အေမွာင္ၾကားက ဗမာျပည္

(teD;acwf Armjynf edik if aH &;vSKy&f mS ;rSK ordik ;f tusO;f )
(1948-2000)
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
(teD ; acwf Armjynf Ed k i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ ord k i f ; tusOf ; )
(1948-2000)
0if ; wif h x G e f ;
a&;om;jyKpk o nf
pmtk y f r S w f w rf ;
pmtkyt f rnf
tarSmifMum;u Armjynf
( teD;acwf ArmjynfEikd if aH &;vSKy&f mS ;rSKordik ;f tusO;f 1948-2000 )
ûypka&;om;ol
0if;wifx
h eG ;f
pDpOfol
pGrf;NrdKif
yxrtBurd f
27 &uf? arv ? 2007 ckEpS f
tkyaf & (1000)
av;atmuftjyiftqif
udak rmifEikd f
pmpDpm&duk f
ud0k if;ode;f ? yDuEl
xkwaf 0ol
vl h abmifopf'rD u
kd &ufwpfygwD (jyefMum;a&;Xme)ESihf
tvif;tdrpf mapmif&aJ bmfrsm; (*syefEikd if )H
qufo,
G rf mS ,lvykd gu vdypf m
information@dpns.org PO Box 50
alinneain@hotmail.com AP Maesot
aalinneain@yahoo.com TAK 63110
swammyaing@yahoo.com THANLAND
wefz;kd -10 a':vm (pmydk ch ryg)

&nfp;l yef-um; aus;Zl;pum;
&nf p l ; csuf
trdEikd if aH wmftwGuf pGe@f vw

$ t
f epfemcH &Guaf qmifo,fy;kd oGm;=uol tmZmenftm;vk;H udk
±kdaoav;pm;pGm OD;!¸wf&if; teD;acwf ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ordkif;udk pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm avhvm
ok;H oyf =unfjh rifv=kd uoltm;vk;H eJ@/ ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ordik ;f udk tvG,q
f ;Hk tusO;f ±k;H òcHio
Hk &d edS m;vnf
vdk=uol tm;vkH;odk h æ
yef - um;csuf
ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ ordik ;f pOfukd jyefajymif;wl;azmf ±_ar#mEf ikd =f ua&;twGuf tkww
f csyf
oJwyGifhtjzpf ESvkH;oGif; ðypka&;om;rdygw,f? c|wf,Gif;r_/ wdrf;apmif;r_/ vpf[m vdktyfr_rsm;tay:
yGifhyGifhvif;vif; a0zeft}uHay;=ur_rSefor#udk av;pm;pGmóudqdk&if;/ aemif ydkrdkjynfhpkHatmif óud;yrf;
jznfhqnf;oGm;yghr,f?
aus;Zl ; rS w f w rf ;
'Dpmtkyf jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tzufzufrS 0dkif;0ef;ulnDcJh=uoltm;vkH;eJ@ xkwfa0Ekdif&ef

tultnDay;=uaom “vlŒabmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD jyef=um;a&;Xme ESifh tvif;tdrfpmapmif
&Jabmfrsm;” tygt0if (txl;ojzihf) tyifyrf;cH wm0ef,l pDpOfvkyfudkifaqmif&Gufay;cJhwJh
armif ‘pGrf;òrdif’ udk txl;aus;Zl; Oyum&wif&Sdyga=umif;?
0if ; wif h x G e f ;
pDpOfol.pum;
2006 ckEpS x f rJ mS q&m*suaf umh usaemfxo H @kd vlóuHyg;vmaom pmESihf
twl a&muf&Sdvmygw,f? pmudk zGifhzwf=unfhawmh q&m0if;wifhxGef;xHrSpm
jzpfygw,f? q&mpmxJrmS vGecf ahJ omoH;k ESpcf ef@xu J a&;xm;+yD;wJh ‘tarSmif=um;u
Armjynf’ vd@k acgi;f pOfay;xm;wJh pmrlEiS yhf wfouf+yD; qufvufaqmif&u G af y;zd@k
usaemfhudk tultnDawmif;vmygw,f?
pmrlrsm;udk usaemfzwf=unfv h ukd af wmh q&m0if;wifx h eG ;f u Armjynfordik ;f
1948-2000 vd@k ajymxm;ayr,fh 1938 ckEpS u f ae 2000 ckEpS t f xd twGi;f u
ordik ;f qdik &f m Ekid if aH &;tjzpftysuaf wG/ xdu k mv Ekid if aH &;jzpfpOfawG/ xdu k mvawG
twGi;f u Ekid if aH &;orm;awG&ŒJ aemufu, G u f twGi;f a&;awGukd Edu _ Ef u _d cf |wcf |wf
csOf;uyfjrifjy/ awG;jy/ aumufcsufjyxm;csufawG jzpfaewmawGŒ&ygw,f?
q&m0if;wifx h eG ;f u usaemfu h kd pmtkyt f jzpf zGŒJ pnf;ay;zd@k / yHEk ydS pf ufwifEikd f
wJth qifh r[kwaf wmif rdwLW pmtkyjf zef@Eidk &f ifyJ awmfyg+yD? 'Dpmrlukd pmtkyjf zpfatmif
udk&ifyJ =unfhvkyfay;ygvdk@ wm0efay;tyfvmygw,f?
usaemfvnf; usaemfxrf;&GuEf idk w f hJ tcef;u¾uae awmfveS af &;wm0ef
w&yftjzpf tav;teufxm;+yD; xkwaf 0vdo k /l tultnDay;vdo k rl sm;udk &atmif
&Sm+yD; yHEk ydS pf ufwif jzef@csEd idk o f nftxd wwfEidk o f r# tjrefq;kH jzpfatmif vufcv H yk f
aqmifygrnfhta=umif; *wdðycJhygw,f?
,ckuo hJ @kd q&m0if;wifx h eG ;f ðypka&;om;onfh “tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
(teD;acwf ArmjynfEidk if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f tusO;f 1948-2000” pmtkyu f kd yHEk ydS f
jzef@cs&d mwGif owfyo kH wf!e¸ ;f tustaygurf sm; &Syd gvrd rhf ,f? od@k aomf twwfEidk q f ;kH
ordkif;qdkif&m ta=umif;tcsuftvuf/ t"dy`m,fwdk@udk xdcdkufysufpD;apaom
owfyo kH wf!e¸ ;f wd@k uo kd m tav;xm; pDppf=unf±h r_ r_ sm;avmufom pma&;olEiS hf
usaemfwdk@ n‡dEd_if;wdkifyifum yxrt}udrftjzpf yHkESdyfjzef@csdvkduf&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
pG r f ; òrd i f
2007 ckESpf/ arv (1) &uf?
xkwfa0olwkd‹&JŒpum;
ordkif;trSefawGudk azmfxkwfcGifh vkH;0ray;bl;?

ordkif;trSm;awGudk ausmif;okH;jyÏmef;w,fqdkwJh uae@umvvdk tarSmif
acwf}uD;twGif;rSm æ
ordkif;trSefawGudk ajymjy axmufjyEdkifpGrf;wJh/ wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifwJh ouf&Sd

ordik ;f tbd"mef}uD;awG wOD;+yD;wOD; qk;H yg;uG,v
f eG af e&wJh 'Dae@vakd cwfq;dk
acwf=uyf}uD;xJrSm æ
q&m0if;wifhxGef;a&;om;ðypkvdkufwJh‘tarSmif=um;u Armjynf’qdkwJh
“teD;acwf ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ordkif;tusOf;(1948-2000)” [m
jrefrmEdkifiHudkcspfwJh/ jrefrmjynfolawGudkcspfwJh/ jrefrmjynfopfudk xkqpf
wnfaqmufcsif=uwJh rsKd;qufopfvli,fawGtwGuf/ ordkif;trSefawGudk
&SmazGw;l azmfcsio f w
l @dk twGuf wpkw
H &m aus;Zl;ðyygvrd rhf ,fv@dk ar#mv
f if,
h Hk
=unfygw,f?
q&m}uD; a'gufwmoef;xGef; !¸efjyajymqdkcJhzl;wJh “ordkif;oifwm rt

atmifvkd@” qdkwJhpum;udkvnf; tvGefudkyJ tav;teufðyygw,f?
q&m0if;wifhxGef;&JŒ tm;xkwfvkH;yrf;r_awG/ ordkif;qdkif&m b¾mwdkuf}uD;

twGif; q&m0if;wifhxGef;&JŒ jznfhpGufcsufawGudk *k%fðywefzkd;xm;pGmESifh
avhvmvdkolwdkif;twGuf tcuftcJawG=um;xJuyJ 'Dpmtkyfudk xkwfa0
jzpf=uwm jzpfygw,f?
ordkif;trSefrsm; rsm;rsm; azmfxkwf zl;yGifhEdkif=uygap?
vl Œ abmif o pf ' D r d k u &uf w pf y gwD (jyef = um;a&;Xme)

tvif ; td r f p mapmif & J a bmf r sm; (*syef )
2007ckESpf arv(1)&uf?
rmwdum
&nfpl;yef=um; aus;Zl;pum;
pDpOfol.pum;
xkwfa0olwdk@pum;
1? ed'gef; .............................................................................................................................. 11
2? ordkif;aemufcHum;csyfrsm; ............................................................................................... 15
tydkif; ( 1 )
1948 - 1958 umv
1? vGwfvyfa&;udka=unmjcif; ............................................................................................. 72
2? vGwfvyfa&;&ump ArmEdkifiHtajctae ........................................................................ 75
3? vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEkdifiHawmfacgif;pOfatmufrSm ............................................................ 81
4? jynfwGif;ppf}uD; pwifaygufzGm;vmjcif; .......................................................................... 87
5? jynfwGif;ppfudk b,folp ................................................................................................. 90
6? jynfwGif;ppftp EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh qufwdkuf
ay:xGufvmcJhaom ppfrD;v#Hrsm; ...................................................................................... 98
7? u&ifhvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;eJ‹ &efukeftpdk;& ............................................................ 120
8? 1951 - 52 ygvDref'Drkdua&pD taxGaxGa±G;aumufyJG ............................................... 139
9? jynfawmfompDrHudef;/ w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ESifh jrefrmEkdifiHawmf .................................... 142
10? 1955/ zqyv/ Auy/ yrnw eJ‹ jrefrmEkdifiHawmf .................................................... 162
11? +idrf;csrf;a&;/ tðywfwkdufa&;eJ‹ jrefrmEkdifiHawmf .......................................................... 169
12? 1956 ckESpf ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG/
tm%m& zqyv tuGJeJ‹ jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;aºuG;a=umfoH ..................................... 175
13? zqyv òyduGJjcif;/ yxrqkH;aom ppfwyftm%modrf;r_eJ‹
zqyv q,fESpfq,frdk; ed*kH;csKyfcsuf ........................................................................... 197
14? zqyv q,fESpf q,frdk;acwf ed*kH;csKyf ...................................................................... 226
tyd k i f ; (2)
1958-1962 umv
1? ppftkyfpk}uD;arG;zGm;jcif;/ ppftm%m&SifpepftwGuf Zmwfwdkufjcif; odk‹r[kwf

tdrfapmifhtpdk;&acwf ................................................................................................... 232
2? 1960 jynfhESpf a&G;aumufyGJ/ yxp/ OD;-Adkvf-ocif-q&m eJ@ ygvDrefacwfae0ifcsdef
jrefrmEkdifiHawmf&JŒ tajctae ..................................................................................... 252
3? ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwfed*kH;csKyfcsuf ............................................................................... 291
tyd k i f ; (3)
awmf v S e f a &;aumif p D a cwf
1962-1974
1? 1962 ckESpf ppfwyftm%modrf;r_ESifh Armjynfppftm%m&Sifpepf ed'gef; ....................... 304

2? rqv/ acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;eJ‹ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;tajctae ..................................... 310
3? 7 &ufZlvdkifta&;tcif; (odk‹) ppftpdk;&&JŒvlowfyGJ ..................................................... 317
4? jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef pyful;rwful;umveJ‹ ppftm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ
yGJOD;xGufajcvSrf;rsm; .................................................................................................... 324
5? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwf yxrESpftwGif; ArmEdkifiHtajctaetusOf;csKyf .................. 330
6? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;eJ‹
EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;&JŒtoH/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒoabmxm;trSef ........................ 336
7? +idrf;csrf;a&; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk ed*kH;csKyf=unfhjcif; ................................................... 356
8? +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ysufjym;+yD;aemuf ppftpdk;&&JŒajcvSrf;rsm;eJ‹
ppftm%m&Sifpepfatmufu Armjynf .......................................................................... 359
9? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwf (okd‹r[kwf) ppftm%m&Sifpepf (yxrykdif;) ed*kH;csKyfcsuf ....... 408
tyd k i f ; (4)
jref r mh q k d & S , f v pf v rf ; pOf y gwD a cwf (ok d ‹ r[k w f )
wygwD t m%m&S i f p epf a cwf (od k @ r[k w f )
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf a cwf ('k w d , yk d i f ; )
(1974-1988)
1? wygwDtm%m&SifpepfeJ‹ tqufrjywfay:xGufvmwJh vlxkwkdufyGJrsm; ....................... 413

2? 1974 ZGef (6) tvkyform;oydwf}uD; .......................................................................... 416
3? OD;oef@psmyeta&;tcif; .............................................................................................. 418
4? 1975 ZGef (6) tvkyform;ESpfvnfoydwf}uD; ............................................................. 423
5? rd_if;&mjynfh ................................................................................................................... 426
6? rqv wGif;uae xGufay:vmwJhrD;awmufrsm; ........................................................... 427
7? rqvtkyfpkd;r_tapmykdif;umv&JŒ jynfwGif;tajctae/ EkdifiHwumhtajctae .............. 430
8? rqvwygwDtm%m&Sifpepfacwf aemufykdif;umv ..................................................... 439
9? 1985 ckESpf 0ef;usiftajctae ..................................................................................... 445
10? rqvacwfae0ifcsdef ESifh a'0gvDcHoGm;&aomEkdifiHawmf ............................................... 448
11? &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykH}uD; ay:xGef;vmjcif; ............................................................... 451
12? ppftm%m&Sifpepf/ wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf (26) ESpfwm ed*kH;csKyf ................................ 466
tyd k i f ; (5)
e0w/ etz acwf
1988-2000
1? e0w +idrfydvrf;pOfeJ‹ ta&;awmfykH}uD;&JŒ r+yD;qkH;ao;aomwkdufyGJpOf ............................ 480

2? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ay:aygufvmjcif;eJ‹ EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ............................................. 487
3? 1989 ckESpf Armjynftajctae ................................................................................... 494
4? Auy }uD; òyduGJjcif;eJ‹ +idrf;tzGJŒawGpwifjcif; .................................................................. 498
5? wif;rmvmr_rsm;/ uGefz&efaw;&Sif;eJ‹ ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ............................ 500
6? 1990 jynfha&G;aumufyGJ}uD; .......................................................................................... 510
7? 90 jynfhESpf a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;aemuf Armjynf ................................................................ 513
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf 0if;wihfxGef;
8? ajymif;vJvmwJh EdkifiHwumtajctaeeJ‹ e0w acwfOD; Armjynf&JŒ

pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;/ vlr_a&; bufaygif;pHktajctae .......................................... 522
9? trsKd;om;nDvmcH/ ppfwyf&JŒtm%mavmbeJ‹ ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;tajctae ................ 527
10? ppftpkd;&&JŒajcvSrf;rsm;/ azmufjyef,kwfrmr_rsm;/ EkdifiHa&;t=uyftwnf;rsm;eJ‹
'Drkdua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ tjzpftysufrsm; ................................................................. 538
11? etzacwf EdkifiHa&; xdyfwdkufyGJrsm;/ wif;rmr_rsm;eJ‹ Armjynf ...................................... 547
12? ouU&mZf 2000 ukeftxd e0w/ etz acwf ed*Hk;csKyfcsuf ...................................... 556
ed*kH; .................................................................................................................................. 558
usrf ; ud k ;
&nf!¸ef;udk;um; pmtkyfrsm; ....................................................................................... 560

t*FvdyfbmomeJ‹pmtkyfrsm; ........................................................................................ 561
*sme,fr*~Zif;pmapmifpmwrf;rsm; ................................................................................. 561
10 teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)

0if;wihfxGef; tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
ed'gef;
20 &mpk Armjynfordkif;udk t=urf;zsif;=unfhvdkufr,fqdk&if -
- 1901 ckESpfrS 1947 ckESpftxd[m udkvdkeDacwfArmjynfordkif;/
- 1948 ckESpfrS 2000 jynfhESpftxd[m vGwfvyfa&;a=unm+yD;acwf Armjynfordkif;/
wenf;tm;jzifh rsufarSmufacwf teD;acwf Armjynfordkif;vdk@ ajym&ygvdrfhr,f?
udvk ekd aD cwf Armjynfordik ;f [m ‘u|eaf cwfArmjynfordik ;f ’vd@k ajym&rSmjzpfovd/k vGwv f yf
a&;a=unm+yD;acwf Armjynfordik ;f [mvnf; ‘tarSmifacwf Armjynfordik ;f ’ vd@k yJ xyfqifzh iG q hf &kd rSm
jzpfygw,f?
tckazmfjyr,fh ordik ;f [m ‘tarSmifacwfArmjynfordik ;f ’ jzpfygw,f? tarSmifacwf Armjynf
ordkif;[m tarSmifxJuArmjynfta=umif;yJjzpfygw,f? tarSmifacwf Armjynfordkif;udk jyefvnf
=unfhvdkufwJhtcg -
- ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;udk pwifa=unmvdkufwJh 1948 ckESpfuae/ 1958 ckESpftxd
zqyv (10)ESpf q,frdk;acwf/
- 1958 ckESpfuae 1960 txd tdrfapmihftpdk;& ppftpdk;&acwf/
- 1960 uae 1962 txd yxpacwf/
- 1962 uae 1988 txd rqv ppftpdk;&acwf/
- 1988 ckESpfuae 2000jynfhtxd e0w/ etzacwf/
'DacwfawGudk xyf+yD;csKyf=unfhvdkuf&if
- zqyvacwf eJ@ yxpacwfu ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwf/
- rqvacwfeJ@ e0w/ etzacwfu ppftm%m&Sifacwf/
- aemufq;kH tcsKyfu ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDacwfe@J ppftm%m&Sipf epfacwf qdw k mudyk J awGŒ&
vdrfhr,f?
ygvrD ef'rD ukd a&pDacwf}uD;atmufrmS arSmife@J rrJ J jzpfc&hJ wJh Armjynf[m ppftm%m&Sipf epf
acwfatmufrSm ydef;ydwfatmifarSmifwJhb0 usa&mufcJh&ygw,f?
ppftm%m&Sipf epf tarSmifatmufrmS Armjynf}uD;[m tqif;&Jq;kH / tiwfjywfq;kH / ±kyt f
qdk;qHk;/ temusif&qHk; jzpfcJhygw,f? tarSmifqHk;jzpfovdk t&Snf=umqHk;vnf;jzpfcJhygw,f? jzpfaeyg
w,f?
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000) 11

Armjynf jynforl sm;&JŒ nnf;nLoH/ idak ºu;G oH/ tH}uw d o

f /H wufacguo
f /H ±ke;f uefo/H v_y&f mS ;
oHawG[mvnf; w&Hrvyf =um;ae&ygw,f? ppfreS w f hJ vGwv f yfa&;&JŒ t&om Armjynf jynforl sm;
rcHpm;&ao;yg? at;jrwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;tppf&JŒ&o Armjynf jynfolrsm; rxdawGŒ&ao;yg? wef;wlnD
r#whJ tcGit hf a&;eJ@ ppfreS w
f hJ trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!wG af &; rwnfaqmufEikd af o;yg? bma=umifv h /J
b,fvdkvJ/ bmawGjzpfcJh=uovJ?
rSefrSefuefuef jynfvnf=unfhjrif=uzdk@ oHk;oyf=uzdk@vdkygr,f? twdwfudk jyef=unfhwm[m
ordkif;udk jyef=unfhwmjzpfygw,f? ordkif;udk jyef=unfhvdkufwJhtcg æ

_idrf;csrf;a&;zcif}uD; a'gufwm ocifudk,fawmfrd+if;
vGwfvyfa&;ydokum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

13
1930 = 1941 wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;tvH
ocifu,
kd af wmifri_d ;f
ocifatmifqef; ocifjr
ocifp;kd ocifoef;xGef;
ocifA[def; ocifodef;az ocifEk

(odef;azjrifh)
14 14
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
ordkif;aemufcHum;csyfrsm;
ordkif;udk jyefvnf=unfh±_ŒwJhtcg ordkif;aemufcHum;csyfrsm;udkyg jyefvnf,SOfwGJ qufpyf
=unfhzdk@vdkygw,f? 'grSvJ ydkrdkjynfhpHkyDovmrSmjzpfovdk obm0usus awG@Ekdif jrifEdkif ±_ŒrdEdkifrSmjzpf
ygw,f?
tjzpftysuw f ikd ;f [m ta=umif;&if;cH&=dS uygw,f? ordik ;f tjzpftysuw f ikd ;f [m a&Smifwcif
jzpfay:vm=uwmr[kwyf g? ta=umif;&if;cHawGuv kd nf; awGŒatmif&mS / aemufcu H m;csyaf wGe@J vnf;
wGJzuf=unfh/ obm0usus =unfhEdkifavav trSefw&m;eJ@ eD;avavjzpfygw,f?
vGwfvyfa&;acwf Armjynfordkif;udk=unfhzdk@ vGwfvyfa&;pwif a=unmr,fh (1948) ckESpf
eJ@wqufwnf; teD;qHk; (10) ESpfwmumvavmufqD aemufjyef=unfhzdk@ vdkygr,f? wenf;tm;jzifh
(1938) ckESpfavmuftxd jyefvnf=unfhzdk@ vdkygr,f?
1938 ckESpf[m ‘axmifhoHk;&mjynfhta&;awmfyHk}uD;’ ay:xGef;cJhwJhESpfyg? axmifhoHk;&mjynfh
ta&;awmfy}kH uD;udk 'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k }uD;u acgi;f aqmifcw hJ mjzpfygw,f? a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;xk&ŒJ
oydwfwdkufyGJawGeJ@ pwifvdkuf+yD;/ tvkyform;/ ausmif;om;/ &[ef;oHCm/ òrdŒaevlwef;pm;awGeJ@
awmifolv,form;awGyg wcJeuf wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifqifEGJcJh=uwJh +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒ qef@usifa&;/
trsKd;om;a&;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ ta&;awmfyHk}uD;jzpfygw,f? +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒorm;rsm;[m
'Dta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk t=urf;zuf ESdyfpufòzdcGif;cJhygw,f? tvkyform;awG/ ausmif;om;awG/ &[ef;
oHCmawG/ ocifacgi;f aqmifawG tajrmuftrsm; zrf;qD;ESyd u f yG cf &H ygw,f? ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif
udkatmifausmf usqHk;cJh&ygw,f? rE Wav;rSm tmZmenf (17) OD; ypfcwfowfjzwfcHcJh&ygw,f?
'Dta&;awmfyHk}uD; ay:xGef;cJhwJhumv[m +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒorm;&JŒvufatmuf/ (91) Xme
tkyfcsKyfa&;umvtwGif;rSmyg? 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk}uD;aemufydkif; 1939 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (15)
&ufae@rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ay:aygufvmygw,f? yxrqHk; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;[m
ocifatmifqef;yg? v#KdŒ0SufygwDtjzpf &yfwnfcJh&ygw,f? ra&S;raESmif; ay:aygufvmwmu jynf
olŒta&;awmfyHkygwDyg? ajratmuftzGJŒtpnf;wcktjzpfeJ@yJ pwifcJh&wmyg?
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygweD @J jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gw[ D m 'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k }u;D uae jzmqif;
vmcJ=h uwJh tzGŒJ tpnf;ESpcf jk zpf+y;D / v#KŒd 0Sut
f jzpfe@J yJ &yfwnfc=hJ uum ESpyf gwpD vH;k &JŒ acgi;f aqmifrsm;
[mvnf; yifr 'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k }u;D xJrmS ta&;}u;D wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifae=uolawG jzpfygw,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ocifatmifqef;[m 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;}uD;&JŒ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;
jzpfcJhovdk jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwDudk acgif;aqmifzGJŒpnf;cJhol ocifjr[m 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;}uD;&JŒ

OuUÏ jzpfcyhJ gw,f? tJ't D csed rf mS 'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k }u;D [m ESpjf crf;uG+J y;D +yjD zpfygw,f? ocifApde/f ocif
xGef;tkyfOD;pD;wJh 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk; eJ@ q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; OD;pD;wJh 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;?
ocifatmifqef;/ ocifp;kd / ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifA[de;f / ocifoed ;f az/ ocifE/k ocifjr/ ocif
AaqG (OD;AaqG) wdk@[m ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;uyg?
uGefjrLepfygwD/ jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwDeJ@ yifr'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;}uD;wdk@[m 1300 jynfh
ta&;awmfyHk}uD;+yD;uwnf;u +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒtkyfpdk;oludk vufeufeJ@yg jyefvnfwGef;vSef wdkufcdkuf
EdkifrSjzpfr,fqdkwm av;av;eufeuf oabmaygufcJh=uygw,f? tJ'DtwGufvnf; tav;xm;jyif
qif=uygw,f?
1939 ckEpS rf mS 'kw, d urBmppf}uD;vnf; pwifc+hJ yDjzpfygw,f? Oa&myrSmyJ jzpfymG ;aeqJjzpf+yD;
tm&Sukd ppfr;D ra&mufao;yg? ‘t*Fvyd t f cufArmtcsu’f aºuG;a=umfox H u
G af y:vmygw,f? 1939
ckESpf atmufwdkbmvxJrSm ‘ArmhxGuf&yf*dk%f;’ udk a'gufwmAarmf&JŒ qif;&Jom;tzGJŒ/ ig;yGifhqdkif
tzGJ@eJ@ 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;wdk@ aygif;+yD;zGJŒvdkuf=uwmjzpfygw,f? 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk; tr_aqmif
tzGJŒ0ifawGjzpfwJh ocifatmifqef;/ ocifjr/ ocifEk/ ocifoef;xGef;wkd@ yg0ifvm=uovdk a'gufwm
Aarmf OuUÏ/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;u ocifatmifqef;/ e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;wyfaygif;pktjzpf
zGJŒpnf; vdkuf=uwmjzpfygw,f?
'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k &JŒ vuf±;kH wyfrsm;eJ@ ausmif;om;or*~&ŒJ oHr%dwyfzŒJG rsm;[mvJ t*Fvyd f
udk vufeufuikd w f u
kd cf u
kd Ef idk &f ef &nf&, G +f y;D ppfa&;avhusirhf a_ wG wd;k +y;D avhusijhf yifqifvm=uygw,f?
‘Apdef-xGef;tkyf’ ocif*dk%f;uvnf; vufeufudkifwdkufcdkufEdkifa&; oabmxm; csrSwfjyif
qifvmygw,f? EdkifiHjcm;tquftoG,f&SmazG+yD; ppful,lrSjzpfr,fvdk@vJ qHk;jzwfxm;=uygw,f?
Edik if aH &;tzGŒJ tpnf; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m aAmfvw H ,
D mwyfawG xlaxmifxm;=uygw,f?
a'guw f mAarmf&ŒJ qif;&Jom;ygwu D "g;rwyf/ OD;apm&JŒrsK;d cspyf gwu D *VKefwyfz@JG xm;ygw,f? "m;rwyf
wdk@ *VKefwyfwdk@[m oufqdkif&mygwD&JŒ cg;ydkufaqmifwyfawGomjzpf+yD; 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;}uD;&JŒ
vuf±Hk;wyfeJ@ ausmif;om;or*~&JŒ oHr%dwyfuawmh &nfrSef;csufjywfom;ygw,f? t*Fvdyfudk
vufeufudkifwdkufcdkuf&r,fvkd@ cH,lxm;ygw,f?
1940 ckEpS /f rwfv (29) &ufrmS ocifatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k acgi;f aqmifwhJ 'd@k Arm
tpnf;t±Hk;XmecsKyf tvkyftr_aqmifudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ[m tdENd,jynfuGef*&ufnDvmcHudk oGm;
wuf=uygw,f? tdE, dN jynftv,fyikd ;f &rf;*g;òrŒd rSmusi;f ywJh &rf;*g;nDvmcHyg? tdE, dN jynf uGe*f &uf&ŒJ
vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk avhvmcJ=h uovdk ‘uGe*f &uf’ acgi;f aqmif ae±l;eJ@vJ awGŒqHak qG;aEG;cGi&hf cJyh gw,f?
tdENd,jynf ‘vm[dk’òrdŒ uGef*&ufu }uD;rª;usif;ywJh w&m;yGJrSmvJ ocifatmifqef; pum;ajymcGifh
&cJhygw,f? ocifatmifqef;u ‘&rf;*g;’rSm ‘+Adwdo#e,fcsJŒpepfudk tdENd,eJ@Arm vufwGJtwlwdkuf
=urnf’ vdk@ ajymcJhovdk ‘aoG;xGufoH,dkr_r&SdbJ vGwfvyfa&;r&Edkif’vdk@ vm[dkòrdŒrSm ajymcJhygw,f?
ocifatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k tzGŒJ tdE, dN ujyefa&mufwt hJ cg tdE, dN roGm;cif ocif
atmifqef; a&;cJhwJhpmwef;udk 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;}uD;u xkwfjyefa=unmygw,f? Armhta&;eJ@ywf
ouf+y;D ‘Armjynftm; u|et f jzpfcsKyfcs,x f m;onfh Ekid if cH sJŒpepfòydysurf u
_ kd tm;xkw&f rnf? xked ,fcsJŒ
pepf. cHwyf}uD;jzpfaom (91) XmetkyfcsKyfa&;udk wdkufzsufI Armrsm;tvdkus ArmhtkyfcsKyfa&;udk

tjrefq;kH &&S&d ef óu;d pm;&rnf? &nf&, G cf suwf l Ekid if aH &;tzGŒJ rsm;ESiyhf ;l aygi;f I aqmif&u G =f urnf? xk@d a=umifh
vnf; qif;&Jom;tzGŒJ / ig;yGiq hf ikd t
f zGŒJ ponfw@kd EiS yhf ;l aygi;f I Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f udk axmif+yD;+yD’ vd@k
azmfjyxm;ovdk ‘ArmjynfopfwiG f tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;rsm;. b0udk jr‡iw hf ifay;&rnf? v,fr
vkyfaom v,fydkif&Sifpepf zsufodrf;rnf? opfawm/ rD;&xm;/ a&a=umif;o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;/ owWK
wGi;f / pufrv _ yk if ef;}u;D rsm;/ b%fvyk if ef;ponfw@kd ukd jynfoyl ikd v f yk &f rnf? vlra_ &;wGif rde;f r a,musmf ;
wef;wltcGifhta&; cHpm;Ekdif&rnf? bmoma&;wGif vGwfvyfpGm ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fEkdif=u&rnf? tcrJh
ynma&;ESihf vli,frsm;.ynma&;ESihf vli,frsm;.,Ofaus;r_ pm&dwjW r‡iw hf ifa&;udk txl;apmihaf &Smuf
tm;ay;&rnf? vlenf;pkrsm;twGuf ,Ofaus;r_vGwfvyfcGifh&&Sd&aprnf’ vdk@vnf; azmfjycJhygw,f?
tJ'Dwkef;u jzpfay:vmp urBmppf}uD;udk e,fcsJŒtcsif;csif;wdkuf=uwJhppfvdk@ yxr oabm
xm;cJh=uygw,f? Armjynfudk e,fcsJŒppfyGJtwGif; qGJtoGif;rcH&zdk@ v_HŒaqmfv_yf&Sm;cJh=uygw,f?
'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k }u;D xJu ta&;ygwhJ xufjrufwufºuw G hJ acgi;f aqmiftrsm;pk[m rmhupf f
0g' vuf0J0g'udk wdrf;!Gwfolrsm;/ ,Hk=unfolrsm; jzpfae=uyg+yD? rmhufpf0g'/ vuf0J0g'[m Arm
jynfudk (1931) ckESpfavmufrS pwifa&muf&Sdvmwmjzpfayr,fh pwifavhvm vufcH jzefcsdolrsm;&JŒ
tm;xkwfr_a=umifh vuf0Jt,ltq wdrf;!Gwf,Hk=unfolrsm; OD;pD;wnfaxmifcJhwJh e*g;eD pmtkyf
toif;&JŒaus;Zl;a=umifyh g? awmfawmfysŒH ES@H prd 0hf ifus,jf yef@pðyaeyg+yD? txl;ojzifh ArmjynfueG jf rLepf
ygwD zGJ@pnf;ay:aygufvm+yD;wJhaemufydkif; ydkrdkus,fjyef@euf±_dif;vmcJhygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u Armjynf
Ekid if aH &;orm;rSeo f r# rmhupf vf eD if0g'/ uGejf rLepfq&kd , S vf pf vuf00J g'rsm;eJ@ ywfoufqufpyfc=hJ u
zl;olcsn;f jzpfygw,f? trsm;pk}u;D [m vdv k v kd m;vm;vufccH =hJ uygw,f? óuu d Ef pS o f ufvaS =umif; enf;
trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ azmfjycJh=uzl;ygw,f?
a'gufwmodef;armifu e,l;bm;rm;owif;pmrSm rmhufpf0g' t,ltqaqmif;yg;rsm; a&;
om;cJo h vdk aemifrmS uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;tzGŒJ udk twdtvif; aºuG;a=umfxal xmifr,fh ocifApdef
vdk yk*~Kdvfuawmif uGefjrLepfa=unmpmwrf;}uD;udk bmomjyefqdkcJhbl;ygw,f? ocifpdk;u ‘qdk&S,f
vpf0g'’/ ocifAv kd uf ‘um;vfrmhupf ’f / ocifoef;xGe;f u vDeifta=umif;jzpfwhJ ‘usrcspv f if’/ ocif
A[def;u ‘"e&Sifavmu’ pwJh pmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;xkwfa0cJh=uovdk ocifodef;azu ‘bHk0g'ESifh
'dk@Arm’ udk wnf;jzwfcJh+yD; ±k&Sm;qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;ta=umif;udk ocifEku ‘vlrGJwdk@&JŒxGuf&yf
vrf;’ tjzpf a&;om;cJyh gw,f? tJ't D csed w
f ek ;f u ocifE[ k m ‘u|eaf wmfbo kH rm;’ vd@k a=unmcJ+h yD;/
ocifAaqG (OD;AaqG) uvnf; ‘avmuedAmŠ efwnfaqmufaeol pwmvif’ vd@k usL;&ifzh iG q hf kd a&;om;
cJhygw,f?
ocifatmifqef;udk,fwdkifuvnf; ajratmufygwD ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ taxGaxG
twGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfovdk ‘urBmppfe@J Arm’ rSmæ vGwv f yfa&;rSm v$waf wmftwGi;f wGif tqdo k iG ;f ±Hrk #
ESifhr&? v$wfawmftqdkrSm 0g'jzef@±Hkavmufom&Sdonf? tvkyfvkyf&ayrnf?
e,fcsŒJ pepf/ "e&Sipf epf jzpfwkH ysuw f kH wnfwkH wnf;[laom avmu"Hw&m;rS rvGw?f "e&Sif
pepfonf tvkyform;rsm;udk zefwD;&.? e,fcsJŒpepfonf yxr rdrdtwGuf taptcdkif;rsm;vdkI
acwfynmwwfrsm;&Sv d matmif pDr&H .? od@k aomf xkt d vkyo f rm;rsm;ESihf ynmwwfrsm;onf tqifh
twef;jrifhvmaomf ‚if;wkd@udk zefwD;cJhaom e,fcsJŒpepfudk jyefIawmfvSef=uay.?

vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf tJG wGuf jyifqif&mY vlrsK;d tcsi;f csi;f ? vlwef;pm;tcsi;f csi;f ruGo J ifo h nfh
tcsed w f iG f ruGxJ u kd o
f nfo h rl sm;ESihf ruGu J aJG tmif vkyw f wfaom e,fcsŒJ pepf. y&d,m,fukd owdðy?
TuJo h @kd tcsed af umif; tajcaumif;wGif igw@kd .vGwv f yfa&;twGuf tjyif;txef tm;xkwf
=uygpdk@ &Jabmfwdk@[k aqmf=owyfvSef@cJhygw,f?
1940 ckESpf/ arvwGif om,m0wDrSm q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;
nDvmcHusi;f yygw,f? &J&aJ wmuf ajyma[mqH;k jzwf=uygw,f? 'Dom,m0wDnv D mcH qH;k jzwfcsuef @J
tnD nDvmcHt+yD;rSm c±dkifrsm;udk vSnfhvnfwifjya[majymwmawG vkyf=uygw,f?
1940 ckEpS /f ZGev f rSm [oFmwc±dik f ZvGeòf rŒd a[majymr_e@J ywfouf+y;D c±dik &f mZ0wf0ef ‘aZAD;
,m;’ u ocifatmifqef;udk zrf;qD;zd@k 0&rf;xkwyf gw,f? odumQ cswt hJ aeeJ@ zrf;qD;ay;Edik of u l kd qkaiG
‘ig;usyf’ay;r,fvdk@vnf; xkwfjyefa=unmvdkufygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; ocifatmifqef; ajr
atmufv#Kd;+yD; v_yf&Sm;&ygawmhw,f?
1940 Zlvikd v f xJrmS &efuek w f uUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo) taqmuftODxrJ mS
'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k acgi;f aqmif/ uGejf rLepfacgi;f aqmif/ ausmif;om;or*~acgi;f aqmifrsm; v#K@d 0u S af wGŒ
qH=k u+yD; Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;twGu/f vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;twGuf aqG;aEG;n‡Ed id_ ;f =uygw,f?
tJ'aD qG;aEG;yGrJ mS yg0ifoal wGuawmh ocifatmifqef;/ ocifp;kd / ocifvaS z (aemif Adv k vf usmf )/ ocif
cifatmif/ ocifausmfpdef/ ocifA[def;/ udkAaqG/ udkxGef;tkyf/ udkvSarmif (aemif AdkvfaZ,s)/ rpPwm
*dk&S,f wdk@jzpfygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;twGuf vufeufeJ@t}uH^m%f&,lzdk@ w±kwfjynf uGefjrLepfygwD
XmecsKyf&Sd&m ,iftef;udkoGm;zdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf vuf&Sd ajratmufudk v#Kd;ae&+yD
jzpfwhJ ocifatmifqef;eJ@ ocifausmpf ed u f kd wm0efay; a&G;cs,o f abmwlncD =hJ uygw,f? 'gayrJh wu,f
oGm;wJt h cg ocifausmpf ed f rvku d jf zpfawmhyJ ocifausmpf ed t f pm; ocifvòS rdif (aemif Adv k &f efatmif)
jzpfoGm;ygw,f?
1940 Zlvikd f (26) &ufrmS Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f acgi;f aqmif a'guw f mbarmf udk tpd;k &t=unf
!dyk suaf tmif a[majymr_e@J zrf;+yD; rE aW v;rSm ±H;k wifw&m;pGq J ykd gw,f? t*Fvyd &f ŒJ ±kyaf o;tpd;k &u
awmh eef;&if;0ef *VKefOD;apm tpdk;&yg?
ocifacgi;f aqmifawGawmfawmfrsm;rsm; om,m0wDnv D mcHt+yD; a[majymv_aH qmfra_ wGe@J
wa,muf+yD;wa,muf qufwu dk t
f zrf;cH=u&ygawmhw,f? ocifp;kd / ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifE/k ocif
wifw@kd tzrf;cH=u&ygw,f? ‘xGe;f tky-f Apde’f *d% k ;f bufuvnf; ocifn/D ocifcifarmifw@kd tzrf;cH
=u&ygw,f? emrnf}uD; ocifacgi;f aqmifawG axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csxm;cH&wm te,fe,ft&yf&yf
rSm jzpfvmygw,f?
ocifatmifqef;eJ@ ocifvSòrdifwdk@ESpfa,muf ±kyfzsuf+yD; ‘[kdifvD’ oabFmeJ@ (8-8-1940)
ae@rSm w±kwfjynfc&D;udk pwifygw,f? (24) &ufae@rSm w±kwfjynf ‘trGdKif’òrdŒudk qdkufa&mufoGm;
ygw,f? w±kwu f rl ifwefe@J *syefa&wyfyikd ef ufteD; trGKd irf mS pwnf;cs+y;D w±kwu f eG jf rLepfygweD @J tquf
toG,f&zdk@ óud;pm;ae=uwkef;rSm ygvmor#aiGukef+yD; aiGa=u;t=uyftwnf; óuH=uygw,f? Arm
jynfvSrf;+yD; aiGa=u;tultnDawmif;awmh b¾ma&;wm0efcH ocifvSaz (Adkvfvusfm) u vdkuf
tvSLcH&mrSm Armhxu G &f yf*% dk ;f }uD;udv k nf; tvSLcHryd gw,f? *syefvv kd m;ol a'guw f mode;f armif

odomG ; +yD; a'gufwmodef;armifu ‘qlZluD;’ udk ajymjywJhtwGuf ocifatmifqef; eJ@ ocifvSòrdif

"mwfyHkudk qlZluD;u ,loGm;+yD; trGdKifuae wdkusKdydk@Ekdifa&; pDpOfygawmhw,f? tJ'ga=umifh Armjynf
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf vufeufeJ@ tultnD&a&;/ w±kyfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDqD oGm;cJh=uwJh ocif
atmifqef;eJ@ ocifvSòrdifwdk@[m aemufqHk; *syefudka&mufoGm;&ygawmhw,f?
1940 ckEpS t f wGi;f rSm ‘Apde-f xGe;f tky’f *d% k ;f uvnf; *syefe@J tquftoG,&f zd@k óud;pm;ae
=u+yD;jzpfygw,f? *syefeJ@ tquftoG,f&+yD;wJhtcg tultnDtwGuf *syefu ,dk;',m;bufudk
ul;yg? [drk mS jynfjh ynfph pkH kH pDpOfaqmif&u G af y;r,fajymwJt h wGuf ocifApdeu f , kd w
f ikd f ,d;k ',m;oGm;&ef
óud;pm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh vrf;rSmyJ t*Fvdyftzrf;cHvdkuf&+yD; axmifwESpfusoGm;&ygw,f? ocif
Apdef tzrf;cH&+y;D aemuf usev f rl sm;u qufóu;d pm;=u&if; ocifatmifoef; (aemif Adv k pf }umf ) wa,muf
,dk;',m;udk acsmacsmarmarm a&mufoGm;ygw,f? aemifrSm *syefudk ppfynmoifrsm; v$wfEkdifa&;
tcdkiftrm aqmif&GufEdkifcGifh&oGm;=uygawmhw,f?
1941 ckEpS f ESpq f ef;ydik ;f a&mufawmh ocifjracgi;f aqmif+yD; t*Fvyd u f kd vufeufuikd af wmfveS f
zd@k A[dak jratmufawmfveS af &;tzGŒJ awG v#KŒd 0Suf zGŒJ pnf;ygw,f? A[kad jratmufawmfveS af &;tzGŒJ &JŒ
OuUÏtjzpf ocifjru wm0ef,l+yD; c±dkif (20) cGJ+yD; zGJŒpnf;ygw,f? 'DtzGJŒcGJawGxJrSm yg0ifcJh=uwJh
wcsKŒd aomacgi;f aqmifawG[m ‘'d@k Armtpnf;t±H;k ’ udpeP @J tzrf;tqD;cH=u&wmawGvnf; ay:vm
ygw,f? tzrf;qD;cH=u&wJh ocifacgif;aqmifawG axmifawGxJrSm renf;awmhyg? usefacgif;aqmif
trsm;pk[mvnf; v#KŒd 0Su+f yD; ajratmufvy_ &f mS ;r_awGuykd J tav;xm;+yD; vkyu f ikd vf y_ &f mS ;ae=u&yg
awmhw,f?
tJ'DvkdtcsdefrSm 1941 ckESpf rwfvxJrSm ocifatmifqef; *syefuae &efukefudk v#KdŒ0Suf+yD;
wacgufjyefvmcJhygw,f? ykodrfudk qefwifzdk@vmwJh ukefwifoabFmwpD;rSm oabFmt&m&Sda,mif
aqmif+yD; vdkufvmwmjzpfygw,f? ykodrfuae &efukefudkqif;csvm+yD; ouFef;u|ef;wae&mrSm
jynfo@l ta&awmfyykH gwD (yDtmyD) u ocifcspf (aemif ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwt D wGi;f a&;rSL;) eJ@ awGŒqHk
ygw,f? ocifcsp/f q&mxGe;f a&$w@kd &ŒJ tpDtpOfe@J jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gwu D acgi;f aqmifrsm;eJ@ aqG;aEG;
=uygw,f? *syefuay;r,fh tultnDta=umif;/ ArmrsK;d cspv f il ,fawGukd *syefvw $ +f yD; ppfynmoif
,la&;tpDtpOfawGta=umif; tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;=uygw,f? ocifatmifqef; oabFmeJ@tjyefrSm
ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f 'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k u ocifvaS z (aemif Adv k v f usmf )/ ocifA*sr;f (aemif Adv k v
f
a&mif)/ ocifat;armif (aemif Adv k rf ;kd )/ ausmif;om;or*~u udx k eG ;f &Sed f (aemif Adv k &f efEidk )f wk@d yxr
tokwftjzpf vdkufygoGm;jzpf=uygw,f?
aemifr=umrDrSmyJ 'kwd,tokwf/ wwd,tokwfawG qufvufydk@v$wfEkdif+yD; aemufqHk;
tokwf pwkwo ˆ w k f (11) OD;rSmawmh ‘Apde-f xGe;f tky’f *d% k ;f u acgi;f aqmif ocifxeG ;f tkyt f ygt0if
(6) OD;eJ@ q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;tzGJŒu (5) OD;yg0ifygw,f? ocif±_armif
(aemif Adv k af e0if;) [m tJ'aD emufq;kH okwrf mS ‘Apde-f xGe;f tky’f *d% k ;f &JŒtzGŒJ 0ifwOD;tjzpf ygvmwm
jzpfygw,f? ,d;k ',m;udjk zwf+yD; a&mufvmcJw h hJ Apde-f xGe;f tkyf *d%k ;f u ocifatmifoef; (Adv k pf }umF )/
ocifoef;wif (Adv k o f ef;wif)/ *syefukd ynmoiftjzpf a&muf&Sdae+yD;jzpfwJh udkaqmif; (aemif-Adkvf
xdef0if;) wdk@yg tm;vHk;aygif;vdkufawmh vl (30) jzpfoGm;ygw,f? ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; 'dk@Armtpnf;

t±Hk;u (21) OD;eJ@ Apdef-xGef;tkyf 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;u (8) OD;jzpfygw,f? 'D (30) [m aemif
&JabmfoHk;usdyfvdk@ Armjynfordkif;rSm trnfxif&Sm;vmygw,f?
&JabmfoHk;usdyf[m ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf e,fcsJŒt*Fvdyfudk vufeufeJ@wdkufcdkufzdk@
*syefqDu&wJh ppfa&;tultnDudk &,lvufcH+yD; ppfynmudk oif,l=uygawmhw,f?
1941 ckEpS /f ZGev
f (22) &ufae@rmS *smrefemZDawG[m qkAd , D uf,el , D u H kd 0ifa&mufwu dk cf ukd f
ygw,f? qdAk ,D uf,el , D H emZD*smrefw@kd &ŒJ vufatmuf us rus[m wurBmvH;k eJ@ oufqikd w f hJ ta&;
jzpfvmygw,f? qdkAD,ufom 'DwdkufyGJrSmusqHk;oGm;cJh&if urBmhtem*wf[m emZDzufqpfrsm;vuf
atmuf jym;jym;arSmufoGm;&awmhr,fh taetxm;rsKd;jzpfygw,f?
1939 ckESpf pufwifbmvu pwifjzpfyGm;cJhwJh 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;[m qkdAD,ufudk emZD*sm
refwdk@u 0ifa&mufwkdufcdkufjcif; rðyrDtxd e,fcsJŒorm;tcsif;csif;=um; jzpfyGm;aewJhppf e,fajrvk
ppfuae/ vuQ%mwpwp pwifajymif;vJ oGm;ygawmhw,f? e,fcsJŒorm;csif;wdkufwJhppfuae
urBmzh ufqpftm%m&Sirf sm;u wzuf/ vGwv f yfciG rhf sm; 'Drukd a&pDe@J qk&d , S v f pfpepfukd umuG,w f hJ
tiftm;pkrsm;uwzuf t}udwfte,f,SOfòydif=uwJh urBmhppfyJG}uD;tjzpf ul;ajymif;oGm;ygawmh
w,f? urBmzh ufqpfpepfqef@usiaf &;twGuf urBmjh ynfot l m;vH;k eJ@qidk w f hJ ppfy}JG uD;toGijf zpfvmyg
w,f?
tJ'D 1941 ckESpf/ ZGefv pwkwWywfxJrSmyJ tif;pdefaxmifxJ a&muf&Sdae=uwJh ocifacgif;
aqmifawGjzpfwJh ocifpdk;/ ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifEk/ ocifvSabmf/ ocifav;armif/ ocifausmfpdef/
ocifcifatmif wkd@wawG[m urBmhtajctae/ ArmhtajctaeawGudk awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;=uygw,f?
ppfwrf;xkw=f unf=h uygw,f? tJ'pD pfwrf;[m Armhordik ;f rSm ta&;ygwhJ ‘tif;pdepf pfwrf;’ yg? tJ'D
ppfwrf;&JŒ tcsKyfoabmuawmh urBmzh ufqpf0g'udk wdu k zf suaf &;/ urBmph pf}uD;twGi;f rSm r[mrdwf
rsm;eJ@ wGJzufwdkufcdkuf+yD; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udk t&,la&;jzpfygw,f?
tif;pdepf pfwrf;yg oabmxm;udk tJ'aD xmifwiG ;f a&muf ocifacgi;f aqmifrsm;[m t*Fvyd f
tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfolrsm;qDudkvnf; pmwapmifa&;ydk@cJh=uovdk tjyifrSm&SdaewJh ocifacgif;rsm;qDudk
vnf; enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ ay;ydk@cJh=uygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm ocifatmifqef;eJ@ ArmhrsKd;cspfvli,f ocif
acgif;aqmiftcsKŒd [m *syefe@J qufr+d yD; *syefuakd wmif a&muf&adS e=u+yDjzpfygw,f? *syefukd ppfynm
oifrsm; apv$waf &;twGuf t"duwm0ef,lcJhwJh ocifjr/ ocifcspfwdk@acgif;aqmifwJh jynfolŒta&;
awmfyHkygwD}uD;[m *syefeJ@qufoG,frd=u&if; vufvGefaerdcJh=u+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh 1941 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v
f v,frmS usi;f ywJh 'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k uGe@f z&ifh (A[dak umfrwD
tpnf;ta0;) rSm axmifuvGwfcgp ocifoef;òrdif (ausmufqnf)/ ocifv_dif (a&eHacsmif;) wdk@vdk
yk*~KdvfawGu tif;pdefppfwrf;yg oabmxm;tjrifopfudk wifjyaqG;aEG;=uayr,fh ocifjr/ ocif
A[def; pwJhacgif;aqmifawGu rlvay:vpDtwdkif; ‘yxr t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒudk qef@usifwdkufckduf/
aemufrS *syefwdk@. ajcvSrf;udk=unfh+yD; *syefudkygwdkufqdkwJh oabmxm;udkom twnfðyoifh
a=umif; &Sif;vif;wifjy+yD; vufcHvdkuf=uygw,f?
1930 ckEpS u
f wnf;u w±kwjf ynfuw kd ukd +f y;D w±kwjf ynfxaJ &muf&adS ewJh *syef[m ‘tm&Swu kd f
omwlnrD #a&;’ aºuG;a=umfoeH @J urBmt h a&SŒjcrf;wckv;kH udk pd;k rd;k odr;f ydu
k Ef idk zf Œkd tcdik tf rm=uH&,
G x f m;

