Bio 101 Lab EXERCISE 1 General Morphology of Vascular Plant Groups Vascular tissues Possessed by all vascular plants

s Function as transport system Composed of xylem and phloem Life History of Vascular Plants Sporophyte o Diploid stage o Dominant generation Gametophyte o Haploid stage o Reduced or is dependent on the sporophyte in many vascular plants o Female gametophyte embryo sac o Male gametophyte pollen grain PTERIDOPHYTES Lower vascular plants Seedless plants Phylum Lycophyta and Phylum Pterophyta Phylum Lycophyta Lycophytes I.e., Lycopodium, Selaginella Lycopodium Club Moss True roots, stems, and leaves Roots and stem of most sporophytes are dichotomously branched o But, other have monopodial branching Having one main axis from which lateral branches arise Presence of rhizomes o Produces adventitious roots Leaves: Microphyllous Sporophylls (leaves containing sporangia) are sometimes aggregated into strobili Spore type: Homosporous Selaginella Blue green fern Some species are erect, some shrubby Leaves: o Spirally arranged o Small leaves may be ovate, lanceolate or orbicircular

Rhizophores present o Prop-like structures originating from the stem at points of branching o Bear roots at distal ends o Spore type: Heterosporous

Phylum Pterophyta Psilophytes I.e., Psilotum, Tmesipteris Psilotum An epiphyte on tree ferns, coconut trees, or at the base of tree trunks Plant body consists of a basal branched rhizome system and an upright green aerial portion that is freely and dichotomously branched Leaves: enations; Prophyll Sporangia found in groups (=synangia) With underground rhizome, covered with rhizoids, to anchor the plant and has an absorptive surface Stem used for photosynthesis Sphenophytes I.e., Equisetum Equisetum Axis subdivided into definite nodes and internodes o Aerial stem appears to be jointed o Leaves: Megaphyllous Found at nodes Whorls of non-green leaves Roots emerge from the nodes of the underground rhizome Reproductive structure: Strobili (terminal cones) o Consists of sporangiophore, which bears sporangia Cell wall contains silica Ferns Spore-bearing plants Sporophyte is differentiated into: o True leaves (frond) o Stem o Roots Leaves: Megaphyll o Exhibit circinnate vernation Serves as protection for the young leaf Rhizome is often very short

Fern gametophyte: Prothallus Scale frond (basal frond) o Used to trap organic matter o Used for attachment

1. Microphyll Leaves without leaf gaps 2. Megaphyll Have leaf gaps 3. Sporophyll Leaves that contain spores/sporangia 4. Prophyll 5. Sporangiophores Stalks that bear sporangia EXERCISE 2 Organs, Development, and Modifictations Embryonic Parts Cotyledon o Modified leaves Embryonic Axis o Attached to the cotyledons o Divided into two regions: Epicotyl Hypocotyl o Plumule = miniature leaves + epicotyl o Radicle Embryonic root Found at the tip of hypocotyl Germination Types Epigeal Germination o Cotyledon rises from the ground o Hypocotyl elongates Hypogeal Germination o Cotyledon remains in the ground o Epicotyl elongates Additional Monocot Embryonic Parts Coleoptile o Sheath that protects emerging shoot Coleorhiza o Sheath that protects emerging root ORGAN MODIFICATION When the organ performs a different function from its usual function Root Function: Absorption and anchorage Types: o Tap root From the embryonic root o Adventitious root Non-embryonic root

GYMNOSPERMS Seed bearing plants Literally means naked seed Refers to a character in which the ovules are borne in an exposed position on the sporophylls Phylum Cycadophyta Reproductive structures: o Megasporophylls Contain ovules or seeds o Microsporophylls Contains pollen Dioecious! Generally unbranced leaves Sporophyte body: o Corona (large leaves) o Caudex (trunk) Leaves: o Compound o Also exhibits circinnate vernation I.e., Cycas revoluta Phylum Coniferophyta Single mains stem with spreading side branches Staminate (male) and Pistillate (female) cones I.e., Pinus Phylum Gnetophyta Connecting link between the gymnosperms and angiosperms Angiospermic features: o Compound nature of microsporangiate and megasporangiate strobili Resembles the inflorescence of angiosperms o Presence of vessels in the xylem o Broad, angiosperm-like blades Pinnate-reticulate venation Leaves: Simple I.e., Gnetum DEFINITION OF TERMS

Can be from stem, leaves, or fruits Function Storage Storage Storage Storage Storage Support

Water Hyacinth Katakataka Doa Aurora Bougainvillea Banana Tendrils Pitcher Plant Asparagus Cycas

Root Modifications Specimen Modification Radish Enlarged tap (Labanos) root Carrot Enlarged tap root Turnip Enlarged tap root Sweet Potato Enlarged (Kamote) adventitious root Ube Enlarged adventitious root Pandan Prop roots (adventitious) Orchid Velamen

leaves Bublous petiole; Stolon Meristematic leaf margin Bracts Bracts Psuedostem; corm Leaves and stem Modified leaf apex Cladode Cataphylls

Buoyancy; reproduction Reproduction Attract pollinators Attract pollinators Support Additional nutrition Photosynthetic stem Protection

Nara Mangrove

Prevents water loss; sometimes used for photosynthesis Root Nodule Nitrogen fixation Pneumatophores Gas exchange

EXERCISE 3 PLASTIDS Leucoplasts Do not contain pigments Around the nucleus White in color (semi-transparent) Amyloplast Stores starch grains o Initially produced in chloroplasts o Have hilum Can be concentric or eccentric Stain potato (Solanum tuberosum) cells with IKI Elaioplasts Stores fat globules Chloroplasts Contains chlorophyll Also contains other pigments Chromoplast Chlorophyll is masked by other dominant pigments Carotenoid orange Xanthophyll yellow Anthocyanin Stored in vacuoles

Stem Function: Support and conduction Leaf Function: Photosynthesis and transpiration Function Storage Storage Storage Reproduction Water retention; photosynthesis Storage

Leaf and Stem Modifications Specimen Modification Potato Tuber (stem) Gabi Corm (stem Tubo Thickened stem (stem); pseudostem Grass Stolon (stem) Agoho Cladode (stem) Ginger Onion Sanseviera Cactus Rhizome (stem) Bulb (stem and leaf) Rhizome; fleshy leaf Phylloclade; cladode/spiny leaves

Aloe vera

No function; storage Storage and photosynthesis; water retention and protection Rhizome; fleshy Storage

o Largest organelle in plant cells Synthesized in cytoplasm

Tannin Phenolic substances capable of complexing with proteins Protect plants from herbivory Used to dye leather Prevents plants from dehydration and rotting Stored in vacuoles Synthesized in tannosomes Crystals Raphides o Found in Colocasia esculenta (gabi) Styloids o Much larger than raphides o Tooth-pick like o Supports air spaces o Found in Eichhornia crassipes Prism o Found in Cystolith found in Lithocyts o Composed of calcium carbonate o Found in epidermal cells o Found in Ficus elastic Druse o Found in Dieffenbacchia