the whole ,lac% nations are far less literate than white nations are -<6.. The fact that some en(ironments can ma%e blac%s e(en more illiterate than others "oesn)t tell us an thing about the causes of this ,?@ literac ga!. In sum then, Mr. P ignores most of the e(i"ence that racialists ha(e to offer concerning the to!ics he a""resse". The arguments he offere" were !oor an" suggeste" a lac% of familiarit with a lot of the rele(ant research. This fact is ma"e es!eciall anno ing because Mr. P)s article contains tal% of how racialists ignore "ata, suffer from e&treme bias, an" ignore the richness of biolog . Rea"ing Mr. P)s comment section, I see that he claims that he s!ent se(eral months rea"ing racialist material !rior to ma%ing his Q&A. If that is true then his ignorance ma 2ust be the result of !ic%ing the wrong rea"ing material. ,ut it is har" to belie(e that he !ut much effort into his rea"ing. Man of the facts that

he was unaware concerning racial "ifferences in intelligence, for e&am!le, can be foun" on @i%i!e"ia -<<.. Regar"less, I)(e s!ent a lot of time rea"ing a lot of research ma%ing sure that those (er things Mr. P accuses racialists) of are not true of me. Hnfortunatel , Mr. P "oes not seem to ha(e "one the same.

$ources+ 5.htt!+??www.washington!ost.com?w!#" n?content?article?6998?56?58?AR6998565895>6=K6.html 6.htt!+??blog.6*an"me.com?6*an"me#research?genes#an"#geogra!h ? *.htt!+??www.n times.com?6955?9A?5<?science?5<s%ull.htmlLKrM9 <.htt!+??www."ocstoc.com?"ocs?*A*D5*>D?The#$!ice#of#Eife#An#Inter(iew#with#$te!hen#:a #;oul" A.htt!+??www.ama'on.com?7uman#Accom!lishment#Pursuit#0&cellence#$ciences?"!?99A9D6DA<6 >.htt!+??isites.har(ar".e"u?fs?"ocs?icb.to!ic5=8*85.files?Rushton#:ensen*9 ears.!"f =.htt!+??iste(e.blogs!ot.com?695<?9*?699=#sat#scores#b #race#b #income.html D.htt!+??occi"entalascent.wor"!ress.com?6956?59?6D?secular#change#in#the#bw#i/#ga!#in#the#us? 59.htt!+??www.huffington!ost.com?6956?9<?5A?genes#i/#brain#si'eKnK5<6>DAA.html 55.htt!+??"efiant.ssc.uwo.ca?facult ?rushton!"fs?Ran"RProgressIntell699*.!"f 56.htt!+??lin%.s!ringer.com?article?59.596*?AG*A595<8>6A96*<* 5*.htt!+??lin%.s!ringer.com?article?59.596*G64AG*A595A*5*>5=A<< 5<.htt!+??en.wi%i!e"ia.org?wi%i?MinnesotaKTransracialKA"o!tionK$tu" 58.htt!+??www.theocci"entalobser(er.net?6959?96?%e(in#mac"onal"#the#failure#of#hea"#start# G06G=9GD<#another#blow#for#i/#realism? 5A.htt!+??www.ama'on.com?The#4actor#0(olution#,eha(ior#Intelligence?"!?96>8DA59*A 5>.htt!+??www.n times.com?699>?9A?6A?science?6Ahuman.htmlL!agewante"Mall 5=.htt!s+??lesacre"u!rintem!s5D.files.wor"!ress.com?695<?95?correlation#of#the#comt#(al58=met# !ol mor!hism#with#latitu"e#an"#a#hunter#gather#lifest le#suggests#culturee6=9D*gene#coe(olution# an"#selecti(e#!ressure#on#cognition#genes#"ue#to#climate.!"f 5D.htt!+??lesacre"u!rintem!s5D.files.wor"!ress.com?695<?95?factor#anal sis#of#!o!ulation#allele# fre/uencies#as#a#sim!le#no(el#metho"#of#"etecting#signals#of#recent#!ol genic#selection#co! .!"f htt!s+??www.sciencemag.org?content?*<9?A5*D?5<A>.abstract 69.htt!+??s!aw%tal%.blogs!ot.com?695<?96?intelligence#grit#an"#self#control#as.html -Paragra!h 58.

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