+yD;yg+yD? 'gayr,fh 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;twGif; *syef[m w&m;0ifrygao;yg? tar&duefvnf;

w&m;0if rygao;yg?
qdkAD,ufudk emZD*smrefwdk@ 0ifwdkufcsdefup+yD; urBmppf}uD;&JŒta&;}uD; vuQ%majymif;vJ
vmovdk urBmppfrD;&JŒ t&Sdef[mvnf; ydkrdkjyif;xefvmygw,f? ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf enf;
rsKd;pHkeJ@ óud;yrf;tm;xkwf v_yf&Sm;r_awG[mvnf; ododomom jrifhrm;vmcsdefrSm t*Fvdyf&JŒ ±kyfao;
tpdk;& *VKefOD;apm[mvnf; ol&JŒEkdifiHa&;t&Sdeft0g vdrfnmpdkufxlxm;Ekdifa&;twGuf Armjynf
bk&ifcH qma':refprpfeJ@ tay;t,lvkyf+yD; Armhta&;udkqdk&ef vef'efoGm;zdk@jyifygw,f? atmufwdk
bmvxJrSm tdkifpDtuf OD;wifxGwfudk twGif;0eftjzpfac:oGm;+yD; Armjynfqdkif&m twGif;0ef
‘atr&D’ eJ@awGŒ ‘csmcsD’ eJ@awGŒ vkyfygw,f? t*Fvdyfu ppf}uD;+yD;&if Armjynfudk 'dkrDeD,Htqifhxd
jr‡ifhwifay;ygr,fqdkwJh uwdukdawmifray;yg? yg;pyfuwdav;awmif r&cJhyg?
*syefa&muf ocifatmifqef;acgif;aqmifwJh &JabmfoHk;usdyf[m *syefodrf;xm;wJh [dkifeef
u|ef;rSm 1941 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvu atmufwdkbmvv,ftxd/ xkdif0rfu|ef;rSm atmufwdkbmv,f
uae 'DZifbmvqef;txd *syefuay;wJh ppfynmudk tcuftcJtrsK;d rsK;d yifyrf;qif;&Jr_ tzHzk =kH um;
uae oif,lae=uygw,f?
1941 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmrSm tar&duefydkif ‘[m0dkif,Du|ef;’ ykvJqdyfurf;udk tvpftidkuf AHk;
}uJwdkufcdkuf+yD; *syef[m urBmppf}uD;twGif; 0ifa&mufvmygawmhw,f? 'DZifbmv (8) &ufae@rSm
*syefu t*Fvyd /f tar&duefw@kd ukd w&m;0ifppfa=unmovd/k tar&duefuvnf; w&m;0if*syefukd
ppfa=unm+yD; urBmppf}uD;xJa&mufvmygawmhw,f? 'DZifbm (11) &ufae@rmS tar&duefu *smref
eJ@ tDwvDudkvnf; ppfa=unmygawmhw,f?
zufqpfemZDrsm;jzpf=uwJh *smref/ tDwvD/ *syef 0if±;kd pGe;f oH;k Ekid if H tiftm;pkuwzuf/ t*Fvyd /f
jyifopf/ tar&duef/ qkdAD,ufr[mrdwf tiftm;pkrsm;uwzuf/ wurBmvHk;v$rf;òcHwJh urBmppf}uD;
[m urBmhjynfoltm;vHk;eJ@ ywfoufvm&ygawmhw,f?
1941 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm (9) &ufae@rmS t*Fvyd t f pd;k &u 'd@k Armtpnf; t±H;k }u;D udk rw&m;oif;
tjzpf a=unm+yD;/ ocifacgif;aqmiftm;vHk;udk vdkufvHzrf;qD;ygw,f? t*Fvdyftpdk;&udk jywfjywf
om;om; qef@usi=hf uwJh ocifacgi;f aqmifreS o f r# axmifxaJ &muf&ifa&muf/ ra&muf&if ajratmuf
tjzpf v#dKŒ0Sufvkyfudkifv_yf&Sm;=u&ygawmhw,f? ay:ay:xifxif aexdkifvdk@r&awmhyg?
*syefzufqpfrsm;[m tvsit f jref ppfqiford ;f ydu k rf a_ wGvyk +f y;D tm&Sppfr;D udk t&Sed jf ri‡ vhf u
kd f
ygw,f? zdvpfydkifEkdifiHeJ@ ypdzdwfork'N&mwGif;&Sd u|ef;}uD;u|ef;i,fawGudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufygw,f?
t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ orm;&JŒ ta&SŒzsm;a'oppfbuf tcdik t f rmpcef;}u;D jzpfwhJ puFmylcw H yf}u;D udk t*Fvyd f
rsm;ud, k wf ikd f wkev
f y_ t
f =hH ooGm;&avmufatmif taocH+yD; &ufyikd ;f twGi;f odr;f ypfvu kd Ef ikd yf gw,f?
'DZifbm (23) &ufe@J (25) &uf c&pPrwfae@rmS &efuek òf rŒd udk *syefu pwifA;kH }uw J u
kd cf u
kd yf gawmhw,f?
Armjynf}uD;[m ppfrD;v#H=um; twdtvif;a&muf&SdoGm;yg+yD?
t*Fvdyftpdk;&[m atmufArmEkdifiH&Sd tusOf;axmifawGxJ a&muf&Sdae=uwJh ocifacgif;
aqmifawGudk txufArmjynfaxmifawGqDcGJ+yD; ae&mtESH@ydk@ygw,f? *syeftultnDe@J ppfynmoif
=um;+y;D =uwJh &Jabmfo;kH usyd [ f m xkid 0f rfu|e;f uae befaumufòrdŒudk a&muf&Sdae=uyg+yD? *syefwdk@&JŒ

awmifydkif; ppfwyftrSwf (15) ppfwyf}uD;[mvnf; xkdif;EdkifiHxJa&muf&Sdaeyg+yD? trSwf (15) vuf

atmufcH 'D0DZHwyf (5) [m befaumufòrdŒrSm &JabmfoHk;usdyf a&muf&SdaepOfrSmyJ a&muf&Sdvm+yDjzpf
ygw,f?
1941 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm (26) &ufae@rmS befaumufòrdŒrSm ocifatmifqef;/ ocifxeG ;f tkyw f @kd
acgif;aqmifwJh &JabmfoHk;usdyf[m ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf aoG;udkazmuf opPma&aomufyGJusif;
y+y;D Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf (bDtikd af t) udk pwifzŒJG pnf;vdu k =f uygw,f? bDtikd af t[m Armh
vufeufuikd w f yfrawmf&ŒJ rlvtpjzpfygw,f? Adv k af tmifqef;[m 'D bDtikd af tudk pwif acgi;f aqmif
zGJŒpnf;ay;cJholppfppfjzpfvdk@ wyfrawmf&JŒ zcift&if;ppfppfjzpfygw,f? ocifxGef;tkyfvnf; &Jabmf
oH;k usyd rf mS acgi;f aqmifwa,mufjzpfcahJ yr,hf ol[m ppfynmtpm; tkycf sKyfa&;ynmudo k m tav;
xm; oif,cl o hJ jl zpfygw,f? Advk bf ŒJG cH,o
l wfrw S =f uawmhvnf; Adv k b f ŒJG awmif rcH,cl yhJ g? bDtikd af t
pwifxlaxmif&mrSm yg0ifcJhwJh *syefAdkvf ‘qlZluD;’ uawmif Adkvfrdk;óud;tjzpf cH,lcJhygw,f?
bDtikd af t zGŒJ pnf;+yD;wmeJ@ ArmjynftwGi;f a&SŒajy;0ifa&muf+yD; jynfoŒl ta&;awmfyykH gweD @J
qufoG,fbdk@/ ajratmufawmfvSefa&;tzGJŒ0ifrsm;eJ@ qufoG,fzdk@ Adkvfae0if;/ Adkvfwm&m/ Adkvfvif;
,kef/ Adkvfrdk;!dkwdk@yg0ifwJh tzGJŒwckudk wm0efay; apv$wfvdkufygw,f?
1942 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dvqef;ydkif;rSmyJ Adkvfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifwJh bDtdkifat (ArmhvGwf
vyfa&;wyfrawmf) [m *syefwyfrawmfeJ@twl ppfa=umif;oHk;a=umif;cGJ+yD; xdkif;Arme,fpyfuae
ArmjynftwGi;f atmifjrifpmG 0ifa&muf=uygawmhw,f? bDtikd af t pwifzŒJG pnf;wke;f u &m*%ef;r#
om&Sdayr,fh a&;/ +rdwf/ xm;0,f/ armfvòrdifòrdŒawGudk odrf;ydkuf+yD;wmeJ@ tiftm;tqrwef wdk;yGm;
vmygw,f? ay;EkdifwJh vufeuftiftm;xuf vltiftm;u tqrwefrsm;jym;ae+yD; ppfcsD&mvrf;
wav#mufu &&mvufeufpGJudkif vdkufygvm=uwJh bDtdkifatwyfrawmf}uD;[m &efukefòrdŒudk
ra&mufao;ciftwGif;rSm oHk;aomif;ausmfav;aomif;eD;yg; wyfrawmf}uD;jzpfaeyg+yD?
*syefbufu ArmjynfppfyGJtwGuf t"duwm0ef,l&wJhwyfu trSwf (15) wyfrawmf
jzpfygw,f? trSwf (33) wyfreJ@ trSwf (55) wyfr[m/ trSwf (15) wyfrawmf}uD;xJrSm yg0ifyg
w,f? 'DtrSwf (15) wyfrawmf}u;D xJrmS yg0ifygw,f? 'DtrSwf (15) wyfrawmf}u;D wckv;kH udk OD;pD;
olu vufzwifeif *sife&,ftD;'g;jzpfygw,f?
1942 ckESpf ESpfqef; *syeft0ifrSmyJ e,fcsJŒt*Fvdyfrsm;[m olwdk@&J@ wynfhausmf ‘qmay:
xGef;’ Armjynftpkd;&udkyg olwdk@eJ@ wyg;wnf;ac:aqmif+yD; atmifjrifpGmqkwfcGmjcif;udk jyifqifyg
awmhw,f?
1941 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmvxJu vef'efa&muf+yD; 'drk eD , D tH yk cf sKyfa&;ay;zd@k awmif;aewJh eef;&if;
0ef OD;apm[m 'dkrDeD,Hr&yJ vef'efuae tar&duefbuf vSnfht0if tar&duef&JŒ [m0dkiftDu|ef;
[dEk vdk v
l òl rdŒudk *syefu AH;k vm}uJomG ;vd@k òrdŒ}uD;wckv;kH ysupf ;D aewmudk jrifvu kd &f w,f? tm&Sa'o
udv k nf; ppfr;D ul;ae+yq D wkd mudvk nf; odvu kd &f w,f? 'ga=umifh Oa&mybufjyefvn S &hf if; ay:wl*jD ynf
vpPbGef;òrdŒta&muf *syefaumifppf0efcsKyf±Hk;oGm;+yD; olŒudk,fusKd;twGuf Armjynfudk *syef0ifr,f
qd&k if olu ulnyD ;l aygi;f r,fv@kd ajymowJ?h 'ga=umifh ygvufpwdik ;f / [dik zf mòrdŒudk OD;apmwd@k ta&muf/
toifah pmifah ewJh t*Fvyd af xmufvrS ;f a&;awGu OD;apmeJ@ OD;wifxw G u f kd zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f vdu k =f uyg

w,f? Armjynfudk jyefrydk@awmhbJ ppfumvwav#mufvHk; ,l*ef'grSm tus,fcsKyfeJ@ xm;vdkufyg
w,f? 'ga=umifh ArmjynfrSm eef;&if;0ef OD;apmtpdk;&&JŒae&mrSm qmay:xGef;tpdk;&jzpfaewmjzpfyg
w,f?
'Dumvw0du k rf mS ‘jrif;jcpH pfwrf;’ xGuaf y:vmygw,f? ‘jrif;jcpH pfwrf;’[m ‘tif;pdepf pfwrf;’
&JŒ tqufjzpfygw,f? tif;pdeaf xmifuae Ekid if aH &;orm; ocifacgi;f aqmifawGukd txufArmjynf
axmifawGqcD yGJ @kd wt hJ cg jrif;jcHaxmifa&mufomG ;&wJh ocifp;kd u axmifxrJ mS a&;om;wJh ppfwrf;jzpfyg
w,f? tJ'pD pfwrf;ygoabmxm;tjriftwdik ;f ocifp;kd [m axmifx&J dS &JabmfawG Ekid if aH &;orm;awG
udv k nf; csjywm aqG;aEG;wm oifwef;ay;wmawGuv kd nf; vkyyf gw,f? uGejf rLepf&aJ bmfrsm;eJ@ ocif
acgif;aqmif awmfawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf; vufcHoabmuscJh=uw,fvdk@qkdygw,f? jrif;jcHppfwrf;&JŒ
oabmxm;tjrifu 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;jzpfwJh t*Fvdyftar&duefeJ@ uGefjrLepf±k&Sm;aygif;+yD;
r[mrdwfzGJ@um zufqpfemZD *smref/ tDwvDwdk@udk wdkufcdkufovdk/ ArmjynfrSm ArmawGuvnf;
zufqpf*syefudk eHywfwpf&efoltjzpf owfrSwf+yD; t*Fvdyftar&duefawGeJ@ twlwGJwdkuf&r,f?
r[mrdwfzGJŒ yl;aygif;wdkuf&r,fqdkwmygyJ?
'ga=umifh tJ't D csed uf ArmjynfEidk if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;&J@ taetxm; udck jJG crf;pdwjf zm=unfh
vdu k rf ,fq&kd if t,ltq (3) ckawGŒ&ygr,f? tJ't D ,l tq (3) cktwdik ;f OD;wnfvy_ &f mS ; jzpfay:ae
=uwmudkvJawGŒ&ygr,f?
‘ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf’ qkdwJh t"du&nfrSef;csuf[m ruGJjym;=uayr,fhæ
yxrt,ltqu ‘Armjynfudk u|efðyxm;ol t*Fvdyfudkwdkuf&r,f? *syeftultnD&,l
+yD; t*Fvdyfudk t+yD;wdkif wdkufxkwfypf&if; Armjynf&JŒvGwfvyfa&;udk &,lEdkifvdrfhr,f’ qdkwmjzpf
w,f? jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gw&D ŒJ t,ltqjzpfovd/k tJ't D ,ltq oabmxm;twdik ;f um,uH
ajrmuf aqmif&Gufae=uolawGu ocifatmifqef;/ ocifvSaz (Adkvfvusfm)/ ocifvSòrdif (Adkvf&ef
atmif) eJ@ &JabmfoHk; usdyftiftm;pkawG jzpfygw,f?
'kw, d t,ltqu ‘Oa&myrSm qkAd , D ufu r[mrdwrf sm;eJ@aygi;f +yD; zufqpfawGukd t"du
xm;wdu k wf mrSewf ,f? ArmjynfrmS 'Dtajctaer&S?d vufawGŒrSm t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ [m igw@kd tm; r[m
rdwðf ycGirhf ay;? vGwv f yfa&;ay;r,fuwdðyyg? ppftwGi;f rSm cifAsm;wd@k e@J yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G f ygr,fv@kd
'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k &JŒ awmif;qkcd suu f kd y,fcs±rkH u/ ocifawGukd zrf;qD;axmifcsw,f? 'ga=umifh t*Fvyd f
awGukd raxmufcEH idk ±f rkH u jynfwiG ;f ppfðy&r,f? *syefusL;ausmaf &;orm; zufqpfrsm;udv k nf; ckcH
wdkufcdkuf&r,f’ qdkwmjzpfygw,f? ocifodef;az (odef;azjrifh)/ ocifA[def;wdk@[m 'Dt,ltq&SdcJh
=uygw,f? 'Dt,ltqudk udkifpGJolawGvJ awmfawmfrsm;rsm;&SdcJhygw,f?
wwd,t,ltqopfu ocifp;kd eJ@ jrif;+cHppfwrf;axmufco H rl sm;&J@ (t*Fvyd u
f zrf;qD;xm;
vdk@ axmifxJa&mufae=u&ol ocifacgif;aqmif trsm;pk&JŒ) oabmxm;tjrifjzpfygw,f?
‘qdAk ,
D ufukd *smrefw@kd 0ifwu dk cf sed u
f p+yD; urBmppf}uD;&JŒvuQ%m[m tajccHup+yD; ajymif;
oGm;+y?D 'ga=umifh zufqpfqef@usiaf &; trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&; vrf;pOftwdik ;f aqmif&u G =f u&r,f?
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒorm;udk zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;rSm r[mrdwfðyxm;Ekdif&r,f’ qdkwJh t,ltqjzpfyg
w,f? 'Dt,ltqudk tjyifrSm&Sdae=uwJh EkdifiHa&;orm;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u ±kwfw&uf vufcH

Edkif=ujcif;r&Sdyg? t*Fvdyf&JŒ zdESdyftkyfcsKyfr_atmufrSmom ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmaexkdifvmcJh&bl;olawGjzpf

awmh t*Fvyd u f /kd jyefvnf wGe;f vSew f u
kd cf u
kd af &; pdwaf pmae=uwmuwa=umif;/ *syefta=umif;udk
t*Fvyd t f a=umif;avmuf vufawGŒrod=uao;wmuwa=umif;/ *syeftay: ar#mv f ifch suxf m;ol
awG&Sdaeao;wma=umifhwa=umif; 'Dt,ltq[m topftpdrf;ozG,fjzpfaeygw,f?
bDtikd af twyfe@J *syefw@kd &ŒJ trSwf (55) wyfr}uD; armfvòrdiu f kd odr;f +yD;csed u f p+yD;/ *syefawG
u Armjynfudk vGwfvyfa&;a=unmay;r,f/ tkyfcsKyfa&;udkvnf; ArmawGudkyJtyfr,fqkdwJh uwd
udk pwifcsKd;azmufygawmhw,f?
bDtikd af twyfrsm;u ArmjynftwGi;f 0ifvmpOf odr;f ydu k rf w
d hJ a'owdik ;f rSm &yf&mG at;csr;f
a&;eJ@ +idrf0yfydjym;a&;twGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;awG zGJŒay;ygw,f? tJ'Daus;&Gm/ òrdŒe,f/ c±dkiftkyfcsKyfa&;
tzGŒJ awGukd ocifawG oufqidk &f ma'ou =oZmtm%m&So d al wG t&m&Sad [mif;awGe@J oifah vsmo f
vdk zGJ@pnf;ay;cJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh tJ'Dacwfumvudk bDtdkifat tkyfcsKyfa&;acwfumvvdk@ac:a0:
=uygw,f?
bDtdkifatwyfawG[m 1942 ckESpf rwfv (8) &ufae@rSm &efukefòrdŒudk odrf;ydkufrdygw,f?
bDtdkifatwyfu &efukefòrdŒudk t0ifapmayr,f *syefwyf trSwf (15) wyfrawmfu tvHk;t&if;
tiftm; ydkrdk}uD;wma=umifh trSwf (15) wyf&JŒvufatmufusa&mufoGm;ygw,f? trSwf (15)
wyfu/ bk&ifcHtdrfudk odrf;ydkuf+yD; rwfv (15) &ufae@rSm ume,fempl (Clolnee Yoshio Nasu)
acgif;aqmifwJh ppftkyfcsKyfa&;udk pzGJŒygawmhw,f?
t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ orm;uawmh ol&ŒJ eef;&if;0ef qmay:xGe;f tpd;k &udyk g wygwnf;ac:aqmif+yD;
&efukefu jynf/ rE Wav;/ aròrdŒ/ ppfudkif;c&D; taxmufaxmuf ajymif;a&$Œ±Hk;pdkuf&if; ‘atmifjrifpGm
qkwfcGmjcif;’ udk atmifjrifpGm ðyvkyfoGm;ygw,f?
‘bDtdkifat’ eJ@twlygvmwJh Adkvfrdk;óud;eJ@ olŒ&JŒ rDemrDuDuef;tzGJ@0if trsm;pk}uD;[m
Armjynf&ŒJ vGwv f yfa&;udk tjrefq;kH a=unmay;csiaf yr,fh Armjynfppfqifa&;udk t"du wm0ef,l
xm;wJh trSwf (15) wyfrawmf[m tapmydkif;u ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;udk oabmwlcJh&muae
oabmxm;ajymif;+yD; uef@uu G wf t hJ wGuf ‘bDtikd af t’ twGi;f rSmomru Adv k rf ;kd óud;wd@k vkd ‘rDemrD
*syef’ rsm;uyg rauseyfjzpfcJh&ygw,f? ‘bDtdkifat’ &JŒ vGwfvyfa&; a=unma&; ar#mfvifhcsuf[m
taumiftxnf razmfEikd af wmhwb hJ 0 a&mufomG ;&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh bDtikd af t[m bDtikd af todr;f
yduk rf &d mwav#mufukd ‘+idr;f csr;f a&;aumfrwD’ awGzŒJG +yD; bDtikd af ttkycf sKyfa&;tzGŒJ awG xlaxmifay;
cJhygw,f? bDtdkifat tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@awG[m oufqdkif&ma'orSm tm%m&tzGJŒawGozG,fjzpfwJh
twGuf &mxl;tm%m&vdkolawGvnf; enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ 0ifa&mufyg0ifvm=uwm&Sdygw,f?
bDtikd af ta=umifh &yf&mG at;csr;f wm/ olc;kd "m;jy awma=umifawG rxEkid w f m&So d vd/k bDtikd f
attkyfcsKyfa&;umvxJrSm bDtdkifata=umifh rsufESmysufp&m/ tjrifr=unfvifp&mawGvnf;
ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? ‘bDtdkifat’ u ajcvGefvufvGefvkyfcJhwmawGvnf;&Sdygw,f? txl;ojzifh
jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owcsKdŒrSm jy\emay:cJhygw,f? +idrf0yfydjym;a&;twGufqdk+yD; vufeufawGvdkuf
odr;f wm/ ttyfcikd ;f wmvky&f if; u&iftrsK;d om;awGe@J jy\emjzpfc=hJ uygw,f? u&if-ArmvlrsK;d a&;
t"du±k%f;ay:cJh&ygw,f? u&iftrsKd;om;awGbufu =unfhr,fqdk&if tJ'D ‘bDtdkifat’ qdkolawG

[m EkdifiHa&;tay:pD;&r_tay:uae *syeftm;udk;eJ@ u&iftrsKd;om;awGtay: Adkvfusvmwm vlrsKd;

a&;zdESdyfowfjzwf/ t=urf;zufvmwmvdk@ jrif=uwmawG jzpfay:vmcJhw,f? ‘tdrfrJ’ e,frSm u&if
trsKd;om; ‘ref;a&$xGef;=um’ OD;pD;wJh trsKd;om;ckcHumuG,fr_ vufeufudkifwdkufyGJawG ay:cJh&w,f?
ajrmif;jre,frSmvJ Adkvfrdk;óud;wynfh uDrmwm; (Kimata) qdo k u l kd u&ifawGu owfjzwf
vdu k =f uw,fqw kd o hJ wif;tay:rSm ‘Adv k af usmaf Zm’ &JŒwyfuv kd w$ +f yD; ESrd ef if;cdik ;f wJt
h wGuf jy\em
ay:cJh&ygw,f? &Srf;jynfbufrSmvnf; bDtdkifatAdkvfwa,mufu wyfwwyfeJ@ &rf;um;oGm;wJht
wGuf rsufESmysufp&mjzpfcJh&w,f?
*syefwyfrsm;uvnf; ArmjynfwGif;a&mufwJh tcsdefup+yD; olwdk@wyfa&muf&m t&yfwkdif;
rSm zufqpfbDvl;±kyfudk tpG,fwjyL;jyL;eJ@ jyovmw,f? yg;±dkuf/ em;±dkuf/ vufonf;cGHcGm a&aEG;yl
avmif;/ aeylvSef;/ ouf}uD;&G,ftkdrSef; rod bkef;}uD;&[ef;rSef;rod ±dkif;±dkif;pdkif;pdkif; ðyrlqufqHwm
nOf;yef;ESdyfpufwmawG vkyfvm=uygw,f? atmufArmjynfwckvHk;uawmh *syefatmufa&muf
oGm;+yDjzpfayr,fh txufArmjynfuawmh t*FvdyfvufxJ &SdaeqJjzpfygw,f?
xif&Sm;wJhEkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmif trsm;pk}uD;[m txufArmjynf tusOf;axmifawGxJu
rxGufEkdifao;yg? rE Wav;axmifxJrSm ocifpdk;/ ocifA[def;/ ocifEk/ ocifjroGif/ ocifausmfpdefwdk@
wawG&+dS yD; rH&k mG axmifrmS ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifav;armif/ ocifApde/f ocifcifatmifw@dk wawG &S=d u
w,f? rdk;ukwfaxmifrSmu a'gufwmbarmf?
w±kwjf ynf cseaf u&Sw d t
f pd;k &ud,
k pf m;vS,f ‘*sief &,f0rf;’ u ocifEu k kd axmifxo J mG ;awGŒ
+y;D ‘w±kyjf ynfvu kd cf yhJ g? [dak &muf&if twlwv l yk &f atmif’ vd@k zw d af c:awmh ocifEu k ‘*sief &,f0rf;’
udk “ppf}uD;+yD;oGm;&if ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;ay;r,fvdk@ t*Fvdyftpdk;&u a=unmygap? Armjynfol
tm;vHk;u *syefudk wdkufcdkuf=uvdrfhr,f” vdk@qdkygw,f?
ocifpdk;/ ocifEk/ ocifA[def;eJ@ ocifausmfpdefwdk@awG w±kwfjynf ‘csKHuif;’ txd vdkufzdk@
tpDtpOfvkyf+yD;wJhtcsdefrSm *syefu w±kwf-Arm vrf;r}uD;udk jzwfawmufydwfqdk@xm;vdkuf+yDjzpf
vdk h tpDtpOfysufoGm;cJhygw,f?
*syefu &efukefudk odrf;ydkuf+yD;wJhtcg txufArmjynfòrdŒ}uD;awGqD csDwufodrf;ydkufyg
w,f? bDtdkifatwyfawGuvnf; *syefwyfawGeJ@,SOf+yD; wufygw,f// txufArmjynfòrdŒawGudk
vnf; *syef[m ava=umif;uae AHk;}uJwdkufcdkuf&if; atmifjrifpGmqkwfcGmae=uwJh t*Fvdyfwyf
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;tay: jyif;jyif;xefxef xkd;ppfqifygw,f? t*FvdyfawG rE Wav;uae qkwfcGm+yD;
rE Wav;axmif}uD;ay:rSm AHk;uscsdefrSm axmifrª;}uD;eJ@ tay;t,lvkyf+yD;/ ocifEk/ ocifpdk;/ ocif
A[def;/ ocifjroGif/ ocifausmfpdefwdk@wawG axmifuvGwfvm=uygw,f?
t*FvdyfwyfawGqkwf&if; ppfudkif;wHwm;}uD;udk csKd;+yD; rHk&Gmudk ta&muf *syefu AHk;t}uJrSm
rHk&GmaxmifudkzGifh+yD; v$wfypfvdkufvdk@ ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifav;armif/ ocifApdef/ ocifcifatmif
wdk@awGvnf; rHk&Gmaxmifuae vGwfvm=uygw,f?
ppftwGi;f rSm txufArmjynfrmS Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifawG tjyeftvSef tquftoG,&f +yD;
pkpnf;rdae=uygw,f? ocifodef;azeJ@ udkausmf+idrf; (OD;ausmf+idrf;) wdk@ESpfa,mufvnf; rE Wav;udk
a&mufaeygw,f? ocifodef;azu jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwD &efyHkaiGeJ@ t*FvdyfeJ@ *syefe,fcsJŒwdk@udk

wòydifeuf wkduf&r,fqdkwJh oabmxm;pmwrf;rsm; a&;om;+yD; ‘wdkif;cspf’ ocifodef;az&JŒ wdkif;cspf

yHEk ydS w
f u
kd uf ae v#KŒd 0Suf ±du k Ef ydS x
f wk af 0wmawG pwifvyk af eygw,f? udak usm+f idr;f u jynfoŒl ta&;
awmfyHkygwD &efukefXmecsKyf&JŒ wm0efay;csufeJ@ rdk;ukwfaxmifxJa&mufaewJh a'gufwmbarmfeJ@
awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;zdk@jzpfygw,f?
ocifoed ;f azeJ@ udak usm+f ird ;f [m tJ'w D ek ;f u a&$bu
kd kd ppfajy;tjzpf a&mufaewJh 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKd
eJ@vnf; oGm;awGŒ=u+y;D Ekid if aH &;aqG;aEG;=uygw,f? rE aW v;em;u ‘uydik ’f &Gmudv k nf; wkid ;f cspf ocif
odef;azwdk@rdom;pk ajymif;a&$ŒoGm;=uvdk@ vdkufoGm;jzpf=uygw,f? tJ'D uydkif&GmrSmyJ axmifuvGwf
vm+yD; a&mufvm=uwJh ocifE/k ocifp;kd / ocifausmpf ed /f ocifjroGiw f @kd e@J twl ocifoed ;f az/ udak usmf
+idrf;wdk@ qHk=uygw,f? t*Fvdyfajy;±HkeJ@ vGwfvyfa&; ta&;awmfyHkr+yD;ao;? vGwfvyfa&;twGuf
qufvufwkdufyGJ0ifa&;udpPudk aqG;aEG;=uygw,f?
ocifEk/ udkausmf+idrf;wdk@u ArmjynfrSmae+yD; *syefeJ@yl;aygif;/ tm%mcGJa0,lum vHk;0vGwf
vyfa&;txd wdu k yf 0JG ifa&;oabmxm;udk udik pf w JG ,f? ocifp;kd / ocifoed ;f az/ ocifausmpf ed /f ocifjr
oGif wdk@u w±kwfwyfawGeJ@ twlvdkuf+yD; Armjynftjyifudk xGuf=ur,f? tJ'DurS w±kwf/ t*Fvdyf/
tar&duef pwJh r[mrdwfwyfawGeJ@ yl;aygif;+yD; *syefudkjyefwdkuf&if; vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtxd
wdkufoGm;=ur,fvdk@ qHk;jzwf=uw,f? tJ'DqHk;jzwfcsufeJ@tnD ocifpdk;/ ocifodef;az/ ocifjroGif
wkd@ vdkufoGm;=uayr,fh aemufqHk; ratmifjrifyJ jyefvSnfhvm=u&w,f?
1942 ckEpS /f arv (13) &ufae@rmS a'guw f mbarmf[m *syefawGe@J qufo, G rf +d yD;jzpfw,f?
ol@red ;f r a':cifrreJ@ wynfw h csKŒd u axmifr;ª / axmifq&m0efawGtultnDe@J rd;k ukwaf xmifuxkwf
vm+yD;wJhaemufydkif; a'gufwmbarmf[m *syefeJ@ qufoG,frdwmjzpfw,f? *syefu eef;&if;0ef
‘wd*k sK’d uvnf; a'guw f mbarmfvkd Ekid if aH &;orm;udk toH;k ðycsiaf ecsed f Armjynf&dS *sief &,f ‘tD'g;’
uvnf; Adv k rf ;kd óud;/ ocifxeG ;f tkyef @J bDtikd af ttkycf sKyfa&;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;aumfrwDqw kd mawGukd rsuf
aphaemuf+yD; ArmjynftkyfcsKyfa&;udk zGJŒpnf;csifaecsdef a'gufwmbarmftwGuf tuGufaumif;qdkuf
vmygw,f?
1942 ckESpf/ arvrSm rE Wav;/ ZGefvrSm wjynfvHk;udk *syefwyfawG[m xdef;csKyfodrf;ydkuf
vdkufEdkif+yDjzpfygw,f? ZGefv (3) &ufae@rSm ppftkyfcsKyfa&;udk xlaxmifvdkufwma=umifh bDtdkifat
tkycf sKyfa&;acwf[mvnf; edÏw d o H mG ;&ygawmhw,f? 'ga=umifh bDtikd af t tkycf sKyfa&;acwf[m 1942
ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Duae arvukeftxd (5) vavmufyJ =umcJhygw,f?
ocifodef;az[m ‘wdkif;cspfocifodef;az’ udk *syefawGu zrf;qD;ESdyfpuf+yD;/ olŒudk teH@cH
vdkufaewma=umifh ajratmufv#Kd;ae&wmuae jynfyqDxGufzdk@ cyfokwfokwfjyif&ygawmhw,f?
ocifoef;xGef;uvnf; ‘tdEdN,udkoGm;+yD; r[mrdwfrsm;eJ@ tquftoG,f&a&;twGuf óud;pm;zdk@’
ocifoed ;f azudk wdu k w f eG ;f aqG;aEG;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh ocifoed ;f az[m ocifwifa&$ (ausmufqnf)
eJ@twl tdE, dN udk xGucf mG oGm;jzpf+yD;/ 1942 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f xJrmS tdE, Nd udk a&muf&o dS mG ;+yDjzpfygw,f?
1942 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (10) &ufae@rSm *syeftpdk;&u rDemrDuDuefudk zsufodrf;ypfvdkuf+yD;
Adkvfrdk;óud;udkvnf; ar*sm*sife&,f&mxl;wdk;ay;um *syefjynfjyefac:vdkufw,f? Adkvfrdk;óud;udk Arm

jynfrSm rxm;csifawmh/ Adkvfrdk;óud;tcef; ukefoGm;+yDjzpfygw,f? ‘bDtdkifat’udkvnf; &rf;&rf;um;

um;vkycf w hJ mawG emrnfysucf w hJ mawGukd vufnK‡ ;d xk;d jy+yD;/ pnf;urf;r&Sd ta=umif;jycsuef @J tzsuf
odr;f cdik ;f w,f? 1942 ckEpS /f Zlvikd f (27) &ufae@rmS *syef{u&mZf trde@f t& *se&,ft;D 'g;u bDtikd af t
(ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf) udk bD'Dat (ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf) tjzpf ajymif;vJzGJŒpnf;ap
w,f? ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf zGJŒpnf;ay:aygufcJhwJh wyfrawmfudk ArmhumuG,fa&;twGufyJ
&nfpl;wJh wyfrawmfjzpfatmif ajymif;vJypfvdkufwmjzpfw,f? Armjynfuae t*FvdyfawG xGufcGm
oGm;&+yDjzpfvdk@ t*FvdyfawG jyefr0ifvmatmif umuG,fzdk@omvdkawmhw,fqdkwJh oabmt"dy`m,f
eJ@ zGJŒpnf;apwmjzpfw,f? ta&twGufudkvnf; (3000) cef@txdyJ&Sdap+yD; AdkvfawZudk ppfaoem
ywd cef@w,f? AdkvfawZu ‘AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;’ qdkwJh emrnf&if;udkyJ jyefvnfoHk;pGJcJhygw,f?
Adkvfatmifqef;acgif;aqmif+yD; wyf&if; (3) ckudk rwnfum ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf (bD'Dat)
ay:ayguv f m ygw,f? wyf&if; (3) ckv;kH udv k nf; ysO;f rem;rSmyJ tajcpdu k af pcJyh gw,f? &efuek rf mS awmh
ppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf ppf±Hk;eJ@ r*Fvm'HkppfwuUodkvfwdk@ ay:aygufvmygw,f? &Jabmf (134) a,mufudk
a&G;+y;D r*Fvm'HAk v kd o
f ifwef; (yxrywf) tjzpfwufapcJyh gw,f? *syef ‘um0g&;DS rm;’ [m ppfwuUov kd f
ausmif;tkyfjzpfvmw,f?
'DAdkvfoifwef; (yxrywf) rsm;[m Armjynfordkif;rSm aemif ppfwyfordkif;rSm ‘&JabmfoHk;
usdyf’ +yD;&if ta&;ygt&ma&mufqHk;jzpfvm=ur,fh yk*~KdvfawGjzpfygw,f?
1942 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (1) &ufae@rSm *syefppftkyfcsKyfa&;vufatmufcH Armtpdk;&tzGJŒudk
*syefu zGJŒpnf;ay;ygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf a'gufwmbarmf? *syefudk vdkvm;oljzpfcJhwJh a'gufwm
odef;armifu b¾m0ef}uD;/ ocifxGef;tkyfu opfawmESifhowWKwGif;0ef}uD;/ ocifApdefu vrf;yef;
qufoG,fa&;0ef}uD;jzpfcJhovdk ocifjru jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;/ ocifoef;xGef;u v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;
0ef}uD;jzpfcJhygw,f? tm;vHk; (10) OD; &Sdygw,f?
*syefppftyk cf sKyfa&;umvtwGi;f rSm vli,frsm;tpnf;t±H;k wckvnf; zGŒJ pnf; ay:ayguv f m
ygw,f? wdkif;&if;om;vli,frsm; Avig;wefjynfh0a&;twGuf avhusifhðypkay;&efqdkwJh ta=umif;jy
csufeJ@ ay:vmwmyg? tJ'guawmh ‘tm&Svli,ftpnf;t±Hk;’ vdk@ vlodrsm;wJh ta&SŒtm&Swdkuf
vli,frsm; tpnf;t±Hk;yg? OuUÏu yk*HOD;b*srf;?
'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;uawmh ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;a&m/ Apdef-xGef;tkyf
'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;yg a'gufwmAarmf&JŒ qif;&Jom;ygwDeJ@yl;aygif;+yD; 1942 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (27)
&ufae@uwnf;u ‘'dk@Armqif;&Jom;tpnf;t±Hk;’ tjzpf xlaxmifvkdufygw,f? XmecsKyft}uD;
tuJtjzpf ocifEku wm0ef,lygw,f? 'ga=umifh *syefppftkyfcsKyfa&;&JŒ vufatmufcH Armtpdk;&
tjzpf ay:ayguv f mwJt h cg 'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k ESpjf crf;pvH;k u acgi;f aqmifrsm;a&m a'guw f mbarmf
&JŒ qif;&Jom;ygwDua&m yg0ifaewmjzpfygw,f?
w±kwfjynfudkvnf; rvdkufjzpf tdENd,udk ocifodef;azeJ@ twloGm;zdk@udkvnf; zsufypfvdkuf
&wJh ocifpdk;uawmh tif;pdefppfwrf;/ jrif;+cHppfwrf; oabmxm;udkyJ +rJ+rJqkyfum *syefqef@usifha&;
ajratmufawmfvSefa&;vk;yfief;rsm;udk ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk udk,fpm;ðy+yD; qufvufvkyfudkif
aeygw,f? *syefuifaywdik pf pfyv k yd af wGu ‘ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw’D udk teH@c+H y;D vku
d af eovdk ocifp;kd

udkvnf; vdkufaewJhtwGuf ocifpdk;[m jrpf0u|ef;ay:/ zsmyHk/ a';'&J/ usKdufvwfe,fawGrSm vSnfh

vnf wdr;f a&Smif ajratmufcakd e&if;/ uGejf rLepfEikd if aH &;oifwef;yd@k cswm/ *syefqef@usiahf &; tiftm;pk
aqmif;wmawG vkyfae jyifqifaeygw,f?
axmifxrJ mS uwnf;u qdAk , D ufabmf&ADS pf&mZ0ifpmtkyu f kd bmomjyefc+hJ yD; tJ'pD mtkyu f ykd J
vufudkifðy&if; axmifwGif;rmhufpf0g'oifwef; ydk@csvmcJhwJh/ tif;pdefppfwrf;t,ltqrSm udk,fwdkif
ud, k u
f s yg0ifazmfaqmifow l OD;jzpfcw hJ hJ ocifoef;xGe;f uawmh tpd;k &tzGŒJ xJ 0ef}uD;tjzpf ±kyjf yvkyf
udkifae&if; ocifpdk;eJ@ v#KdŒ0SufqufoG,fum ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifwOD;taeeJ@ *syef
qef@usifa&;tiftm;pkawGudk e,fy,faygif;pHkrSm ðypkysKd;axmifaecJhygw,f?
ocifoed ;f azu tdE, dN rSm ‘ArmjynfwiG f jzpfysucf o hJ r#’ (What happened in Burma) qdw k hJ
pmtkyu f kd t*Fvyd v f akd &;om;+yD; 1942 ckEpS t f wGi;f rSmyJ xkwaf 0vdu k yf gw,f? tm&SppfrsuEf mS awGrmS
ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;twGuf t"duzGŒJ pnf;xm;wJh ‘zd@k 136 tzGŒJ ’ (Force 136) eJ@vnf; tquft
oG,frjywf vkyfaecJhygw,f? oleJ@twloGm;cJhwJh ocifwifa&$ (ausmufqnf) udkvnf; Armjynfw
acgufjyefv$wf+yD; tckdiftrmjyifqifr_awG vkyfaecJhygw,f?
1943 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvrSm *syefeef;&if;0ef *sife&,fwdk*sKdu *syeftxufv$wfawmf t}udrf
(80) ajrmuf tpnf;ta0;rSm Armjynfvw G vf yfa&;udk ESprf ul;rD a=unmay;r,fv@kd a=unmvdu k +f y;D
rwfvxJrmS a'guw f mbarmfacgi;f aqmifwhJ ArmtzGŒJ udk wdu k sKvd mzd@k zdwaf c:w,f? a'guw f mbarmf/
ocifjr/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ a'guw f m ode;f armif/ OD;ausm+f idr;f / Advk &f efEidk yf g (8) OD;tzGŒJ wdu
k sKu
d okd mG ;
=uw,f?
1942 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (1) &ufrSm pwifcJhwJh *syefppftkyfcsKyfa&; wESpfjynfhwJh 1943 ckESpf
=o*kwfv (1) &ufae@rSm *sife&,ftD;'g;u ppftkyfcsKyfa&;±kyfodrf;a=umif; a=unm+yD;/ tJ'Dae@rSmyJ
ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;udk a=unmcGifhay;vdkufw,f?
*syefay;wJv h w G v
f yfa&;twke@J twl *syefppfwyfu csKyfuikd x f m;jcif;cH&wJh *syefacwf ±kyaf o;
tpdk;&tzGJŒ[mvnf; vGwfvyfaomtpdk;&w&yftoGif zGJŒpnf;ay:aygufvmcJhw,f? a'gufwm
barmf [m t"dywdbŒJG udck , H &l if; 0ef}uD;csKyfwm0efukd ,lvu kd w
f ,f? ocifjru 'k0ef}uD;csKyf/ Adv k cf sKyf
atmifqef;u umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;/ a'gufwmodef;armifu b¾ma&;0ef}uD;/ ocifEku EkdifiHjcm;a&;
0ef}uD;/ ocifoef;xGef;u ajrESifhv,f,mpdkufysKd; a&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmw,f? tpdk;&tzJGŒudk ‘ArmhxGuf
&yf*kd%f;’ 0ifawGe@J zGŒJ pnf;vdu k w f ohJ abmjzpfw,f? *syefacwfrmS Armhvw G v f yfa&;udk todtrSwðf y
wJo h abm vkyfcJhayr,fh *syefppftm%mydkifawGuyJ ae&mwum óud;udkifAdkvfus=uw,f? *syef
ppfwyfutvdk&SdwJh pm;eyf&duQm u|J/ EGm;/ =uuf/ 0ufawGomru ‘ac|;wyfom;’ vdk@ ac:wJh tvkyf
orm; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmudkawmif tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&SdawGu zrf;qD;ay;=u&jyefw,f? t*F
vdyfudkvdkeDorm;awGae&mrSm *syefudkvdkeD0g'orm;awGu vma&mufaoG;pkyf=uw,f? umvwdk
twGif;rSmyJ trfbDaueJ@ trftufpfaupwJh *syefb¾mt&if;&Sif ukr`%Daygif; (50) avmuf[m
ArmhpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGxJvma&muf aoG;pkyfcJh=uw,f? Armjynf&JŒpD;yGm;a&;[m *syefacwf
twGif;rSm tqdk;0g;qHk;tajctaea&mufcJh&+yD; tppt&m&m &Sm;yg;jywfvyf =uyfwnf;rGJaw
cJh&w,f?

*syefuifaywdik af wG&ŒJ vufoaH jymifajymifEydS pf ufr/_ *syefppfom;awG&ŒJ zufqpfyyD D &rf;um;

vlrqefra_ wGatmufrmS wjynfv;kH ae&mtES@H 0Éf'u k cQ =H u&w,f? *syefay;wJv h wG v f yfa&;[m b,f
vdkvGwfvyfa&;vJqdkwm ezl;awGŒ 'l;awGŒ awGŒóuH=u&yg+yD?
*syef0ifpuwnf;u *syefqef@usifa&; tjrif&Sdxm;=u+yD;om; uGefjrLepfawG[m *syefudk
wGef;vSefarmif;xkwfEkdifzdk@ wdk;+yD; jyifqiftm;xkwfwmawG vkyf=uygw,f? v#KdŒ0Sufajratmufenf;
awGeJ@yJ vkyfae=u&wmjzpfygw,f? *syefuvnf; *syefqef@usifa&;orm;rSefor#udk ykdufpdyfwdkuf+yD;
ESdyfuGyfzdk@ óud;pm;ygw,f?
‘*syefov l #K’d qdw k hJ pmtkyef @J ‘qk&d , S v
f pf0g'ESiehf o d #n;f ’ qkw d hJ pmtkyu f kd bmomjyefqckd w hJ hJ
‘vufyHwef;OD;bwif’udk *syefzufqpfawGu zrf;qD;ESdyfpuf owfjzwfvkduf=uygw,f?
Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;twGuq f wkd hJ &nfreS ;f csurf mS twlwjl zpfc=hJ uayr,fh 1942 ckEpS f 0ef;usif
avmuftxd tjrift,ltq oabmxm;uGjJ ym;aecJ=h uwJh Armjynf trsK;d om;Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmif
awGt=um;rSm wjznf;jznf;eJ@ *syefukd OD;wnfwu kd &f r,fqw dk hJ tjrifopfqD OD;wnfa&GŒvsm;pðyvm
yg+yD? tif;pdefppfwrf;t,ltqqD pkpnf;rdpðyvmyg+yD?
uGejf rLepfygwu D kd ud, k pf m;ðy+y;D ocifp;kd &JŒ vGwv f yfa&;a=unmpmwrf; trSwf (1) eJ@ trSwf
(2) [m Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pkawG=um; us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ ysŒH ESvH mcJw h ,f? tJ'D ArmvGwv f yfa&; a=unm
pmwrf;awG[m urBmhtiftm;pkawG&JŒ taetxm;/ *syefzufqpfpepfudk wdkufzsufzkd@twGuf &Ekdif
or#aom r[mrdwfawGeJ@ yl;wGJvkyfaqmif=u&r,fh wm0efawGyg azmfjyxm;wJhtjyi/f zufqpf0g'
rkcsusqHk;&r,fqdkwmudkvnf; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm oHk;oyfjyEdkifcJhygw,f?
ArmhwyfrawmftwGif;rSmvnf; uGefjrLepfygwD0ifawG uGefjrLepfvkdvm;olawG tHkeJ@usif;eJ@
&Sdaeovdk/ jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwD&JŒ ,lepf0ifawGvnf; &Sdae=uygw,f? ay:ay:xifxifr[kwfyJ
v#KdŒv#KdŒ0Suf0SufeJ@ wnf&Sdae=uwmjzpfayr,fh udk,fhtpkeJ@udk,f EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;=uwm/ oifwef;
oGm;wuf=uwm/ v#KdŒ0Sufpmapmifpmwrf;awG jzef@a0=u avhvm=uwmawG us,fus,fjyef@jyef@
jzpfay:aeygw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;vkyfaewJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fwdkif ArmjynfuGefjrLepf
ygwD&JŒ A[dkaumfrwD0ifwa,muftjzpf (1942) txd jzpfaeao;wmudk=unfh&if wyfrawmfxJrSm
uGejf rLepfygwt D iftm; b,favmuf}u;D cJo h vJqw kd m vG,v f , G u f ul l pOf;pm;=unfv h @kd &ygw,f? tJ'D
wke;f u Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;&JŒv#KŒd 0Suef mrnfu (udak emifcsK)d ? ocifoef;xGe;f emrnfu udb k armif?
wyfrawmfxrJ mS t}u;D tuJawGjzpfae=uwJh *syefjyef &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifawGukd jyef=unfrh ,f
qd&k ifvnf; ‘uGejf rLepf’ awGjzpfaewm renf;yg? Adv k &f efatmif/ Adv k af Z,s/ Advk &f xJ w G w f k@d [m uGejf rL
epfawGyg? Adkvfvusfm[mvnf; uGefjrLepfygwD pwifxlaxmifolwpfOD;jzpfygw,f? bD'DatAdkvfoif
wef; yxrywf/ 'kw, d ywfawGtwGi;f rSmvnf; uGejf rLepfawGtrsm;}u;D yg? Adv k Af xl;wd@k Adv k t f mVm0u
wdk@[m uGefjrLepf}uD;awGjzpfovdk/ Adkvfpdk;armif (Adkvfrª;cspfaumif;)/ Adkvfyk/ Adkvf&Jarmif/ Adkvfrif;'if/
Adkvfoef;a&$ pwJholawG[m uGefjrLepfawGyg?
jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gwb D ufu OuUÏtjzpf ocifjr OD;aqmifyg0ifaeayr,fh t"duv_y&f mS ;
aeolawGu ocifcspf (aemif ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwb D ufajymif;oGm;)/ OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f wd@k jzpfyg
w,f? wyfrawmfxJrSm jynfolŒta&;awmfyHk ,lepf0ifawGuawmh Adkvfarmifarmif/ Adkvfatmif}uD;/

Adv
k af tmifa&$/ Akv d cf spcf ikd /f Adv
k =f unf0if; pwJh Adv k af wGjzpfygw,f? Adv k af e0if;[m *syefjyeftyk pf u k ae
yJhxGufvm+yD;/ tJ'D,lepftkyfpkrSm acgif;aqmifozG,f ae&m&vmcJhygw,f? ,lepftkyfpk[m AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;udk pdwrf csyJ *syefjyefxu J yJxh u G v
f mwJh Adv
k af e0if;udk tm;ud;k w}u;D eJ@ q&marG; acgi;f aqmif
wifxm;wmvdk@qdkygw,f?
*syefppfwyfu tdENd,EkdifiHbufqDtxd csDwuf0ifa&mufEkdifzdk@ óud;pm;xm;ygw,f? +Adwdo#
wyf/ tar&duefwyfawGeJ@ &ifqdkifwdkufyGJqif&+yD; wyfvef aemufqkwfvm&ygw,f?
t"dywd}uD; a'gufwmAarmfu ‘waoG;woHwrdef@’ atmfaeayr,fh zufqpf[m urBmh
jynfoltm;vHk;&JŒ qef@usifr_udkcH&+yD; tusbufqD ajymif;vJvmaeyg+yD?
tJ'tD csed rf mS ocifApdeef @J ocifxeG ;f tkyv f nf; *syefu vdr+f y;D ac:wmcH&&if; puFmyle@J *smAm;
u|ef;rSm wa,mufwae&mqDcGJ+yD; tus,fcsKyfcsxm;wm cHae&yg+yD? *syefudkqef@usifvdk@r[kwfyg?
*syefukd ,H=k unfveG ;f +yD; *syefe@J aygi;f +yD; olw@kd tm%m&atmif=uHpnf=u&if; *syeftvdrcf o H mG ;&wm
jzpfygw,f? t"dywd a'gufwmAarmfudk ðzwfcs+yD; olwdk@tm%m&a&; }uHpnf=upOf a'gufwmAarmf
udkom acgif;aqmiftjzpfvdkcsifaewJh *syefu olwdk@udk jynfyydk@+yD; z,f&Sm;vdkufjcif;yg?
tJ't D csed wf ek ;f u &Sad ewJh Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkawG&ŒJ tajctaeudk =unfv h u kd rf ,fq&kd if *syef
ay;wJh vGwfvyfa&;twkta,mif qdkif;bkwfatmufrSm ‘'dk@Armqif;&Jom;tpnf;t±Hk;’ }uD;[m
tm%m&tzGŒJ tpnf;}uD;ozG,jf zpfygw,f? tqifq h ifah om tkycf sKyfa&;tzGŒJ tpnf; }uD;i,fawGukd
‘'d@k Armqif;&Jom;tpnf;t±H;k ’ 0ifawGe@J yJ t"duxm;zGŒJ pnf;xm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh wu,ft h m%m
uawmh *syefppfwyfvufxJrSmyJ&Sdygw,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwDuawmh ajratmuftjzpfeJ@ &yfwnf
v_y&f mS ;ae=u&ygw,f? 'DygwED pS cf [ k m oabmobm0csi;f rwln=D uovdk jzpfwnfzŒJG pnf; ay:ayguf
vmyHkcsif;vnf;rwl=uyg? 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHkt+yD;rSm ‘ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD’ tOD;qHk;ay:
ayguv f mygw,f? vlwef;pm;udt k ajccH+yD; tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;&JŒ wyfO;D ygwt D jzpf ay:ayguv f m
wmjzpfovdk/ rmhufpfvDeif0g'udk vrf;!¸eftbd"rRmtjzpf udkifpGJ+yD; EdkifiHwumuGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_
}u;D &JŒtpdwt f ydik ;f w&yftjzpfvnf;cH,u l m/ tqH;k wae@rmS vlwef;pm;rJh avmu}u;D qDtxd tquf
rjywf csDwufoGm;zdk@ ar#mfrSef;xm;wJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDjzpfygw,f?
jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwD[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDaemufrSm ay:aygufvmcJh+yD;/ EkdifiHa&;
ygwDwckqdkwmxuf EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufwck/ EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;aqmifwmwckudk owfrSwf+yD;/ tJ'D
owfrw S xf m;wJh vkyif ef;aqmifwmudk umvwcktwGi;f rSm twly;l wGaJ qmif&u G o f mG ;=uzd@k tav;
ay; zGJŒpnf;xm;wJh tpktpnf;}uD;wck&JŒoabmudk ydk@aqmifygw,f? vlwef;pm;ygwDtjzpf wnf
axmifxm;wmr[kwfovdk vrf;!¸eftbd"rRmtjzpf jyÏmef;udkifpGJxm;wmvnf;r&Sdyg? 'gayr,fh
trsm;pk}uD;[m rmhufpfvDeif0g'udk ,Hk=unfolawG wdrf;!¸wfolawG/ vdkvm;olawG/ ,kH=unfwdrf;
!¸wfw,fvdk@ qkdolawGjzpfygw,f? 'D*&Dtedrfhtjrifhcsif;awmh rwlnD=uyg? t"duu t*Fvdyf
udkvdkeDtpdk;&udk vufeufpGJudkifðzwfcsEkdifa&;twGuf &nf&G,fzGJŒpnf;cJhwmjzpf+yD; ArmjynfvGwfvyf
a&;twGufudkyJ yef;wdkiftjzpf owfrSwfxlaxmifcJhwmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh ocifA[def;vdk uGefjrL
epf xdyfoD;acgif;aqmifwOD;[m ‘jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwD’ rSmvnf; ta&;}uD; acgif;aqmifwOD;

tjzpfyg0ifaewmud=k unf&h if xif&mS ;ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;vnf; ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD taxG

axGtwGif;a&;rª; eHygwf (1) jzpfvsufeJ@ jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwD xlaxmif&mrSm ta&;}uD;acgif;
aqmifwOD;tjzpf yg0ifaecJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;a&m ocifA[def;yg 1942 ckESpf aemufydkif;
jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwD tpktwGif; rawGŒ&awmhyg?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwD+yD;&if ta&;}uD;tiftm;pkwcktoGif jzpf
ay:wnf&v dS mwmu ‘Armhwyfrawmf’ yg? &Jabmfo;kH usyd ef @J pcJ+h yD; 1942 ck/ ESpq f ef;ydik ;f rSm tiftm;pk
w&yftoGif tcdik t f rmwnf&adS eyg+y?D Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;tygt0if &Jabmfo;kH usyd q f w kd mudk jyef=unfh
r,fqdk&ifvnf; oHk;yHkESpfyHkausmf[m rmufpf0g' vDeif0g' qdk&S,fvpftawG;tac: ,Hk=unfvufcH
ESpof ufoal wG jzpfae=uwJt h jyif/ trsm;pk}u;D [m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw/D jynfoŒl ta&;awmfyykH gwD
awGeJ@ wenf;r[kwf wenf; ywfoufae=uygw,f? bDtdkifatacwf/ bD'Datacwfwavsmuf
jzpfay:wnf&SdvmwJh ArmhwyfrawmftwGif;&Sd t=uyf/wyfAdkvf/ wyfom;awGxJrSmvnf; uGefjrLepf
ygwDeJ@ywfoufolawG/ jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwDtpkeJ@ ywfoufolawG tHkeJ@usif;eJ@&Sdaeygw,f?
b,fe@J rS rywfoufwhJ t=uyf/ wyfAv kd /f wyfom;/ wyfrawmfom; oufouf[m tifrwef enf;yg;
ygw,f? wyfrawmfudk,fwdkif trsdK;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh ay:xGufvmwmjzpfawmh rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sd
olwdkif;[m trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;eJ@ ywfoufaeygw,f? EdkifiHa&;eJ@ ywfoufae&ygw,f? EdkifiHa&;eJ@
ywfoufae+yDqdkuwnf;u tJ'Dwkef;u a&SŒwef;ta&mufqHk;jzpfaewJh uGefjrLepfygwD/ 'grSr[kwf
jynfoŒl ta&;awmfyykH gww D @kd e@J wck od@k r[kwf wcke@J ywfouf+yD;om;jzpfomG ;ygw,f? ESpyf gwpD vH;k u
vnf; wyfrawmfwiG ;f pnf;±H;k a&;vkyif ef;udk tav;xm;vky=f uygw,f? txl;ojzifh Ekid if aH &;/ oabm
w&m;a&;udk avhvmvd=k u/ qnf;yl;jznfph nf;vd=k uwJh wyfrawmfom;awG[m olw@kd avhvmqnf;yl;
vdkwJh EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;awGtwGuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDqDudkom OD;wnf&ygawmhw,f?
bmvdk@vJqdkawmh tJ'Dvdk EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;a&;udk oifwef;ay;Edkifwm/ a[majymydk@csEdkifwm
t"dutm;jzifh “uGejf rLepfygw”D eJ@ uGejf rLepfacgi;f aqmifawGyJ &Sw d thJ wGujf zpfw,f? Adv k &f efatmif
vdk yk*Kd~ vfuawmif “ocifA[de;f udk awGŒ&ifajymay;yg/ ole@J awGŒ&if olŒudk (Adv k &f efatmifu)kd Edik if aH &;
oifwef;ay;ay;yg?” vd@k vdv k ckd sicf sif wufwufºuGºuGe@J Adv k af usmaf Zmuwqifh rSmcJzh ;l owJ?h tJ'v D kd
oifwef;yd@k csEikd of l oabmw&m; ydik Ef ikd af =unufoal wG[m uGejf rLepfawGcsn;f omvd@k qd&k ravmuf
jzpfcwhJ ,f? ocifA[de;f uvnf; oifwef;yd@k csay;Edik w f ahJ e&mrSm emrnf}uD;/ ocifoef;xGe;f uvnf;
oifwef;jy oifwef;cs emrnf}uD;? ocifpdk; uvnf; a&mufav&m oifwef;zGifh+yD; oabmw&m;
oifwef;ay;avh&o dS ?l wyfrawmfwiG ;f u wyfr;ª wyfAv kd w
f pfcsKd@[m pepfwus pDpOfv#Kd@0u S +f y;D uGejf rL
epfygwu D yd@k cswhJ EdkifiHa&;oifwef;/ oabmw&m;a&;oifwef;rsm;udk oGm;wuf=uavh&Sdygw,f?
wyfrawmf}uD;wckvHk;&JŒ t"duacgif;aqmifuawmh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;?
1944 ckEpS f azazmf0g&/D rwfva&mufawmh tdE, dN a&mufaewJh ocifoed ;f az[m ocifoef;xGe;f
eJ@ tcdkiftrm tquftoG,f&ae+yDjzpfygw,f? ocifodef;az[mvnf; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ
acgi;f aqmifwa,mufjzpfygw,f? ocifoef;xGe;f uwqifh ocifp;kd / Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ ocifEw k @kd e@J
vnf; v#dKŒ0SufqufoG,frd+yDjzpfygw,f?
*syef0ifpuwnf;u *syefe@J jyoemay:cJh bDtikd af teJ@ jyoemay:cJzh ;l wJh u&iftrsKd ;om;rsm;

[m *syefqef@usifa&; pdwf"mwfwavsmufvHk; &SdaecJhw,f? a'gufwm pHpDzdk;/ apmpHzdk;oif/ apmbOD;/

apm[ife&D/ *|efqif/ uH}uD; wdk@[m xif&Sm;wJh u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifawGjzpf=uw,f? apmpHzdk;
oif[m awmifib l ufrmS cd+k yD; ajymufusm;wyfpnf;±H;k aewJh t*Fvyd af r*smqD;*&if;eJ@ tquftoG,f
&Sdaew,f? Adkvfp}uFmuawmif olŒudk tdENd,bufudk ydk@ay;ygvdk@ pum;urf;vSrf;cJhzl;ygw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u apmpHz;kd oife@J apm=um'k;d udk wyfrawmfwiG ;f odr;f oGi;f yg0ifapcJw h ,f?
apmpHzdk;oif[m wyfrawmfwGif;rSm Adkvf}uD;jzpfvmcJhovdk/ qif;[wf ppfwuUodkvfqif; apm=um'dk;
[m ppf0ef}uD;±Hk;rSm 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;jzpfvmcJhw,f? u&ifwyf&if;zGJŒ+yD; jrpf0u|ef;ay:udkvnf; u&ifArm
cspf=unfa&;tzGJŒawG apv$wf=uw,f? ocifEk eJ@ Adkvfvusfmwdk@&JŒ cspf=unfa&;c&D;awG atmifjrifcJh
w,f? Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGe;f eJ@ apm=um'd;k / apm[ife&D/ *|eq f ifu}H uD;wd@k vkd u&ifacgi;f
aqmifawG usdwf0dkif;aqG;aEG;=u+yD; *syefudk rawmfvSefrD u&ifArmaoG;pnf;a&;udk &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd
wnfaqmufcJh=uw,f?
1944 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (1) &ufae@rSm *syefay;wJh ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; wESpfjynfhajrmufyGJ
*sLAvDa[mrSm usif;yw,f? t"dywda'gufwmbarmf rdef@cGef;ac|t+yD;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
“vGwfvyfa&;[m tay:,HvGwfvyfa&;yJ &Sdaeao;w,f? usKyfwdk@a&SŒquf+yD; pcef;oGm;EdkiftHk;rS
vGwfvyfa&;taumiftxnfudk jrif&vdrfhr,f” vdk@ zGifh[ajymqdkoGm;w,f?
*syefudk qef@usifwGef;vSef=uzdk@ Armhajray:uae 'DzufqpfawGudk t+yD;ydkif armif;xkwfEdkifzdk@
vufawGŒ b0awGuae awmif;qdkvmaeyg+yD?
*syefawG ArmjynfwiG ;f ajceif;0ifa&mufrvmEdik cf ifuwnf;u *syefawG[m zufqpfawGjzpf
w,f? 'DzufqpfawGudk OD;wnfqef@usifwdkufckduf&r,fvdk@ EkdifiHa&; a&csdef&Sd&SdeJ@ óudjrifcJhwm[m
uGefjrLepfawGjzpfcJhw,f? óudjrifwJhtwdkif; óudvJajymcJhw,f? tif;pdefppfwrf;[m tcdkiftrmouf
aoygyJ?
óudjrifwJhtwdkif; zufqpf0g'udk qef@usifzdk@/ zufqpfawGwdkufxkwfzdk@ óudjyifcJhwmvnf;
uGejf rLepfawGyjJ zpfygw,f? tapmqH;k jyifqifpnf;±H;k aecJw h m/ tpDtpOf&&dS dS tiftm;pkaqmif; vkyaf qmif
aecJhwm uGefjrLepfawGjzpfaew,f?
1944 ckEpS x f aJ &mufawmh uGejf rLepfawG&ŒJ 'Dtjrifukd a,bk,stm;jzifh tm;vH;k vdv k u
kd od&dS
oabmayguf vufcHae&+yDjzpfygw,f? oabmw&m;a&;tajccHtm;jzifhawmh zufqpfqef@usifa&;
tjrif[m wpkwpnf; wnDw!Gwx f q
J D a&muf&v
dS mcJyh g+y?D oabmw&m;a&;tjrifuae vufawGŒ
qDoGm;zdk@vnf; pwifjyifqif=uyg+yD?
'kw, d urBmph pf}uD; wckv;kH &JŒtajctaeudk jyef=unfrh ,fq&dk ifvnf; qkAd , D ufppfrsuEf mS rSm
qdAk ,
D uf[m cHppfuae xd;k ppfu;l ajymif;vmaeyg+yD? *smrefemZDawGukd qkAd , D uftjyifa&mufatmif
wdkufxkwfypfvdkufEkdifyg+yD? tDwvDzufqpfawGvJ ±_H;edrfhoGm;+yDjzpfygw,f? w±kwfjynfrSmvnf;
*syefawGa&SŒrwdk;EkdifawmhyJ cHae&+yDjzpfygw,f?
±k&Sm;ppfrsufESmtjyif *smrefawGtay: 'kwd,ppfrsufESm topfwckudkvnf; r[mrdwf
ppfwyfawGu atmifjrifpGm zGifhvSpfEkdifcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? jyifopf ‘aemfref'D’ urf;ajcudk atmifjrifpGm
urf;wuf EkdifcJh+yD; jyifopf/ b,fvf*sD,Hwdk@udk csDwufwdkufcdkufae+yDjzpfygw,f?

1944 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f (4) &ufae@rmS Adv k af usmaf Zm (&Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if) OD;pD;wJh yJc;l pHjywyf
&if;xJrSm AdkvfausmfaZmtdrf tdyfcef; AdkvfausmfaZm&JŒ ukwifay:rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ Armjynf
uGefjrLepfygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; ocifpdk;wdk@ v#KdŒ0Suf+yD; awGŒqHkEkdifcJh=uw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmif
qef;&JŒ txl;wm0efay;csuef @J Adv k af usmaf Zm ud, k w f ikd f a';'&Je,f *Guav;&Gmta&mufomG ;+y;D zuf
qpfqef@usiaf &; ajratmufvyk if ef;awG v#KŒd 0Suv f yk af ewJh ocifp;kd udk ppft&m&Sid ,f ,leaD zmif;0wfqif
ap+yD; ac:xkwfvmcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? ocifpdk;udk oGm;ac:a&;twGuf a';'&Jc&D;pOfudk tao;pdwfpDpOf
ay;olu ocifoef;xGe;f jzpfygw,f? Adv k af usmaf Zmtdrt f xd ocifp;kd udk ac:xkwv f mEdik +f yD;csed af &muf
rS Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u yJc;l udv k ma&muf tem;,lvnfywfw[ hJ efe@J yJc;l udak &mufvm+yD; ocifp;kd eJ@
awG@=uwmjzpfygw,f? AdkvfausmfaZm tdyfcef;xJrSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ ocifpdk;wdk@ oHk;&ufquf
wdkuf v#KdŒ0SufaqG;aEG;=uygw,f? 'Dordkif;0ifaqG;aEG;yGJ}uD;&JŒ &v'fuawmh zwyvtzGJŒ}uD; atmif
jrifpmG zGŒJ pnf;Ekid jf cif;jzpfygw,f? tJ'aD emuf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ ocifp;kd / ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k aqG;aEG;
n‡dE_dif; wdkifyif=u+yD; zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&; (zwyv) tzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ OD;pD;tzGJŒudk
zGŒJ Edik cf yhJ gw,f? wm0efcaJG 0,l=uwJt h cg Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u ppfa&;/ ocifp;kd u Edik if aH &;/ ocifoef;
xGef;u EkdifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&; jzpfvmygw,f? yxrqHk; yJcl;rSm pwifaqG;aEG;=upOfu ocifpdk;[m
uGejf rLepfygwu D kd uk, d pf m;ðy+yD;/ Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;uawmh jynfoŒl ta&;awmfyykH gwaD &m wyfrawmf
a&mudk udk,fpm;ðyaqG;aEG;=uwmjzpfygw,f? t"dutm;jzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m wyfrawmfudk
udk,fpm;ðyaqG;aEG;cJhwm jzpfygw,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwDeJ@ ArmwyfrawmfqdkwJh t"dutiftm;pk
(3) pkudk tajccH+yD; (zwyv) qdkwJh trsKd;om;wyfaygif;pk}uD;udk zGJŒpnf;vdkufawmh wzGJŒv#if (3)
OD;pDeJ@ (9) OD;[m yxrqHk;aom ‘zwyv’ A[dkOD;pD;tzGJŒ0ifawGjzpfygw,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS ocifpdk;/ ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifA[def;/ wyfrawmfrS AkdvfcsKyfatmif
qef;/ Adv k vf usmf / Akvd af e0if;? jynfoŒl ta&;awmfyykH gwrD S ocifcsp/f OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f ? ocifp;kd u
Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmif/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u ppfa&;acgi;f aqmif/ ocifoef;xGe;f u taxGaxGtwGi;f
a&;rª;eJ@ r[mrdwfrsm;eJ@ qufoG,fa&; wm0efudkyg,lygw,f?
zwyvzGŒJ +y;D wmeJ@ wòyid ef uf/ pnf;urf;avsm&h &J jJ zpfaevd@k pHjywyf&if;awGzŒJG +y;D wnfaqmuf
ae&wJh wyfrawmfukd awmfveS af &;twGuf tcsed rf D jrefjrefajymif;vJ vmapzd@k Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u
uGefjrLepfygwDrS EdkifiHa&;au'gawGawmif;+yD; wyftoD;oD;xJ v#KdŒ0SufoGif;wmvkyfygw,f?
ocifoef;xGef;eJ@ n‡dE_dif;+yD; t"duwyfrª;/ wyf=uyf acgif;aqmifawGudk EdkifiHa&;eJ@ awmfvSefa&; ynm
ay;a&;awGudk vkyfaqmifapygw,f?
‘tm&Svil ,ftpnf;t±H;k ’ xJuv kd nf; wcsKŒd vli,frsm;udk ðryfEaHS e&mcsxm;ay;+y;D tpDtpOf&&dS dS
v_yf&Sm;apygw,f? r[mrdwfrsm;eJ@ qufoG,fa&;wm0efudkyg,lxm;wJh ocifoef;xGef;[m tdENd,
rSm&SdaewJh ocifodef;azrSwqifh (zwyv) taeeJ@ Force 136 (t*FvdyfwyfzGJŒ 136) eJ@ tquf
toG,f w&m;0if&&Sdvmygw,f? ‘zwyv’ taeeJ@ tdENd,a&muf ocifodef;azeJ@ 0dkif,mvuf
tquftoG,f vkyEf ikd v f movdk Force 136 eJ@ zwyv wd@k wywf (2) }udrf 0dik , f mvuf qufo, G f
a&; yHkrSefvkyfEkdifvmcJhw,f?

zwyv tzGŒJ csKyf}uD;&JŒ ‘e,fcsŒJ zufqpf'jr *syefv±l ikd ;f rsm;udak rmif;xkw=f u’ qkw d ahJ =unm
pmwrf; trSwf (1) udk v#KdŒ0Suf+yD; xkwfjyefjzef@jzL;vdkufygw,f?
*syefawG 0ifvmpuwnf;u ajratmufawmfvSefa&; enf;emawGeJ@ zufqpfqef@usifa&;
vkyif ef;awGvyk af ecJw h hJ uGejf rLepfygwaD =umifh oabmw&m;a&;0g'jzef@csad &; ynmay;a&;awG twdik ;f
twmwcktxd jynfhpHkae+yD;jzpfygw,f? ta&;}uD;vSwJh ajymufusm;tajccHa'o azmfxkwfa&;eJ@
ajymufusm;wyfzGJŒawG zGJŒpnf;a&;udkvnf; jyifqifEdkifcJh+yD; vdktyfwJh ppfoifwef;rsm;udkvnf;
aus;vuf awm&Gm a'oawmfawmfrsm;rsm;txd pnf;±Hk;ydk@csxm;Ekdif+yD;jzpfygw,f?
'Dvkd a&&Snaf jratmufawmfveS af &; enf;emawGe@J vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G &f wma=umifh awmfveS f
a&; rqifEEJ$ ikd af o;rDtcsed t f wGi;f rSmudk ay;cJ&h wJh t&if;tES;D awGvnf;&Scd yhJ gw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepf
ygwD0if &JabmfcspfwD; (ac: ) &Jabmfodef;wef (ppfudkif;) (Adkvfrª;}uD;apmjrifh&JŒtudk&if;) [m *syef
uifaywdik af wG&ŒJ tzrf;cH&+yD; n‡O;f yrf;ESyd pf ufrr_ sK;d pHu k kd owW&d &dS &dS ifqikd &f if;/ ppfuikd ;f wHwm;}uD;ay:rSm/
*syef"m;csufatmufrSm {&m0wDjrpf}uD;twGif; vnfjywf+yD; acgif;uscJh&ygw,f? &uf&ufpufpuf
towfccH &hJ ygw,f? 1942 ckEpS t f wGi;f rSmyg? *syefqef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGa=umifh tapmqH;k zrf;qD;
cH&olawGxrJ mS ocifausmpf ed /f ocifazaX;/ ocifjroef;/ q&m&m*sef wd@k vnf; ygcyhJ gw,f? olw@kd [m
vnf; uGejf rLepfawGjzpfcyhJ gw,f? awmifi/l jzL; ocifoef;azvnf; &uf&ufpufpuf tESyd pf ufccH &hJ w,f?
1944 ckESpf/ pufwifbm/ atmufwdkbmvxJrSm ocifoef;xGef;&JŒ pepfwus tpDtpOfeJ@
±kyfjy0ifvkyfaewJh 0ef}uD;qdkwJh tumtuG,feJ@ ocifAdkvf/ ref;0if;armifwdk@OD;aqmifwJh rsKd;cspf&Jabmf
wodkufudk ppfynmavhvmzdk@ awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;awGvkyfaqmifzdk@ tdENd,EdkifiH ocifodef;azqD
v$wEf ikd cf yhJ gw,f? u&ifrsK;d cspw f a,mufvnf;jzpf wd;k wufwt hJ jrif&o dS v l nf;jzpfwhJ ref;0if;armif[m
ocifoef;xGef;udk,fwdkif arG;jrLa&G;cs,fcJhwmyg? txufArmjynfwdkif;rª;jzpfwJh Adkvfrª;Axl;eJ@ ocif
oef;xGe;f csw d qf ufrrd d pDpOf+yD; tdE, dN yd@k a&;udk wokw+f yD;wokwf pDpOfaqmif&u G Ef ikd cf yhJ gw,f? Adv k rf ;ª
cspaf umif;/ Adv k t f ;kH armif/ OD;ausm&f if (aemif ygarmuQO;D ausm&f if) wd@k [m tJ'v D ekd nf;eJ@ tdE, dN a&muf
cJ=h uwJoh al wGyg? &cdik Af v kd !
f xkd eG ;f wd@k tzGŒJ ryg/ tm;vH;k (30) &Sw
d ,fqykd gw,f? 'D&aJ bmfawG[m aemif
(avxD;) &JabmfawGvdk@ trnfxif&Sm;vmcJh=uygw,f? Armjynfordkif;rSm ta&;ygolawGjzpfcJh=uyg
w,f? trsm;pk}uD;[m uGefjrLepfawGjzpf=uygw,f?
pufwifbmvxJrSmyJ OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf+idrf;/ Adkvfae0if;/ Adkvf&JxGËfwdk@ a';'&JudkoGm;+yD;
zwyv}uD;&JŒ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif ocifpdk;eJ@ awGŒ=u+yD; pnf;±Hk;a&;qdkif&m tao;pdwfvkyfief;awG
xyfnEd‡ id_ ;f aqG;aEG;jzpf=uygw,f? atmufwb kd mvxJrmS Advk af tmif}uD;/ Adv k af rmifarmif/ ocifcspef @J
&efukefbaqGwdk@ ocifpdk;eJ@ v#KdŒ0SufawGŒqHk=uum uGefjrLepfygwD/ jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwD/ wyfr
awmfw@kd wygww D nf;tjzpfy;l aygi;f +y;D ‘awmfveS af &;wyfO;D ’ zGŒJ =ujyefygw,f? zwyv}u;D [m v#KŒd 0Suf
trsKd;om; wyfaygif;pktzGJ@csKyf}uD;tjzpf ajcvSrf;&Sd&Sd ouf0ifv_yf&Sm;aeyg+yD?
1944 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvxJrSm *syefudk qef@usifwdkufcdkufwJh vufawGŒwdkufyGJawGuawmh
&cdkifwdkif;rSm pwifay:aygufvmygw,f? &cdkifwdkif;[m yx0Dtaetxm;t& r[mrdwf+Adwdo#awG
tckdiftrmwyfcsxm;wJh tdENd,eJ@ e,fedrdwfcsif;qufpyfae+yD; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf 1942
ckESpf ESpfv,favmufuxJu ocifodef;az/ ocifwifa&$wdk@ tdENd,rul;cif ocifpdk;/ ocifwifjrwdk@

rif;jym;bufa&mufvm&if;/ tapmqHk; pnf;±Hk;jyifqifcJh=uovdk Adkvf&efatmifwdk@ a&mufvmawmh

vnf; pnf;±Hk;a&;vkyfcJh±Hkru vufeufwcsKdŒeJ@ &HyHkaiGawGyg ay;tyfxm;cJhwJh wdkif;jzpfygw,f? &cdkif
wd@k Armqif;&Jom; tpnf;t±H;k acgi;f aqmifawG[m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygweD @J tquftoG,, f x
l m;
=u+yD; AkHaygufomausmf/ udkvSausmfwdk@[m jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwDeJ@ qufoG,fxm;=uygw,f?
OD;!dkxGef;/ OD;ausmfjr/ OD;bpH/ OD;pdE Wm/ OD;ynmoD[/ OD;atmifomOD;/ OD;ausmf&ifwdk@[m &cdkifawmf
vSefa&;acgif;aqmifawGjzpfygw,f? zwyv eJ@ qufoG,fvkyfudkifae=uolawGvnf;jzpf=uygw,f?
r[mrdwaf wGbufuvnf; ArmjynfppfrsuEf mS zGizhf @kd yxrqH;k wdu k o f ifw h w
hJ ikd ;f vd@k owfrw S f
xm;+yD;/ 1944 tukefrSm ppfawGc±dkif ar,k/ ukvm;wefjrpfzsm;teD;rSm&SdwJh *syefawGudk pwifxkd;
ppfqifygw,f? r[mrdwfawG ukvm;wefjrpfzsm;teD;rSm&SdwJh *syefawGudk pwifxdk;ppfqifygw,f?
r[mrdwaf wG ukvm;wefjrpfjzwfrul;Edik cf if Adv k =f umvSatmif acgi;f aqmifwhJ &cdik u f muG,af &;wyf
awGu *syefudk aoewfajymif;vSnf+yD; wdkufygw,f? &cdkifzufqpfawmfvSefa&;eJ@ acgif;aqmiftjzpf
wm0ef,lxm;wJh Adkvf!dkxGef;[m r[mrdwf (136) acgif;aqmif ar*smu±l;eJ@twl avxD;óudqif;
a&muf&Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? Adkvf=umvSatmifeJ@aygif;rd+yD; wyfopfawGzGJŒvdkuf=uygw,f? OD;pdE WmeJ@
AHkaygufomausmf wdk@udk rif;jym;bufrSm avxD;eJ@csay;+yD; vdkif;,if; (LION) tzGJŒemrnfeJ@
wdkuf=uygw,f? ausmufjzLbufrSmvnf; ocifodef;azv$wfvdkufwJh OD;bapmwdk@tzGJŒ[m 1945
ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DrSm avxD;eJ@qif;Edkifvm+yD;jzpfygw,f? oHwGJudkwm0ef,l&wJh OD;ausmf&ifu &efukef
ajymif;wm0ef,l&vdk@ ol@vufatmuf usefvlrsm;u qufwm0ef,l=uygw,f? azazmf0g&DvrSm
rif;jym;/ ajryHkbufrSm wdkufyGJawG wdkufyGJawG pdyfvmyg+yD?
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;udk wjynfvHk;qifE$Jzdk@ aemufqHk;awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfr_awGvkyfzdk@
1945 ckESpf/ rwfvqef;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tdrfrSm awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifawG v#KdŒ0SufawGŒqHk
aqG;aEG;=uygw,f? (3) &ufqufwdkuf npOfaqG;aEG;=u+yD;aemuf wjynfvHk;&JŒ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif
ocifp;kd / wjynfv;kH ppfa&;acgi;f aqmif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ wjynfv;kH &JŒ Edik if jH cm;qufo, G &f ;wm0efcH
ocifoef;xGe;f tjzpf owfrw S +f yD;wJt
h jyif/ ppfwikd ;f }uD;awG owfrw S cf aJG 0ydik ;f jcm;=u+yD; wdik ;f tvdu k /f
a'otvdkuf EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif ppfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udkyg owfrSwfcGJa0 wm0efcsxm; zGJŒpnf;
vdkuf=uygw,f? t"dutm;jzifh wdkif;}uD; (7) wdkif;/ a'ooHk;ckcGJ+yD; wjynfvHk;twGuf zufqpfawmf
vSeaf &;}uD; qifEzJ$ @kd rwfv (27) ae@tjzpf owfrw S vf ukd yf gw,f? ppfwikd ;f rsm;&JŒ Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmif
awG[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDucsnf;jzpf+yD; ppfa&;acgif;aqmifawG[m Armhwyfrawmfucsnf;
jzpfygw,f? wdkif;tvdkuf EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfucsnf;jzpfygw,f? wdkif;
tvdu k f Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifawG[m ocifp;kd / ocifA[de;f / ocifcsp/f ocifAode;f wif/ ocifwifxeG ;f /
ocifwifjr/ udkpH!Gef@wkd@jzpf=u+yD; ppfa&;acgif;aqmifawG[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ Adkvfarmifarmif/
Adkvfapm=um'dk;/ Adkvfae0if;/ AdkvfausmfaZm/ AdkvfwifxGef;/ Adkvf&JxGËf/ AdkvfrSL;atmif/ AkdvfrSL;Axl;/
Akdvfcif!dk wdk@jzpf+yD; wdkif; (2)/ wdkif; (3) qufoG,fa&;wm0efcHu Akdvfvusfmjzpfygw,f? OD;AaqGeJ@
OD;ausmf+idrf; u &efukefwm0efcHjzpfygw,f?
&cdkifawmfvSefa&;orm;awG&JŒ pGrf;yum;eJ@ 1944 ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;u pwifvdkufwJh zufqpf
awmfveS af &;atmifyaJG wGa=umif/h r[mrdww f yfawG[m &cdik w f ikd ;f udjk zwf+y;D ArmjynftwGi;f atmifjrif

pGm0ifa&mufvmEdkif+yDjzpfygw,f? rHk&GmeJ@ a&$bdkbuftxd r[mrdwfwyfawG xdk;ppfqifvmcJh+yDjzpfyg

w,f? AHk;=uJav,mOfawGeJ@ AHk;}uJwdkufcdkufvdkuf tajrmuf}uD;awG wifhum;awGeJ@yg ypfvdkuf wuf
vdkufeJ@ 0ifvmcJhygw,f? &efukefòrdŒudkvnf; r[mrdwfwyfu AHk;}uJwdkufcdkufwmawG tqufrjywf
vkyfvmygw,f?
1945 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dvqef;ydkif;a&mufawmh txufArmjynf a&0ifwZ,fe,fbufrSm
*syefawGu a[mf0pfZm ajrjyifypftajrmuf}uD;awG jzef@cGJcsxm;+yD; t}uD;tus,f ckcHae=uwm
a=umifh/ r[mrdwfwyfawG a&SŒrqufwufEdkifjzpf=uygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u ppfudkif;e,frSm
‘ygwDwyf’ qdkwm&Sdygw,f? zufqpfqef@usifa&; awmfvSefa&;qifE$JEdkifa&;twGuf EdkifiHa&; ppfa&;
oifwef;ay;+yD; v#KŒd 0Supf mG zG@J pnf;xm;wJh ajymufusm;wyfjzpfygw,f? a'ocHawGuawmh ‘ygww D yf’
vd@k yaJ c: =uygw,f? tJ'D ‘ygww D yf’ rSmEkid if aH &;rSL;/ 'k Ekid if aH &;rSL;eJ@ ppfa&;wm0efc/H 'kppfa&;wm0efc&H dS
ygw,f? wyf&JŒ t"duyk*~dKvf (4) OD;yg? tifzmppfrsufESmudk ydk@ay;aewJh *syef&JŒ v#KdŒ0Sufaxmufydk@
pcef;xJu vufeufawGudkyg enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ &,lpkaqmif;wJhwm0efudkvnf; 'DwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;[m
tpDtpOf&&dS dS vkyu f ikd af e=uygw,f? Adv k rf LS ;Axl;eJ@vnf; csw d qf ufrrd d qufo, G x f m;ygw,f? Adv k rf LS ;
Axl; uvnf; uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfovdk/ ygwDwyfu ta&;
}uD;yk*K~ v
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atmif Adkvfrª;Axl; u “a'gufwmAarmfeJ@wuG AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wdk@onf *syef±kyfao;rsm;jzpfae
onf? jynfolwdk@udk *syefzufqpfwdk@u ESdyfpufn‡Of;yef;ae=uonfudk vufydkufIom =unfhae=u
onf? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@.acgif;aqmifr_udk r,Hk=unfawmhyJ jynfolŒtultnDjzifhom *syefudk
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&nfcdkuf&nf&Sdw,f? tpGrf;jycsifaew,f? 'ga=umifh Armhwyfrawmfudk vufeufodrf;r,fhtpm;
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ocifoef;azwdk@ OD;pD;wJh jzL;/ awmifil/ ±dk;rwa=umu &Jacgifajymufusm;rsm;[mvnf; zufqpf*syef
awGudk pHcsdefwif&avmufatmif rsKd;ðzwfacsr_ef; okwfoifwdkufyGJqifEdkifcJhygw,f?
avxD;&JabmfawGuvnf; owfrw S x f m;&m awmfveS af &;a'otwGi;f r[mrdww f yfawGe@J
twlqif;+y;D wdu k yf 0JG ifEidk cf =hJ uygw,f? ArmjynfppfajrjyiftwGi;f ar*sm *sief &,fpvif;&JŒ 'D0ZD H (14)
wyfrsm;/ ar*sm*sief &,f0if;*dw&f ŒJ wyfrsm;/ tar&duef txl;wyfzŒJG acgi;f aqmif ume,fr&J &D ŒJ wyfzŒJG
rsm;/ tar&duef *sife&,fpwD;0Jvf&JŒwyfrsm;/ tdENd,wyfrsm;/ w±kwfwyfrsm;/ zdk@(136) wyfzGJŒrsm;
yg0ifwdkufcdkufcJh=uygw,f? t*Fvdyfrsm;[m ava=umif;uvnf; t}uD;tus,f AHk;}uJwdkufcdkufwm
awGvkyfcJhygw,f?
*syefawmfveS af &;tprSm *syefawG&ŒJ zrf;qD;jcif;cHvu kd &f wJh OD;AaqG vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf
vHk;yef;tm;xkwfzdk@ wm0efus&m wdkif; (3) udk rvkdufEdkifawmhwJh OD;ausmf+idrf;[m &efukefrSmyJ vSnfh
vnfa&Smifwdrf;&if; &efukefwm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifygw,f?
*syefrsm;[m {+yDv (23) &ufae@rSm t"dywda'gufwmAarmftpdk;&tzGJŒudk ac: +yD; &efukef
òrŒd uae qkwcf mG ygw,f? a'guw f mAarmfe@J twl vdu k o
f mG ;=u&olawGuawmh ocifjr/ ocifE/k AE<Kv
OD;pdef/ OD;xGef;atmif/ Adkvf&efEkdifeJ@ a'gufwmb[efwdk@ wawG jzpfygw,f? *syefawGu &efukefuae
qkwfcGm+yD; armfvòrdifrSm ±Hk;pkduf/ aemuf rk'Hkajymif;±Hk;pdkuf&if; qkwfcGmygw,f? rk'Hkta&mufrSmawmh
ocifjr/ ocifEkwdk@ aomifwifusef&pfcJh+yD; a'gufwmAarmfom *syefjynftxd ygoGm;&ygawmhw,f?
1945 ckESpf/ {+yDv (30) &ufrSm rsKd;cspfwyfrawmfu &efukefudk pwif0ifa&mufygw,f?
t*Fvdyfwyfu arv (3) &ufrS &efukefudk 0ifa&mufvmEdkifayr,fh/ olwdk@odrf;wmtjzpf tom;,l
a=unmygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm *syefeJ@wdkufyGJawGuawmh t}uD;tus,f qifEJ$ae&qJjzpfygw,f? jynf
olŒta&;awmfyHkygwDu “ArmhawmfvSefa&;wyfrawmfu &efukefòrdŒudk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufxm;+yD
jzpfa=umif;/ òrdŒolòrdŒom;tm;vHk;. vHkòcHa&;twGuf wm0ef,la=umif;” a=unmcsufxkwfygw,f?
Akv
d af e0if;[m arv (6) &ufae@rS jrpf0u|e;f ay:wyfrsm;udk Akv d wf ifazxHtyfE+HS y;D &efuek u f q kd if;vm
wmjzpfayr,fh Adkvfae0if;wynfhausmf Akdvfatmif}uD;u Adkvfae0if;eHrnfeJ@ &efukefòrdŒudk Armhwyfr
awmfu odrf;ydkufvdkufa=umif; a=unmcsufudk Armvdk t*Fvdyfvdk (2) bmom eJ@arv (7) &ufae@
ae@pGJeJ@ vufjrefajcjrefvkyf+yD; urBmudk a=unmygw,f? t*Fvdyfvdkbmomjyefcsufudkawmh *sme,f
ausmfOD;cspfarmifeJ@ OD;cifarmifvwfwdk@u jyefqdka&;om;ay;&w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? ‘&efukef tprf;
toHvi$ ±hf ’kH vd@k trnfwyf+yD; toHvi$ Xhf me ,m,DziG +fh yD; a=unmvdu k wf hJ tJ't
D oHvi$ ahf =unmcsuf

udk tdENd,a&'D,dkeJ@ bDbDpD toHv$ifhXmeawGuwqifh xyfqifh toHv$ifhay;vdkufwma=umifh urBmh

udka=unm+yD;jzpfoGm;ygw,f? Akdvfatmif}uD;&JŒ Adkvfae0if; od'<dwifay;csufjzpfygw,f?
tJ'v D dk zufqpfawmfveS af &;umv}uD;twGi;f rSm awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;=um;rSm/ txl;
ojzifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwD=um;rSm EkdifiHa&;t,ltqESpfck jzpfay:
uGJjym;vmjyefygw,f?
wcku “zufqpfwdk@udk tºuGif;rJhwkdufcdkufacsr_ef;a&;onfomy"me/ zufqpf wdk@udk
tjywftowf wdkufcdkufEkdifwmeJ@tr# t*Fvdyfwdk@eJ@ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf pm&if;&Sif;&mrSm
+idrf;csrf;pGm+yD;pD;Ekdifvdrhfr,f” jzpf+yD; tjcm;wckuæ
“zufqpfw@kd ukd tºuGi;f rJw h u kd cf u
kd af csre_ ;f a&;[m y"mer[kw/f olw@kd um; ±_;H zd@k aocsmae+yD?
udk,fhtm;udk,fðzef;wD;ovdk vkyfzkd@rvdk? jyefvmr,fh t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒudk ckcHwdkufcdkufa&;om y"me/
xkdwdkufyGJtwGufom óudwifjyifqifxm;&r,f” qdkwmjzpfygw,f?
t,ltqESpcf k jyif;xefvmwJt h cg wzufu avmavmq,f wdu k x
f w k &f r,fh *syefukd wdu
k f
rxkwfyJ rvmao;wJh t*Fvdyfudkjyefcszdk@ vufeufpkxm;&r,f ajymaeolawG[m um,uHajrmuf
tm;jzifh *syefolv#KdŒ? *syefudk rwdkuf&Jvdk@ a&Smifae&ef qifajcay;jcif;vdk@jrifovdk/ wzufuvnf;
t*Fvdyfvufu +idrf;csrf;pGmvGwfvyfa&;&,lEdkifw,fajymum *syefudkwdkufxkwfa&;wckwnf; rJae
olawG[m t*Fvdyfudk vufeufcst±_H;ay;r,fholawGjzpfw,f/ t*Fvdyfudk vufeufcst±_H;ay;r,fh
olawGvdk@ pGyfpGJajymqdk=uygw,f?
*syefawGqkwfcGmoGm;&vdk@ &efukefòrdŒay:udk EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;
a&mufvm=uygw,f? t*Fvdyfppfwyfu *sife&,fcsdef;Am; (General Chambers) uvJ &efukefòrdŒudk
ppftkyfcsKyfa&; tm%mydkiftjzpf olu tkyfcsKyf&vdrfhr,fvdk@ w&m;0ef}uD;a[mif; OD;jrbl;/ OD;bOD;wdk@
a&SŒrSm a=unmajymqdkvmygw,f?
urBmrSm qkdAD,ufwyfeDawmf&JŒ tifrwef}uD;us,fwJh wkdufyGJatmifyGJ owif;awGa=umifh
qdkAD,uf,leD,H[m EdkifiHwumjynfolrsm;=um; *k%foduQm}uD;rm;vmcJhovdk/ ArmjynfrSmvnf;
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m jynfolawG=um; *k%ftwufqHk;tcsdefjzpfvmcJhygw,f? ArmjynfrSm
*syefzufqpfawGudk wdkufypf&r,fvdk@ pjrifcJhwm[m uGefjrLepfawGjzpfcJh+yD;/ wdkufyGJawGtwGif;rSm
vnf; &Gyf&Gyfc|efc|efwkdufjycJh=uEkdifawmh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkawG=um;
=oZmt&Sdef}uD;rm;vmcJhygw,f?
‘awmfvSefa&;wyfOD;’ uae wygwDwnf;jzpfa&; aqG;aEG;=uwJhtcg uGefjrLepfygwDu
jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwDacgif;aqmifwpkudk wygwDwnf;jzpfcsif&if uGefjrLepfygwDwGif;odk@ jynfolŒ
ta&;awmfyHkygwD0ifrsm; wOD;csif;0if=uzdk@eJ@ ocifcspf/ ocifAaqG (OD;AaqG) wdk@udk vufcHEdkifayr,fh
OD;ausmf+idrf;udkawmh vufrcHEkdifbl;vdk@qkdowJh? aemufqHk;rSm wygwDwnf; rjzpfEkdifawmhyJ ysufoGm;
cJhygw,f?
*syefawmfvSefa&;+yD;&if EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJawG[m ta&;}uD;vmawmhr,fvdk@ jrifwmu
wa=umif;/ wav#mufvHk; ajratmuftjzpfeJ@ &yfwnfv_yf&Sm;vm&wmuae w&m;0ifvlxk=um;
&yfwnfv_yf&Sm;vmEdkifwmudku }uD;us,fwJhatmifyJGwckjzpfw,fvdk@ odjrifcH,lvdkufwma=umifhyg/

1945 ckESpf/ arv (3) &ufae@rSm &efukefòrdŒ Am;u&mvrf;rSm ‘ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD’ qdkwJh

qdkif;bkwfudk uGefjrLepfygwDu w&m;0ifwifvdkufygawmhw,f?
uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒt&Sdef[m tifrwef}uD;cJhovdk uGefjrLepfygwDwGif; 0ifvdkolawGvnf;
tvGerf sm;wJu h mvyg? ArmjynfrmS xif&mS ;wJh Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifreS o f r# uGejf rLepf0g'eJ@ ywfouf
cJh=ubl;ovdk uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@vnf; ywfouf,SufEG,fcJh=uzl;ygw,f? &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifawGxJrSm
qdk&if Akdvf&efatmif/ Adkvfvusfm/ AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvf&JxGÉf/ AdkvfausmfaZm/ Adkvfva&mif/ Adkvfwm&m
pwJholawG[m uGefjrLepfygwD0if awGjzpfcJh=uygw,f? Adkvfae0if;awmif uGefjrLepfygwD0iftjzpf
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umvtwGif;rSm ocifpdk;qD tqdkðycJhzl;ygw,f? &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifr[kwfwJh
AdkvfawGxJrSmqkd&ifvnf; AdkvfAxl;/ AkdvftmVm0u wdk@utp Adkvfcspfaumif; (AdkvfrSL;cspfaumif;)/
Adkvfyk/ Adkvfoef;a&$/ Akdvf&J'if/ Akdvfrif;'if/ oHr%dAdkvfarmifarmif/ Adkvfodef;wef/ Adkvfatmifrif;/
Advk rf sK;d jrif/h Advk af t;aiG/ Akv d af tmifaz/ Adv k wf ukd af tmif/ Adv k tf ;kH armif (avxD;) wd@k awG[m uGejf rLepf
ygw0D ifawGyg? Adv k pf aH iG (OD;cspv
f id_ f rqv A[dEk ikd if aH &;wuUov kd af usmif;tky}f uD;) vnf; uGejf rLepfyg
wD0ifczhJ ;l ovd/k Adv k af omif;'ef (umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf-av) wd@k vnf; uGejf rLepfygweD @J ywfoufc=hJ u
zl;ygw,f?
uGejf rLepfygwu D ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwq D ikd ;f bkwuf kd Am;u&mvrf;rSm w&m;0ifwifvu kd wf hJ
tcg OD;ausmf+idrf;/ OD;AaqGwdk@uvvnf; ocifjrudk OuUÏ tjzpfwifajr‡muf+yD; jynfolta&;awmfyHk
ygwDtpk0ifrsm;udk pkpnf;um ‘Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwD’ qdkif;bkwfudk ra&S;raESmif;wifzdk@ óud;pm;
tm;xkwfvm=uygw,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwD tòydiftqdkif wnf&Sdvmyg+yD? Armjynf
uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ acgi;f aqmifawGtjzpf vlx=k um;xif&mS ;vmwmu ocifp;kd / ocifoef;xGe;f / ocif
odef;az (odef;azjrifh)/ ocifA[def;/ ocifAodef;wif/ &Jabmfbwif ac: *dk&S,f/ ocifoef;òrdif/ ocif
oef;az (awmifil)/ ocifZif/ ocifwifxGef;/ ocifjroGif/ ocifwifjrwdk@ jzpf=uygw,f?
Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwD&JŒ acgif;aqmifawGtjzpf wufwufºuGºuG v_yf&Sm;ay:vGifvm
wmu OD;ausm+f idr;f / OD;AaqG/ OD;udu k }kd uD; (aemif-ode;f av;q,fuu kd }kd uD;)/ ocifwif/ ocifausm'f eG ;f /
OD;vSarmif/ Adkvfcifarmifav;/ &efukefAaqGwdk@ jzpf=uygw,f? Akdvfae0if;/ Akdvfarmifarmif/ Adkvf
atmif}uD;/ bHkaygufomausmfwkd@vnf; acgif;aqmifawGtjzpf yg0ifvm=uygw,f// uGefjrLepfygwDu
rmhufpfvDeif0g'udk vrf;!¸eftbd"rRmtjzpf twdtvif;cH,lusihfoHk;+yD; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;&JŒ
wyfOD;ygwDtjzpf tcdkiftrm &yfwnfv_yf&Sm;ygw,f?
‘qdk&S,fvpfygwD’ uawmh &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; wdwdyy cH,lxm;wm rawGŒ&yJ qdk&S,fvpfa&;
&nfrSef;csufawGudk aºuG;a=umfae=uwmawmhawGŒ&ygw,f?
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D rmhuv f eD if0g' oabmw&m;oifwef;awGay;+yD;/ qdAk , D uf,el , D H
uGefjrLepfygwD (abmfvf&SDApf) orkdif;tusOf;csKyfudkydk@cs&if/ qkd&S,fvpfygwDuvnf; qdkAD,uf,leD,H
(abmfvf&SDApf) ordkif;tusOf;csKyfudkyJ r&&atmif&Sm+yD; oifwef;ydk@csw,fvdk@qdkygw,f?
Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkawGt=um; pnf;±H;k a&;eJ h wyfrawmfwiG ;f pnf;±H;k a&;yg tòyid t f qdik f pnf;±H;k
v_yf&Sm;=uygw,f? jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwD&JŒ ta&;}uD;acgif;aqmif (&JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifjzpf=ur,fh

yk*~dKvfawGudk *syefydk@a&;udpP aqmif&GufcJhwJh t"duacgif;aqmif) ocifcspfuawmh qdk&S,fvpfyg

wDbufrSmraeyJ ArmuGefjrLepfygwDbuf w&m;0ifa&mufvmcJhygw,f?
1945 ckESpf/ arv (17) &ufae@rSm qif;rvm;pDrHudef;ac: puULjzLpDrHudef; xGufay:vmyg
w,f? *syefawGt0ifrSm e,fcsJŒt*Fvdyfwdk@eJ@twl vdkufygxGufajy;oGm;+yD; tdENd,EkdifiH ‘qif;rvm;’
òrdŒrSm ±Hk;pdkufaecJhwJh qif;rvm;tpdk;& (Armjynfppfajy; tpdk;&) u a&;qGJcJhwJh pDrHudef;jzpfygw,f?
('kwd,urBmppf}uD;+yD;&if/ usifhokH;zdk@ +Adwdo#ygvDrefudk wifjytwnfðycsuf&,lxm;+yD; jzpfw,fqdk
wJh) 'DpuULjzLpDrHudef;&JŒ tcsKyfoabmuawmh Armjynfudk t*Fvdyfu qufvufu|efðyxm;a&;jzpf
ygw,f?
t*FvdyfwyfawG[m olwkd@odrf;ydkufxm;or# ae&ma'oawGtm;vHk;rSm ppfbufqkdif&m
òrdŒjytkyfcsKyfa&;udk xlaxmifxm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? ArmEdkifiHqdkif&m òrdŒjytkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJŒawGudk
t*Fvdyfvdk (Civil Affairs Service Burma) vdk@ac:ygw,f? twdkaumuf CASB jzpfwma=umifh
uufpbDtkyfcsKyfa&;vdk@ac:ygw,f? uufpbDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk +Adwdo#AdkvfcsKyf ‘[l;bwf&ef@’ u OD;pD;
tkyfcsKyfygw,f? 1944 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (1) &ufup+yD;/ uufpbDudk/ ta&SŒawmiftm&Sqkdif&m r[m
rdwfwyfrsm;&JŒ aoemywd armifhbufwefvufatmufrSm v$Jajymif;+yD;/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;&JŒ vuf
eufudkifwyfawG tcdkiftrm&Sdaeovdk/ wzufu zwyvtzGJŒcsKyf}uD;eJ@ ArmvufeufudkifwyfawG
vnf; wnf&Sdaeygw,f? 1945 ckESpf/ arvukefrSm ta&;}uD; EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftm;vHk; &efukefudk
jyefvnfa&muf&v dS m=u+yD;jzpfygw,f? zufqpfawmfveS af &;wdu k yf aJG wGuawmh a'oawmfawmfrsm;
rsm;rSm qufqifEaJG e&qJjzpfygw,f? weoFm&Dwikd ;f wwdik ;f vH;k [m zufqpfatmufrmS yJ &Sad eygao;
w,f? *syefrsm;[m ppfawmif;jrpf ta&SŒbufurf;wav#muf cHppfa=umif;rsm; wnfaqmuf+yD;
acgi;f rmrm wdu k cf u kd =f uqJjzpfygw,f? yJc;l ±d;k rawmifwef;eJ@ awmtkyaf wGtwGi;f pk±;kH rdaewJh trSwf
(28) *syefwyfr}uD;&JŒ *syefwyfom;rsm;[m r[mrdwfwyfr}uD;rsm;eJ@ ArmzufqpfawmfvSefa&;
tiftm;pkawG ydwq f @kd xm;wJh &efuek -f rE aW v; vrf;r}uD;twdik ;f twif;xd;k azmuf+yD; ppfawmif;jrpf
ta&SŒbufurf;qD jzwful;Edkifzdk@ óud;pm;ae=uqJ jzpfygw,f?
1945 ckEpS /f ZGev f xJrmS +Adwod #vufeufuikd w f yfrsm;&JŒ aoemywd/ ta&SŒawmift&Sqikd &f m
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;&JŒ ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifhbufwef[m t&yf&yftajctaersm;udk ppfaq;avh
vmzd@k &efuek òf rdŒudk a&mufvmygw,f? ZGev f (16) &ufae@rmS Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k
eJ@ awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;ygw,f? t"du aqG;aEG;wmu ArmvufeufudkifwyfawG&JŒ tem*wfta&;jzpfyg
w,f?
1945 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (20) &ufae@rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ygwD&JŒ 'kwd,t}udrf
uGef*&ufudkusif;yw,f? ocifoef;xGef;u obmywdtjzpfaqmif&Guf+yD; usif;yygw,f? udk,fpm;
vS,feJ@ {nfhonfaygif; (200) ausmfavmuf wufa&muf=u+yD;/ olŒrdef@cGef;xJrSm zufqpfwdkufzsuf
a&;eJ@ jyefvnfxal xmifa&; tvky}f uD; (2) ck&w dS ,fqw kd mudk tav;wifazmfjyoGm;&if; 'Dtvky}f uD;
ESpfckudk +yD;atmifvkyfzdk@ ‘trsKd;om;tpdk;&’ w&yfvdkw,f? trsKd;om;tpdk;&w&yfay:aygufzdk@ ppftkyf
csKyfa&; tjrefqHk;&yfpJzdk@ vdkw,fqdkwm &Sif;jyygw,f? (1) ppftkyfcsKyfa&;tjref&yfpJzdk@/ (2) ,m,D
trsK;d om;tpd;k &zGŒJ pnf;/ a&G;aumufyt JG jrefq;kH usi;f y+y;D wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmf}u;D ac: zd@k / (3) wdik ;f ðy

jynfðyv$wfawmf}uD;u ArmEdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&; a&;qGJzdk@qdkwmudk xkwfazmf&Sif;vif;oGm;w,f? taxG

axGtwGi;f a&;rª; ocifp;kd u ‘Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;pOf’ udk zwf=um;wifoiG ;f ygw,f? uGejf rLepfygw[ D m
wdik ;f &if;om;"e&Sirf sm;eJ@ yl;aygi;f +yD; vGwv f yfa&;vkyif ef;udk aqmif&u G &f mrSm b,fawmhrS rpGe@f vw $ f
tyfwhJ tcsuf (3) csuu f kd twGi;f a&;rª; tpD&ifcpH mxJrmS azmfjyoGm;ygw,f? tJ'guawmh (1) uGejf rL
epfygwD oD;jcm;xlaxmifciG &fh jdS cif;/ (2) tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;rsm;tusK;d twGuf pnf;±H;k &mrSm uGejf rL
epfygwu D kd "e&Sirf sm;u taESmuft,Surf ay;a&;/ (3) vlrsK;d a&;nD!w G rf t
_ wGuf xlaxmifxm;aom
tzGJŒcsKyfwGif tvkyform; v,form;wdk@udk,fpm; uGefjrLepfygwDu vGwfvyfpGm a0zefcGifh&Sdjcif;wdk@
jzpfygw,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ 'kwd,uGef*&ufudk (20) &ufuae (27) &ufae@txd usif;yyg
w,f? usif;yaewJhumvtwGif; Zlvdkif (26) &ufae@rSm t*Fvefa&G;aumufyGJrSm ‘tufwvD’
acgi;f aqmifwhJ avbmygwD tEdik &f wufvmygw,f? avbmygwD tEkid &f wufvmjcif;[m Armjynf/
tdENd,jynfwdk@&JŒ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf aumif;wJhtvm;tvmyJvdk@ ,lqcJh=uygw,f? Zlvdkif (27)
&ufae@ uGef*&ufaemufqHk;ae@rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrDwDtopfudk a&G;cs,fwif
ajr‡muf=uygw,f? A[dkaumfrwD0if (22) OD;eJ@ A[kdaumfrDwD pnf;±kH;a&;rSL; (9) OD; / aygif; (31) OD;
jzpfygw,f// uGefu&ufu ygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ocifpkd;ukd tdrfaxmifa&; pnf;rsOf;azmuf
ysufr_eJ@ ygwD0iftjzpfu (2) ESpf&yfpJxm;zkd@ qkH;jzwfvkdufwJhtwGuf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf
‘ocifoed ;f az’ jzpfvmygw,f// ocifoed ;f az tdE, dN u a&mufrvmao;cif ‘ocifjroGi’f ukd ,m,D
wm0efay;ygw,f//
'DuGefu&ufu qkH;jzwfvkdufwJh EkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfuawmh +idrf;csrf;pGmajymif;vJa&;vrf;pOf
(ba&muf'gvrf;pOf) jzpfcyhJ gw,f// 'kw, d urBmppf}uD;t+yD; ay:ayguv f mwJh Ekid if w
H um tajctae
ajymif;vJvmr_udk ta=umif;ðy+yD; +Adwed Ef idk if rH mS wufvmwJh avbmtpk;d &eJ@ aphpyfaqG;aEG;um Arm
jynf&JŒ vGwfvyfa&;ukd &,la&;jzpfygw,f//
uGefu&uf usif;yaewJh Zlvkdif (20) &ufrSmawmh awmifileJ@yJcl;=um; &xm;vrf;/ um;vrf;
wav#muf zufqpfawmfveS af &; tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ *syefw@dk &ŒJ wku d yf aGJ wG t}uD;tus,f ay:ayguaf e
ygw,f? Zlvkdif (20) uae =o*kwfv (4) &ufae@txd jzpfyGm;cJhwJh 'DwkdufyJGawGukd ‘ppfawmif;jrpf
0Sr;f wkud yf ’GJ tjzpf ppforkid ;f rSm armfueG ;f wifc&hJ ygw,f? zufqpf*syefaygi;f (6272) a,muf usq;Hk cJh
&mrSm (3500) ausm[ f m ArmhawmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;u acsre_ ;f okwo f ifcw
hJ mjzpf+yD; *syefo@Hk yef;
aygif; (740) ukd zrf;qD;&rdw,fvkd@ r[mrdwfppfXmecsKyfukd,fwkdifu todtrSwfðy a=unmcJh&yg
w,f//
1945 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (6) &ufeJ@ (9) &ufae@rSm *syefjynf [D±kd&SD;rm; eJ@ e*gpuDòrdŒukd
tar&duefu tEkjrLAk;H }uJygw,f// vlaygi;f ode;f eJ@csD aoqk;H cJ&h +yD; wurBmvk;H wkv H y_ o
f mG ;cJ&h ygw,f?
qkAd , D ufuvnf; *syefudk =o*kwv f (8) &ufae@rmS ppfa=unm+yD; *syeford ;f xm;wJh refcsL;&D;,m;ukd
0ifa&mufwu dk cf u
dk cf yhJ gw,f// =o*kwv f (8) &ufae@rmS ppfa=unm+yD; *syeford ;f xm;wJh refcsL;&D;,m;
ukd 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufcJhygw,f? =o*kwfv (12) &ufae@rSm ppfyGJt±_H;}uD; ±_H;ae+yDjzpfwJh *syef[m
vufeufcszkd@ enf;vrf;&Sm+yDjzpfygw,f// tJ'Dae@ =o*kwfv (12) &ufae@rSmyJ Armhwyfrawmf acgif;

aqmif (10) OD;&JŒ xkwjf yefa=unmcsuf ArmjynfrmS xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f/ “ArmEkid if t H wGi;f acgi;f aqmif
=ur,fh yk*~Kdvftaygif;eJ@ wkdif;oljynfom;taygif; pdwf0rf;uGJjym;jcif;r&SdyJ/ zufqpfwkdufzsufa&;
jynfolŒvGwfvyfa&;tzJG@csKyftwGif; 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifum ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;eJ@ jyefvnfxl
axmifa&;vkyfief;t&yf&yfukd wnDw!Gwfwnf; aqmif&Guf=u&ef jyif;xefpGm wkdufwGef;vkdufyg
a=umif;” vkd@ azmfjyE_d;aqmfxm;ygw,f? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ AkdvfcsKyfvusFm/ AkdvfaZ,s/ Akdvfae0if;/
Akdvfarmifarmif/ Akdvfatmif}uD;/ AkdvfausmfaZm/ Akdvf&JxGËf/ AkdvfrSL;atmif/ AkdvftmVm0u/ wkd@ (10)
OD;u vufrSwfa&;xkd; xkwfjyefcJhwmjzpfygw,f//
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuvJ ‘vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;’ ukd aºuG;a=umfcJhovkd/
wyfrLS ;}u;D (10)OD;uvJ ‘vGwv f yfa&;eJ@ jyefvnfxal xmifa&;’ ukyd J aºu;G a=umfwu dk w f eG ;f xm;ygw,f?
1945 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f (14) &ufrmS zufqpf*syefu ¹cGi;f csurf &Sv d ufeufcsa=umif; a=unm
vkdufygw,f// 'kwd,urBmppf}uD; w&m;0if+yD;qkH;oGm;yg+yD? wurBmvkH; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfoGm;
=uygw,f//
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ wuG zwyv A[kdOD;pD;tzJGŒ0ifawG =o*kwfv (16) &uf (17) &uf
ESpf&ufwkdifwkdif tpnf;ta0;awGxkdif=uygw,f? A[ef; ‘aeol&def’ ±kyf&Sif±kHrSm vlxktpnf;ta0;
yGJ}uD;udk ‘zwyv’ u OD;pD;usif;yzkd@ qkH;jzwfvkduf=uygw,f//
1945 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (19) &ufrSm orkdif;0if ‘aeol&def’ vlxktpnf;ta0;}uD; ay:xGef;
vmcJyh gw,f? jyifqifcsed f (2) &ufom&cJah yr,fh vlxak omif;csD wufa&mufcw hJ hJ aeol&ed f vlxt k pnf;
ta0;yGJ}uD;[m +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒorm;udk twdtvif; pdefac:vkdufwJh vlxkqENjyyGJ}uD;vnf;jzpfyg
w,f? zwyv tzGJ@csKyf OuUÏ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u obmywdvkyf+yD; zwyv taxGaxGtwGif;
a&;rSL; ocifoef;xGef;u twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJh=uygw,f? ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif
tm;vHk;avmufeD;yg; wufa&mufcJh=uygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD0ifrsm;a&m Armjynfqdk&S,f
vpfygwED , G rf sm;yg wufwufºuGºuG wufa&mufc=hJ uygw,f? e,fcsŒJ +Adwo d #&ŒJ puULjzLtkycf sKyfa&;udk
tjyif;txef uef@uGufcJh=uygw,f? trsKd;om;tpdk;&zGJŒay;&ef/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;&yfpJ+yD; òrdŒjytkyfcsKyf
a&;xlaxmif&ef/ trsK;d om;,m,Dtpd;k & tkycf sKyfaepOftwGi;f t&G,af &mufow l ikd ;f rJay;Edik w
f phJ epfe@J
a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf jzpfay:vmr,fh wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfu tajccHOya'a&;qGJ&ef/ twWvef
wma=unmcsufudk axmufcH+yD; tJ'Da=unmcsufeJ@tnD ArmEdkifiHudk tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwf
vyfwEhJ idk if t
H jzpf todtrSwðf y&ef pwJh ta&;}uD;awmif;qdck surf sm;udk yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; az:xkwcf =hJ u
ygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh (1) ,m,Dtpd;k &zGŒJ pnf;a&;eJ@ wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmfac:a&;/ (2) wEdik if v H ;kH
trsK;d om;nD!w G af &;eJ@ (3) rsK;d cspAf rmhwyfrawmfukd todtrSwðf y+y;D ArmhwyfrawmfopfzŒJG a&;jzpfyg
w,f?
'Daeol&deftpnf;ta0;}uD;rSmyJ zwyv tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;udk vuf&SdA[dkOD;pD; tzGJŒ0if (21) OD;
uae (36) OD;txd wd;k csŒJ zGŒJ pnf;vdu k yf gw,f? apmbOD;/ ref;bcdik /f b&momwd@k vkd u&iftrsK;d om;acgi;f
aqmifrsm;yg0ifc=hJ uovdk OD;atmifZaH 0/ OD;ausm&f ifw@dk vkd &cdik t f rsK;d om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;vnf; yg0ifchJ
=uygw,f? OD;baz/ OD;yk/ aysmb f , G f OD;jrwk@d vkd vusmf Edik if aH &;orm;a[mif;}uD;awGuv kd nf; xnfo h iG ;f
zGŒJ pnf; yg0ifapcJyh gw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u obmywdred @f ceG ;f tzGirfh mS udk &Si;f vif;oGm;wmuawmh

“zwyvtzG@J csKyf[m ygwt D zGŒJ tpnf;r[kw/f vGwv f yfa&;udk t&,lwu kd yf 0JG ifv=kd uwJh wyfrawmf/
uGejf rLepfygw/D jynfoŒl ta&;awmfyykH gww D @kd yl;aygi;f +yD; 1944 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f u pwifzŒJG pnf;cJjh cif;jzpf
a=umif;/ tzGŒJ csKyfo@kd vlrsK;d bmomra&G; wdik ;f oljynfom;wdik ;f yg0ifEikd af =umif;/ tzGŒJ csKyf[m b,ftzGŒJ
tpnf; b,fygwD&JŒ rlydkiftzGJŒrSr[kwfa=umif;/ wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf wwdkif;jynfvHk; aoG;
pnf;zdk@ zGJŒcJhjcif;jzpfa=umif;/ tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;taejzifh r[mrdwftiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ qufoG,fcJha=umif;/
rwfv (27) &ufup+yD; zufqpfudkawmfvSefcJh=ua=umif;/ &cdkifbufrSmvnf; &cdkifawmfvSefa&;
orm;rsm;u zufqpfuakd wmfveS cf =hJ ua=umif;/ awmfveS af &;rSm ucsi/f csi;f / u&if trsK;d om;rsm;vnf;
yg0ifc=hJ ua=umif;” jzpfygw,f? wqufwnf;rSm ‘wyfrawmfe@J aysmufusm;rsm;&JŒ wdu k cf u
kd rf a_ =umifh
r[mrdww f yfrsm; &efuek u f t kd a&mufjrefcjhJ cif;jzpfa=umif;/ aemufq;kH ppfawmif;jrpf0rS ;f wav#mufrmS
&Gyf&Gyfc|efc|ef wdkufcJha=umif;/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJrsm;udk r[mrdwfrsm;u todtrSwfðy
cs;D usL;cJ&h a=umif;/ 'Dwu kd yf aJG wGa=umifh Armjynfukd vkycf siw f ikd ;f vkyvf @kd r&bl;qdw k m odvmwJt h wGuf
+Adwo d #tpd;k &u cifAsm;wd@k csi;f om nD!w G +f yDajym=u? vGwv f yfa&;vdck siaf wmif ay;r,fqw kd hJ pum;
rsK;d ajymvm&a=umif;/ urBmt h ajctae[m odyaf umif;vm+yDjzpfa=umif;’ awGuv kd nf; &Si;f jyajymqkd
cJhygw,f? zwyv taxGaxGtwGif;a&rSL; ocifoef;xGef;uvnf; 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;aemuf urBmh
+idr;f csr;f a&;wnfaqmuf&efe@J Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;udk t&,l&ef&nf&, G af =umif; ajym=um;+yD; urBmh
+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vGwfvyfaom Armjynfacgif;pOfeJ@ azmfjyxm;wJh zwyvtzGJŒcsKyf&JŒ oabmxm;
a=unmcsufudk zwf=um;cJhygw,f?
tJ'ga=umifh aeol&deftpnf;ta0;}uD;[m/ zwyv}uD;uOD;aqmif+yD; jynfolvlxkw&yf
vH;k u qef@usiu f ef@uwG v f u kd w f hJ vlxtk iftm;jyyG}J u;D jzpfovd/k Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;twGuf tvdk
tyfq;kH awmif;qdck surf sm;udk csrw S af zmfxw k f aºuG;a=umfEikd cf w hJ hJ ordik ;f 0if Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_}uD; jzpfchJ
ygw,f? zwyv tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;udk,fwdkif&JŒ oabmxm;tjrifuvnf; vGwfvyfa&;udk +idrf;csrf;wJh
enf;eJ@ &&SdEdkifvdrfhr,fvdk@ ,lqar#mfvifhxm;cJhygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD 'kwd,uGef*&ufu
csrSwfvdkufwJh EdkifiHa&;vrf;pOfeJ@ qef@usifuGJjym;r_ r&Sdwm awGŒEdkifygw,f?
‘aeol&ed ’f acwf}uD;xJrmS ‘zwyv’ tzGŒJ csKyf}uD;[m tiftm;cdik rf mawmifw h if;vSwhJ trsK;d
om;wyfaygif;pk}uD; tppftrSefjzpfcJhygw,f? OuUÏtjzpf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u wm0ef,l+yD; taxG
axGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf ocifoef;xGef;u aqmif&Guf&if; OD;yJhnDnD xrf;EdkifcJh=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh
tJ'aD cwfukd taemufwikd ;f owif;pmawGuawmif ‘qef;ESio hf ef;acwf’ vd@k uifyeG ;f wyfa&;om;cJ=h u
ygw,f?
aeol&ed t f pnf;ta0;}uD;&JŒ t&Sed ef @J Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGe;f / armifb h ufwefw@kd
&JŒ aqG;aEG;xm;cJhcsuftquftjzpf Armhvufeufudkifwyfrsm;ta&; aqG;aEG;zdk@ r[mrdwfppfaoem
ywdcsKyfvnf;jzpf/ uufpfbD tkyfcsKyfa&;&JŒ tjrifhqkH;tm%mydkifvnf;jzpfwJh ‘armifhbwfwef’ u
‘zwyv’ ud, k pf m;vS,af wGukd olŒppfXmecsKyfwnf&&dS m uEND (oD[)kd udk vma&mufz@kd zdw=f um;vm
ygw,f?
1945 ckESpf/ pufwifbm (4) &ufae@rSm armifhbufwefeJ@aqG;aEG;zdk@ zwyv udk,fpm;vS,f
tzGJŒtjzpf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGef;/ Akdvfae0if;/ Akdvfvusfm/ AdkvfaZ,s/ AdkvfausmfaZm/

Akv
d af rmifarmif/ Adv k af Zmfrif; (aemif-Adv k rf LS ;csKyf armifarmifausm0f if;)/ OD;baz/ apmbOD;}u;D / OD;!dx k eG ;f
(&cdkifAdkvf!dkxGef;) wdk@ (11) OD; uENDòrdŒudk oGm;=uygw,f? pufwifbm (6) &uf/ (7) &uf ae@awGrSm
awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;=uygw,f? tJ'DaqG;aEG;yGJudk Armjynfppfajy;tpdk;& (qif;rvm;tpdk;&) &JŒ
t=uHay;yk*~Kdvftjzpf OD;wifxGÉfvnf; vma&mufwufygw,f? tJ'DaqG;aEG;yGJ&JŒ &v'ftjzpf
‘uENDpmcsKyf’ xGufay:vmygw,f? ‘uENDpmcsKyf’ t& rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfrS vufa&G;pifwyfom;
(5200)/ t&Hwyfom; (3000)/ Adkvf (200)/ t&HAdkvf (200) udk Armjynf +Adwdo#vufatmuf&Sd
Armhwyfrawmftjzpf zGJŒpnf;zdk@ armifhbwfwefu oabmwlcJhovdk/ usefArmhvufeufudkifwyfom;
rsm;udk &Sif;vif;zsufodrf;ay;zdk@‘zwyv’ }uD;eJ@ wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifawGu oabmwlnDcJh=u
ygw,f? tiftm; (2) aomif;avmuf&w dS hJ ArmhawmfveS af &;rsK;d cspw f yfrawmf wyfzŒJG }uD;udk zsuo f rd ;f
+yD; t+rJwef; ‘Armhwyfrawmf’ tjzpf uENDpmcsKyft& ajymif;vJzGJŒpnf;&ygawmhw,f?
t+rJwef; w&m;0if Armhwyfrawmf}uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJzGJŒpnf;wJhtcg AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;
udk,fwdkif wyfudkqufvufOD;pD;+yD; ppfa&;acgif;aqmifrvm;/ zwyv tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;udkyJ OD;pD;+yD; EdkifiH
a&;acgi;f aqmifvyk rf vm;/ wckcu k ykd J jywfjywfom;om; a&G;cs,&f awmhr,ft h ajctaejzpfvmygw,f?
Armjynf&JŒtaetxm;t& EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJawG ta&;}uD;vmawmhr,fvdk@ ,Hk=unf,lqwJhtwGuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m EdkifiHa&;udkyJ a&G;cs,fvdkufygw,f?
wyfuxGufr,fvdk@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m a&G;cs,fqHk;jzwfvdkufayr,fh oludk,fwdkif OD;pD;
wnfaxmifcw hJ hJ ppfwyftay: oHa,mZOf}uD;vSwma=umihf olŒtpm;wyfukd OD;pD;Edik rf ,haf cgi;f aqmif/
wyfrawmf}uD;udk Edik if aH &;&nfreS ;f csurf eS rf eS ef @J rSerf eS u f efuef a&SŒaqmifweG ;f wifEikd rf ,fh acgi;f aqmif
udk tav;teufxm;+yD; &SmazGcJhygw,f? tJ'Dvdk t&nftcsif;jynhf0wJh acgif;aqmifrsKd;vufxJudkyJ
wyfut kd yfEcHS sicf yhJ gw,f? 'ga=umifh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m yxrqH;k uGejf rLepfacgi;f aqmif ocifA[de;f
udk a&G;cs,fcJhygw,f? ocifA[def;udk wyfudkOD;pD;a&;twGuf v$Jay;zdk@ uGefjrLepfygwDudk w&m;0if
awmif;wJhtcg uGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; ygwD&JŒ ta&;}uD;EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;awGa=umifh v$Jray;EdkifcJhyg?
ocifA[de;f udrk ay;Edik &f if 'kw, d ol@pw d óf uu d f ‘ocifoef;az (jzL;)’ udk v$aJ y;zd@k awmif;qdjk yefygw,f?
uGejf rLepfygwu D ocifoef;azudv k nf; ray;Ekid af =umif; ta=umif;jyefcyhJ gw,f? 'ga=umifh ocifA[de;f
a&m ocifoef;azyg r&wJhtwGufa=umifh aemufqHk;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m AkdvfvusfmudkyJ
wyfrawmfacgif;aqmiftjzpf a&G;cs,f wm0efay;vdkuf&ygw,f? Adkvfae0if;udk AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
,H=k unfrr_ &Scd yhJ g? ppf+yD;puqd&k if Adv k af e0if;udðk zwfypfz@dk awmif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; pOf;pm;qHjk zwfczhJ ;l
w,fqdkygw,f? EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwcsKdŒudkawmif xkwfazmfwdkifyifcJhygw,f? twdkifyifcH&wJh EdkifiH
a&;acgif;aqmifawG (ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifAodef;wif) wdk@u uae@vdktcsdefrSm nD!Gwfa&;ta&;
}uD;a=umif; azsmif;zsajymqdck =hJ uwJt h wGuf Adv k af e0if;udk xkwzf ,fypfwhJ tqifx h d ra&mufcw hJ mvd@k
qdkygw,f?
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k cf sKyfatmifqef; wyfuxGuv f u kd w f t hJ wGuf Armhwyfrawmf&ŒJ t}u;D tuJ[m Adv k v f usmf
jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? topfjyefvnfzŒJG pnf;vdu k wf hJ wyf&if;awGxrJ mS uGejf rLepfygw0D if/ qk&d ,
S vf pfygwD
0ifawG qufvuf&SdaecJhygw,f?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m wyfuxGufvdkuf&ovdk wyfrawmf[mvnf; ‘zwyv’ tzGJŒcsKyf

}uD;twGif;uae w&m;0ifxGufvdkuf&ygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm uENDpmcsKyft& wyfuxGufvdkuf&ol
awG trsm;}uD;ay:cJhovdk EkdifiHa&;udkyJ aZmufcsvkyfzdk@ wyfuxGufvdkufolawGvnf; awmfawmfrsm;
rsm; ay:cJhygw,f? r=umrDrSmyJ zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;jynfolŒvGwfvyfa&; (zwyv) tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;udk
vnf; zufqpfqef@usiaf &;jynfoŒl vGwv f yfa&; (zqyv) tzGŒJ csKyf}u;D vd@k trnfajymif;vJac:ygw,f?
zqyvtzGJŒcsKyf}uD;[m wrsKd;om;vHk;&JŒ wyfaygif;pktzGJŒcsKyf}uD;tjzpf &yfwnfv_yf&Sm;cJhyg
w,f? 'DtzGJŒcsKyf}uD;twGif;rSm t"dutiftm;pktjzpf wnf&Sdaewmu vuf0Jtiftm;pk jzpfcJhyg
w,f? vusfmtiftm;pkrsm;[m aemufrS us,fus,fjyef@jyef@zGifh+yD; zGJŒpnf;vdkufwJhtcgrS ygvm=u/
a&mufvm=uolawGjzpfygw,f? vuf0t J iftm;pkawGxrJ mS vnf; t"du tckid t f rmwnf&adS ewmu
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygweD @J Armjynfq&kd , S v f pfygwjD zpfygw,f? 'DygwED pS cf [ k m ‘zqyv’ tzGŒJ csKyf}uD;
twGi;f rSm twlwnf&adS eovd/k tòydit f qdik t f jzpfvnf; wnf&adS ecJ=h uygw,f? vusmf orm;Edik if aH &;
orm;a[mif;}uD;awG[m trsm;tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;usm;ao}uD;awGjzpfygw,f?
zqyv tzGŒJ csKyf}uD;&JŒ tzGŒJ cGaJ wG[m ArmjynftES@H tjym; w&m;0ifzŒJG pnf; ay:ayguv f mcJh
ovdk uGefjrLepfygwD/ qdk&S,fvpfygwDwdk@&JŒ tzGJŒcGJawG[mvnf; a'otESH@ zGJŒpnf;ay:aygufvmcJhyg
w,f? 1945 ckESpf/ pufwifbm (29) &ufae@rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ jynfolŒtm%m*sme,f
pwifxkwfa0 xGufay:vmygw,f?
atmufwdkbmvv,frSm ppfajy;bk&ifcH qma':refprpf &efukefudk jyefa&mufvmygw,f?
wjynfv;kH u qef@usiu f ef@uu G af ewJh puULjzLpDru H ed ;f udk tpG,x f w k zf @kd óu;d pm;ygw,f? atmufwb kd m
(16) &ufae@rSm tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efawGudk pwifvufcH aqmif&Gufygw,f? ppftkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@ ppfzuf
qdkif&mòrdŒjytkyfcsKyfa&; ±kyfodrf;vdkufwJhtwGuf uufpfbDtkyfcsKyfa&;acwf tqHk;owfoGm;ygw,f?
qma':refprpfu bk&ifcHwOD;wnf;tm%mydkifwJh puULjzLtkyfcsKyfa&;udk pwifygw,f?
ppf}uD;twGi;f ysupf ;D qH;k ±_;H cJ&h wJh +Adwod #e,fcsŒJ ydik f ukex f wk vf yk if ef;rsm;/ o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;vkyif ef;
rsm;eJ@ pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk t"duxm;+yD; ‘jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;’ vkyfzdk@jyifygw,f? cspfwD;
awGeJ@ ajr&Sif}uD;i,fawGuvnf; olwdk@ydkifqdkifcJhwJh ajr,mawGeJ@ v,faxmufcpyg;awGudk v,fo
rm;awGqDu twif;t=uyf jyefvnfvk,uf ,liifzdk@ tm;xkwfvm=uygw,f?
qma':refprpfu bk&ifc&H ŒJ twdik yf ifcH tr_aqmiftzGŒJ eJ@ twdik yf ifcH Oya'ðyv$waf wmfzŒJG zd@k
jyifygw,f? todtrSwfrðy&if rjzpfawmhwJh zqyv tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;udk puULjzLpDrHudef;rSm yl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufzdk@ bk&ifcHu zdwf=um;aqG;aEG;ygw,f?
‘zqyv’u Ekid if jH yefvnfxal xmifa&;eJ@ w&m;r#wwJah &G;aumufyJG tjrefusi;f yEkid af &;udk
&nf&G,f+yD; tr_aqmifaumifpDrSm yg0ifzdk@ oabmwlygw,f? atmufwdkbm (19) &ufrSm bk&ifcHeJ@
oGm;a&mufawGŒqH+k yD; zqyv 0ef}uD;avmif; (11) OD;pm&if;udk ay;tyfygw,f? bk&ifcu H oabmrwl
yJ jiif;y,fvdkufygw,f? bk&ifcHeJ@ zqyvwkd@ xdyfwdkuf yÉdyuQ pwifygawmhw,f?
bk&ifcu H ‘zqyv’ wGi;f a&mufae=uwJh vusmf Ekid if aH &;orm;a[mif;}u;D rsm;udv k nf; &mxl;
jy+y;D zJx
h w
k &f if; olŒpdwóf uu
d f ‘tr_aqmifaumifp’D zGŒJ vdu k yf gw,f? ppfajy;tpd;k &tzGŒJ 0ifa[mif; qmay:
xGe;f / qmxGe;f atmifausmef @J qm*|e0f u kd /f qmruf';l *Jw@kd ukd tr_aqmifaumifp0D ifawGtjzpf cef@tyf

vdu k yf gw,f? zqyv uaexGu+f yD; &mxl;,l=ur,fh rsK;d cspyf gwu D OD;btke;f / OD;at;/ OD;yke@J ref;bcif
wd@k uv kd nf; aumifp0D iftjzpfcef@tyfygw,f? rsK;d cspyf gwu D yJjzpfwhJ OD;vGe;f / qif;&Jom;ygwu D OD;om
,m0wDarmifarmife@J OD;&efatmifqo kd w
l @kd tjyif r=umcifurS Armjynfjyefa&mufvmwJh ocifxeG ;f tkyf
udkvnf; tr_aqmifaumifpD0iftjzpf cef@tyfa&G;cs,fvdkufygw,f? olŒpdwfóuduf ‘Oya'ðyaumifpD’
qdkwmudkvnf; zqyv tjyifbufa&muf&Sdae=uwJh vusfmEdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;rsm;eJ@ zGJŒpnf;vdkufyg
w,f? (1945 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbm (1) &ufae@rSm cg;ydkufaqmif bk&ifhtwdkifyifcH ‘tr_aqmifaumifpD’
xGufay:vmcJh+yD; 'DZifbm (31) &ufae@rSm ykwfoif!dk ‘Oya'ðyaumifpD’ jzpfwnfvmcJhygw,f?)
1945 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (1) &ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmif+yD; ‘jynfolŒ&Jabmf
wyfzGJŒ) zGJŒpnf;ay:xGef;vmygw,f? +Adwdo#vufatmufcH ‘Armhwyfrawmf’udk uENDpmcsKyft&
zGJŒpnf;&mrSm yg0ifcGifhr&wJh &Jabmfa[mif;awGudk tajccH+yD; bDtkdifat/ bD'Dat&Jabmfa[mif;awG/
awmfvSefa&;orm;awGeJ@yg pkpnf;zGJŒpnf;vdkufwm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 0g'tm;jzifh uGefjrLepf0g'
,Hk=unfola&m r,Hk=unfolyg yg0ifvmcJhygw,f? ppfwyfzGJŒpnf;yHktwdkif; zGJŒpnf;cJh+yD;/ ppfaoemywd
eJ@ OuUÏtjzpf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ 'kw, d aoemywdtjzpf Adv k rf LS ;atmif jzpfygw,f? OD;pD;aumfrwD
0ifawGuawmh AdkvfxGef;vif;/ Adkvfva&mif/ Adkvfzdk;uGef;/ AdkvfAwif/ AdkvfvSat;/ Adkvfwiftkef;/
Adkvfodef;wef/ Adkvfatmifrif;/ Akdvfykwdk@wawGjzpfygw,f? jynfolŒ&JabmfwyfzGJŒxJudk &Jabmfa[mif;
awGomru/ &JabmfopfawGyg 0ifa&mufvm=uwJhtwGuf umvr=umrDtwGif;rSmyJ wyfzGJŒ0if
wodef;ausmf&SdvmcJhygw,f? ppfa&;avhusihfr_awGvkyf=uygw,f? ppf,leDazmif;awG 0wfqif=uyg
w,f? òrdŒ&GmtESH@ ay:aygufvmygw,f?
bk&ifcu H ‘jynfo@l &aJ bmf’ udk zqyv&JŒ cg;ydu k af qmifwyfzŒJG vd@k ,lqygw,f? wdik ;f jynfqyl l
atmif v_yf&Sm;aeolawGvdk@ orkwfygw,f? ,leDazmif;r0wf&/ ppfa&;ravhusifh&trdef@awGxkwf+yD;
trdef@qef@usifolawGudk zrf;qD;ta&;,lygw,f? jynfolŒ&Jabmfudk ysufatmifzsufygw,f? 'gayrJh
ysufatmifrzsufEdkifyg?
zqyv}uD;xJudk jynfolŒ&Jabmf[m tiftm;pkwcktjzpf yg0ifvmcJhygw,f? zqyv}uD;eJ@
bk&ifct H pd;k &=um; wif;rmr_awG[m wqif+h yD;wqifh wd;k vmcJyh gw,f? bk&ifc&H ŒJ ‘tr_aqmifaumifp’D
eJ@ ‘Oya'ðyaumifpD’ [m vlxk=um;=oZmr&Sdyg? zqyv }uD;&JŒ =oZmom wkd;wufjrifhrm;vmcJhyg
w,f? bk&ifcHtpdk;&[m puULjzLpDrHudef;t& jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tay: wdk;+yD; zdESdyfwmawGvkyfyg
w,f? zqyv tzGJ@csKyf}uD;u ,m,D=um;jzwftpdk;&zJGŒpnf;a&;/ wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf ay:xGef;
a&;/ puULjzLpDrHudef;yg pD;yGm;a&;y±dk*sufrsm; zsufodrf;a&;pwJh rlvawmif;qdkcsufawGudk vlxktif
tm;eJ@zdzdpD;pD; qufvufawmif;qdk v_yf&Sm;ygw,f?
1946 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&D (21) &ufae@rmS wrsK;d om;vH;k &JŒ wyfaygi;f pk}uD;jzpfwhJ zqyv tzGŒJ csKyf
}uD;u vlxw k ode;f ausmw f ufa&mufwhJ puULjzLtkycf sKyfa&; uef@uu G yf }JG uD;udk usi;f yygw,f? 'Duef@
uGuq f ENjyyG}J uD;[m bk&ifct H yk cf sKyfa&;udo k m udik v
f y_ vf ukd Ef ikd wf mr[kw/f t*Fvefavbmtpd;k &udyk g
wkefv_yfoGm;apcJhygw,f? OuUÏ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ocifoef;xGef;wdk@
OD;pD;wJh ‘zqyv’ &JŒ yxrqHk;nDvmcHudkvnf; a&$wd*Hktv,fypP,HrSm wcrf;wem; usif;yygw,f?

vlxw k ode;f ausmef @J wjynfv;kH ud, k pf m;vS,f (1200) ausmf wufa&mufwn hJ v D mcH}uD;rSm vH;k 0vGwf
vyfa&;twGuf qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifa&;/ ajr,mjy\emajz&Sif;a&;/ e,fcsJŒt&if;tESD;rsm;udk jynf
olyikd o f rd ;f a&;/ touf (18) ESpf jynfo h wl ikd ;f rJqENay;cGi&hf a&;/ wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmf ac:,lusi;f y
Ekid af &; pwJh ta&;}uD;qH;k jzwfcsuaf wG csrw S Ef ikd cf =hJ uygw,f// 'Dnv D mcH}uD;rSmyJ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk
wrsKd;om;vHk;&JŒacgif;aqmif OuUÏtjzpf wifajr‡mufcJhygw,f?
1946 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&DvrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrDwDtpnf;ta0; usif;yyg
w,f? +idrf;csrf;pGmajymif;vJa&;jzpfwJh ‘ba&muf'g0g'’ udk w&m;0ify,fzsufypfvdkuf=uygw,f//
ba&muf'g0g'trSm;/ ygwDwGif;a&mufvmcJhykHZmpfjrpfudk/ &SmazGazmfxkwfokH;oyfa0zef=u&if;u/
ud, k w f ikd f wufwufºuGºuG vufcjH zef@cscd o hJ wl OD;jzpfcw hJ hJ ocifp;kd [m wjcm;olrsm;tay:om jypfwif
±_wcf sa0zef+y;D *d% k ;f cGx
J u G o f mG ;ygw,f? uGejf rLepfygwD (Armjynf) qkw d hJ ‘tvHeyD gw’D udk cG+J y;D xlaxmif
vdkufygw,f? ocifpdk;eJ@twl ocifwifjr/ a':apmjr pwJh A[kdaumfrDwD0if (7) OD; ygoGm;ygw,f?
uGejf rLepfygwD uGrJ oGm;a&;twGuf ocifA[de;f ud, k wf ikd f twefwefóud;pm;cJah o;ayr,fh ocifp;kd wd@k
u “tacsmiform;awGe@J jcm;em;r_onf t}u;D qH;k aomawmfveS af &;vkyif ef;jzpfonf?” vd@k aºu;G a=umf
+yD; cGJxGufoGm;ygw,f? tvHeDygwDudk ‘zqyv’ uvnf; vufcHjcif;r&SdwJhtwGuf tvHeDtpk0if
rsm;[m zqyv}uD;&J@ tjyifbufukd a&muf&o dS mG ;ygw,f? tvHeyD gw[ D m “tvHeu D u
kd ikd +f yD; wyfO;D
a&SŒuxGuu f m &Gy&f yG cf |ecf |ef awmfveS af &;wdu k yf aJG wGukd qifEjJG y&r,f” qdw k hJ tmabmfe@J twl vuf0J
pGef;v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk tqufrjywf azmfaqmifygawmhw,f?
1946 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v D (28) &ufae@rmS bk&ifc&H ŒJ ‘Oya'ðyaumifp’D tpnf; ta0;usi;f y
ygw,f? bk&ifcHu vuf!dk;xkd; cef@tyfxm;wJh Oya'ðyaumifpD0iftm;vHk;vdkvdk[m ‘zqyv’
qef@usifa&;orm;awGjzpf=u+yD; ‘zqyv’ tzGJŒcsKyfudk tjyif;txef a0zefwdkufcdkuf=uygw,f?
bk&ifcHudk,fwdkifuvnf; zqyvudk òzdcGJzdk@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ppftwGif;vlowfr_eJ@
zrf;qD;ta&;,lzdk@ uvdrfuuspf^m%feJ@ =uHpnftm;xkwfvmygw,f? 'Dt=uH,kwfudk vufawGŒ
taumiftxnfazmfEdkifa&;twGuf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr,fh e,fcsJŒtvdkus yk*~KdvfwOD;vnf; ay:
aygufvmygw,f? tJ'Dyk*~Kdvfuawmh ‘ocifxGef;tkyf’ ygyJ?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ twl ppfcsDcJhwJh ocifxGef;tkyf[m AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk oxHkc±dkif
aygifòrdŒe,f oJjzLukef;aus;&Gm ukvm;ol}uD;owfcJhr_eJ@ ta&;,lzdk@ bk&ifcHxHwifjyygw,f? Oya'ðy
aumifprD mS vnf; bk&ifcu H kd wdu k w f eG ;f wJth jyif w&m;±H;k wif ppfaq;ta&;,lr,fq&kd if rsujf rifouf
aotjzpf oludk,fwkdif oufaocHygr,fvdk@ ,kwf,kwfrmrm tqdkðyvmcJhygw,f? t*Fvdyfbk&ifcH&JŒ
trsKd;om;pDrHudef;0ef}uD;jzpfwJh ocifxGef;tkyf&JŒ e,fcsJŒtvdkus trsKd;om;opPmazmufvkyf&yf[m
wjynfvHk;udk tHh=ooGm;apcJhygw,f?
ocifoef;xGef;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;bufrS jywfjywfom;om;&yfwnfum ppftwGif;u
ocifxeG ;f tkyf ud, k wf ikd af &;cJw h hJ ‘u|Eykf . f pGe@f pm;cef;’ pmtkyx f u J qDavsm&f mtcef;awGukd t*Fvyd f
bmomjyefqkd+yD; +Adwdo#ygvDrefu ygvDreftrwf '±dkif;bwf (Tom Driberg) wdk@qD ydk@vdkufygw,f?
ocifxeG ;f tkyu f ,kd wf ikd f ppfajrjyifrmS / b,fvkd ud, k xf v d ufa&muf vkyu f ikd cf whJ ,fqw kd mawG/ tm;yg;

w& pmtkyfxJ a&;oGif;azmfjyxm;cJhcsufawGudk xkwfE_wf+yD; wdwdusus bmomjyefqdkay;vdkufwm

jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh ‘ocifxeG ;f tky&f ŒJ ppftwGi;f &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfrr_ sm;a=umifh olŒudk tr_aqmif
aumifpDu xkwfy,fypfr,fvm;’ vdk@ tudk;tum;ðy ar;EkdifcJhw,fqkdygw,f?
aemufq;kH rSm Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk zrf;qD;ta&;,lr,fq&kd if jynfow l &yfv;kH tHºk uGvmrSm/
tHºk uGvmcJ&h if tHºk uGru _ Ekd rdS ef if;ypfz@kd tdE, dN wyfawGuv kd nf; ac:,lv@kd r&Edik rf mS wGucf surf +d yD;/ bk&ifcH
[m t=uHtpnfukd vufav#mv h u
kd &f ygw,f? bk&ifc&H ŒJ t=uH,w k f ±_;H edrohf mG ;&ovdk ocifxeG ;f tkyf
vnf; tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; &moufyef EkdifiHa&;aooGm;&ygawmhw,f? vlxkcsOfzwf jzpfoGm;&ygawmh
w,f?
1946/ arv (18) &ufae@rSm tif;pdefc±dkif ‘xef;wyifta&;tcif;’ }uD;ay:aygufvmyg
w,f? ‘jynfol@&Jabmf’ wcsKdŒ tzrf;cH&wmudk rauseyfwJhtwGuf jynfol@&Jabmfrsm;/ awmifol
v,form;rsm;u pDwef;vSnfhvnf qENjy=uwmudk ykvdyfu aoewfeJ@ ypfcwfòzdcGif;cJhygw,f?
v,form;}uD; (4) OD; aoewfxdrSef aoqHk;cJh&wJhtwGuf vlxktHkºuGr_}uD; jzpfvmcJhygw,f?
zqyvtzGJŒcsKyf}uD;u bk&ifcHtpdk;&&JŒ vkyf&yfudk tjyif;txef uef@uGuf±_wfcswJhtjyif
pHpk rf;a&;tzGŒJ wckvnf; apv$wyf gw,f? uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ jynfo@l tm%m*sme,fuvnf; ‘xef;wyif
aoewfypfr_ ta&;tcif;}uD;’ ta=umif; jyif;jyif;xefxef uef@uGufa&;om;ygw,f? &efukefvlxk
}uD;[m armfawmf,mOfor*~u um;rsm;eJ@ xef;wyifudk csDwufoGm;a&muf+yD; tiftm;jy=uyg
w,f?
vlwef;pm;toD;oD;&JŒ rauseyfcsufawG 'D*&Djrifhoxuf jrifhvmygw,f? v,form;rsm;&JŒ
tiwfjy\emajz&Sif;a&;/ vufikwfv,fajrvufrvGwfa&;/ trawmfa=u;&&Sda&;/ t&m&Sdqdk;
ol}uD;qdk;wdk@&JŒ !‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_u vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJawG ay:aygufvmygw,f?
rcHr&yfEdkifwJh a'oawGrSmqdk&if &&mvufeuf pGJudkifykefuefr_awGawmif ay:aygufvmcJhyg
w,f? ‘&ckdifolykef’ eJ@ ysOf;rem;e,frSm ‘v,fa0;v,form;olykef}uD;’ ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f?
+Adwo d #avabmtpd;k &[m 0rf;udu k af ew,fqw kd hJ qma':refprpfukd t*Fvef jyefac:vdu k &f
+yD; ArmtrsKd;om;acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ tqifajyEdkifr,fh bk&ifcHopfudk &SmazGa&G;cs,f&ygawmhw,f?
bk&ifco H pf rcef@Eikd rf D ‘qm[ife&DEu d_ ’f qdo k ul kd acwWb&k ifct H jzpfvw $ yf gw,f? zqyvtzGŒJ }uD;&JŒ
=oZm[m vlxk=um;rSm wufaeygw,f? e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;rSm tajccHpdwf"mwfcsif; wlnDae=uay
r,fh zqyvwGi;f &Sd uGejf rLepf-qk&d , S v f pfawG&ŒJ tm;òydirf e_ @J tjrifqikd &f m oabmxm;qkid &f m uGjJ ym;
r_awGuawmh xkeJ@xnfeJ@ jzpfay:vmaeygw,f? zqyv qdkwJh wyfaygif;pkqdkif;bkwfwckwnf;
atmufrSmjzpfayr,fh t"du ygwD}uD;ESpfckjzpfwJh uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ qdk&S,fvpfygwD[m olŒpnf;±Hk;a&;
eJ@ol/ olŒtiftm;eJ@olvnf; tòydiftqdkif wnf&Sdae=uygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ OD;aqmifr_
atmufrSm vlwef;pm;tvdkufqdkif&m or*~awG&Sdae=uovdk qdk&S,fvpfygwDatmufrSmvnf;
vlwef;pm;tvdkuf zGJŒpnf;xm;wJh ‘tpnf;t±Hk;’ awG pifòydifwnf&Sdaeygw,f? aemufxyf zqyv
tzGJŒcsKyftwGif;rSm ta&;}uD;tiftm;pkwcktjzpf jzpfwnfyg0ifvmwmuawmh 1945 ck 'DZifbm
(1) &ufae@rSmrS pwifzGJŒpnf;vdkufwJh jynfolŒ&JabmfwyfzGJŒjzpfygw,f?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ qkd&S,fvpfygwD/ jynfolŒ&Jabmf tzGJŒ (3)

zGŒJ &J@ nD!w G af &;udk tav;xm;cJyh gw,f? 'D (3) zGŒJ udk tajcwnf+yD; ‘vuf0n J !
D wG af &;’ udk tcdik t f
rmzGJŒpnf;vdkcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh taumiftxnfray:cJhyg?
zqyvtzGŒJ csKy}f u;D twGi;f rSm ygwt D zGŒJ tpnf;rsm;tjyif OD;Ek/ OD;baz/ 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsK/d [oFmw
OD;jr/ OD;wifxGÉfwdk@vdk xif&Sm;wJh woD;yk*~vrsm;vnf; ta&;}uD;ae&mawGrSm yg0ifae&m&xm;yg
w,f? 1946 ckESpf pufwifbmvrSm ordkif;0if taxGaxGoydwf}uD; pwifygw,f? OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@
qkd&S,fvpfawGu oydwfudkqdkif;iHxm;csifwJh oabmt,ltq&Sdygw,f? wzufu vufeufpk
aqmif;jyifqif+yD;rS taxGaxGoydwf}uD;udk ykvdyfoydwftxd jr‡ifhwifqifE$Jvdkw,fvdk@ ta=umif;jy
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v,form;ta&;rSmvnf; OD;ausm+f ird ;f / ocifwif wd@k u awmifov l ,form;awG awmif;qdck su&f atmif/
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pufwifbmv (5) &ufrSm acwftqufquf udkvdkeDvufyg;aptac:cH toHk;awmfcHcJh&wJh
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jzpfvmygw,f? 'k OuUÏ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m 0ef}uD;csKyfoabmjzpfvmcJhygw,f? qdk&S,fvpf
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ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;rSm a&SŒwef;ta&mufqHk;jzpfwJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m 1946 ckESpf
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tqdkuawmh wESpftwGif; ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;udk t*Fvdyfu a=unmay;zdk@/ a=unmray;&if
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d cf sKyfatmifqef;acgi;f aqmifwhJ zqyv tzGŒJ csKyf}uD;[m awmif;qdck suf (3) &yfukd bk&ifcH
uaewqifh +Adwdo#tpdk;&qD Edk0ifbmvxJrSmyJ ay;ydk@vdkufygw,f? awmif;qdkcsuf (3) &yfuawmh
(1) vuf&Sdtr_aqmiftzGJŒudk vHk;0tm%m&Sdaom =um;jzwftpdk;&tjzpf ajymif;vJay;&rnf? (2)
wdkif;ðyjynfðy v$wfawmfzGJŒpnf;a&;twGuf a&G;aumufyGJ}uD; usif;y&rnf? (3) Armjynftm; vHk;0
vGwv f yfaom wdik ;f jynftjzpf wESpt f wGi;f jzpfap&rnf[k a=unmay;&rnfqw kd mjzpfygw,f? 1947
ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (31) &ufae@ aemufqHk;xm;+yD; a=unmay;&ef rvdkufavsmygu tpdk;&tzGJŒrS E_wf
xGufr,fvdk@vnf; azmfjyvdkufygw,f?
zqyv&JŒ wESpt f wGi;f vGwv f yfa&;aºuG;a=umfoeH @J vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf tJG wGuf uGejf rLepf
ygwDu axmufcHcJhygw,f? yËdyuQawG uGJvGJr_awG=um;xJuae axmufcHvdkufwmjzpfygw,f?
1946/ 'DZifbmrSm +Adwdo#tpdk;&u Armtpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒudk vef'efvma&muf
aqG;aEG;zdk@ zdwf=um;&ygw,f? 'DZifbm (20) &ufrSm eef;&if0eftufwvDu “u|Ekfyfwdk@onf "eo
[m,e,ftwGif;Y raevdkolrsm;tm; ae&rnf[krwm;vdkyg? Armjynfolwdk@onf olwdk@qENt&
olw@kd . aemifa&;udk qH;k jzwfprD =H u&efjzpfygonf?” vd@k ygvrD efatmufvw $ af wmfrmS a=unmay;&yg
w,f?
vef'efukd roGm;cif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u jynfo/l zqyv/ wyfrawmfw@kd ukd toif&h =dS uyg/
pnf;vH;k nD!w G =f uygv@kd rSm=um;owday;ygw,f? jynfoŒl &Jabmfuv kd nf; toifjh yifz@kd rSm=um;xm;cJh
ygw,f? 1947 Zefe0g&D (2) &ufae@rmS Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k tzGŒJ tdE, dN jynf e,l;a'vDukd av,mOf
eJ@ pwifc&D;xGufygw,f? e,l;a'vDrSm owif;pmq&mawGu “ArmhvGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_rSm tEk
enf;oHk;rvm;/ t=urf;enf;oHk;rvm;” ar;=uygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfu “tajctaet&yJ/ u|efawmfwdk@
uawmh vufraES;ygb;l ” vd@k ajzcJyh gw,f? Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; acgi;f aqmifwhJ ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ rSm
yg0ifolawGuawmh/ ocifjr/ OD;baz/ OD;wifxGËf/ ocifApdefeJ@ *ÏKefOD;apmwdk@jzpfygw,f? ocifApdefeJ@
*ÏKefOD;apm[m bk&ifcHu a&G;cs,fv$wfwmjzpfygw,f? t=uHay;tjzpf vdkufygoGm;=uolawGu
awmh OD;ausmf+idrf;/ Akdvfp}uFm/ ocifcspf (a';'&J)/ OD;b&if rdwˆDvmwkd@ jzpfygw,f?
vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ OD;wnfcsuftwGuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; 1947 ckESpf
Zefe0g&v D xJrmS yJ ‘aemufq;kH wdu k yf vJG rf;pOf’ udck srw S +f y;D ‘zqyv uGejf rLepf nD!w G af &;wnfaqmuf
oGm;&ef’ qH;k jzwfvu kd yf gw,f? e,fcsŒJ orm;udk t+y;D wdik f wdu k x
f wk af &;twGuf jyifqifygw,f? e,fcsŒJ
orm;wdu k x f wk af &;twGuf vGwv f yfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_reS o f r#ukd yl;aygi;f tm;jznfzh @kd oabmxm; csrw S f
ygw,f?
Zefe0g&D (9) &ufae@rmS vef'efukd Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k a&mufygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;
wdk@&JŒ vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf; ta&;qdkr_udk tm;jznfhbdk@ ArmjynfwGif;uae vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ e,fcsJŒqef@
usifa&; tiftm;jyyGJ}uD; usif;yqifEGJygw,f? (10) &ufae@rSm v,form;ae@/ (11) &ufae@rSm
jynfolŒ&Jabmfae@/ (12) &ufae@rSm vcpm; tr_xrf;aygif;pHkae@/ (13) &ufae@ trsKd;orD;ae@/ (14)
&ufae@ tvkyo f rm;ae@/ (15) &ufae@ ausmif;om;ae@/ (16) &ufae@ zqyv ae@ pojzifh ae@tvdu k f
cGJ+yD; qENjy tiftm;jyv_yf&Sm;=uygw,f? tJ'Dv_yf&Sm;r_awGxJrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuvnf;

yl;aygif;tm;jznfh yg0ifcJhygw,f? tJ'DumvtwGif;rSm ‘&&if&r&&ifcs’ aºuG;a=umfoH xGufay:vmcJh

ygw,f?
Zefe0g&D (13) &ufae@rmS Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;eJ@ tufwvDw@kd pwifaqG;aEG;=uygw,f? aqG;aEG;
aepOfumvtwGi;f rSm ‘Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf &Sr;f jynfvx l .
k ud, k pf m;vS,rf [kw’f vd@k &Sr;f jynf
apmfbGm;tcsKdŒu vef'efudk oHóud;±dkufygw,f? &Srf;jynfu OD;bZH (tif;av;)/ OD;azcif/ OD;xGef;jrifh
pwJh vli,fawGu vlxktpnf;ta0;ac: +yD; &Srf;jynfvlxkudk,fpm;vS,fjzpfw,fqdkwJh qHk;jzwfcsuf
udkcsrSwf+yD; oHóud;jyef±dkufygw,f?
Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufae@txd aqG;aEG;yGJ (10) }udrfusif;y+yD; ‘atmifqef;-tufwvDpm
csKyf’ xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? pmcsKyfukd ud, k pf m;vS,w f zGŒJ wnf; twlyg0ifaqG;aEG;cJ=h uwJh ocifApdeef @J
*ÏKefO;D apmwd@k u yg0ifvuf rSwx f ;kd jcif;rðyyJ uef@uu G cf =hJ uygw,f? (Armjynfjyefa&mufwahJ emufvJ
0ef}uD;tjzpfuae E_wfxGufoGm;=uygw,f)
pmcsKyfyg oabmwlnDcsufawGt& tr_aqmifaumifpD[m =um;jzwftpdk;&tjzpf todt
rSwðf ycH&+yD; =um;jzwftpd;k & tm%m&vmygw,f? +Adwo d #vufeufuikd f wyfawGrt S y/ umuG,af &;
qdkif&m vufeufudkifwyfawGeJ@ EkdifiHjcm;a&;Xmeudk AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifwJh =um;jzwf
tpdk;&u tkyfcsKyfcGifh&ygw,f? udk,fydkif b¾ma&;tkyfcsKyfr_udk &&Sdygw,f? Armtpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,f
r[mrif;}uD;wOD; vef'efrSm xm;cGifh&ygw,f? jynfreJ@awmifwef;a'o tem*wf ta&;twGuf
awmifwef;a'o&JŒqEN,l&ef oabmwl=uygw,f? t&G,fa&mufolwdkif; rJay;EkdifwJhpepfeJ@ a&G;
aumufwJh wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf ac:cGifh&cJh&ygw,f? wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf&JŒ tqHk;tjzwfudk
+Adwdo#ygvDrefrSm twnfðyzdk@ wifoGif;&r,fvdk@ oabmwlcJh=uygw,f?
azazmf0g&v D qef;rSm Advk cf sKyfatmifqef; Armjynfjyefa&mufvmygw,f? Armjynf jyefa&muf
a&mufcsi;f atmifqef;-tufwvD pmcsKyfe@J ywfouf+yD; wdik ;f jynfukd wm0ef,l &Si;f vif;ajym=um;&m
rSm ‘vGwv f yfa&;r&cJah o;a=umif;/ od@k &mwGif enf;vrf;udo k m&&Scd ahJ =umif;/ ,if;enf;vrf;udk taumif
txnfazmf&eftwGuf wwdkif;wjynfvHk; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfzdk@vdka=umif;’ vdk@ twdtvif; xkwfazmf
oGm;cJhygw,f?
1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D (5) &ufae@txd &efukefòrdŒ Aifweftxdrf;trSwf cef;rrSm u&if
trsKd;om;uGef*&uf usif;yygw,f? u&iftrsKd;om; (700) ausmf wufa&mufygw,f? tJ'DrSm
u&ifA[dktzGJŒcsKyf (KCO) eJ@ u&ifvli,frsm;tpnf;t±Hk; (KYO) aygif;+yD;/ ‘u&iftrsKd;om;tzGJŒ
csKyf’ (KNU) zGJŒpnf;EdkifcJhygw,f? uGef*&ufrSm autif,luvJ atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfudk
uef@uGufa=umif; +Adwdo#eef;&if0efqDudk oHóud;±dkufygw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;[m Ekid if w H 0ef;oGm;+y;D wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; pnf;vH;k a&;/ twlwuG jynfaxmif
pk}u;D xlaxmifa&; a[majymygw,f? yifvn kH vD mcH}u;D ay:vmygw,f? &Sr;f jynfyifvòkH rŒd rSm &Sr;f / ucsi/f
csif; udk,fpm;vS,fawG pka0;=uygw,f? u&ifeJ@ u&ifeDu avhvmoltjzpfyJ wufa&mufygw,f?
autif,lu z'dk0D&Dausmf/ oxHk OD;vSaz/ apmpHau;eJ@ OD;cspfwD;wdk@ avhvmoltjzpf wufa&mufyg
w,f? yifvHknDvmcH}uD;&JŒ &v'ftjzpf ordkif;0if yifvHkpmcsKyf xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? azazmf0g&Dv
(12) &ufae@rmS yifvpkH mcsKyfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k +yD; awmifwef;eJ@ ajrjyef@ waygi;f wnf; vGwv f yfa&;

&,la&; qHk;jzwfEkdifcJh=uygw,f? yifvHkpmcsKyfudk ArmEkdifiHtpdk;&udk,fpm; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ &Srf;/

ucsif/ csif; udk,fpm;vS,f (22) OD;u vufrSwfa&;xdk;chJygw,f?
yifvHknDvmcHusif;yaepOftwGif;rSmyJ &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;[m “awmifwef;
om;rsm;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;OD;pD;tzGJŒ’ udkvnf; zGJŒpnf;cJh=uygw,f? OuUÏ [m pyfa&$odkufjzpf+yD;
'k OuUÏ u qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif jzpfygw,f?
tJ'u D mvtwGi;f rSm wzufu trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;twGuf óud;yrf; tm;xkwrf _
awGawGŒ&ovdk/ rSefrSefuefuefvrf;a=umif;qDa&muf&Sda&;udk wGef;wifEdk;aqmfay;r_awG awGŒ&ovdk/
tjcm;wzufrSm aoG;uGJr_awG tm%mòydifqdkifr_awG *dk%f;*%v_yf&Sm;r_awG[mvnf; tqufrjywf
qufvufjzpfay:aecJhygw,f?
atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfa=umifh uGejf rLepfygwu D ‘rdwaf qGatmifqef;b,fv’J qkw d hJ
pmtkyfudk xkwfa0+yD; owday;&if; EkdifiHa&;t,ltqawGudk wifjyygw,f?
tm%mwydik ;f &jzpfaewJh zqyvtzGŒJ }uD;twGi;f rSm qd&k , S v f pf-jynfoŒl &Jabmf yËdyuQ[m
ay:ay:xifxif jzpfwnfvmae+yD; qdk&S,fvpfygwDuvnf; “atmifqef; cg;ydkufaqmifwyf jynfolŒ
&Jabmf” “zufqpfatmifqef;b,fvJ”pwJh a=unmcsufawG xkwfjyefvmwmawGŒ&ygw,f? e,f
awGrSm uGefjrLepf-qdk&S,fvpfyËdyuQ xdyfwef;a&mufaeovdk/ jynfol@&Jabmf-qkd&S,fvpf&efyGJawG
vnf; xdy+f yJ acgi;f uGt J ajctae ay:ayguaf eygw,f? jynfoŒl &Jabmfbufu Adv k pf ed rf eS f acgi;f aqmif
+yD; ‘iSufzsm;wdkufzsufa&; jcifrsKd;ðzwfa&;pDrHudef;’ vdk ‘qkd&S,fvpfrsKd;ðzwfa&;pDrHudef;’ awmif toH
xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? qd&k , S v
f pfawG&ŒJ npfywfrr_ sK;d pHu k kd rcHEikd v
f eG ;f vd@k vd@k qykd gw,f? tJ'pD rD u H ed ;f ocifEk
em;aygufoGm;+yD; aròrdŒa&mufaewJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ta&;w}uD; ac:,lwdkif=um; ajz&Sif;cJh&
w,fqdkygw,f? AdkvfpdefrSefu jynfol@&JabmfwyfzGJŒudk EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yftoGif ajymif;vJwnf
aqmufz@kd Adv k cf sKyfukd wifjyem;ylwthJ cg Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;u cg;cg;oD;oD; jiif;y,fc±hJ rkH u “uGejf rLepf
ygww D &yf&+dS yD;jzpf&if aemufxyfygwo D pf raxmif&bl;? rif;wd@k vkd oabmxm;rsK;d igrh mS &Scd &hJ if tapm
}uD;uwnf;u pifòydiyf gwaD xmifcrhJ mS ayg?h raxmiftyfraxmifaumif;vd@k raxmifyaJ ecJw h mjzpfw,f?
rif;wdk@vnf;raxmif&bl;?” vdk@ jywfjywfom;om; ydwfyifwm;jrpfcJhygw,f? wqufwnf;rSmyJ
“wm;r&vd@k ZGwaf xmifcsiw f ,fq&kd ifvnf; axmif=uayg?h 'gayrJh iguawmh b,fawmhrS rygEikd b f ;l ?”
vdk@ ,wdjywf ydwfajym+yD; olŒ&yfwnfcsufudk azmfxkwfjyocJhw,fvdk@qdkygw,f?
1947 ckESpf/ rwfvrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD OD;pD;wJh ‘jzL;awmifolv,form; uGef*&uf’
jzL;e,frmS usi;f yygw,f? Zefe0g&/D azaz:0g&x D rJ mS yJc;l e,frmS awmifov l ,form;rsm;&JŒ qeford ;f yG/J
qefvkyJG/ v,form;wkdufyGJawG ay:ayguf+yD;cgp tajctaerSm usif;ywmjzpfygw,f? yJcl;e,f/
ykodrfe,f ‘qefodrf;yGJ’ ‘qefoydwfxm;jcif;’ wdk@udk jynfolŒ&JabmfeJ@ qdk&S,fvpfrsm; zqyvrsm;
ud, k w f ikd f yg0ifqifEcJG =hJ uygw,f? tJ'v D y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;udk uGejf rLepfygwu D axmufccH +hJ yD; jzL;uGe*f &ufrmS
ygwDtoD;oD;&JŒ &duQmwdkufyGJtajctaeawGudk qef;ppf+yD; &duQmwdkufyGJrsm; z±dkz&Jrjzpfap&? pepf
wuspnf;±Hk;+yD; wdkufwJhwdkufyGJrsm;jzpfapa&;/ y±dk*sufbkwfwdk@udkom t"duOD;wnfwdkufwJh e,fcsJŒpD;
yGm;a&;pepfudkom OD;wnfwdkufwJh wkdufyGJrsm;jzpfapa&;wdk@twGuf EdkifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsufudk csrSwf
qHk;jzwfwm vkyfygw,f?

qdk&S,fvpfawGu 'DqefvkyJGawG[m zqyvtpdk;&udk t=uyftwnf;jzpfatmif uGefjrLepf

awGu vkyfaqmifapwm/ wcsKdŒe,fawGrSm qdk&S,fvpfeJ@ jynfolŒ&JabmfawG[m vlxk}uD; uGefjrLepf
awGbuf ygroGm;apa&;twGuf tzGJŒcsKyfu !¸ef=um;csufr&rDtwGif; qefvkyGJawGrSm a&m¹yGrf;+yD;
yg0ifaqmif&u G cf whJ m/ {+yDv a&G;aumufyeJG m;eD;+yDr@kd zqyveJ@ vlxu k kd vSn&hf efwu dk af y;+yD; uGejf rLepf
awG vlxkaxmufcHr_&atmif &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd vkyfaqmifwmvdk@ jrif=uygw,f? twdtvif; pGyfpGJ
ajymqdkwmawGvnf; vkyfygw,f?
atmifqef;-tufwvD oabmwlncD sut f & ppf+yD;acwf Armjynf&ŒJ yxrqH;k aom ‘wdik ;f ðy
jynfðy v$waf wmfa&G;aumufy’JG udk 1947/ {+yDvrSm usi;f yygw,f? pkpak ygi;f ae&m (255) ae&m&Scd ahJ y
r,fh (182) ae&mtwGufyJ jynfrrSm,SOfòydif a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf=u&wmjzpfygw,f? usef (73)
ae&m[m vlrsKd;pkrsm;eJ@ ujym;rsm;twGuf oD;oef@ csefxm;cJGa0ay;cJh&ygw,f? u&iftrsKd;om;rsm;
(24) ae&m/ &Srf;trsKd;om;rsm; (23)/ ucsiftrsKd;om;rsm; (7)/ csif;trsKd;om;rsm; (7)/ u&ifeDtrsKd;
om;rsm; (2)/ tjcm; awmifwef;a'o wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; (6) ae&meJ@ t*Fvyd -f Arm ujym;rsm; (4)
ae&m/ pkpkaygif; (73) ae&mjzpfygw,f?
'Dwdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJudk *VKefOD;apm/ ocifApdef/ a'gufwmbarmfwdk@
‘apmpdefarmf’ *dk%f;u oydwfarSmufovdk/ ocifpdk;&JŒ tvHeDygwDuvnf; oydwfarSmufygw,f?
apmbOD;}uD; acgi;f aqmifwhJ autif,u l vnf; oydwaf rSmuf uef@uu G cf yhJ gw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepf
ygwDu ygw&D ŒJ vrf;pOfcsjyEkid af &;eJ@ v$waf wmfwiG ;f rSm ygw&D ŒJ toH azmfxw k Ef idk af &;twGu&f nf&, G +f y;D
0ifa&muf ,SOòf ydif ta&G;cs,cf yH gw,f? ae&mtm;vH;k rSm r,SOòf ydiyf /J ae&mtenf;pkuav;rSmyJ vuf
a&G;piftrwfawGeJ@ ,SOfòydifygw,f? ysOf;rem;c±dkif (&rnf;oif;c±dkif) rSm (6) ae&m ,SOfòydifta&G;cs,f
cH&m rSm (4) ae&m tEdkif&cJhw,fqdkygw,f?
ArmjynfrtwGuf ae&m (182) ae&mrSm zqyvu (171) ae&m/ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD
u (7) ae&m/ woD; yk*~vu (4) ae&m tEdkif&&Sda&G;cs,fcHcJh=u&ygw,f?
arv (23) &ufae@rmS zqyvu ‘y%mrjyifqifrn _ v
D mcH}uD;’ udk usi;f yygw,f? zqyv
tvkyt f r_aqmif (11) OD;/ A[dOk ;D pD;0if (25) OD;/ c±dik uf ,
kd pf m;vS,f (30) OD;/ zqyv trwf (45) OD;/
aygif; (111) OD;yg aumfrDwDzGJŒpnf;+yD; tajccHOya'rl=urf; a&;qGJa&;udk pDpOfygw,f?
1947 arvxJrmS yJ u&iftrsK;d om;rsm; tusK;d pD;yGm;udk umuG,af pmifah &Smufz@kd / u&iftrsK;d
om;rsm;&JŒ autif,'l t D kd tzGŒJ }uD;ay:ayguv
f mygw,f? (=o*kwv f rSm autif,'l t D ukd ae autif
'Dtdk vdk@ emrnfajymif;vJ ac:a0:ygw,f)
ZGefvrSm wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf tpnf;ta0;}uD; pwifusif;yygw,f? zqyv }uD;xJu
jynfolŒ&Jabmftrwfrsm;u ,leDazmif;0wfeJ@ v$wfawmfwufvmovdk qdk&S,fvpfygwD0iftrwf
rsm;uvnf; umuD,el aD zmif;0wf+yD; v$waf wmfwufvm±Hrk u vnfp;D teDawmif wyfqifvmvdu k f
=uygao;w,f? uGefjrLepftrwf (7) OD;vnf; yg0ifwufa&mufygw,f? ocifEkudk v$wfawmf OuUÏ
tjzpf a&G;cs,fygw,f? tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDawGzGJ@=uygw,f? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH
Oya'rlawGukd Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u ZGev f 16 &ufae@rmS wifoiG ;f +yD; v$waf wmfu wnDw!Gwx f J
twnfjyKygw,f? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk Oya'rl=urf;udk aqG;aEG;=uwJhtcg uGefjrLepftrwfawGvJ

yg0ifaqG;aEG;cJhygw,f? wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfu a&;qGJxm;wJhtkyfcsKyfa&;rSm AsL±dkua&pD

taqmufttHkudk rzsufyJ rlvtwdkif;xm;wmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ udk,fpm;vS,f
uGejf rLepftrwfrsm;u ‘jyifqifcsu’f wifoiG ;f cJ=h uygw,f? 'gayr,fh zqyv-uGejf rLepf nD!w G af &;
r&&Sdao;csdefrSm e,fcsJ@orm;eJ@ azmufjyefa&;orm;awGudk toHk;cs&ef vufeufay;ovdk jzpfrSm
pdk;vdk@qdk+yD; ‘jyifqifcsuf’awGudk ±kyfodrf;cJhw,fqdkygw,f?
1947 ckESpf/ ZGefv (18) &ufae@rSm ‘ArmEdkifiHudk vGwfvyfaom orRwEdkifiHawmftjzpf
xlaxmif+yD; +Adwdo# "eo[m,tkyfpktjyifbufwGif oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm aexdkifjcif;ðyrnf’ qdkwJh
qHk;jzwfcsufudk wnDw!Gwfwnf; qHk;jzwfcJh=uygw,f? tJ'DqHk;jzwfcsufudk udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒorm;
t*Fvyd af wG rcHr&yfEikd jf zpf=uw,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? +Adwo d #ygvrD efrmS ‘c&Geb f -D jr’ b¾ma&; oabm
wlnDcsuft& ArmEdkifiH&oHk;aiG&JŒ vdkaiGtwGuf axmufyhH&efxm;cJhwJh uwdudkawmif jyefvnfzsuf
odr;f zd@k atmf}uD;[pfus,f ajymcJ=h uw,fqykd gw,f? wu,fu ‘c&Geb f -D jr’ pmcsKyf[m Armjynfu
emwJph mcsKyfjzpfygw,f? (wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmfa&G;aumufyJG jyifqifusi;f yaecdu k u f mvrSm csKyfqckd hJ
wJh pmcsKyfjzpf+y;D / Armjynfbufu =um;jzwftpd;k & b¾ma&;0ef}u;D ocifjreJ@ +Aw d o d #bufu ‘c&Geb f ’D
qdo k l ud, k pf m;ðyvufrw S x
f ;kd cJw
h hJ b¾ma&;qdik &f m pmcsKyw
f ckjzpfygw,f? ppf+y;D acwf ArmEdik if x H al xmif
a&;twGuf +Adwed u f a&$'*F g; (18) oef; acs;iSm;ay;a&;eJ@ Armjynfu òrdŒjytkycf sKyfa&;omru Arm
Edik if rH Smusef&SdcJhwJh taxGaxGypPnf;rsm;&JŒ ukefusaiGudkyg +Adwdeftm; jyefvnfay;oGif;&ef oabm
wlnDcsufjzpfygw,f?)
+Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ orm;awG[m Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;vdk trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmifwa,mufukd jref
jrefqefqef z,f&Sm;csifvm=uygw,f? ppf+yD;puvnf; vlowfr_eJ@zrf;qD;+yD; z,f&Sm;a&; ratmifr
jrif jzpfcJh+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@&JŒajcvSrf;udk wae@wjcm; ydkrdkod&Sdae+yD jzpfygw,f?
zqyv wGif; azmufjyefa&;orm;wcsKdŒ&JŒ ajcvSrf;awGudkvnf; odjrifem;vnf aecJh+yDjzpfygw,f?
(om"utm;jzifh +Adwo d #e@J y;l aygi;f a&;udk tjyif;txeftm;xkwaf ewJh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; 0ef}uD;
OD;bazudk zqyvtzGŒJ csKyfuae xkwyf ,fc&hJ +y;D +yD jzpfygw,f? Adv k cf sKyftud&k if; OD;atmifoef; qd&k , S f
vpfygw0D ifwek ;f uvnf; Adv k cf sKyuf “urBmrSm qd&k , S v
f pfygwq D wkd m tacsmiform;awGAs” vk@d ajym+y;D
rESpfòrdŒa=umif; jyocJhzl;w,fqdkygw,f?)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m e,fcsJŒorm;&JŒajcvSrf; azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;&JŒ ajcvSrf;awGudk
wm;qD;zd@k ‘nD!w G af &;vufeuf’ eJ@ wm;qD;ckczH @kd jyifygw,f? zqyv-uGejf rLepfn! D wG af &;udk jyefvnf
wnfaqmufzdk@ pdkif;jyif;pDrHvmcJhygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; 1947 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dvuwnf;u
aemufqHk;wdkufyGJvrf;pOfcs+yD; zqyv-uGefjrLepf nD!Gwfa&; wnfaqmuf&ef aºuG;a=umfxm;+yD;
jzpfygw,f?
+Awd od #e,fcsŒJ orm;&JŒ ppfwyftwGi;f vufeufwu kd uf b&if;*ef; (200) eJ@ cJ,rf; rD;ausmuf
tajrmuftrsm; cdk;xkwfcH&wJhowif;/ aysmufqHk;aea=umif;owif; ZGefv (24) &ufae@rSm xGufay:
vmygw,f? (t*Fvdyfppfwyf&JŒ ppfOD;pD;csKyf vufzwifeif *sife&,fb&pf udk,fwdkif b&if;*ef;awG
OD;apmvufxJ a&mufoGm;a=umif; od+yD;jzpfygw,f?)

t*Fvyd pf pfwyftwGi;f u b&if;*ef;tvuf (200) eJ@ cJ,rf;rD;ausmufawG cd;k xkwcf &H a=umif;
owif;udo k wif;pmrsm;uvnf; pmvH;k rJ}u;D awGe@J azmfjycJ=h uygw,f? jynfoŒl tm%m*sme,f/ uGejf rL
epfowif;pmwk@d uvnf; 'Dowif;udk ta&;}u;D owif;tjzpf tav;wifazmfjycJ=h uygw,f? om,m0wD
e,fbufrmS vnf; 'Dowif;[m ysŒH ES@H aecJyh gw,f? t*Fvyd pf pfwyfe@J wm0ef&t dS &m&S}d u;D rsm;[m olw@kd
udk,fwdkif yl;aygif;yg0ifvkyfaqmifxm;cJhwJh udpPjzpfwJhtwGuf vlxk=um;rSm 'Dowif;[m awmrD;
yrmysHŒESH@aeayr,fh bmrSta&;,laqmif&Gufr_ rvkyfyJ rodusKd;u|H vkyfaecJh=uygw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m ‘aygi;f jcif;aygi;f v#if uGejf rLepfygwED iS o
hf m aygi;f rnf’ qdw k hJ rde@f ceG ;f udk
twdtvif;ajym=um;vm+yD; uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ nD!Gwfa&;wnfaqmufzdk@ jyifqifvmcJhygw,f?
Zlvdkifv (13) &uf òrdŒawmfcef;rrSm rdef@cGef;ac|wJhtcgrSmvnf; ‘ArmjynfrSm vltrsKd;rsKd;
tcsif;csif;ruGJzdk@/ vli,fydkif;jzpfwJh vuf0Jorm;tcsif;csif; ruGJ=uzdk@ owday;vdkw,f’ vdk@
xyfqifhzGifh[jyef ygw,f? òrdŒawmfcef;r aemufqHk; rdef@cGef;&Snf}uD; ajym=um;t+yD;rSm zqyv
uGefjrLepfnD!Gwfa&; twGuf aqG;aEG;=uzdk@ ocifoef;xGef;qDudkvnf; w&m;0if&ufcsdef;ay;
zdwf=um;vdkufygw,f?
Zlvikd v f (19) &uf reuf 10 em&D 37 rdepfrmS trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif}uD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;
wd@k wawG vl,w k rf mrsm;&JŒ vky=f uHowfjzwfjcif;udk cHvukd =f u&ygawmhw,f? =um;&olwikd ;f wkev f y_ f
oGm;=u&ovdk 0rf;enf;yufvuf ,lóuH;r&jzpfcJh=u&ygw,f?
tJ'Dae@naerSmyJ aysmufqHk;aew,fqdkwJh vufeufawGudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; *VKefOD;apmtdrf
udk aomif;use;f r_ ESrd ef if;a&;wyfe@J &Jrsm;u 0ifa&muf&mS azGygw,f? vufeufawGuv kd nf; azmfxw k f
&SmazG odr;f qnf;rdc+hJ yD; OD;apmeJ@ OD;apmtdr&f dS vltm;vH;k udvk nf; zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f cJyh gw,f? 'gayr,fh
tJ'Dtcsdeftxd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ acgif;aqmifawGudk b,folvkyf=uHowfjzwfcJhovJqdkwm
wdwu d susrajymqdEk ikd =f uao;ygb;l ? qd&k ,S vf pfawGu “'gæuGejf rLepfawGvufcsuaf erSmvd@k wD;wd;k
0g'jzef@ pGypf =JG uovdk jynfoŒl &Jabmfrsm;uvnf; aoewfwjyifjyif jzpfc=hJ uw,fv@kd qykd gw,f? tajc
tae[m twdr;f tapmif;rcHEikd af vmufatmif ±_yaf xG;aecJ+h yD; ajcwvSr;f rSm;v#if owf=ujzwf=ueJ@
jynfwGif;ppfrD; xawmufvmEdkifwJh taetxm;jzpfygw,f? tJ'DtajctaerSm AdkvfcsKyfwdk@vkyf=uH
cH&+yD; aemufw&ufrmS yJ awmufavmifvmvke;D jynfwiG ;f ppfuw kd m;qD;zd@k uGejf rLepfygwD taxGaxG
twGi;f a&;rSL; ocifoef;xGe;f u “wu,fvyk }f uHrw _ &m;cH[m e,fcsŒJ orm;eJ@ e,fcsŒJ vufyg;aprsm;
omjzpfa=umif; vufrSwfa&;xdk; xkwfjyefa=unmvdkufygw,f? w&m;cHtppftrSef e,fcsJŒorm;udk
rD;armif;xdk;jy+yD; EdkifiHa&;tjrif &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;eJ@ rSefrSefuefuefaxmufjyay;cJhygw,f? ypfrSwfrSef
&Smr&yJ od@k avm od@k avm jzpfae=uwJh jynforl sm; 0if;ueJ&iS ;f ueJ jzpfomG ;+yD; e,fcsŒJ tay: rke;f wD;r_
aZmif; [kef;ceJa&mufoGm;oavmuf e,fcsJŒorm;wdk@tzdk@ xdwfvef@wkefv_yfoGm;cJh&ygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@ vkyf=uHcH&+yD;+yD;csif; bk&ifcHqm[l;bwf&ef@u OD;Ekudk tpdk;&zGJŒ cdkif;yg
w,f? ocifEkacgif;aqmifwJh tpdk;&tzGJŒ ay:aygufvmygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@ vkyf=uHowfjzwfcH&r_}uD; aemufuG,frSm +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒorm;awG
trSefyJ twGif;usus ywfoufcJhygw,f? t*Fvdyfppfwyfudk,fwdkif yg0ifywfoufcJhygw,f? Armjynf
&Sd t*Fvdyfppfwyf t&m&Sdrsm;u vufeufawG cdk;xkwfay;jcif;eJ@ywfoufcJhovdk t*Fvdyfppfwyf&JŒ

wm0eft&Sq d ;kH Akv

d cf sKyf/ Adv
k rf LS ;csKyf}u;D rsm; axmufvrS ;f a&;tzGŒJ &JŒ t}u;D qH;k wm0ef&o dS rl sm;[m aysmuf
qHk;oGm;w,fqdkwJh vufeufawG OD;apmxH a&mufoGm;rSef;odvsufeJ@ zHk;zHk;zdzdvkyfxm;cJh=uygw,f?
tvdw k l tvdyk gvyk cf =hJ uwmjzpfygw,f? &nf&, G cf sut f rSeu f Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;vdk e,fcsŒJ qef@usif
a&;tjrif&Sdol ppfrSefwJh wdkif;cspfjynfcspfpdwf&Sdol trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifwa,mufudk z,f&Sm;ypf+yD;/
OD;apmvdk tm%m±l; tvkad wmf&w d a,mufvufxJ Armjynfukd xm;csicf w hJ mjzpfygw,f? qufvuf
+y;D udv k ekd ðD ycsiaf ecJ=h uwmjzpfygw,f? tJ'v D kd wm0efukd vuf&ZJ uf&J xrf;aqmifEikd rf ,fo h [ l m OD;apm
jzpfw,fqw kd m ,H=k unf+yD; ,l*ef'guae Armjynfjyefac:vm/ a&mufa&mufcsi;f tpd;k &tzGŒJ wGi;f oGi;f
ay;/ wav#mufv;kH Adv k cf sKyfw@kd ukd twdu k t f cHvyk af eapcJw h m jzpfygw,f? yxrqH;k t}udrf vlowfr_
eJ@ pGJcsufwifz,f&Sm;a&; ratmifjrifcJh&yJ EdkifiHa&;enf;vrf;t& óud;yrf;wmawG ±_H;edrfcJh&wJhtwGuf
ppfwyfu ppfwyfenf;eJ@ óud;yrf;zd@k vufeufawGxw k af y;+yD; vky=f uHa&;vrf;udk taumiftxnfay:
apcJhwmjzpfygw,f? vHk;0vGwfvyfa&; &,l+yD; "eo[m,xJvnf; rae&efqHk;jzwfvdkufwJhtay:
rausrcsrf;jzpfcJh=u&wJh e,fcsJŒorm;awG[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u zqyv-uGefjrLepfnD!Gwfa&;
wnfaqmufEikd zf @kd vuf0n J !D w G af &;wnfaqmufEikd zf @kd tcdik t f rmajcvSr;f awG vSr;f vmwJt h cg vky=f uH
a&;udk jrefjrefqefqef taumiftxnfay:atmif tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyay;vdu k =f uwmjzpfygw,f?
vkyf=uHr_a=umifh OD;apmtpdk;& wufvmEkdifv#if wufvm/ rwufvmEdkifawmif OD;apmwdk@vdk
vlawGvufxJ vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufawG tajrmuftrsm;&Sdaeapjcif;tm;jzifh jynfwGif;ppfrD;
awmufavmifvmap&ef &nf&G,fcJhyHkvJ&ygw,f? vkyf=uHa&;oufoufavmuftxdqdk&if vufeuf
tenf;i,f usnftenf;i,f xkwfay;±HkeJ@ vHkavmufEdkifrSef;odygvsuf tJ'Dacwfu taumif;qHk;
avmufjzpfaewJh b&if;*ef; pwif;*ef; tvuf (200) ausmfeJ@ usnfqH odef;csD xkwfay;cJhwmudk
=unfhr,fqdk&if e,fcsJŒorm;awG&JŒ oabmxm;[m jynfwGif;ppfjzpfa&;qdkwm &Sif;aecJhygw,f?
uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ azmfxw k af xmufjycsuaf =umifh wkev f y_ of mG ;cJ&h wJh e,fcsŒJ bk&ifc[ H m ocifEk
udk tpd;k &zGŒJ ap+y;D wmeJ@wòyid ef uf t*Fvyd q f ef@usiaf &; vlxt k ºkH urG }_ u;D rsm; jzpfay:rvmapa&;twGuf
,Of,Ofaus;aus; pum;vH;k awGo;kH +yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ekukd jyif;jyif;xefxef owday;wm;cJw h ,fv@kd qykd g
w,f? tJ'o D wday;csuu f awmh “owif;pmrsm;u pmvH;k rJ}uD;rsm;jzifh qufvufa&;oGm;=urnfqkd
v#if vGwfvyfa&;twGuf qdk;0g;aom tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; jzpfvmzG,f&Sda=umif;” vdk@ owday;
w,fqdkygw,f? =um;jzwftpdk;& 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEkuvnf; vkyf=uHr_eJ@ywfouf+yD; t*Fvdyfppfwyf
&JŒ yg0ifywfoufaer_udk zHk;zHk;zdzd vkyfay;cJhovdk um,HuHajrmuf aqmuf&GufcJh&ygw,f? “vkyf=uHr_
}uD;wGif t*Fvyd w f @kd yg0ifywfoufaeonft h a=umif;udk owif;pmrsm;rSjzpfap/ vlxak [majymr_rsm;
rSmjzpfap vH;k 0pGypf aJG jym=um;jcif;rðy=u&ef owday;cJo h vdk ta&;ydik f (c±dik 0f ef) rsm;udv k nf; txufyg
twdkif; ajymqdkpGyfpGJolrsm;tm; vdktyfovdkta&;,l&ef !¸ef=um;xm;cJhw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? (tajc
taerSefawGudk odvmygvsuf/ zHk;zHk;zdzd vkyfay;cJhwm[m “vGwfvyfa&;twGuf taESmuft,Suf
jzpfrSmpdk;vdk@qdkygw,f? t*Fvdyfwdk@&JŒ ppfwyfyg0ifywfoufaer_udk t*Fvdyfwdk@u zHk;zHk;zdzd atmif
atmifjrifjrif vkyEf ikd o f mG ;cJjh cif;[m tJ'w D ek ;f u ocifEak cgi;f aqmifwhJ Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;uvnf;
jynfoludk todray;yJ zHk;zdxm;cJh=uwma=umifhjzpfygw,f)

nD!Gwfa&;a&mifjcnfudk jyefvnfjrif&csdefrSmyJ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; vkyf=uHcHvdkuf&wm[m

wwdkif;wjynfvHk;&JŒ uH=urRmudk qdk;0g;oGm;apcJhovdk uGefjrLepfygwD twGufvnf; tifrwef}uD;rm;
wJh qH;k ±_;H epfemr_}u;D jzpfcyhJ gw,f? uGejf rLepfygwu D Zlvikd f (30) rSm ‘vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;od@k ’ pmwrf;xkwf
ygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDu ‘zqyv nD!Gwfa&;’ twGuf olwdk@&JŒ (47) ckESpf Zefe0g&D qHk;jzwfcsuf
aemufq;kH wdu k yf vJG rf;pOftwdik ;f qufvufóud;yrf;ygw,f? ocifEek @J ocifoef;xGe;f wG+J yD; vlowf0g'
±_wfcsyGJw&m;awG ysOf;rem;e,frSm a[mygw,f? ‘nD!Gwfa&;’ w&m;yGJawGvnf; e,ftESH vdkuf+yD;
a[mygw,f?
Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k r&Sad wmhwt hJ cg zqyvtzGŒJ }uD;xJrmS qd&k , S v f pfawG yd+k yD;wGiu
f s,f
vmcJhygw,f? tm%m&t0dkif;t0ef;rSm qkd&S,fvpfawG trsm;pkjzpfvmcJhygw,f? ocifEku 0ef}uD;
csKyfjzpfayr,fh zqyvtzGJ@csKyf OuUÏ jzpfayr,fh ygwDvufudkifr&Sd jzpfygw,f?
uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ oabmxm;u zqyv-uGefjrLepfnD!Gwfa&;t&trd wnfaqmuf+yD;
nD!Gwfa&;tm;eJ@ e,fcsJŒorm;udk jywfjywfom;om; wdkufxkwfa&;/ vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;jzpfygw,f?
zqyv-uGefjrLepfnD!Gwfa&; wnfaqmufEdkifzdk@ &Edkifor#enf;vrf;pHkukd &SmazG+yD;/ ocifoef;xGef;
uae zqyvOuUÏ ocifEq k D vdyrf +l y;D zqyv-uGejf rLepf nD!w G af &;twGuf =o*kwv f (14) &ufae@
ae@pGJeJ@ yxrqHk;w&m;0if ay;pm ay;ydk@urf;vSrf;ygw,f? zqyvtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; OD;AaqGu
vufrw S af &;xd;k +yD; OD;Ekqu D wqifh uGejf rLepfygwu D kd ‘zqyv&JŒjyefpm’ =o*kwv f (25) &uf ae@peJG @J
jyefygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDu vkdufem&r,fh nD!Gwfa&;tajccHtcsuf (5) csufudkvnf; azmfjyxm;
ygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDu pufwifbm (8) &ufae@pGJeJ@ zqyv&JŒjyefpmudk jyefvnf&Sif;vif;wJhpm
('kwd,ay;pm) tjzpf ocifEku wqifh ay;jyefygw,f? zqyvu awmif;qdkwJh nD!Gwfa&;tajccH
(5) csuq f w kd mudk wke@f jyef&iS ;f vif;jy+yD; nD!w G af &;twGuf aqG;aEG;=uzd@k tcsed f ae@&uf csed ;f qdak &;udk
wdkufwGef;awmif;cHxm;ygw,f?
'Dumv=um;xJrSm (47) =o*kwfv (29) &ufae@rSm ‘vusfmz&D;rif;’ pmcsKyf ay:xGufvmyg
w,f? vusfmz&D;rif;pmcsKyfu umuG,fa&;oabmwlnDcsuf pmcsKyfjzpfygw,f? 'D umuG,fa&;
oabmwlncD supf mcsKyf[mvnf; c&Geb f -D jr b¾ma&;oabmwlncD supf mcsKyfvkd Armjynfbufu
emcJh&wJhpmcsKyfjzpfygw,f?
1947/ pufwifbm (24) &ufae@ nae (3) em&D (29) rdepfrSm wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf
OuUÏ pyfa&$ou kd u f aemufq;kH twnfðyvufrw S af &;xd;k vdu
k +f yD;/ Armjynf&ŒJ yxrqH;k aom zGŒJ pnf;
tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya' (1947) ay: xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? v$waf wmf yxrnDvmcH (9-6-47) ae@uae
wwd,t}udrfnDvmcH (24-9-47)ae@txd (108) &uftwGif; +yD;pD;atmifa&;qGJcJh=uwJh zGJŒpnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'jzpfygw,f? 'DtajccHOya'xJrSm tm;enf;csufawGvnf; yg0ifaecJhw,fvdk@qdk
ygw,f?
+Adwo d #tpd;k &JŒ zdwaf c:csut f & atmufwb kd mvxJrmS Armjynf =um;jzwftpd;k & 0ef}uD;csKyf
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}uD; AdkvfvusfmeJ@ AkdvfxGef;vif;wdk@wawGvnf; vdkufygoGm;=uygw,f? ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;
twGuf t+yD;tydkif aqG;aEG;vufrSwfa&;xdk;=uzdk@jzpfygw,f? ArmEdkifiHqdkif&m tm%mydkiftzGJŒudk
eef;&if;0eftufwvDu acgif;aqmifaqG;aEG;jyygw,f?
atmufwdkbm (17) &ufae@rSm ‘Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyf’ udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;zdk@ oabmwlnD

vdkuf=uygw,f? 'DpmcsKyft& +Adwdo#tpdk;&u udkvdkeDArmEdkifiHudk vGwfvyf+yD; tcsKyftcsmtm%m
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ukv d ekd aD cwf ArmEdik if o H rdik ;f wav#muf +Adwo d #tpd;k &u ArmEdik if u H ,kd pf m; csKyfqx kd m;cJw h hJ Edik if w
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pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ywfouf+yD;awmhvnf; +Adwo d #uv kd ekd o
D rm;rsm;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk vGwf
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w&m;r#wwJh av#mfa=u;ay;ygr,fvdk@ wm0ef,lcJh&ygw,f? b¾ma&;eJ@ywfouf+yD;awmhvnf;
udkvdkeDacwfwav#muf ArmEdkifiHeJ@ywfouf+yD; ukefuscJh&w,fqdkwJh aºuG;+rDudpPtm;vHk;udk jrefrm
EdkifiHu jyefqyfzdk@ wm0ef,lcJh&ygw,f? +Adwdefudkqyfzdk@ usyfaiG (35) ukaÉ (6) oef;/ tar&duefudk
tacs;tiSm;ypPnf;rsm;twGuf a':vm (5) oef; jyefqyfa&;tjyif tdENd,tifyg,mrS jrefrmEdkifiHudk
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(6 ukaÉ 9oef;) udkvnf; wm0ef,lcJh&jyefygw,f?
umuG,af &;twGuv f nf; vusmzf &D;rif;pmcsKyft& +Adwed Ef ikd if u H jrefrmEdik if u H kd a&a=umif;
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jrefrmtpdk;&u +Adwdo# "eo[m,0if ppfrpf&SiftzGJŒrsm;eJ@ "eo[m,tzGJŒ0if ppfoabFm ppfav
,mOfrsm; jrefrmEdkifiHrSmqdkufuyfcdk0ifcGifhudk vufcHoabmwlcJh&ygw,f? umuG,fa&;qufqHr_udk
(3) ESpfom uef@owfoabmwlcJhygw,f?
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epfem&r_awG tajrmuftjrm;&Scd w hJ mawmif atmufwb kd m (23) &ufae@rmS +Adwo d #ygvrD efrmS ‘jynf
axmifpo k rwjrefrmEdik if v H w G vf yfa&; Oya'=urf;’ wifoiG ;f wJh tcg/ Armjynfukd u|eðf yxm;a&;om
vdv k m;cJw h hJ uGeq
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w,f? Armjynfukd vGwv f yfa&;ay;vdu k &f if aoG;acsmif;pD; jynfwiG ;f ppf}u;D jzpfvrd rhf ,fv@kd vnf; óuw d if
a[mudef;xkwfvdkufygw,f? +Adwdo#ygvDrefrSm Oya'=urf;udk twnfðyzdk@ rJcGJqHk;jzwfcJh=uygw,f?
(228) rJ (114) rJeJ@ qHk;jzwf twnfðycJh=uygw,f?
tJ'aD tmufwb kd m (23) &ufae@rmS yJ ArmjynfrmS vnf; zqyvqd&k , S vf pfrsm;u uGejf rLepf
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aqmif ocifomcifu vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD; ‘jyef=um;pm’udk ay;ydk@ ta=umif;jyefcJhygw,f?
zqyvtzGJŒ}uD;u Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyfeJ@ ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;a=unmzdk@ jyifygw,f?
Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyf csKyfqakd &;twGuf ocifEk vef'efroGm;cifuwnf;u ‘vGwv f yfa&;tcrf;tem;
pDpOfr_aumfrDwD’udk zGJŒpnf;xm;+yD;jzpfygw,f?
Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyf w&m;0ifxGufay:vmwJhtcg ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu jyif;jyif;xef
xef uef@uGufygw,f? Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyf[m ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;udk todtrSwfðycH&wmuvGJ
vd@k pD;yGm;a&;t&/ b¾ma&;t&/ umuG,af &;t& wzufowf tav#mah y;vdu k af vsmcJ&h wJh pmcsKyf
vdk@jrifygw,f?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@ usqHk;cJh&t+yD; (11) &uftuGmrSm xkwfjyefa=unmcJhwJh Armjynf

uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ ‘vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;od@k ’ pmwrf;ygoabmxm;tajccH Edik if aH &;tESpo f m&wd@k e@J vnf;
ajzmifhajzmifh}uD; qef@usifaewJh pmcsKyfjzpfygw,f? e,fcsJŒorm;ydkif vkyfief;}uD;rsm;udk jynfolydkifvkyf
v#if avsmfa=u;ay;ygr,fvdk@ oabmwlxm;&jcif;/ t*Fvdyfppfrpf&Sifrsm;udk qufvufxm;&Sdzdk@
oabmwlxm;jcif;/ t*FvdyfppfoabFm/ ppfav,mOfrsm;udk ArmjynfrSm qdkufuyfcGifhðyxm;&jcif;/
ppfavsmfa=u;rsm; ay;&jcif;wdk@tay:rSm wcsufcsif; axmufjya0zefcJh+yD; ArmhtusKd;pD;yGm;udk xdcdkuf
epfemapwJh pmcsKyftjzpf av;av;eufeuf qef@usifuef@uGuf=uygw,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ‘e,fcsJŒorm;udk qufvufwdkufyGJqif/ zqyv-uGefjrLepf
nD!Gwfa&;udk t&trdwnfaqmuf udk,fhtiftm;eJ@udk,f Armjynf&JŒvGwfvyfa&;udk a=unm&,l
a&;jzpfygw,f? Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ umuG,af &; bufaygi;f pHk trScD u kd if;wJh vGwv f yfa&;/ wenf;tm;jzifh
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zqyvu =um;jzwftpdk;& tm%mudkqkyfudkif&if; Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyfudk csKyfqdk/ aphpyf
vduk af vsmwJh enf;udu k sio hf ;kH / vGwvf yfwhJ tcsKyftcsmtm%mydik f Edik if w H cktjzpf todtrSwðf ycH+yD;
vGwfvyfa&;udk&,lzdk@ vufawGŒ vkyfudkifaqmif&GufcJhygw,f?
‘zqyv’wd@k &,lvufc=H ur,fh vGwv f yfa&;[m Ekid if aH &;t& vGwv f yfayr,fh vGwv f yfa&;
a=unmcGi&hf Edik af yr,fh pD;yGm;a&;t&rvGwv f yf/ udv k ekd aD ESmifóu;d awG wJxm;jcif;cH&wJh vGwv f yfa&;vd@k
uGefjrLepfygwDu ±_jrifoHk;oyfxm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh EdkifiHa&;t& vGwfvyfr_uae pD;yGm;a&;t&yg
vGwv f yfa&; udv k ekd aD ESmifóud;rSeo f r# t+yD;tydik f jzwfawmuf ±ke;f xGuEf ikd af &;awGtwGuf qufvuf
csDwufEdkifzdk@ zqyv-uGefjrLepfnD!Gwfa&; wnfaqmufEkdifa&;[m ta&;}uD;w,fvdk@ qufvuf
oabmxm;cJhygw,f? zqyvuGefjrLepfnD!Gwfa&;twGuf qufvufóud;yrf;v_HŒaqmfygw,f?
1947/ Ekd0ifbm (7) &uf trsKd;om;ae@rSm 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEku “jynfol@&Jabmf/ qdk&S,fvpf/
uGejf rLepfawG aygi;f rdatmif u|eaf wmfu, kd wf ikd f tpGr;f uke}f udK;pm;r,f”vd@k rde@f ceG ;f ac|jyvdu k wf t hJ cg
wjynfvHk;vef;vef;qef;qef; jzpfrd=ujyefygw,f?
1947/ Edk0ifbm (17)&ufrSm zqyv XmecsKyfu zqyv-uGefjrLepf nD!Gwfa&;vkyfief;
&yfpv J ukd +f yDv@kd a=unmygw,f? “uGejf rLepfygwu D aemufausmudk "m;eJ@x;dk aoma=umif”h vd@k vnf;
pGyfpGJxm;ygw,f?
'D=um;xJuyJ uGefjrLepfygwDu zqyvtzGJŒcsKyfu nD!Gwfa&;udky,fcsapumrl nD!Gwf
a&;udk r&raeóud;pm;rnf” vd@k azmfjy+yD;/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&rSL; ocifoef;xGe;f &JŒ aemufq;kH jyefpm
tjzpf jyef=um;vdkufygw,f? jyef=um;wJh&uf[m 47 ckESpf/ 'DZifbm (8) &ufae@jzpfygw,f?
'DZifbm (20) &ufae@rmS zqyv jynfv;kH u|wf 'kw, d nDvmcHrmS uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ nD!w G f
a&;urf;vSr;f csuu f kd vufrcHEikd af =umif; aemufq;kH twnfðyvdu k =f uygw,f? tJ'n D vD mcHrmS OD;ausm+f ird ;f
u uGefjrLepfygwDudk }udrf;0g;±Hkru “vGwfvyfa&;&wm[m bdvyfavbmtpkd;&&JŒ aus;Zl;a=umifh”
vdk@ qdkygw,f? qkd&S,fvpfacgif;aqmif OD;udkudk}uD;uvnf; pm;yGJudkvufoD;eJ@xk+yD; uGefjrLepfygwDudk
ppfa=unmcJw h ,fqykd gw,f? qk&d , S vf pfacgi;f aqmif}uD; ‘ocifwif’ uvnf; Akv d vf usmf udk twif;
oufaoxl+yD; uGefjrLepfygwDudk pGJcsufwifcJhw,f qdkygw,f?

zqyv-uGejf rLepf nD!w G af &;urf;vSr;f csuf zsuo f rd ;f cHvu kd +f y;D wJah emuf uGejf rLepf-qk&d , S f
vpfwdk@&JŒ yËdyuQ[m ydkrdkonf;oefjyif;xefvm&muae EdkifiHw0Srf;vHk; ysHESH@v$rf;òcHoGm;cJhygw,f?
txufrSm azmfjycJhwJhtwdkif; 1938 ckESpfuae 1947 ckESpfukeftxd (10) ESpfwm/ wenf;
tm;jzifh vGwv f yfa&;a=unmcge;D umv/ ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f &JŒ ta=umif;&if;jrpf tjzpf
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jynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ tJ'Daemuf jynfolŒta&;awmfyHktzGJŒ}uD; ay:xGef;vmwmawGŒ&ygr,f? 'dk@Arm
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wnf&SifoefvmcJhygw,f? rmhufpfvDeif0g'udk vrf;!¸eftawG;tac:tjzpf ckdifcdkifrmrm cH,lqkyf
udkifolawG tzGJŒtpnf;awGay:vmovdk/ a&yef;tpm;qHk;0g'wckudk ay: jyLvmtjzpf udkifpGJvmol
awG tzGJŒtpnf;awGvnf; ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? ,Hk=unfol/ wdrf;!¸wfol/ vdkvm;ol toHk;csol
awGvnf; toGifo¿mefrsKd;pHkeJ@ jzpfwnfay:aygufvmcJhygw,f?
t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ tpd;k &udk qef@usiwf u kd cf u
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cJyh gw,f? tJ'guawmh ‘wyfrawmf’ yg? *syefzufqpfawG&ŒJ tultnDe@J Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmif
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'kw,d urBmppf}uD;twGi;f rSm t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ tpd;k &udk armif;xkwzf @kd óud;pm;=u&if; zufqpf
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a&;&JŒ t&omudk Armjynfjynfolrsm; ezl;awGŒ 'l;awG@ óuHawGŒcHpm;cJh&zl;ygw,f? zufqpf*syefawG
udk qef@usifwGef;vSefarmif;xkwfzkd@ uGefjrLepfawGu pwifóud;yrf;v_HŒaqmf tm;xkwfcJh=uygw,f?
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w,f? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;}uD;rSm r[mrdwftiftm;pkrsm;eJ@vnf; vufwGJEdkifcJhygw,f?
zufqpfawmfveS af &; atmifjrifpmG qifE+J$ yD;csed rf mS / Armjynfukd jyefvnfu|eðf yzd@k udv k ekd t
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&S,fvpfygwDtjzpf ay:aygufvmygw,f? zwyv wyfaygif;pk}uD;[m ‘zqyv’ trnfajymif;+yD;

tiftm;t}uD;qHk;jzpfvmygw,f? rlv uGefjrLepf/ qkd&S,fvpf/ wyfrawmftiftm;pktjyif vusfm

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OuUÏ vnf;jzpf/ trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;vnf; jzpfvmwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd z,f&Sm;Edkifzdk@
óud;pm;ygw,f? aumufuspfwJh EdkifiHa&;enf;emudkoHk;+yD; ‘w&m;±Hk;Oya'a=umif;’ t& ppftwGif;
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us opPmazmufwa,mufjzpfatmif vkyEf ikd cf ahJ yr,fh vlxt k ºkH uGEikd w f hJ tajctaea=umifh vufav#mh
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atmifqef; udk z,f&Sm;csifwm[m zqyv}uD;udk òzdcGJzdk@tjyif ppfrSefwJh trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif
wa,mufukd z,f&mS ;+yD; aphpyfa&;orm;awGvufxJ tm%ma&mufaeapcsiw f mtjyif uGejf rLepfe@J
nD!Gwfa&;wnfaqmufoGm;rSm a=umuf&GHŒwJhtwGuf jrefjrefqefqef ,kwfrmcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkawG tajctaeudk =unfhvdkufwJhtcg/ EdkifiHa&;tpOftvmt}uD;qHk;
uGejf rLepfygw}D u;D [m ocifp;kd &JŒ tm%mavmb *d% k ;f *%0g'a=umifh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygweD @J tvHeD
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ay:aygufapcJhygw,f? jynfolŒ&Jabmf[m zqyv tzGJŒ}uD;xJrSm tiftm;pkwcktjzpf ay:aygufvm
cJhygw,f?
qkd&S,fvpf OD;ausmf+idrf; wdk@&JŒ tm;xkwfr_eJ@ zqyv trsKd;om;wyfaygif;pk}uD;xJuae
uGefjrLepfygwD z,fxkwfcH&wJhtcg zqyv}uD;xJu jynfolŒ&Jabmf[mvnf; (2) ydkif;uGJoGm;cJhyg
w,f? wydik ;f u ‘wyfe’D tjzpfcaJG xmif+yD; t*Fvyd u f q kd ef@usiaf e=uwJh v,form;wyfrsm;eJ@ oGm;yl;
aygif;ygw,f? trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_ òyduGJcJh&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@ usqHk;+yD;wJhtcg
trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_ wdk;wdk;+yD; òyduGJcJh&ygw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k vky=f uHrcH&cifrmS Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;&JŒ acgi;f aqmifre_ @J wkid ;f &if;om;
aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;twGuf yifvpkH mcsKyf csKyfqEkd ikd cf yhJ gw,f? vGwv f yfa&;twGuf atmifqef;-tuf

wvDpmcsKyf csKyfqckd yhJ gw,f? atmifqef;-tufwvD pmcsKyfe@J ywfouf+yD; ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D

axmufjya0zefcJhygw,f? ‘rdwfaqGatmifqef; b,fvJ’ vdk@ owday;cJhygw,f? autif,luvnf;
uef@uGufcJhygw,f? atmifqef;-tufwvD pmcsKyft& ay:xGef;vmwmuawmh wdkif;ðyjynfðy v$wf
awmfa&G;aumufyGJeJ@ wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfjzpfygw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; usq;kH +y;D wJah emuf ocifEk =um;jzwftpd;k & ay:ayguv f mygw,f? zqyv
tzGJŒ}uD;xJrSm aemufqHk;usef&Sdwmuawmh qkd&S,fvpf/ jynfolŒ&JabmfeJ@ qdk&S,fvpf=oZmcH tpnf;
t±Hk;rsm;/ woD;yk*~vausmfEdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;jzpfygw,f? zqyv}uD;udk t"dutkyfpD;v$rf;rdk;
xm;wmu qkd&S,fvpfrsm;jzpfygw,f? zqyv-uGefjrLepf nD!Gwfa&;udk y,fcsqef@usifcJhwm[m
vnf; t"dutm;jzifh qdk&S,fvpfrsm;yJjzpfygw,f? qkd&S,fvpfxJrSmu vusfmqdk&S,fvpf*dk%f;u
t"dujzpfygw,f?
+Adwdo#e,fcsJŒvufatmufuae vGwfvyfa&;t&,l=ua&;rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
OD;wnfa&SŒ±_ tm;xkwfóud;yrf;oGm;wJh vrf;a=umif;u ba&muf'g0g'vufcHcJhwJh (6) vavmufu
vJ+G yD;/ e,fcsŒJ orm;udk jywfjywfom;om; wdu k yf qJG ifomG ;a&;/ vlxw k u kd yf JG enf;aygi;f pHek @J a&m/ zqyv
=um;jzwftpdk;& tm%mudkifpGJ+yD; e,fcsJŒorm;udk armif;xkwfypfEdkifa&;jzpfygw,f? e,fcsJŒorm;eJ@
raphpyfyJ awmfveS af &;enf;eJ@ ud, k v hf w G v f yfa&;udk ud, k af =unmEdik af &;jzpfygw,f? aemufq;kH umv
rSm Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; eJ@awmif n‡Ed id_ ;f wdik yf ifxm;wmu wdik ;f ðyðynfðyv$waf wmfukd olyek v f w$ af wmf
tjzpftoGiaf jymif;/ toHviG ±hf u kH okd rd ;f ydu
k uf m awmfveS af &;enf;eJ@ vGwv f yfa&;udk urBmudk a=unm
zdk@vdk@qdkygw,f? zqyv-uGefjrLepfnD!Gwfa&;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf+yD;+yD;csif;/ taumift
xnfazmf=uzdk@awmif pDpOfn‡dE_dif;xm;+yD;+yDqdkygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwD wav#mufvHk;aecJhwJh vrf;
a=umif;[m ba&muf'g (6) vavmufuvG+J y;D wdu k yf vJG rf;a=umif;twdik ;f jzpfygw,f? uGejf rLepfw@kd &ŒJ
aemufq;kH wdu k yf vJG rf;pOfqw kd m[mvnf; e,fcsŒJ orm;udk tðywfwu kd af &;yJjzpfovd/k ‘vH;k 0vGwv f yf
a&;odk@’ qkdwJh A[dkaumfrDwD qHk;jzwfcsufqdkwm[mvnf; e,fcsJŒorm;udk tav#mhray;a&; raphpyf
a&;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ umuG,fa&; vHk;0O\Hk trSDtcdkuif;wJh wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk; udk,fh=urRm
ud, k zf efw;D cGi&hf wdS hJ vGwv f yfa&;udk awmif;qdak ºuG;a=umfxm;ygw,f? Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyfukd uGejf rL
epfygwDu qef@usif±_wfcscJhwm[m EdkifiHa&;t& vGwfvyfa&; a=unmEdkifwmu vGJvdk@/ EdkifiHa&;t&
vGwv f yfwmuvGv J @kd usew
f mawG tav#mah y;cJ&h epfemcJ&h w,fv@kd ,lq=unfjh rif oabmxm;cJv h @kd
jzpfygw,f?
OD;Ektygt0if qkd&S,fvpfvusfm*dk%f;om;rsm; tompD;&cJhwJh zqyv}uD;&JŒ vGwfvyfa&;
&,la&;vrf;a=umif;u wckv;kH taeeJ@ òcHi+kH yD; oH;k oyf&r,fq&kd if wdu k yf rJG qifyJ e,fcsŒJ orm;eJ@ aphpyf
+yD; at;aq;nifompGmeJ@ &,la&;jzpfygw,f? zufqpfawmfveS af &;+yD;ump vufeufawG t*Fvyd q f D
rtyfyJ odk0Sufxm;/ vdktyf&if vufeufudkifwdkufcdkufzdk@ tqifoifhjyifxm;&r,fvdk@ pum;tm;jzifh
aºuG;a=umfcJhbl;ayr,fh um,uHajrmuf OD;wnfaqmif&GufoGm;wmu ‘aphpyfa&;enf;eJ@ vGwfvyf
a&;’ vrf;a=umif;u t"dujzpfcyhJ gw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ud, k w f ikd vf nf; tJ'v D rf;a=umif; xJrmS
tapmydik ;f umvawGrmS a&muf&adS ecJyh gw,f? “yHo h ulom;rpm;bl;vm;/ vnfv;DS om;rSpm;rSmvm;”
vdk@ ar;cJhzl;w,fqdkygw,f? aemufydkif;rSm e,fcsJŒorm;&JŒ ajcvSrf;udk wp wp wdk;wdk;+yD; jrifvm&+yD;
wJth cgrmS / Adv

k cf sKyfu zqyv-uGejf rLepf nD!w G af &;vky+f yD; awmfveS af &;enf;qD a&SŒ±_vmwmawGŒ
&ygw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; r&Sad wmhwahJ emufyikd ;f rSm/ qk&d ,
S v
f pfrsm; tompD;&cJw h hJ zqyv}uD;[m
e,fcsJ@orm;eJ@ aphpyfa&;vrf;udkyJ vdkufcJh+yD; wpdkufrwfrwf EdkifiHa&;tm%mudkyJ zufwG,fxm;cJhyg
w,f? zqyv =um;jzwftpdk;&tm%meJ@ vlxkwdkufyGJawGudk òzdcGJcJhygw,f? qef@usifbuf EdkifiHa&;
tiftm;pkawGtay: vufOD;r_&Sd&Sd ESdyfuGyfEdkifzdk@ =uHpnfvHk;yrf;aecJhygw,f? vGwfvyfa&; ra=unm&
ao;ayr,fh/ zqyv [m tm%m& tzGJŒtpnf;toGif jzpfaecJhygw,f? +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒrsm;[m
Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyfeJ@ zqyv vufxJ tm%mv$Jay;rSmjzpfygw,f?
ud,k af xmifxm;cJw h hJ ql;ajimifah wG ud,
k o f xd m;vd@k vm;/ ud,k zf efw;D xm;wJh tcsut
f vuf
awG udk,fóudwifodaevdk@ vm;awmhrajymwwfyg? e,fcsJŒorm; xdyfoD;}uD;jzpfwJh 0ifpwefcsmcsDu
“Armjynfudk vGwfvyfa&;ay;vdkuf&if aoG;acsmif;pD; jynfwGif;ppf}uD;ay:vmvdrfhr,f” vdk@ óudwif
edrdwfzwfay;+yD; jzpfygw,f?
uGefjrLepfygwDu zqyvuGefjrLepfnD!Gwfa&;udk wnfaqmufzdk@ wzufowf tvHv$ifhxl
xm;wm awGŒ&ygr,f? trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_ òyduGJaewJhvuQ%mawG wae@wjcm; xGufay:
vmaewJh=um;u wifxm;wJhtvHjzpfaeygw,f? uGefjrLepf-qkd&S,fvpf yËdyuQ/ qkd&S,fvpf-jynf
olŒ&Jabmf yËdyuQawG ay:vGifvmaeygw,f? ‘1947 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'’ }uD;[m
vnf; tqifoifh&Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f?
vGwfvyfa&;a=unmzdk@twGuf &ufa&G;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f?

jynfaxmifpkorwjrefrmEkdifiHawmftvH (1948)
yxrqHk; jynfaxmifpkorwjrefrmEkdifiHawmftpdk;&
acgif;aqmifwcsdKŒ (1948 = 1951)
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
yxrqHk;orw}uD; pyfa&$odkuf yxrqHk;0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH yxrqHk; jynfxJa&;ESifhw&m;a&;0ef}uD;Xme

'k0ef}uD;csKyf Adkvfvusfm OD;ausmf+idrf;
69
1952 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrSay:xGufvmaom tpdk;&tzGJŒ0iftcsdKŒ
EdkifiHawmforw a'gufwm OD;bOD; EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek
OD;baqG Adkvfcifarmifuav;
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme jynfxJa&;Xme0ef}uD;
OD;cifarmifvwf ref;0if;armif ocifwif

w&m;a&;ESifh o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ESifh v,f,majrjynfolydkifðy
jynfol@0efxrf;Xme0ef}uD; vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;Xme0ef}uD; vkyfa&;Xme0ef}uD;
70
1956 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrSay:xGufvmaom tpdk;&tzGJŒ0iftcsdKŒ
EdkifiHawmforw ref;0if;armif EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek
OD;baqG ocifwif OD;ausmf+idrf;

'k0ef}uD;csKyf 'k0ef}uD;csKyfESifh 'k0ef}uD;csKyfESifh
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; jynfol@vkyfief;Xme0ef}uD; trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;Xme0ef}uD;
Adv
k cf ifarmifav; ocifomcif OD;cifarmifvwf
b¾ma&;ESihf jynfxJa&;Xme0ef}uD; w&m;a&;Xme0ef}uD;
tcGefawmfXme0ef}uD;
71
tydkif; ( 1 )
1948 = 1958 umv
vG w f v yf a &;ud k a -unmjcif ; /
jrefrmouU&mZf 1309 ckeSpfjymodkvqkwf (9) &uf/

c&mZfouU&mZf 1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (4) &uf/
eHeuf (4) em&D rdepf (20) tcsdefrSm æ
vGwfvyfaomjrefrmEdkifiHtjzpf urBmudka=unmvdkufygw,f? t±k%fwufcgp ESif;zGJzGJav;

awGusaeqJ aumif;uifatmufrmS òrdŒawmf&efuek &f ŒJ bk&ifct H rd af wmf0if;a&SŒrSm tm%mvGaJ jymif;wJh
tcrf;tem;usif;yygw,f//
Armajray:rSm ESpfaygif; (120) ausmfv$ifhxlxm;cJhwJh +Adwdo#udkvdkeDorm;wdk@&JŒ ,leD,H*suf
tvH[m wjznf;jznf; rav#mcsif av#mcsifeJ@ av#muscJh&+yD;/ 1947 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH
Oya'eJ@twl ay:ayguv f mcJw
h hJ jrefrmEdik if aH wmf&ŒJ tvHopf[m wjznf;jznf; jrifw h ufviG x
hf l ae&m
,lvdkufygw,f?
wdkif;ðyjynfðy v$wfawmftwGif;usif;ywJh vGwfvyfa&;tcrf;tem;yGJukd ArmjynfuGefjrLepf
ygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; ocifoef;xGef;eJ@ uGefjrLepftrwfrsm;vnf; wwfa&muf=uygw,f?
tpdk;&tzGJŒ0iftrwfrsm;vnf; wwfa&muf=uygw,f//
vGwv f yfa&;tcrf;tem; usi;f ywJt h cg tcrf;tem;pifjrifah y:rSm ÁajENou d mQ xnf0gpmG eJ@
cef@cef@}uD;xdkifae=uoltrsm;pkum;/ ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJw
avsmuf a&SŒwef;tcef;u wdkufyGJqifzl;olawGr[kwfyJ/ EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:t&/ pnf;±kH;a&;t&
vnf; xif&Sm;=uolawGr[kwf/ tpOftvmt&vnf; xufjrufxif&Sm;=uolawGr[kwfyg// ppfppf
ayguaf yguf a&wGu=f unfrh S ocifEt k ygt0if vGwv f yfa&;wdu
k yf tJG wGi;f a&SŒwef;tcef;u yg0ifczhJ ;l
ol vufwzufpmawmifr&Sdbl;qdkygw,f//
vGwfvyfa&;a=unmt+yD;rSm xGufay:vmcJhwJh EdkifiHawmf[m ‘jynfaxmifpkorw jrefrm
EdkifiHawmf’ jzpfygw,f?

vGwv f yfaom jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ tvHawmf[m teDa&mifaemufcaH y:rSm vuf0aJ 'gihf tjyma&mif
pwk*HeJ@/ tjyma&mifpwk*HuGufxJ =u,fyGifh (6) yGifh&SdwJh tvHawmfjzpfygw,f/ tv,f&Sd =u,fyGifh
}uD;wyGifhudk =u,fyGifh (5) yGifhu 0ef;&Hxm;ygw,f// =u,fyGifh}uD;u jrefrm/ rGef/ &cdkif udk&nf!¸ef;+yD;/
=u,fyiG hf (5) yGiuhf &Sr;f / csi;f / ucsi/f u&if/ u,m;udk &nf!e¸ ;f w,fv@kd qykd gw,f? tajccH+y;D vdu k ef m
usifhoHk;rJh Oya'u “1947 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'” jzpfygw,f//
wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfudk ,m,DygvDreftjzpf owfrSwf+yD;/ ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepftwdkif;
taumiftxnfazmf usifhoHk;tkyfcsKyfoGm;r,fjzpfygw,f//
EdkifiHawmf[m jynfaxmifpkorwEdkifiHawmfvdk@ uifyGef;wyfac:a0:ayr,fh/ 1947 ckESpf
zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkajccHOya'vm ‘jynfaxmifpk’ ykHo¿mef[m “wjynfaxmifqefwJh jynfaxmifpk”
yHo
k ¿mefrsKd ;jzpfaew,fv@kd zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'qdik &f m u|r;f usio f rl sm;u tuJjzwfc=hJ uyg
w,f//
yxrqH;k orw}u;D tjzpf anmifa&$apmfbmG ;}u;D p0fa&$ou kd u
f akd &G;cs,+f y;D / yxrqH;k 0ef}u;D csKyf
‘ocifEk’ jzpfvmygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEktpdk;&tzGJŒrSm æ
Adkvfvufsm - 'k0ef}uD;csKyfeJ@umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;/
OD;wifxÉG f - EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD;/
OD;ausmf+idrf; - jynfxJa&;Xme0ef}uD;/
OD;wif - b¾ma&;eJ@ tcGefawmfXme0ef}uD;
OD;b*srf; - w&m;a&;Xme0ef}uD;
ocifwif - pdkufysdK;a&;eJ@ aus;vufpD;yGm;a&;Xme0ef}uD;
Adkvfzdk;uGef; - jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD;
OD;jr([omFw) - trsdK;om;pDrHudef;Xme0ef}uD;
OD;ndKxGef; - jyef=um;a&;Xme0ef}uD;
OD;udkudk=uD; - ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;eJ@ axmufyHha&;Xme0ef}uD;
ref;0i;farmif - pufr_vufr_eSifh tvkyform;Xme0ef}uD;
OD;xGef;jrifh - &Srf;jynfe,fXme0ef}uD;
apmpHzdk;oif - u&ifjynfe,fXme0ef}uD;
qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif - ucsifjynfe,fXme0ef}uD;
p0f0À - u&ifeDjynfe,fXme0ef}uD;
OD;0rf;ol;armif - csif;a&;&mXme0ef}uD;
AdkvfpdefrSef - Xmevufudkifr&Sd0ef}uD; - wdk@jzpfygw,f?
vGwfvyfa&;ae@rSm “atmifapownf;” vdk@O'gef;csDwJh vGwfvyfa&; a=unmpmwrf;udk
xkwfjyefa=unmvdkufygw,f?
TtcsdefrSpI igwdk@. rlvtydkifjzpfaom vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;ukd igwdk@jyef,l+yD; wdkif;&if;om;
taygif;wdk@ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfvsuf tcGifhta&; tqifhtwef;wlnDonfh jynfaxmifpkorwEdkifiH
awmf}uD;udk wnfaxmif+yDvdk@vnf; a=unmaºuG;a=umfvdkufygw,f//

orwp0fa&$odkuf&JŒ o0%fv$m 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEk&JŒ o0%fv$m/ 'k0ef}uD;csKyf Adkvfvufsm&JŒ

o0%fv$mwdk@udkvnf; zwf=um; a=unmvdkufygw,f//
orw}uD;&JŒ o0%fvmG rSm “,ck u|Eyfk w f @dk vufqyk v f ufuikd f tydik &f &S+d yDjzpfaom vGwv f yf
a&; qkx;l r*Fvm}uD;onfum; vufeufpu JG ikd I
f tiftm;jcif;òydiu f m t=urf;zufrj_ zif&h &Sad om vGwf
vyfa&;qk}uD;r[kwfrlI +AdwdefEdkifiHESifh rdwfo*F[tjzpfodk@ a&muf=uonfESifhtnD cspf=unfav;
jrwfpGm aphpyfnd‡E_dif;I &&Sdtyfaom vGwfvyfa&; r*Fvmqk}uD;yifjzpfawmhonf?” vkd@ azmfjycJh+yD;/
0ef}uD;csKyf&JŒ o0%fvGmrSm “,ck u|Efkyfwdk@. EdkifiHawmf}uD;Y vlrsdK;a&;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/vlrsdK;pk
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ EkdifiHa&;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ wOD;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; rnD!Gwfr_rsm;
roifhwifhr_rsm; &SdzG,frvdk+yD? u|Ekfyfwdk@. Zmwdjzpfaom TEkdifiHawmf}uD;. tusdK;udka&SŒ&_I jynf
axmifpkEdkifiHawmfol EdkifiHom;wdk@tm; udk,fusdK;udkriJhuGufyJ/ nD!Gwf=u&efESifh óud;yrf;=u&ef ,ck
u|Efkyfwdk@u wdkufwGef;Ekd;aqmftyfygonf” vdk@ aºuG;a=umf azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
'k0ef}uD;csKyf Adkvfvufsmuawmh olŒ&JŒo0%fvGmxJrSm EdkifiHawmf&JŒopPmukd apmifhod±kdao
a&;eJ@ywfowf+yD; “tu,fI EdkifiHawmf&Sd vuf0Jtiftm;pkwdk@ wnDw!GwfxJ&Sdygu ajymifajrmuf
atmifjrif&ef ruGmvSrf;vSawmhaom qdk&S,fvpf0g'}uD;twGuf aqmif&GufusifhoHk;=ujcif;omv#if
EdkifiHawmf.opPmudk apmifhod±dkaoonfrnfownf;” vdk@ teufzGifh azmfusL;oGm;ygw,f//
wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmf (,m,DygvrD ef) rSmvnf; orw}u;D eJ@ 0ef}u;D csKyfw@kd u rde@f ceG ;f pum;
awG ajym=um;=uygw,f? orw}uD; p0fa&$odkufu tpdk;&&JŒ 0g'vrf;pOfeJ@ywfowf+yD; &Sif;vif;rdef@
=um;&mrSm ‘jrefrmjynfaxmifpw k iG f t&if;&Si0f g'udk ydwyf ify,fzsuI f Edik if aH wmf. vkyif ef;aqmifwm
t00udk wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;om ydkifqdkifcGifh&Sdaom qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHwnfaqmuf&efjzpfayonf//”
qd+k yD; twdtvif; azmfjyoGm;ovdk ‘Tjynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if w H iG f &S&d o
dS r#aom Edik if o H m;rsm;onf
zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'wGiyf g&o dS nft h wdik ;f wOD;ESiw hf OD; tcGit hf a&;csi;f wln=D uap” vd@k vnf;
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“,ae@&&SdwJh vGwfvyfa&;[m toif;tzGJŒwckwnf;&JŒ vGwfvyfa&;r[kwfyg? jynfolŒ&Jabmf/
qdk&S,fvpf/ uGefjrLepf/ vli,f/ trsdK;orD;/ awmifolv,form; tvkyform;tpnf;t±Hk; or*~
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vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmf&JŒ zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'uvnf; 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEk
tqdt k & ‘vuf0’J rsKd ;aphawG tajrmuftjrm;yg&o dS vd/k 'DzŒJG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
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udkay;qyf&ef usyfaiG (35 ukaÉ 6 oef;)/ tar&duefudkay;qyf&ef a':vm (5oef;)/ +Adwdo#wdk@
jrefrmEdkifiHudk udkvdkeDðy tkyfcsKyfzdk@ac:,lcef@xm;cJh=uwJh tdENd,eJ@ ygupPwefom; tr_xrf; t&mxrf;
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jzpfygw,f? Armjynf}uD;udk ESpaf ygi;f (120) avmufu|eðf y aoG;pkyf tjrwfxw k v f mcJ=h uolawGqu D
tavsm&f zd@k aeaeomom/ aoG;pkycf =hJ uolawG&ŒJ t&if;tES;D vkyif ef;udik if ef;awGu/kd ArmEkid if t H pd;k &u
vdktyfovdk ta&;,laqmif&Gufr,fqdk avsmfa=u;ay;yghr,fvdk@awmif uwdcH pmcsKyfxm;&ygw,f?
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woef;ausmf&Sdygw,f? tJ'Dh ukvm;woef;ausmf[m e,fcsJŒ+Adwdo#wdk@ udkvdkeDðyaoG;pkyfzdk@/ 1908
ckESpfuae 1929 ckESpftwGif; qGJoGif;vmwmudk vufcHcJh&wJh ta&twGufjzpfygw,f?
v,f,mpdu k yf sKd ;a&;udyk J tajccH&wJh Edik if jH zpfwthJ wGuf (70) &mcdik ;f E_e;f ausm[f m aus;vuf
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csdK;zsuf/ a&eHwGif; owWKwGif;awGukdvnf; pdwf&Sdvuf&Sd ±dkufcsdK;zsufoGm;=uovdk/ *syefzufqpfrsm;
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tm%m& zqyv}uD;eJ@twl wnf&Sdae=uwJh EdkifiHa&;ygwD/ tzGJŒtpnf;/ or*~rsm;vnf; pifòydif
wnf&adS ewm awGŒ&ygw,f? wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pktzGŒJ tpnf; toif;tyif;awGxrJ mS awmif tm%m&
zqyv eJ@twl&yfwJh tzGJŒtpnf;/ toif;tyif;eJ@ zqyv udkqef@usif+yD; twdkuftcHtjzpf
&yfwnfwJh tzGJŒtpnf;/ toif;tyif; ESpfydkif;uGJjym;aewmawGŒ&ygw,f? twdkuftcHoabm/ EdkifiH
a&;tiftm;pkawGxrJ mS ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw[ D m tiftm;t}uD;qH;k eJ@ =oZmt}uD;qH;k jzpfygw,f?
EdkifiHa&;tpOftvmt& tjrifhqHk;jzpfovdk/ ygwDoufwrf;t&vnf; oufwrf;t&ifhqHk;jzpfygw,f?
tm%m& zqyv}uD;eJ@twl &yfwnf wnf&SdaewJh EkdifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;awGtwGif;rSmawmif
uGefjrLepfvdkvm;olawG &SdaewJhtxd EdkifiHa&;=oZm}uD;vSygw,f?
uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ Edik if aH &;t&Sed =f oZmudk todtrSwrf ðy&ifrjzpfwt hJ wGuf Edik if aH wmf0ef}u;D csKyf
ocifEk uawmif zqyv xJu trwf (10) OD;avmufudk txGufcdkif;/ tJ'Dhae&mawGrSm uGefjrLepf
awGe@J tpm;xd;k a&G;cs,/f ocifoef;xGe;f udk twdu k tf cHacgi;f aqmiftjzpf wifajr‡muf+yD;/ v$waf wmf
twGi;f yg0ifEikd af tmif pOf;pm;pdwu f ;l zl;w,fqykd gw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ't hD csed u
f ocifEk [m Edik if aH wmf
tpd;k &tzGŒJ &JŒ 0ef}u;D csKyfqakd yr,fh ygwv D ufuikd rf &Sw
d hJ woD;yk*v ~ omjzpfae+y;D / zqyv }u;D twGi;f rSm
tiftm;trsm;qHk;[m qdk&S,fvpfawGjzpfaeygw,f? tm%m&tzGJŒtpnf;}uD;xJrSm tiftm;
t}uD;qHk; qdk&S,fvpfrsm;[m/ olwdk@tm%mudk udkiftv_yfEdkifqHk; tzGJŒtpnf;u ‘uGefjrLepfygwD’
qdkwm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odjrifxm;+yD; wavsmufvHk;vnf; olwdk@&&Sdxm;wJh tm%mvufeufudk

xdxrd rd d qkyu f ikd t

f oH;k cscyhJ gw,f? zqyv-uGejf rLepf yËdyuQqw kd m tESpo f m&tm;jzifh uGejf rLepf-
qdk&S,fvpfyÉdyuQomv#ifjzpfygw,f?
+Aw d o d #uv kd ekd o
D rm;rsm; vufatmufu/ zufqpf*syefrsm;vufatmufwek ;f u/ u|eðf yaeol
e,fcsJŒrsm;udk qef@usifawmfvSef+yD; wkdif;jynf}uD;wckvHk;&JŒ ‘vGwfvyfa&;’ twGuf OD;wnfóud;yrf;
v_y&f mS ;cJ=h uwJh Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;[m (txl;ojzifh uGejf rLepf-qd&k , S v f pf rsm;[m) vGwv f yfa&;
ukd&&Sdatmif b,fvdkenf;eJ@ tm;xkwf=urvJ/ vGwfvyfa&;rkcfOD;qD b,fvrf;eJ@oGm;=urvJ qdkwJh
tajccHay:rSm rwljcm;em;wJhtjrif t,ltqoabmxm;awGeJ@ yËdyuQawG ay:aygufcJh=uygw,f?
EdkifiHa&;yËdyuQawG=um;xJrSm *dk%f;*%yËdyuQ/ yk*~dKvfa&;yËdyuQawGvnf; qifhyGm;jzpfwnfay:
aygufcJh&ygw,f?
+Aw
d o d #e,fcsŒJ orm;rsm;u Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;udk a=unmcGiðhf y+y;D Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyfe@J
ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;udk todtrSwfðyvdkufwJhtcg/ wenf;tm;jzifh vGwfvyfa&;ay;vdkufwJhtcg/
&&SdwJh vGwfvyfa&;tay: ‘vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;’ jzpfw,fqdkwmeJ@ ‘vHk;0vGwfvyfa&; tppftrSef
r[kwaf o;’ qdw k hJ tajccH tjrift,ltq oabmxm;qdik &f m yËdyuQ ay:ayguv f mcJw
h ,f? 'Dtcg
rSmvnf; *dk%f;*% yËdyuQ/ yk*~dKvfa&;yËdyuQawG qifhyGm;ay:aygufvm&jyefygw,f? txl;ojzifh
tm%mudk usifhoHk;cGifh&ol tm%mvufukdif&Sdolrsm;u tm%mudk zdzdpD;pD; ukdifwG,ftoHk;ðy=uwJh
twGuf ‘yËdyuQ’ awG[m wdk;wdk;+yD;om jzpfwnfus,fjyef@vmcJhygw,f?
EdkifiHa&;tm;jzifh ajym&&if vGwfvyfa&;a=unmjcif;rðy&ao;cifu +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒorm;eJ@
ArmjynfEikd if aH &;tiftm;pkawGtygt0if vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHk Armjynfov l xl }k uD;w&yfv;kH =um;yËdyuQ[m
t"duyËdyuQjzpfygw,f?
vGwv f yfa&;a=unm+yD;csed rf mS +Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ orm;wd@k &ŒJ wdu k ±f ukd f tkycf sKyf u|eðf yr_atmuf
uae vGwaf jrmufciG &hf &Sv d m=u+yDjzpfwt hJ wGuf Armjynf&ŒJ Edik if aH wmfvuQ%m[m udv k ekd ED ikd if t
H jzpf
uae/ udkvdkeDwydkif; ya'o&mZfwydkif;EkdifiHtjzpf ajymif;vJvmygw,f? udkvdkeDwydkif;vdk@ owfrSwf
wmu EdkifiHa&;tm;jzifhomvGwfvyf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;ppfa&;qdkif&m e,fy,fawGrSm +Adwdo#wdk@&JŒ udkvdkeD
aESmifóud;wJxm;r_awG &Sdaeao;wJhtwGufa=umifhjzpfygw,f? Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyfudk om"uwck
tjzpf=unfEh ikd o f vd/k wdik ;f jynfwckv;kH &JŒ ukexf wk v f yk if ef;eJ@ pufrv _ ufrv _ yk if ef;}uD;tm;vH;k avmuf
eD;yg;[m e,fcsŒJ orm;ydik /f wdik ;f &if;om;r[kww f hJ vlrsKd ;jcm;rsm;ydik af wGcsn;f yJjzpfygw,f? ya'o&mZf
wydkif;vdk@ owfrSwf&wmuawmh wdkif;jynfwckvHk;&JŒ vufawGŒpD;yGm;a&;b0[m acwfaemufuswJh
ya'o&mZf ajr&Sifukefxkwfpepftwdkif;yJ qufvufwnf&Sdaeao;wJhtwGufjzpfygw,f? wenf;
tm;jzifh qufvufcdkif+rJaeqJ ya'o&mZfajr&SifpepfeJ@ ya'o&mZf ajr&Sifukefxkwfpepfudk t+yD;
tydkif zsufodrf;ypfEdkifjcif;r&Sdao;wJhtwGufjzpfygw,f?

u&ifhawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif}uD; u&ifhawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;
OuUÏ apmbOD;}uD; OuUÏ ref;bZH
u&ifhawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif}uD; u&ifhawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;
OuUÏ apmAdkvfjr OuUÏ y'dkapmboif
80 80
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
vG w f v yf a omjref r mEk d i f i H a wmf a cgif ; pOf a tmuf r S m
vGwv f yfaomjrefrmEdik if aH wmf&ŒJ yxrOD;qH;k aom wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmf/ ygvrD ef tpnf;
ta0;udk 1948 Zefe0g&Dv (8) &ufae@rSm pwifusif;yygw,f?
27-1-48 ae@rSm jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfygvDrefu qufoG,for# pmrsm;udk
‘jrefrmpm’ ESifhtoHk;ðyEdkifa=umif; w&m;0ifa=unmygw,f?
wdik ;f jynfrmS w&m;0if twnfðyvufcu H sio hf ;kH aewJh ‘zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'’ tay:
vufco H abmusjcif;r&Sw d hJ u&iftrsKd ;om;rsm;&JŒ ‘u&ifjynfe,f’ &&Sad &; awmif;qdo k [ H m ydrk jkd rnf
[de;f vmygw,f? autif,t l rSL;ðywJh u&ifacgi;f aqmifawG&ŒJ u&ifjynfe,f oD;jcm;&&Sad &; awmif;
qdo k [
H m tckrS a&Smifwcifay:xGuv f mwmr[kwyf g? 1947/atmufwb kd m (3) &ufuae (4) &ufae@
xd usi;f ycJw h hJ autif,t l rSL;ðy u&ifacgi;f aqmifrsm; ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;&JŒ ‘armfvòrdin f v
D mcH’rSm
uwnf;u w&m;0if aqG;aEG;qH;k jzwf twnfðyxm;cJw h hJ awmif;qdo k jH zpfygw,f? wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$wf
awmfu a&;qGJxm;wJh zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk u&ifnDvmcH}uD;u vufrcHEdkifa=umif;/
u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;twGuf auseyfavmufwJh u&ifjynfe,feJ@ u&iftpdk;& &&Sdr_ rygjcif;a=umifh
vufrcHEdkifa=umif; xkwfazmfajymqdkcJh=u+yD;jzpfygw,f? 'gha=umifh vGwfvyfa&;a=unm+yD;ptcsdefrSm
u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;&JŒ u&ifjynfe,f&&Sda&;awmif;qdkoH[m ydkrdkjrnf[def;vmcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
1948 azazmf0g&D (1) &ufae@rSm u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;/ o&momxdk eJ@
tzGJŒ[m/ oxHk&JXmeydkif tif;0dkif;&GmrSm u&ifjynfe,f oD;jcm;&&Sda&; w&m;a[m=uygw,f? azazmf
0g&D (3) &ufae@rSm u&ifjynfe,fzGJŒay;zdk@ autif'Dtkd tzGJŒ}uD;u awmif;qkdygw,f? azaz:0g&Dv
(11) &ufae@rmS u&ifwrsKd ;om;vH;k &JŒ qENazmfxw k jf yor_ukd u&iftrsKd ;om;xk&&dS m t&yfa'owdik ;f
rSm wcrf;wem; usi;f yðyvkyaf e=uygw,f? autif't D tkd zGŒJ }uD;u }uD;rSL;+yD; tif;pderf mS u&iftrsKd ;
om;rsm; tiftm;jyyGu J kd usi;f yðyvkyo f vd/k usKd ufxt kd xufwef;ausmif;0if;twGi;f rSmvnf; usi;f y
ðyvkyyf gw,f? (12) &ufae yh o k rd ef @J anmifwek ;f rSmvnf; u&iftrsKd ;om; tiftm;jyyGJ qENxw k af zmf
yGJawG usif;y=uygw,f? u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;&JŒ u&ifjynfe,f&&Sda&; EkdifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;[m
'Da&yrmwufvmygw,f? autif,l/ autif'DtdktzGJŒ}uD;rsm;u }uD;rSL;usif;ywJh u&iftrsdK;om;
rsm;&JŒ EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ qENazmfxkwfjyoyGJ}uD;awGtwGif;rSm
1// u&ifjynfe,f csufcsif;ay;
2// u&ifwusyf Armwusyfcsufcsif;jy
3// vlrsdK;a&; t"du±k%f; tvdkr&Sd
4// jynfwGif;ppftvdkr&Sd - qdkwJh aºuG;a=umfoH (4) &yfyg0ifcJhygw,f? tm%m& zqyv
tpd;k &u u&iftrsKd ;om;rsm;&JŒ awmif;qdck suf aºuG;a=umfou H kd csucf si;f wH@k jyefrr_ vkyyf J ESmap;aecJyh g
w,f//
wqufwnf;rSm wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;oGm;cJhygw,f//
1948 azazmf0g&v D xJrmS yJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; ocifoef;xGe;f
[m ygwaD y:vpfAsL±d0k if ocifAode;f wife@J twl tdE, dN jynf uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ 'kw, d t}urd u f eG *f &uf
udk oGm;wuf=uygw,f? tdENd,uGefjrLepfygwDu zdwf=um;vdk@ nDaemifygwDawGtjzpf oGm;wuf=u

jcif;jzpfygw,f//
tJ'DhtcsdefrSm urBmrSm txl;ojzifh 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;t+yD; udkvdkeDxrf;ydk;atmufu vGwf
ajrmufvmumpEdkifiHawGrSm uGefjrLepf0g' a&yef;pm;vSovdk uGefjrLepfygwDawG&JŒtcef;[m tifr
wefta&;ygygw,f?
tm%m& Armjynf zqyv tpd;k &ud, k w
f ikd u
f vnf; qd&k ,S vf pfvrf;a=umif;twdik ;f csw D uf
r,fv@kd vGwv f yfa&;ae@red @f ceG ;f awG o0%fvm$ awGrmS azmfjycJ+h yD;jzpfovd/k zqyv twGi;f tm%m&
xdyfoD;}uD;rsm;udk,fwdkifuvnf; olwdk@udk,folwdk@ vuf0Jorm; qdk&S,fvpf0g'D}uD;rsm;toGif yHkazmf
aºuG;a=umfae=uqJjzpfwma=umifh tajctaetcsdeftcg tcsuftvufawGeJ@ [yfpyfr_&Sdatmif
tpdk;&tzGJŒ&JŒ w&m;0ifajcvSrf;opfwcsdKŒudk pwifazmfaqmifvmygw,f? tJ'guawmh Armjynf
wjynfvHk;&JŒ tus,fjyef@qHk; tiftm;t}uD;qHk;jzpfwJh aus;vufawm&Gmae awmifol v,form;
rsm;eJ@ywfowfwhJ ‘v,f,majr Edik if yH ikd ðf yvkyaf &; tufOya'’ udak =unmvdu k jf cif;eJ@ Ekid if jH cm;om;ydik f
vkyfief;}uD;wcsdKŒudk EdkifiHydkifðyzdk@ =uH&G,ftm;xkwfvmjcif;jzpfygw,f? tpdk;&u ‘EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;
ra&$Œrajymif;Ekdifaom ypPnf;rsm; ta&mif;t0,frvkyf&’ Oya'udkvnf; jyÏmef;a=unmygw,f?
v,f,majr EdkifiHydkifðyvkyfa&;tufOya'=urf;udk ajr&Sif}uD;awGu qef@usif=uovdk
apmfbGm;}uD;awGawmfawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf; rvdkvm;Ekdifjzpf=uygw,f? EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;twGuf
ra&$Œajymif;Edik af om ypPn;f rsm; ta&mif;t0,frvky&f Oya'jyÏmef;vmwmeJ@ywfowf+y;D a&m Edik if jH cm;
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;rSm tpdk;&udk,fwdkif 0ifygvmwmeJ@ywfouf+yD;a&m t*Fvdyfwdk@u uef@uGuf
=uygw,f? jynfolydkifodrf;a&;ajcvSrf;udk [ef@wm;Ekdifzdk@jyif=uygw,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuawmh olŒ&JŒrlv&yfwnfcsufjzpfwJh EdkifiHjcm;om;ydkif pufr_vkyfief;
}uD;rsm;udk jynfolydkifodrf;,l&mwGif avsmfa=u;ray;a&;/ +Adwdo#tpdk;&udk ay;qyf&eftaºuG;rsm;udk
ray;qyfa&;/ +Adwdo#ppfrpf&SiftzGJŒ apv$wfwmudk vufrcHa&;wdk@udkyJ qufvuf &Sif;vif;wifjy
awmif;qdkaecJhygw,f? ajr,meJ@ywfoufwJh uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ oabmxm;uawmh ‘v,fvkyfol
v,fydkifa&;’ jzpfygw,f?
azazmf0g&DvxJrSmyJ tm%m&zqyvtzGJŒ}uD;twGif;rS qdk&S,fvpfygwD[m ArmjynfuGef
jrLepfygwDeJ@ awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;vdka=umif; avoHypfvmygw,f? w&m;0iftm;jzifh tqdkðywmr[kwfyJ
qdk&S,fvpfygwD xdyfoD;}uD;wOD;jzpfwJh OD;ausmf+idrf;uae ocifodef;az (odef;azjrifh)/ocifAodef;wif
wdk@uwqifh ocifoef;xGef;eJ@ awGŒqHka&;/ uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ aqG;aEG;Edkif&ef &ufcsdef;awmif;wmjzpfyg
w,f? vGefcJhwJh wvcGJavmufuyJ zqyv jynfvHk;u|wfnDvmcHrSm uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ nD!Gwfa&;
urf;vSr;f csuu f kd vH;k 0vufrcHEikd af =umif; ,wdjywfy,fcsc=hJ uwJh zqyv qd&k , S vf pfrsm;[m bmha=umifh
aqG;aEG;&ef urf;vSrf;vm=uygovJqdkwm pdwf0ifpm;p&mjzpfygw,f?
u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;&JŒ u&ifwusyf Armwusyf aºuG;a=umfoHv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ v,f,majr
EdkifiHydkifðyvkyfa&;tufOya'=urf;tay: ajr&Sif}uD;rsm;&JŒ qef@usifuef@uGufoHrsm;/‘u&ifv,fudk
rodr;f eJ@’ aºu;G a=umfwek @f jyeforH sm;eJ@/ apmfbmG ;}u;D rsm;&JŒ rvdv
k m;oHrsm;udk óuaH wGŒae&&if;/ t*Fvyd f
rsm;&JŒ zdtm;ay;uef@uGufr_awGudkyg &ifqdkifae&csdefrSm uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ aqG;aEG;Edkifa&; &ufcsdef;

awmif;oH xGufay:vmwmjzpfygw,f? OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@ tqdkt&uawmh ‘jynfolacwf (People's-

Age) *sme,fyg *dk&S,f&JŒ aqmif;yg;t& ‘*dk&S,fppfwrf;’ qdkwmt& jynfwGi;fppfqDoGm;a&; OD;wnf
aewJh uGefjrLepfygwDudk olykefrxatmif wm;qD;&ef aphpyfaqG;aEG;zdk@qdkygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDu
‘nD!w G af &;urf;vSr;f csuu f kd y,fcsjcif;udk igw@kd vufrcHyJ r&raeóu;d pm;rnf’ vd@k aºu;G a=umf+y;D quf
vuftm;xkwfwmudkawmif y,fcscJh=uwJh qdk&S,fvpfrsm;[m 'Dwcg olwdk@u aqG;aEG;zdk@ &ufcsdef;
awmif;wmudk uGefjrLepfrsm;u &ufcsdef;ray;Edkifao;wmtay: awmfawmf rausreyfjzpf=uygw,f?
u&ifjy\emajz&Sif;a&;twGuf ^m%feD^m%feufxkwf+yD; jyifqifr_awGvkyfae&wJh zqqdk&S,f
xdyfoD;}uD;rsm;[m uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ awGŒqkHnd‡Ed_if;zdk@ wzufu &ufcsdef;awGawmif;aeayr,fh/wzuf
u b,fvdktjywf&Sif;ypf&rvJqdkwmudkvnf; trsdK;rsdK;tzkHzkH pOf;pm;}uHpnfaeygw,f? ‘igwdk hpdwfr
&Snfawmhbl; odef;az (Desperate) jzpfae=u+yD? 'gayr,fh wdk@u vuf,mzufawmhroGm;csifbl;?
vuf0o J moGm;csiw f ,f? wzufu t*Fvyd f ukr% R }D uD;awGuokd rd ;f / v,form;awGukd ajrawGa0ypf/
wzufu *dk&S,f-oef;xGef; uGefjrLepfygwDudk xa&mfpuD0g'orm;awGvdk@ a=unm+yD; acsr_ef;ypf/
wdk@ygwDudk uGefjrLepfygwDvdk@a=unm? tJ'Dvdkawmif wdk@xJrSm pdwful;olu pdwful;ae=uw,f’
vd@k qckd w hJ hJ OD;ausm+f idr;f &JŒpum;[m om"uwckyrmjzpfygw,f? wzufu vdt k yfcsut
f & ‘!Ge@f aygi;f
tpd;k &rl’ eJ@ aphpyfr,fv@kd ajymaejyifqifaepOftwGi;f rSmyJ acsre_ ;f ypfcsif vufO;D r_,cl siw f hJ oabmu
vnf; wzufrSm&Sdaeygw,f?
azazmf0g&D (26) &ufae@u ukefonf}uD;rsm;toif; ESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0;rSm
0ef}uD;csKyfocifEku “tpdk;&[mqdk&S,fvpf0g'rS wdrf;apmif;rnfr[kwfa=umif;” xyfavmif;ajym
qdkygw,f//
rwfvxJrSmyJ Armjynf&Sd +Adwdo#ukr`%D}uD;awGu ppftwGif; ysufpD;qHk;±H_;cJh&jcif;awGt
wGuf avsmaf =u;aiG&vkad =umif; ppfavsmaf =u;awmif;=uygawmhw,f? tpd;k &udk zdtm;ay;wJt h aeeJ@
vef'efu txnftvdyfrsm; a&mif;csay;&mrSmvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHudk (10) &mcdkifE_ef;om a&mif;csay;
r,fq+kd yD;/ oD[/kd tdE, dN / ygupPwefw@kd uo kd m ydrk akd &mif;csay;ygw,f? 'gah =umifh Armjynfu ukvm;ukef
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aom &Jausmfol rdom;pkajrydkif&Sif}uD;rsm;uvnf; wufa&mufyg0if=uygw,f?
rwfv (10) &ufae@rSm autif,l apmbOD;}uD;/ apmom'ifeJ@tzGJŒ 0ef}uD;csKyf±kH;rSm ocifEk
eJ@awGŒqHk+yD; u&ifjynfe,foD;jcm;&&Sda&;udpP aqG;aEG;=uygw,f?
rwfvxJrSm rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;uvnf; u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;enf;wl rGefjynfe,f&&Sd a&;v_yf
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awmif;qdk&ef qHk;jzwfygw,f?
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rsm;udkyg ac:,lvdkufwJhtwGuf ajr&Sifpepf wkef@jyefqENjyyGJ}uD;qD csDwufa&muf&SdvmwJh ta&
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w,f? ('DvdkZGJeJ@apmifhcJh=uw,fqdkolawGxJrSm a=u;rHkOD;aomif;ygcJhygw,f?)
tJ'D rwfv (12) &ufae@nrSmyJ 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEu k ‘rif;rJw h ikd ;f jynfuo hJ @kd w&m;vufvw $ f
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t+yD; aemufw&uf rwfv (13) &ufae@rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu }uD;rSL;usif;ywJh awmifol
v,form;or*~ nDvmcH}uD;pwifygw,f? ysOf;rem;e,f/ v,fa0;*sifvdkukef;rSm usif;ywJhtwGuf
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olv,form;nDvmcH}uD;udk vlxky&dwfowf odef;csD+yD; wufa&muf=uygw,f? tcsdKŒEdkifiHrS v,f
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eufuikd v f rf;pOfukd taumiftxnfazmfomG ;r_a=umifh jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;pcJ&h w,f’ qdw k hJ ajymqdck suf
wifjycsuf qGo J m;csuaf wGwikd ;f rSm wlnw
D hJ azmfxw k cf suwf ck&ydS gw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh olw@kd &ŒJ tqdk
rSefuefa=umif; vufqkyfvufudkif oufaotjzpf wifjyavh&SdwJh azmfxkwfwifjycsuf}uD;wck&Sdyg
w,f// tJ'guawmh ‘*dk&S,fppfwrf;’ qdkwmyJjzpfygw,f?
*dk&S,fppfwrf;qdkwJh t"duoufaocH azmfxkwfwifjycsuf}uD;eJ@twl 'Doufaojycsuf}uD;
udk ydrk ckd ikd rf matmif t&Hoabm odik ;f 0dik ;f wifjyavh&w dS mu/ tdE, dN uGejf rLepfygwu D t*Fvyd b f mom
eJ@ a&;om;xkwaf 0wJh (Peoples' Age) jynfoŒl acwfpmapmifyg &JabmfAwif (*d&k , S )f a&;om;w,fqkd
wJh aqmif;yg;jzpfygw,f? 1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufae@xkwf pmapmifyg aqmif;yg;jzpfygw,f?
(wcsKdŒuvnf; azazmf0g&Dv (4) &ufae@ xkwfvdk@qdkygw,f?)
tJ'&D aJ bmfAwif (*d&k ,S )f a&;w,fqw kd hJ aqmif;yg;eJ@ tpysKd ;/ ‘*d&k ,
S pf pfwrf;’ qdw k mudk t"du
vufqkyfvufudkifoufaoeJ@ wifjy+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;uwnf;u
vufeufudkift=urf;zufenf;eJ@ tm%mudkodrf;,lzdk@ *dk&S,f&JŒ jynfwGif;ppfðya&;vrf;pOfudk qkyfudkif
+yD; jynfwiG ;f ppfvrf;a=umif;twdik ;f av#mufvrS ;f oGm;cJw h ,fv@kd aumufcsuq f jJG yavh&ydS gw,f? Arm
jynf EdkifiHa&;ordkif;/ jynfwGif;ppfordkif;udk a&;om;ajymqdkwifjywdkif;/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu
pwifcJhwmtjzpf tJ'DtcsuftvufawGudkyJ qkyfudkif+yD; enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK;eJ@ yHkazmf0g'jzef@csdcJh=uyg
w,f?

ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D ‘jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpfa&;’ qdw k m b,fwek ;f urS ygw&D ŒJ vrf;pOfrjzpfchJ

ygbl;? tJ'Dhwkef;u ygwD&JŒ ‘aemufqHk;wdkufyGJvrf;pOf’ qdkwmuvnf; jynfwGif;ppfr[kwfcJhygbl;?
tJ'Dhwkef;u (vGwfvyfa&;ra=unmcifteD;umv) ygwD&JŒ vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm; r#m;OD;[m
aemufq;kH tcsed t f xd t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ orm;yJ? jynfwiG ;f ppfr[kwyf gb;l ? tJ'aD emufq;kH wdu k yf v JG rf;pOf
udkvnf; wjynfvHk;tESH@ w&m;0ifjzef@csdxm;wmygyJ/’ vdk@qdkygw,f? jynfwGif;ppfvrf;pOfrcsrSwfcJh
a=umif; twdtvif; jiif;qdkygw,f? 'gjzifh t"duoufaocHjzpfwJh ‘*dk&S,fvrf;pOf’ qdkwmbmvJ/
b,fvdkvJ?
*smreDEkdifiH [ef;bwfòrdŒrSm odrf;qnf;xm;wJh okawoe tcsuftvufzdkifwGJrsm;txJrSm/
‘ArmjynfueG jf rLepf0g'ESihf ywfowfaom pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm; 1945-1977 ckEpS ’f qdw k hJ zdik w
f w JG wG&J dS
ygw,f? tJ'DhzdkifwGJ&JŒ pmrsufESm (83) rSm ‘Armjynf rsufarSmuf EdkifiHa&;tajctaeESifh u|efkyfwdk@.
vkyfief; wm0efrsm;’ a&;ol Awif/ 1948 ckESpf/ rwfv ( ? ) qdkwJh pmwrf;wapmifvnf; &Sdw,fqdkyg
w,f? tJ'pD mwrf;udk &nf!e¸ ;f ud;k um;=uwmqdyk gw,f? *d&k , S pf pfwrf;qdw
k m[m tJ'guakd jymqd=k u
wmqdkygw,f?
wu,fu ‘*d&k , S ’f a&;cJw h hJ tJ'h D ‘*d&k , S pf pfwrf;’ qdw k m[m pmtm;jzifah omfvnf;aumif;/
E_wftm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; vHk;0r&Sdbl;qdkygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDordkif;eJ@ywfowf+yD;
jynfwGif;jynfy azmufjyefa&;orm;awGu vkyf}uHvnfq,fxm;=uwm renf;bl;qdkygw,f?
uGefjrLepfygwD tqdkt& *dk&S,fom tJ'D *dk&S,fppfwrf;udk trSefwu,fa&;cJhr,fqdk&if/
1948 ckEpS /f rwfvxJrmS awmufav#mufvyk af ewJh (nwdik ;f avmufvyk af ewJ)h A[kad umfrwDtpnf;
ta0;awGrmS *d&k , S u f ‘oydwpf rkH o S yl ek xf ’ a&; t,ltqudk bmvd@k wifaervJ? vufeufuikd af wmf
vSefa&;vkyfzdk@qdkwJh *dk&S,fppfwrf;qdkwmxJuyg t,ltq pdwf"mwfeJ@ ‘oydwfpHkrS olykefx’ qdkwJh
t,ltq pdwf"mwf[m wjcm;pDjzpfw,f? qef@usifbufjzpfw,fqdkygw,f? rwfv (28) &ufae@
rSm &efolu vufeufeJ@ pwifzdESdyfvmvdk@ rv$Jra&Smifom vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; qif;vmcJh&wJh
aemuf ausmuf}uD;aygu/f pG,af wmfòrdiw f @kd rmS ðyvkyw f hJ A[dak umfrwDtpnf;ta0; (4) }udrrf mS awmif
&JabmfAwif[m ‘aus;vuftajccH òrdŒ0dkif;a&;’ vrf;pOfcsrSwfzdk@ aqG;aEG;=uwmudk awmufavsmuf
qef@usiaf ew,fqykd gw,f? qdv k w
kd mu tpuwn;fu &JabmfAwifrmS vufeufuikd jf ynfwiG ;fppfðy
a&; t,ltq&SdcJh+yD;om;qdk&if/ wenf;tm;jzifh vufeufudkifjynfwGif;ppfðya&; oabmxm;yg0ifwJh
‘rsufarSmufEdkifiHa&;tajctaeESifh u|Ekfyfwdk@.vkyfief;wm0efrsm;’ pmwrf; (*dk&S,fppfwrf;) qdkwm
udk trSew f u,fa&;om;cJo h jl zpfw,fq&kd if ‘aus;vuftajccHòrdŒ0dik ;f ’ vrf;pOfcsrw S af &;rSm qef@usif
p&m ta=umif;r&Sdyg? oydwfpHkrSolykefxudkvnf; awmufav#muf qufvufwifaep&mta=umif;
r&Sdyg? &JabmfAwif[m tpnf;ta0; (4) }udrfvHk;rSm awmufav#mufqef@usifaecJhw,fqdkygw,f?
csKyf+yD;ajym&&if ‘*dk&S,fppfwrf;’ qdkwm *dk&S,fa&;cJhwmr[kwf/ *dk&S,fa&;w,fqdkwJh *dk&S,fppfwrf;qdk
wm[m wOD;OD;u vky=f uHvnfq,fcjhJ cif;omjzpfw,fv@kd qykd gw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwrD mS b,f
wkef;urS jynfwGif;ppfðya&;vrf;pOfr&SdyJ tkyfpkd;olu vufeufudkift=urf;zufvmvdk@ vufeufudkif
enf;udk a&G;cs,fcJh&wmjzpfw,fvdk@qdkygw,f?

*d&k ,
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0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkeJ@ ocifodef;az (odef;azjrifh) jzpfygw,f?
Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Eku olŒ&JŒud, k wf ikd af &;txˆKywWd ‘wmawpaeom;’ xJrmS ocifoef;
xGef;eJ@ *dk&S,fwdk@ tdENd,EdkifiHu jyefa&mufvm+yD;wJhaemufydkif; &uftenf;i,ft=umrSm jynfxJa&;
0ef}uD; OD;ausm+f idr;f [m olŒudv k mawGŒ+yD; pmwrf;wapmifjyow,fv@dk qykd gw,f? jyoyHk jyoenf;udk
vnf; a[m'Dvdka&;om;xm;ygw,f?
‘u|efawmfwdk@ vlwa,muf uGefjrLepfay:vpfAsL±dkxJrSmoGif;xm;w,f/ olŒqDu 'Dpmwrf;
udk&wm?’
‘atmfæ’
‘'Dv[ l m b,fov l q J wkd m txdawmh rar;yge@J awmh0ef}u;D csKyf u|eaf wmfawmif;yefygw,f’
OD;ausmf+idrf;[m ocifEkudk olŒvufxJu pmwrf;vSrf;ay;w,f? ocifEkzwf=unfhwJhtcg
“jrefrmEkid if aH wmf. vuf&EdS ikd if aH &;tajctaeESihf u|Eyfk w f @kd .vkyif ef;pOf” qdw k ahJ cgi;f pOfuakd wGŒ&ygw,f?
‘'DudpPudk u|efawmfwdk@ jywfjywfom;om;vkyfrSjzpfvdrfhr,f 0ef}uD;csKyf/ csDwHkcswHk vkyfaevdk@
rjzpfbl;/ 'DuGefjrLepfawG olykefxrSm{uefyJ?’
‘rif;b,fvdkjywfjywfom;om;vkyfzdk@ pdwful;xm;ovJ ausmf+idrf;?’
‘uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifawG tckvdk &efukefrSmpkaewkef;/ olwdk@udk ðAef;ueJzrf;+yD; axmifxJ
xnfhxm;csifw,fæ’ vdk@azmfjycJhygw,f?
OD;ode;f azjrifu h awmh ol@&ŒJ ‘ausm+f idr;f ’ txˆKywWpd mtkyx f rJ mS / OD;ausm+f idr;f ud, k wf ikd f trSm
pma&;om;xm;wJh pmtkyfxJrSm tckvdka&;om;xm;wmawGŒ&ygw,f?
ausmf+idrf;rSm jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;jzpfojzifh ,ck u|efawmhfxH,lvmaom aqmif;yg;omru/
*d&k ,
S f u ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD A[dak umfrwDwiG ;f rSm v#Kd Œ0Supf mG a0xm;aom ppfwrf;}uD;udv k nf;
&xm;onf[kod&onf? ygwDu u|efawmfhtm; xdkppfwrf;udkay;onfr[kwfacs? ygwDrS xGuf+yD;
aemuf twef=umrS ausmf+idrf;u ,lvmIzwf&onfæ vdk@azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
tJ'v hD kd OD;Ek eJ@ OD;ode;f azjrifh &JŒ azmfxw k af &;om;xm;csuaf wGukd axmuf±o _ ;kH oyf=unf&h r,f
qdk&if ‘*dk&S,fppfwrf;’ qdkwm}uD;udk &&Sd=unfhjrifzwf±_&zl;ol ESpfOD;&Sdygw,f? ocifEk eJ@ OD;odef;azjrifh
jzpfygw,f? tcsdefu azazmf0g&Dv odk@r[kwf rwfvqef;xJyg// zwf±_&ol ESpfOD;vHk;&JŒazmfjycsuft&
tJ'Dh *dk&S,fppfwrf;qdkwm}uD;udk ay;oluawmh wOD;xJyg? tJ'Dyk*~dKvfuawmh OD;ausmf+idrf;yg?
OD;ausmf+idrf;u 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEk udk tJ'Dhpmwrf;udkjyo+yD; zwf±_aepOfu ‘u|efawmfwdk@
vlwa,muf uGefjrLepfygwD ay:vpfAsL±dkxJrSm oGif;xm;w,f? olŒqDu 'Dpmwrf;udk&wm’ vdk@ajym
+yD; tJ'v hD l b,fob l ,f0gjzpfa=umif; xyfrar;zd@k E_wyf w d cf ikd ;f xm;cJyh gw,f? tifrwefpw d 0f ifpm;p&m
aumif;ygw,f?
tJ'Dhae&mrSm tcsuftvuftrSefawGxJuae trSefw&m;udk&Smzdk@ vdktyfvmygw,f? tJ'D
tcsed w f ek ;f u ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwx D rJ mS Edik if aH &;OD;aqmiftzGŒJ 0if ay:vpfAsL±d0k if[m (3) OD;xJy&J ydS g
w,f? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_;ocifoef;xGef;/ &JabmfAwif ac: *dk&S,feJ@ ocifAodef;wifjzpfygw,f

ocifoef;xGef; [m eHygwfwpfacgif;aqmifjzpfygw,f// ocifAodef;wif[m aemifwcdsefrSm

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ OuUÏtxdjzpfvmcJh+yD; uG,fvGefcsdeftxd b,fvkd&yfwnfoGm;cJholvJ
qdkwm oufaojycJh+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? ‘*dk&S,f’ [mvnf; 'Dppfwrf;}uD; ‘*dk&S,fppfwrf;’ qdkwm}uD
a&;om;olygvdk@ t"duxm;ajymqdkcHcJh&ol um,uH&Sifppfppfjzpfygw,f? tcsuftvufrSefawGudk
owWKcs=unfhvdkuf&if 'D ‘*dk&S,fppfwrf;’ qdkwm}uD;[m jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf+idrf;qDrSmyJ pwif
awGŒ&Sd&+yD; OD;ausmf+idrf;qDrSmyJ vrf;qHk;aecJhygw,f?
aemif Armjynfordik ;f a&;=uolawGtm;vH;k [mvnf; txufrmS azmfjycJw h hJ ocifE&k ŒJ a&;om;
csufeJ@ OD;odef;azjrifh&JŒ a&;om;csuftay:rSmyJ wnfrSD+yD; udk;um;&nf!¸ef;=uwmcsnf;jzpfygw,f?
t&HoabmrsdK; azmfxkwfcJh=uwJh tdENd,uGefjrLepfygwD tmabmf ‘jynfolŒacwf’ pmapmifyg *dk&S,f
a&;w,fqdkwJh aqmif;yg;uaum b,fvdkjzpfysufcJhwmygvJ? uGefjrLepfygwDtqdkt& tJ'Dh
aqmif;yg;[mvnf; *dk&S,f trSefwu,fa&;om;cJhwmr[kwfyg?
1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvxJrSm &JabmfAwif (*dk&S,f) [m tdENd,c%oGm;csifw,fvdk@wifjyvdk@
usefay:vpfAsL±dk0if ESpfOD;u oabmwlvdkuf=uw,fqdkygw,f? *dk&S,f tdENd,a&muf+yD;wJhaemuf
tdENd,uGefjrLepfygwDuxkwfwJh ‘jynfolŒacwf’ xJrSm &JabmfAwifa&;w,fqdkwJh aqmif;yg;ygvmcJh
w,fqdkygw,f? tJ'Dhaqmif;yg;xJrSm ‘ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ vrf;pOf[m vusfmusaeygw,f?
'ga=umifjh yif&r,f’qdw k hJ oabmrsKd ;vnf; yg0ifaew,fqykd gw,f? *d&k , S jf yefvmwJt h cg tJ'ahD qmif;yg;
[m ygwDudktodray;yJ ygwDvrf;pOfukd qef@usifa&;om;xm;wmjzpfvdk@ ygwDA[dkaumfrDwDu jyif;
jyif;xefxefa0zef=uwJt h cg/ &JabmfAwif[m 'Daqmif;yg;udk ola&;om;cJw h mr[kwaf =umif;/ tdE, dN
uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifwa,mufu ol@emrnfeJ@a&;wmjzpfygw,fvdk@ jyef vnf&Sif;vif;wifjycJ
vd@k tJ'u
hD pd P tJ'ahD vmufe@J +yD;jywfomG ;cJ=h uw,fqykd gw,f? qdv k wkd mu tJ'ahD qmif;yg;yg oabmxm;
[mvnf; uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ oabmxm;r[kwfyg? uGefjrLepfygwDu csrSwfxm;wJh w&m;0ifvrf;pOf
eJ@ udkufnDcJhwmr[kwfbl;qdkygw,f?
tJ'v hD kd tcdik t f rmr[kww f hJ udprP sm;udqk yk u
f ikd +f yD; vdt
k yfovdyk }kH uD;csŒJ um yHak zmfum/ trSef
wu,f r&Scd w hJ hJ ‘*d&k ,
S pf pfwrf;’ qdwk m}uD;udk vnfqnfvyk =f uH vuf!;kd xk;d +yD;/ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfyg
wDu jynfwGif;ppfvrf;pOfukd pwifcJhwmvdk@ wzufowfajymqdkcJh=ujcif; jzpfw,fqdkygw,f?
jiif;r&Edkifavmufatmif tcdkiftrmjzpfysufcJhwmuawmh rwfv (27) &ufae@ zufqpf
awmfveS af &;ae@ txdr;f trSwt f crf;tem;t+yD;/ noef;aumifausmf rd;k rvif;ao;rD tcdset f awm
twGif; tm%m& zqyvtpdk;&u tvpftidkuf uGefjrLepfzrf;yGJ vkyfaqmif taumiftxnfazmf
cJw
h muae/ rwfv (28) &ufae@rmS Armjynf jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD; pwifc&hJ wmjzpfygw,f? tapm}uD;u
wnf;u }udw+f yD; }uHpnfjyifqifaecJw h hJ jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; OD;ausm+f idr;f &JŒ vufawGŒtaumiftxnf
azmfr_uae jynfwGif;ppf}uD; pwifcJhwmjzpfygw,f? tJ'g wu,fhtjzpftysufrSef ordkif;jzpfygw,f?
aemufxyf t&HoabmrsKd ; ajymqdak &;om;ud;k um;ae=uwJh ‘qd&k , S vf pft±d;k awGe@J Am;u&m
acsmuf}uD;zd;k ypfr,f’ ‘at;at;aq;aq;aecsiw f hJ ocifEk =uHawmocsiô ;f oGm;aeyg’ qdw k hJ uGejf rLepf
acgi;f aqmif ocifoef;xGe;f &JŒ jyif;xefrmausmvGe;f vSwhJ }udr;f armif;ajymqdo k aH wGqw kd m[mvnf;
b,ftay:rSmajymqdkcJhwmvJ/ bmtjzpftysufawGeJ@ qufpyfajymqdkcJhwmvJqdkwmuawmh rSefrSef

uefuef=unfjh rif=uzd@k vykd gw,f? tm%m&qd&k , S v f pfrsm;u rkq;kd rowif;pmwdu k af wmif raxmuf
xm;/ &rf;&rf;um;um; vltyk }f uD;eJ@ tEdik u f sichf whJ mtay: owif;pmwdu k f (3) wdu k v f ;kH udk pufawGyg
rcsef ±du k cf sKd ;zsuq
f ;D ypfc=hJ uwmtay:/ tJ'gawGe@J wqufxJ ajymqdck w hJ mjzpfw,fqw kd m owdrzl @kd vkd
ygw,f? ta&;}uD;vSwJh wu,fhaemufcHtjzpftysufawGudk azsmuf+yD;ajymvdk@rjzpfyg? jynfxJa&;
0ef}uD; OD;ausm+f idr;f ud, k w f ikd f trde@f ay;cdik ;f appDpOfcw hJ mjzpfygw,f? t&uf ud;k armif;wdu k +f yD; t&uf
ykvif;cg;=um;xdk;+yD; vlrdkufenf;eJ@ AdkvfuscJh=uwmawGudk xdefcsefxm;vdk@rjzpfyg? qdk&S,fvpftrwf
awG/ ygvrD eftwGi;f 0efqo kd al wG/ tvkyo f rm;acgi;f aqmif/ v,form;acgi;f aqmifqo kd al wGyg owif;
pmwkduf ±dkufcsdK;yGJ}uD;rSm yg0ifcJh=uwm txift&Sm;jzpfygw,f? tm%m& qdk&S,fvpfrsm;udk,fwdkif
wenf;tm;jzifh tpdk;&udk,fwdkif tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd usL;vGefcJhwJh t=urf;zuf AdkvfusyGJudk b,fppfrSefwJh
Ekid if aH &;tzGŒJ tpnf;acgi;f aqmifrsKd ;urS a&iHEk w _ yf w d v f yk +f yD; acgi;f iH@k c=H uvdrrhf ,fr[kwyf g? 'Dowif;pm
wdkuf ±dkufcsdK;r_}uD;eJ@ywfouf+yD; vuf0Jt,ltq&Sdola&m vuf,mt,ltq&Sdolygrusef/ owif;
pmq&mtrsm;pk}uD;u uef@uGufqef@usifcJh=uwm tm;vHk;todjzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfudk,fwdkifu
wpfw&m;cHudk odygvsuf rodovdkvkyf+yD; ‘rif;rJhwdkif;jynfuJhodk@ ðyr_jcif;udk vufrcHEdkif’ vdk@cyfwnf
wnf a=unm+yD; zrf;rde@f ay;cJah yr,fh tzrf;jycJah yr,f/h tmrcHay;+yD; jyefvw $ yf pfcyhJ gw,f? jynfxaJ &;
u zrf;&r,fhtr_ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;udk,fwdkif pDpOfcJhwmqdkawmh pOf;pm;om=unfh=uygawmhvdk@ ukef;
atmf&r,fhudef;qdkufcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh trsm;jynfolwdk@u OD;ausmf+idrf;udk emrnfxkwf+yD; qJcJh=u
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cJh&ygw,f? rlv Ekrl (15) csufuae aemifrSm Ekrl (14) csuftjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;chJygw,f?
wyfrawmftwGif;rSmvnf; vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;udpP[m ta&;}uD;acgif;pOfwck jzpfvmcJhyg
w,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD awmcdo k mG ;wJah emufyikd ;f wdu k cf ukd &f r,fh wdu k yf rJG sm;rSm wyfzŒJG wcsKd Œudk
apv$wfwm0efay;zdk@ tcuftcJ&Sdvmw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh wcsdKŒwyfcGJrª;rsm;[m
uGefjrLepfEG,f0ifawGjzpfaevdk@qdkygw,f/ 'ga=umifh wjcm;wyfzGJŒawGeJ ajymif;+yD; wm0efay;&wm/
vlrsK;d pkwyfzŒJG awGeaJ &G;+yD; apv$w&f wmawG&v dS mw,fv@kd qdyk gw,f/ tJ'v D kd wm0efay;cH&wJwyfawG
u aus;&GmwcsKd Œudk jyefvnford ;f ydu k &f mrSm &Gmom;eJ olyek f rcGjJ cm;bJ ypfcwfwu kd w f m ajrvSepf epfe@J
&Gmudrk ;D ±dŒ_ wmrsKd ;awG jzpfay:vm+yD;/ Armaoewfuikd w f yf&if;rsm;u ra=ureyfjzpf=u/ ajymqdv k m=u
wmawG&w dS ,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? tJ'v D kd a0zefajymqdrk a_ wGxu G v f mvd@k umuG,af &;0ef}uD; Adv k v f usmF
u Adkvfae0if; tygt0if Armt&m&Sd}uD;rsm;udk tpnf;ta0;ac:,lajymqdkwJhtcg Adkvfae0if;tyg

t0if Armt&m&S}d uD;rsm;u jyefveS af 0zefajymqd=k uw,fqykd gw,f? rcHr&yfEikd jf zpfvmwJh Adv k v f usmF
u tJ't D &m&S}d uD;rsm; vuf0n J !D w G af &;vkyaf qmif=uzd@k pdeaf c: cJw h hJ twGuf Adv k af e0if;wd@k wawGu
0ef}uD;csKyfudkcGifhawmif;+yD; vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;twGuf wyfrawmf vuf0JnD!Gwfa&; (9) OD;aumfrwD
azmfaqmifc=hJ uw,fv@kd qykd gw,f? tJ'D wyfrawmfvuf0n J ! D w G af &; (9) OD;aumfrwDrmS Adv k af e0if;/
Adv
k af Z,s/ Adv k &f xJ wG /f Adv
k w
f ifO;D / Adv
k wf ifarmif? Advk cf spòf rdi/f Advk x f eG ;f pde/f Adv
k Af pdef pwJh olawGyg0ifchJ
=uygw,f?
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; AdkvfvusFmeJ@ Adkvfae0if;[m wOD;eJwOD; tjrifr=unf=ubl;vdk@vnf;
qdkygw,f//
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u olwyfuxGufcdsefrSm wyfudkOD;pD;zdk@ Adkvfvusfmudk aemufqHk;a&G;cs,f
wm0efay;cJh+yD;uwnf;u Adkvfae0if;[m Adkvfvusfmtay: òydifbufvdkoabmxm;+yD; remvdkpdwf
0ifcw hJ mvd@k vnf;qd=k uygw,f? 'ga=umifh tJ'w D ek ;f uvnf; Adv k v f usfm&JŒ trde@f ay;r_wcsKd Œudk Adv k af e0if;
[m remcHbJ olvkyfcsifovdk vkyfcJhwmawG&SdcJhw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? tJ'D yk*~dKvfa&;uGm[r_[m wdkif;
jynfvGwfvyfa&;a=unm+yD;csdef ta&;}uD;umvwav#muf qufvufjzpfay:aecJhygw,f? wyfr
awmfvuf0JnD!Gwfa&; (9) OD;aumfrwDu Adkvfvusfm udk umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;u EkwfxGufay;a&;
awmif;qdkzdk@ qHk;jzwfxm;w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; Adkvfvusfm &mxl;uEkwfxGufzdk@
qH;k jzwfjyifqif&wJh ta=umif;&if;awGxrJ mS wyfrawmfvuf0n J !D w G af &;aumfrwDu olurkd vdv k m;
bl;qdkwmuvnf; ta=umif;wckjzpfcJhygw,f?
Zlvdkif (15) &ufae@ ae@vnf (2) em&DrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEk eJ@ 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ EkwfxGuf+yD;
tJ'Dn (7) em&DausmfrSmbJ jyefvnfzGJŒpnf; usrf;opPmusdefqdk=ujyefygw,f?
qd&k ,S vf pf-&JabmfjzL yËdyuQa=umifah &m/ Ek-rl &Jabmfrl uGjJ ym;r_a=umifah &m/ jynfxaJ &;udk
tjywfudkifxm;wJh qdk&S,fvpfawGu &JabmfjzLawG&JŒ vufeufawGukd odrf;vdrfhr,fqdkwJh xGufay:
vmwJh toHawGa=umifhyg &JabmfjzLwcsdKŒ Zlvdkif (16) &ufae@rSm awmcdk=uygw,f?
Zlvdkif (16) &ufae@rSmyJ vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;aumifpD zGJŒpnf;ay:aygufvmygw,f? tzGJŒ0if
(21) OD;&Sdygw,f?
1? Adkvfae0if; OuUÏ wyfrawmf
2? AdkvfApdef tzGJŒ0if ?
3? AdkvfapmxGef;pdef ? ?
4? Adv k &f x
J ÉG f ? ?
5? AdkvfaZ,s ? ?
6? Adkvfrª;atmif ? jynfol@&Jabmf
7? AdkvfpdefrSef ? ?
8? Adkvfva&mif ? ?
9? Adkvfrif;acgif ? ?
10? Adkvf!Gef@armif ? ?
11? Adkvfatmif!Gef@ ? ?

12? Adkvfbkef;atmif ? ?
13? OD;vSarmif ? qdk&S,fvpfygwD
14? OD;AaqG ? ?
15? OD;ausmfjidrf; ? ?
16? ocifwif ? ?
17? Adkvfatmif}uD; ? ?
18? Adkvfodef;wef ? uGefjrLepfygwD
19? Adkvfatmifrif; ? ?
20? Adkvf&efatmif ? ?
21? OD;odef;azjrifh twGif;a&;rª; - wdk@jzpfygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm &Si;f vif;p&m&Syd gw,f? OuUÏ tjzpfaqmif&u G wf hJ Advk af e0if;yg wyfrawmft&m&Sd

}uD; (5) OD;[m wyfrawmfvuf0n J !
D wG af &;aumfrwD0if (9) OD;xJujzpfygw,f wyfrawmfvuf0n J D
!Gwfa&; (9) OD;aumfrwDudk udk,fpm;ðyxm;wJhoabmjzpfygw,f?
uGefjrLepfvkd@acgif;pOfwyfay;xm;wJh Adkvfodef;wef/ Adkvfatmifrif;/ Adkvf&efatmif wdk@(3)OD;
[mvnf; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk w&m;0ifudk,fpm;ðyxm;olawGr[kwfyg? ( Adkvfodef;wef [m
rwfv (28) &ufae@ vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; rv$rJ a&Smifom ay:ayguv f mwJt h cg vdu
k of mG ;cGi&hf cJh
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vHk; odrf;usHK;+yD; uGefjrLepfzrf;yGJ}uD; qifE$JwJhtcg tzrf;cH&ol (3) OD;jzpfygw,f? vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;
aumifpzD @JG pnf;prSm axmifxu J aexkw+f yD; aqG;aEG;apwmjzpfygw,f? Zlvikd v f (18)&ufae@rmS vuf0J
nD!Gwfa&;aumifpD&JŒ qHk;jzwfcsuft& OD;ausmf+idrf;u axmifuv$wfay;cJ+yD; vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;
aumifpDrSm yg0ifapcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
tJ'v D kd Adv
k af e0if;OuUÏ tjzpf aqmif&u G w f hJ vuf0n J !D wG af &;aumifpD zGŒJ pnf;ay:ayguv f m
csdefrSm wdkif;jynfrSmjzpfysufaewJhtaetxm;u ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m rwfv (28) &ufae@u
wnf;u awmcdkae&+yD;jzpfovdk/ &JabmfjzLrsm;vnf; vufeufodrf;cH&/ tzrf;tqD;cH&rSmpdk;vdk@
wpdww f ydik ;f awmcdak e=u+yD;jzpfygw,f? u&iftrsKd ;om;rsm;&JŒ v_y&f mS ;r_awG[mvnf; odoo d mom
jzpfay:ae+yD; u&ifppf&Jrsm;u oxHkudkodrf;ydkufwm óuHawGŒ&+yD;csdefjzpfygw,f? tpdk;&tzGŒJ twGif;&Sd
vusFmtiftm;pkrsm;udk,fwdkifuvnf; tpDtpOfwckudk jyifqifae=uw,fqdkygw,f? tJ'guawmh
qd&k ,
S v f pfjynfolŒ&Jabmfrsm;ryg0ifwhJ tdraf pmift h pd;k &zGŒJ pnf;ay;a&; tpDtpOfjzpfygw,f? umuG,f
a&;0ef}uD; Adkvfvusfm/ wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;/ &JcsKyf OD;xGef;vSatmif/
jynfxaJ &;XmetwGi;f 0if OD;umpDw@kd yg0ifwhJ Edik if aH wmfvðkH cHa&;aumifpu D 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEu k kd qd&k , S f
vpfe@J jynfolŒ&Jabmfw@kd ryg0ifwhJ tdraf pmift h pd;k &zGJŒpnf;ay;&ef awmif;qdck =hJ uygw,f? Edik if jH cm;a&;
0ef}uD; OD;wifxGwfuvnf; vHkðcHa&;aumifpDeJ@ woabmwnf;jzpfw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? vHkðcHa&;
aumifpu D tckvkd uGejf rLepfawG olyek x f jcif;eJ@ u&ifoyl ek x f &ef v_yv f y_ &f &G jG zpfae&jcif;[m qd&k , S f

vpfawGudkrkef;vdk@jzpfw,f? tpdk;&xJrSm ygwDorm;awGryg&if at;oGm;vdrfr,fvdk@ ta=umif;jy=u

w,fqdkygw,f?
rdwˆDvmrSm wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcHeJ@ ykvdyft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;nDvmcHusif;y+yD;/ tJ'DnDvmcHawGrSm
k cf sKyfprpf'eG ;f eJ@ OD;xGe;f vSatmifw@kd u vH;k òcHa&;aumifp&D ŒJ qH;k jzwfcsuo
Adv f abmxm;twdik ;f ajym=u
qdk=u jyifqif=uw,fqdkwJh toHawGxGufay:vmcJhygw,f? OD;ausmf+idrf;eJ@ vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;aumif
pD0ifawGu 'DvkòH cHa&;aumifp&D ŒJ qH;k jzwfcsuo f abmxm;[m wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmf ,m,DygvrD ef
udk ab;z,fxm;+yD; ppfwyf/ ykvdyfeJ@ tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;u tm%modrf;&ef=uHjcif;om
jzpfw,fv@kd ,q l =uwJt h jyif ppfwyfxrJ mS &Sad ewJh t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS &f JŒacgi;f aqmifwOD;u aemufu, G f
uae =oZmay;aew,fvdk@ rouFmjzpf=uw,fqdkygw,f? vHkòcHa&;aumifpD&ŒJ tpDtpOfomatmif
jrifoGm;&if e,fcsJŒvkyf}uHr_}uD;atmifjrifoGm;Edkifw,fvdk@vnf; ,lq=uw,fqdkygw,f? 'ga=umifh
vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;aumifpDudk zGJŒvdu k +f yD; vHkòcHa&;aumifpD&JŒ ygwD0ifawGrygaom tdrfapmifhtpdk;&zGJŒ
pnf;a&;t}uHtpnfudk wdkufzsuf&efpOf;pm;=uygw,f? vusfmtE W&m,ftjzpf ±_jrifoHk;oyfylyef=u
w,fqdkygw,f? vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;aumifpDu ocifEkudk quf+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfvkyfap&ef/ rvkyfvdk
u Adkvfvusfmudk vkyfap&ef/ Adkvfae0if;udk umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;cef@&ef/ OD;wifxGwf tm; EdkifiHa&;jcm;
a&;0ef}uD;ae&mu z,f&Sm;+yD; OD;tkef; odk@r[kwf vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;aumifpDu a&G;cs,folwOD;OD;udk
cef@xm;&efvnf; qHk;jzwf=uw,fqdkygw,f?
vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;aumifpD xJrSmvnf; txufazmfjyygqHk;jzwfcsufawGudkom vufcH
oabmwlnDae=uayr,fh rwlnDwmawGvnf; trsm;}uD;vdk@qdkygw,f? wcsdKŒu vusfm tE W&,f
udkomwdkufzsufvdk+yD;/ uGefjrLepfeJ@ r& &wJhenf;eJ@ aphpyfvdkolawGjzpf+yD;/ wcsdKŒu vusfmtE W&m,f
a&m/ uGejf rLepftE &W m,fa&m ESpcf pk vk;H tðywfwu kd &f r,fv@kd cH,xl m;=uw,fv@kd qykd gw,f? OD;ausm+f ird ;f
uawmh ESpfckpvHk; tðywfwdkufa&;orm;jzpfygw,f?
tJ'DtcsdefrSm yk*~dKvfa&;yÉdyuQawG[mvnf; ay:aygufvmjyefw,f/ Adkvfae0if;eJ@ ywfouf
wJhyÉdyuQjzpfygw,f? Adkvfvusfm u olumuG,fa&;0ef}uD;&mxl;u EkwfxGufoGm;&ifawmif/
Adkvfae0if; umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmrSmudk rvdkvm;ovdk/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf prpf'Gef;
uvnf; 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEu k kd csO;f uyf+yD; Adv
k af e0if;udk umuG,af &;0ef}uD;tjzpf vufrcHEikd af =umif;
wifjycJw h ,fv@kd qykd gw,f? OD;ausm+f idr;f uawmh Adv k af e0if;udvk vkd m;+yD; umuG,af &;0ef}uD;jzpfapcsif
ygw,f? qd&k , S v f pftEG,0f ifjzpfwhJ Adv k af e0if;udk olŒvltjzpfvnf; tcdik t f rmarG;jrLxm;csiyf gw,f?
Advk vf ufusmf uawmh umuG,af &;0ef}uD;tjzpf Adv k af Z,sukd jzpfapcsiw f ,fqykd gw,f? OD;ausm+f idr;f
u Adkvfae0if; ae&m&a&;twGuf tpGrf;ukeóf ud;pm;cJhygw,f?
Zlvikd v f ukeyf ikd ;f rSm jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;OD;ausm+f idr;f u 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEq k v
D m+yD; Akv d af e0if;
udkjzpfjzpf/ AdkvfaZ,sudkjzpfjzpf/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; cef@ay;zdk@ awmif;qdkae=u+yD? tajctaeawGu
awmh ta&;}uD;ae+yDqdkwJhta=umif; wifjyygw,f? ocifEku 'Davmufta&;}uD;aewJhtcsdefrSm
'Dvakd wmif;qdv k mwm[m t=uyfuikd w f mbJv@kd cpH m;+yD; b,fou l rkd S rcef@b;l / olw@kd vyk cf si&f mvky=f u
ygap? 'dk@rSmvnf; ajcrJhvufrJhrSr[kwfbJvdk@ jiif;y,fw,fqdkygw,f? OD;ausmf+idrf;u 'Dvdkqdk olwdk@udk
c%avmufrawGŒEdkifbl;vm;vdk@ xyf+yD;ajymawmh ocifEku rawGŒbl;vdk@ xyfjiif;w,fqdkygw,f?

tJ't D cg OD;ausm+f idr;f u 0ef}uD;csKyfa&SŒrSmyJ rsuaf &awG awGawGus+yD; idjk yw,fqykd gw,f? OD;ausm+f idr;f
rsuf&nfuswmjrif&+yD; pdwfxdcdkufvmwJh ocifEku/ a[hausmf+idrf; rif;taumifawGac:csifac:cJh
igawGŒr,fv@kd jyefjyif+yD;ajzwJt h cgr/S OD;ausm+f idr;f u u|eaf wmfw@kd tpd;k &tzGŒJ rSm wu,ftm;ud;k Edik w f hJ
Armwyf[m Adkvfae0if;&JŒ wyf&if; (4) wwyfyJ&Sdw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'DvlawGvm&if Adkvfae0if;udk
umuG,af &;0ef}uD;cefah pcsiw f ,fv@kd wdu k w f eG ;f ajymqdyk g w,f? tJ'v D kd tcdik t
f rmjyifqif+yD;wJah emuf
OD;ausm+f idr;f u Adv
k af e0if;/ Advk af Z,s OD;ode;f azjrifw h @kd ukd ocifEq
k aD c:vmygw,f? ODausm+f idr;f eJ@twl
qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifwcsdKŒvnf;ygvm=uygw,f? ppfAdkvfESpfOD; oHk;OD;vnf;ygvmw,fqdkygw,f?
ppfAkdvfwOD;&JŒcg;rSm ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewfxdk;vmwm udkjrifvdkuf+yD; pdwfawG axmif;ueJjzpfvmwJh
ocifEku/ tif;bmvJajymygtHk;vdk@ Adkvfae0if;eJ@ AdkvfaZ,sudkar;awmh ESpfOD;pvHk;u bmr#rajymbJ
+idrfae=uw,fqdkygw,f? vuf0JnD!Gwfa&; aumifpDtwGif;a&;rª; OD;odef;azjrifhu Adkvfae0if;udk
jzpfjzpf AdkvfaZ,sudkjzpfjzpf 0ef}uD;csKyf óuduf&mvludk umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;cef@zdk@ wifjy+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyf
pOf;pm;zdk@ tcsdef(3)&ufay;r,fvdk@ ajymw,fqdkygw,f? 'gudk&mZmoHay;vmwm +cdrf;ajcmufvm
wmvd@k ,lq+yD; ocifEu k a'goeJ@ oH;k &ufrajymeJ@ oH;k rdepfawmif tcsed rf ,lb;l / b,fou l rkd S rcef@b;l
vdk@ajym+yD; tm;vHk;jyefv$wfvdkufygw,f? tpu OD;ausmf+idrf;ajymxm;wJhtwdkif; Adkvfae0if;udkyJ
cef@r,fvdk@ pDpOfxm;wm a'goa=umifh ysufoGm;&w,fqdkygw,f? OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@wtkyfvHk; jyefoGm;
+yD;aemuf (15) rdepfavmuft=umrSm Adv k vf usmf eJ@ Adv k af Z,su 0ef}uD;csKyfe@J awGŒcsiw f t hJ a=umif;
ajymvmjyefw,fqdkygw,f? yxr ocifEk u jiif;ygw,f? Adkvfvusfmu awGŒcGifhðyoifhygw,fvdk@
awmif;yefwJhtwGuf ocifEku vufcH+yD;awGŒjyefygw,f? AdkvfaZ,su olŒudk umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;
cef@zdk@ajymwJhtcg ocifEku xyfrHjiif;y,fvdkuf+yD; tJ't D a=umif;udk OD;ausm+f idr;f qD zk;H qufajymjy
vdu k w f ,fqykd gw,f? t}ut H pnf&x dS m;wJh OD;ausm+f ird ;f u atmif+yDv@kd ajymw,fqykd gw,f? ocifEu k
ausmf+idrf;a& bmatmifwmvJvdk@ar;awmh 0ef}uD;csKyf rodygbl;/ aemufrS u|efawmfvm&Sif;jyr,f
qdk+yD; w,fvDzkef;udkcsvdkufw,fqdkygw,f? tJ'Daemuf OD;ausmf+idrf;u Adkvfae0if;udk csufcsif;ac:
+yD; Adkvfae0if;/ AdkvfaZ,s qdkwJhvl[m cifAsm;udktodray;bJ 0ef}uD;csKyfqD olwa,mufxJoGm;+yD;
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;cef@zdk@ajymae+yD? 0ef}uD;csKyfutckyJ usaemhfudk w,fvDzkef;eJ@ta=umif;=um;
w,fvdk@ ajymvdkufwJhtcg Adkvfae0if;vnf; a'goykefxoGm;+yD; Adkvfae0if; eJ@ AdkvfaZ,s t=um;
tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; yl;aygif;r&Edkifavmufatmif uGJ+yJoGm;&awmhw,f qdkygw,f? wyfrawmf vuf0J
nD!Gwfa&; (9) OD;aumfrDwDvnf; r=umrDysufjym;oGm;&ygw,f?
qdk&S,fvpfjynfxJa&;Xmeu &JabmfjzL awG&Jh vufeufawGudkodrf;jyD; zr;fawmhr,fqdkwJh
ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ Zlvdkifv (16) &ufae@rSm awmcdkoGm;=uwJh &JabmfjzLawG&JŒpum;[mvnf;
aoG;xGuaf tmifreS v f mcJyh gw,f? Zlvikd v f (29) &ufae@/ reuf (5) em&DrmS OD;ausm+f idr;f &JŒ jynfxaJ &;
Xmeu jynfolŒ&JabmfXmecsKyfudk 0dkif;um acgif;aqmifawGudk zrf;qD;ygawmhw,f? Adkvfzdk;uGef;vGwf
oGm;+yD; 'kw, d OuUÏ Adv k vf a&mif wd@k wawGvnf; wdr;f a&SmifomG ;&ygawmhw,f? ajray: &Sd &JabmfjzL
rsm; ajratmufb0a&mufoGm;=u&ovdk/ &JabmfjzLtrsm;pk}uD;[m Zlvdkifv (29) &ufae@up+yD;
vufeufudkifawmcdkb0a&mufoGm;&ygawmhw,f? tpdk;&[m wenf;tm;jzifh qdk&S,fvpfrsm;[m

rwfv (28) &ufae@rmS uGejf rLepfrsm;udk awmwGi;f armif;yd@k co hJ vdk Zlvikd v f (29) &ufae@rmS &JabmfjzL
rsm;udk awmwGif;armif;ydk@vdkufjyefwmjzpfygw,f? jynfolŒ&Jabmfrsm;[m tpuwnf;u w&m;0if
vufeufuikd af qmifciG &hf xm;olrsm;jzpfwt hJ wGuf vufeufuikd af wmcd=k uwJt h cg tqifo h ifh vufeuf
wyfqif+yD;om; wyfzGJŒrsm;jzpfoGm;=uygawmhw,f? tiftm;vnf; ydkrdkrsm;jym;+yD;om;jzpfygw,f?
=o*kwfv (1) &ufae@rSm Adkvfae0if;[m wyfrawmf 'kwd,ppfOD;pD;csKyfeJ@ 'kwd,ppfaoem
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vdk@yJvm; 'grSr[kwf vufeufudkif wyfydkifwckck&Sdxm;rS 'DvdktajctaerSm aumif;vdrhfr,fvdk@ ,lq
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&ufae@rSmrS E_wfxGufjzpfygw,f?) r=umrD wyfrif;}uD;jzpfvmygw,f?
=o*kwv f (3) &ufae@rmS oxHb k ufrmS &Sw
d hJ autif'tD rkd sm;u oxHck ±kid u f kd odr;f yduk v f u kd yf g
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zdwf=um;+yD; +idrf0yfydjym;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ jynfaxmifpkwnfwHha&;awGudk =o*kwfv (5) &ufrSm
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autif,l tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;u vufeufudkifyÉdyuQ ydkrdkus,fjyef@rvmapa&;twGuf Zlvdkifv
(25) &ufae@pGJeJ@ arwWm&yfcH yef=um;csufwapmifxkwfjyefcJh+yD; t=urf;zuf0g'/ vufeufudkif0g'udk
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&JabmfjzLrsm; awmcdv k y_ &f mS ;vm&wm odjrifae=uovdk awmcdak e=uolawG&ŒJ vufxrJ mS vufeufpJG
udik x
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rsm;[m vwfvwfqwfqwfyJ&Sdae=uygao;w,f? wufvmwJh tpdk;&tay:vnf; b,fvdkrS
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JG aH wG nHvm
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tpdk;&u awmcdkvufeufudkifv_yf&Sm;r_awGudk ESdrfeif;zdk@ bDwDtuf(z)( Burma Territorial
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aESmifah ES;ae&if; vuf,morm;rsm;u Armwyfukd vufeufawGord ;f vmrvm;/ vuf,morm;awG
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rsm;vdk@vnf; owfrSwfxm;=uygw,f? wyfrawmftwGif;rSm &mxl;}uD;}uD;&xm;oltcsdKŒ u&if
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vdktajctaeawGaygif;vdkufwJhtcg wyfrª;wyfom;wcsdKŒu tm%modrf;zdk@ aqG;aEG; }uHpnfvm=u
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tm%modrf;a&;tpDtpOfudk jynfolŒ&Jabmfu Adkvfva&mifuvnf; oabmwlovdk/ uGefjrLepf
a[mif;rsm;jzpfwhJ Adv k of ed ;f wef/ Adv
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AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvf&JxGÉf wdk@uvnf; oabmwl=uovdk qdk&S,fvpfwcsdKŒuvnf; axmufcH=uw,fqdk
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!Gwfa&; !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&zGJŒpnf;&efjzpfygw,f? tJ'D vuf0JnD!Gwfa&; !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&rS uGefjrLepf
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}uHpnfae=uwJh vuf,mtiftm;pkawGukd OD;wnfwu kd cf u
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tJ'v D kd pdwuf ;l eJjyif=uqif=uygw,f? tm%modr;f zd@k yg0if=ur,fh awmfveS af &;wyf&if;rsm;
[m =o*kwfv (10) &ufae@ &efukefòrdŒta&muf csDwufvm=u+yD; &efukefòrdŒrSmqHk+yD;wJhaemuf
tm%modrf;=u&efjzpfw,fqdkygw,f? Adkvfpdefwifacgif;aqmifwJh o&ufòrdŒu Armhaoewfudkifwyf
&if; (1) [m &efuek òf rdŒudk tcsed rf q D if;vm+yD;/ r*Fvm'Hrk mS &Sw d hJ Adv
k &f x
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k rf ;ª csKyfatmifoif; u Adv k rf ;ª
cspfòrdifudkac:,l+yD; wyf&if; (3) u uGefjrLepf Adkvfodef;[m tcsufjyqufoG,fa&;wyfudk vma&muf
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aygufaewmudk Adkvf&JxGÉfudk jyefvnfajymqdkw,fqdkygw,f?
wu,ftm%modr;f zd@k tcdik t f rmjyifqif=uawmhvnf; Adv k af e0if;ujiif;y,fco hJ vdk ygr,f

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odrf;,la&;t}uHtpnfudk vufcHoleJ@ vufrcHol ESpfydkif;uGJoGm;ygw,f? wyf&if;rª; 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;
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wyf&if;rª; 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;wifOD;eJ@ Adkvfrª;wifarmifwdk@u tm%modrf;,la&;udk vufrcHolawGjzpfvm
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J ÉG f
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wjcrf;[m awmcdkwyfjzpfoGm;&ygawmhw,f?
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u av,mOfrsm;eJ@ 0g;eufacsmif;teD;rSm vdkufvHwdkufcdkufacsrªef;zdk@ óud;pm;ygw,f?
awmcd&k mudv k u kd rf oGm;awmhwhJ OD;ode;f azjrifu h kd vuf0n J !D w G af &;aumifprD mS tzGŒJ 0ifwOD;
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eJ@twl zrf;qD;+yD; axmifxo J iG ;f vdu
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udk toifhapmifhzrf;apcJhwmjzpfygw,f?

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nD!Gwfa&;aumifpDqdkwmvnf; edXdwHoGm;ygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;a=unmt+yD; (7) v ausmfausmf
twGi;f rSmyJ vufeufuikd af wmcdo k mG ;=u&wJh tzGŒJ tpnf;awG[mvnf; rsm;oxufrsm;vm&ygawmh
w,f? yxrqHk; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ tJ'Daemuf &JabmfjzL/ u&ifppf&J/ autif'Dtdk/ awmcdkwyf
rawmfqdkwmawG jzpfvm&ygawmhw,f?
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'g[mvnf; obm0uswu hJ pd w
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pkrsKd ;pHak y:ayguv f mcsed rf mS u&iftrsKd ;om;rsm; vufeufuikd v f y_ &f mS ;vm=uwm[mvnf; obm0uswhJ
udpw P cktjzpfyJ ±_jrif&ygvrd rhf ,f? ud, k t
hf iftm;pkukd ud, k }f uD;xGm;atmifvyk =f uovdk ud, k =hf oZm&Sd
atmif xlaxmifvm=u csJŒxGifvm=uwmawG qufwdkufjzpfay:vmygw,f?
=o*kwfv (11) &ufae@rSm &efukefòrdŒ e,ferdwftwGif; nrxGuf&trdef@ xkwfjyefvdkuf&yg
w,f? Armwyfrawmfxu J wyfwcsKd Œ awmcdw k t hJ wGuf wyfrawmfppfO;D pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyfprpf'eG ;f u u&if
aoewfuikd w f yf&if;awGukd vufeuf}uD;eJ@ pufaoewfawG zG@J pnf;yHx k ufausmv f eG +f yD; xkwaf y;w,f
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(16) &ufae@rmS Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; OD;wifxÉG f 0ef}uD;&mxl;u w&m;0ifEw _ x f uG +f yD; ppfwyfxaJ &muf
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(20) &ufrmS armfcsD;rdkifudk autif'Dtdkrsm;u odrf;ydkufvdkuf=uovdk oxkHc±dkifwckvHk;[mvnf;
autif'Dtdkrsm; vufatmufa&muf&SdoGm;ygw,f?
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armfvòrdifbufrSmvnf; ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG oGufoGufvufvuf taumiftxnfazmfygw,f?
jynfolŒv$wfawmftrwfjzpfwJh awmfcdk&JabmfjzL AdkvfpdefxGef;u jynfaxmifpkppf&J wyf&if;
(16) eJ@aygi;f +yD; anmifwek ;f / yef;waemf/ "EkjzL wd@k ukd odr;f ydu k vf u kd yf gw,f/ =o*kwv f (21) &ufae@rmS
oxHkeJ@ usdKufcrD&Sd u&ifppf&Jrsm; twdtvif;ykefuef+yD; tpkd;&udk qef@usifwdkufcdkufvmygw,f?
OD;wifxÉG f Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;u w&m;0ifEw _ x
f u G o f mG ;+yDjzpfwt hJ wGuf ,m,DEikd if jH cm;a&;
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v (24) &ufae@rSm xdkif;-jrefrm oHwrefqufqHa&;udk pwifygw,f? =o*kwfv (25) &ufae@rSm

u&ifeDjynfe,f&JŒ tajctae[mvnf; v_yf&Sm;vmwJhtwGuf rm&S,favmppfOya' xkwfvdkuf&yg

awmhw,f? (30) &ufae@rSm yef;vHkeJ@ vG,fvif&Sd jynfaxmifpkppfwyfu u&ifppf&Jrsm; awmcdk=uyg
w,f? tpdk;&u trf;ykvdyf (Armed Police) vdk@ac:wJh vufeufudkif oD;oef@wyfzGJŒeJ@ aomif;usef;r_
ESrd Ef iS ;f a&;wyfzŒJG awGuakd ygi;f +yD; jynfaxmifppk pf&w J yfrsm;tjzpf zGŒJ pnf;ay;xm;wmjzpfygw,f? vuf
eufudkiftHkºuGr_rsm; tawmrowfEdkifatmif aygufuGJay:xGufvmcsdefrSm jynfaxmifpkppf&Jwyf&if;
(20) &if;&Syd gw,f? o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;wyf&if;eJ@ tcsujf y qufo, G af &;wyf&if;awG udzk ,fvu kd &f if
wdkufcdkufa&;wyf&if;csnf; (16) &if; zGJŒpnf;+yD;om;&Sdygw,f?
&Srf;ya'o&mZfapmfbGm;rsm;&JŒ ESdrfeif;acsr_ef;r_udk cHcJh&zl;wJh ytdk0fhrsdK;cspfrsm;vnf; jyefvnf
v_yf&Sm;vm+yD; autif'Dtdkrsm;eJ@ aygif;qufrdum vufeufudkifvm=uygw,f? &Srf;jynfe,fxJrSm
v_yf&Sm;Edk;ºuGvmwJh ytdkifhvufeufudkifwyfzGJŒrsm;[m &Srf;ya'o&mZfapmfbGm;rsm;eJ@ e,fajrawGudk
wdu k cf u kd o
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avmufatmif jzpfay:vmygw,f? oxkHbufu ytdk0fhrsm;u autif'DtdkeJ@ aygif;qufv_yf&Sm;vm
ovdk &Sr;f jynfbufu ytd0k rhf sm;[mvnf; autif't D rkd sm;eJ@ wGq
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w,f? tpdk;&uvnf; tHkºuGvmr_awGudk ESdrfeif;zdk@ jynfaxmifpkt&Hwyf&if; (ucsif) eJ@ (csif;) udk
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vSef tiftm;pkaqmif;ae=uygw,f? awmifydkif;wdkif; ppfe,fajrwckvHk;twGif;rSm vufeufudkiftif
tm;pkrsm;u òrdŒ&Gme,fy,fa'oawGudk odrf;ydkufvdkuf/ tpdk;&wyfrsm; jyefvnfxdk;ppfqifodrf;ydkuf
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pufwifbm (2) &ufygvDrefxJrSm ocifEku Auy [m tdENd,uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ =oZmcHjzpf
aeyHk &Sif;vif;ajymqkd ±_wfcsygw,f? tJ'Dae@rSmyJ Auy u xef;wyifudk0ifwdkufygw,f?
autif't D rkd sm;u/ uavmteD; v,fjyifbw l m/ yifavmif;e,f vkjH yif wk@d ukd 0ifwu kd o f vdk
aumhu&dwf/ zmyGef/ a&$usif/ ausmuf}uD; wdk@udkvnf; 0ifodrf;ygw,f?
1948-49 b¾ma&;ESpt f wGuf buf*suv f akd iG (10) ukaÉausmw f ,fv@kd b¾ma&;0ef}uD;
u ygvDrefrSmwifjyygw,f? v,f,majr EdkifiHydkifvkyfa&;Oya'=urf;udk ygvDrefu a=unmygw,f?
a'oqdkif&m autif'DtdkwyfzGJŒrsm;&JŒ v_yf&Sm;wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufr_awGudk autif'Dtdk A[dk
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aqmifrsm;u tpdk;&eJ@ oxHk&Sd autif'DtdkawG=um; em;vnfr_&atmif aphpyfjzefajzay;ygw,f?
tJ'h t D csed t f xd autif't D t
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jrefrmukefonf}uD;rsm;toif; OuUÏ z,f,m0,fomOD;bat; u jynfolydkifvkyfief;udk
tpd;k &u tvsipf vkrd vkyo f ifah =umif; owif;pmq&mrsm;toif;wdu k rf mS Ed0k ifbmv (3) &ufae@rmS
&Sif;vif;ajym=um;wmvkyf+yD; uef@uGufygw,f?
qmOD;oGiaf cgi;f aqmifwhJ a&$jynfat;acgi;f aqmifawGu u&ifupd t P a&;}u;D vmcsed rf mS tpd;k &
u olykefxaewJh &JabmfjzLawGudk Oya'abmiftwGif; jyefa&mufvmatmif zdwfac:apcsifygw,f?
qmOD;oGiw f @kd +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ [m axmifwiG ;f txdomG ;+yD; &JabmfjzLacgi;f aqmifrsm;eJ@awGŒwm/ aqG;
aEG;nd‡E_dif;wmawGvkyfygw,f? olwdk@&JŒ +idrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk axmufcHwJh axmufcHyGJawGudkvnf;
jzpfay:usif;yapcJhygw,f? Edkif0ifbmv (22) &ufae@rSm qmOD;oGifaetdrfrSm +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJŒ0if
vl}uD;rsm;eJ@ awmcdk&JabmfjzLacgif;aqmifawG awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;=uwmvkyfygw,f?
Edk0ifbm (24) &ufae@rSm jynfwGif;ppf&yfqJa&;/ jynfolŒ'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pkzGJŒpnf;a&;eJ@
'Drdkua&pD!Gef@aygif;tpdk;&zGJŒpnf;a&; awmif;qdkcsufyg0ifwJh a=unmcsufudk awmcdk&JabmfjzLrsm;u
xkwfjyefa=unmcJhygw,f? (30) &ufae@rSm &JabmfjzLacgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfwJh Adkvfva&mif u
olwdk@&JŒ &JabmfjzLrsm;udk XmecsKyfu +idrf;csrf;a&;udk vufcHvdkuf+yDjzpfvdk@ XmecsKyf&JŒ !¸ef=um;csuft

wdik ;f vdu k ef m=uzd@k toHvi$ ahf jym=um;ygw,f? &JabmfjzLwcsKd Œu vufc=H uayr,fh &JabmfjzLwcsKd Œu
vufrcH=ubJ qufvufwdkufyGJqif=uygw,f? tpdk;&uvnf; yk'fr(5)eJ@ zrf;xm;wJh &JabmfjzLwcsdKŒ
udk jyefvw $ w f m/ Edik if aH &;orm;wcsKd Œudk jyefvw $ w f mvkyyf gw,f? u&ift h a&;udk t"duxm;udik w f , G f
Edkifzkd@ vufeufudkiftzGJŒtpnf;wcsdKŒudk tav#mhtwif;vkyfay;wJhoabmjzpfygw,f?
&JabmfjzL 'kwd,OuUÏ Adkvfva&mif&JŒ toHv$ifhajym=um;csuf xGufay:rvmcifuav;rSm
ta&;}uD;tjzpftysufwckay:cJhygw,f? ucsifjynfe,f OuUÏ qrm;'l0g;qif0g;aemif &JŒ 0ef}uD;csKyf
ocifEk xH wifjycsufjzpfygw,f// ol&JŒtwGif;0ef vbef*a&mif;u tpD&ifcHpma&;+yD; wifjycJhwmudk
0ef}uD;csKyfqD today;wifjycJhwmvdk@qdkygw,f? Edk0ifbmv (28) &ufae@rSm wifjycJhwmjzpfygw,f?
ta=umif;u vbef*a&mif;udk u&ifo[m,uvyfudk vma&mufzdk@ zdwf=um;+yD; uvyfrSm
autif't D kd OuUÏ ref;bZH/ q&momxd/k apm[efwmomar$; pwJh u&ifacgi;f aqmifrsm;u autif'D
tdrk sm;&JŒ wdu k yf rJG sm;udk ucsirf sm;u ulnzD @kd ppfual wmif;=uw,fqw kd thJ a=umif;jzpfygw,f? tJ'v D kd
u&ifrsm;&JŒ ucsirf sm;udk pnf;±k;H awmif;cHjcif;owif;udk =um;od+yD;+yD;csi;f 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEu k Adv k cf sKyf
ae0if;/ Adv k af tmif}uD; wd@k uakd c:,l+yD; 1949 Zefe0g&D (31) &ufxufaemufrusapbJ vdo k r#wyfrsm;
zGJŒpnf;ay;zdk@wm0efay;cJhygw,f? t&ifuwnf;u zGJŒpnf;zdk@ w&m;0if trdef@xkwfxm;cJh+yD; ppf0ef
xrf;wyf (52) wyftjyif aemufxyf (49) wyfzGJŒpnf;zdk@ trdef@cscJhygw,f? tm;vHk; ppf0efxrf;wyf
zGJŒ (100) ausmf&SdapcJhygw,f?
1948 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm (4) &ufae@rmS awmh Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEu k “e,faygi;f pHu k &wJh
owif;rsm;t& jynfaxmifpw k ckv;kH [m &ifrat;zG,&f m tifrwefq;kd 0g;wJt h ajctaeudk a&mufae
yg+yD” vdk@ a=unmvdkufygw,f?
'DZifbmv (5) &ufae@rmS q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f }uD;rª;wJh +idr;f csr;f om,ma&;tzGŒJ u
+idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; axmufcHyGJusif;y+yD;/ ydkrdkjyif;xefvmr,fh jynfwGif;ppfrD;v#Hudk wm;qD;zdk@
óud;pm;ygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;toHudkay;ygw,f?
'DZifbm (8) &ufae@rSm ocifEkaetdrfrSm zqyv tzGJŒcsKyf tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJŒtpnf;
ta0;usi;f y+y;D vufiif;Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk jywfjywfom;om;ajz&Si;f a&; aqG;aEG;=uw,fqykd gw,f?
apmbOD;}uD;acgif;aqmifwJh autif'Dtdkacgif;aqmifrsm;u awmufavmifvmaewJh ppfrD;
&Sed u
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}uD;[m 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEk tygt0if ucsi/f &Sr;f / rGe/f jrefrm acgi;f aqmifawGukd zdw=f um;+yD; npmpm;yGJ
wnf;cif;{nfc&H if; ajyvnf&majyvnfa=umif; óud;pm;cJyh gw,f? u&ifrsm;&JŒ rtlyifaiGwu kd f azmuf
+yD;,loGm;r_twGuf v,f{u (1000) a&mif;+yD; av#mfa=u;ay;zdk@odrf;oGm;wJh aoewfawGudk (2)v
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q&momxdw k @kd u owif;pmq&mrsm;toif;wdu k rf mS owif;pmq&mrsm;a&SŒrSm “u&ifArm txif
rvG=J ubJ arwWmjzift h vkyvf yk =f uzd@k ” 'DZifbmv (9) &ufae@rmS ajymqdyk gw,f? 'DZifbmv (18) &uf
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aeygw,fyJajym&awmhrSmjzpfygw,f? ppfoHeJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;toH nD!Gwfa&;oHawG[m vHk;axG;&pf

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awG&SdaecJh=uygw,f? tpdk;&bufuae=unfhwJhtcgusawmhvnf; vufeufudkifaomif;usef;olrsm;
[m òrdŒodr;f / &Gmodr;f / aiGwu kd af zmufvyk if ef;rsm;udk tqufrjywfvyk af e=u+yD; wdik ;f jynfukd a*smufxJ
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tjzpfyJ oabmxm;ygw,f? uGejf rLepf/ jynfoŒl &Jabmf/ awmcdw k yfrawmf/ awmcku d &ifppf&/J awmcdk
autif't D /kd eJ@vrl sKd ;pkvufeufuikd f ykeu f efaeolawGtm;vH;k udk odr;f óuH;+yD; “a&mifpo kH yl ek ”f “a&mifpkH
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a&;pum; ajym=um;vm&wJt h cgrmS vnf; ‘vufeufcsvmyg’ ‘tvif;0ifvmyg’ ‘vGw+f idr;f csr;f om
cGifh trdef@xkwfay;xm;ygw,f’ qdkwmawGudkyJ ajym=um;avh&SdcJhygw,f?
vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawGbufu=unfw h t hJ cgusawmhvnf; zqyv tpk;d &
[m tifrwef uvdrfuswJhtpkd;&yJjrifygw,f? zqyv tpdk;&[m qdk&S,fvpfawGtkyfpD;xm;wJh
tpd;k &jzpf+yD; qd&k , S v f pfawGu òydib f ufEikd if aH &;tiftm;pkawGtay: vufO;D r_,l ajcr_e;f a&;udb k vJ yk f
aqmif+yD; tm%mudk &moufyef vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;csif=uw,fvdk@jrifygw,f? uGefjrLepfawGudk
awmxJarmif;ydck w hJ m/ &JabmfjzLawGuakd wmxJarmif;ydck w hJ mawG[m vufawGŒom"uawGjzpf+yD; +idr;f
csr;f a&;xuf tðywfwu kd af &;udo k m t+rw J rf;vH;k yrf;ae=uolawGv@kd ,lqygw,f? ppfwyfawGuo kd m
wdk;csJŒzGJŒpnf;ae+yD;/ wu,fhppfrSefwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;/ nD!Gwfa&;udk &vdk ,lvdk wnfaqmufvdkolawG
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'ga=umifh jynfwGif;ppf}uD;[m ykdrdkt&Sdef&vmcJhygw,f? vwfwavmxdyfa&mufvmcJhwJh
u&iftrsKd ;om;rsm; jy\em[mvnf; wpwp ydrk ekd uf±i_d ;f vmcJyh gw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEu k u&if/
rGef/ &cdkifrsm;twGuf jynfe,fzGJŒay;a&; oabmxm;usvm+yD; aumfolav;e,ferdwfowfrSwfa&;
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jy\emrsm;udk ajyvnfatmifajz&Sif;ay;Edkifvdrfhr,fr[kwfwm olŒ[molŒvnf; oabmayguf+yD;
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h abm ta=umif;jycsuf
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u u&ifjynfe,fudkvdkcsifwmjzpfygw,f? zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'xJrSm owfowfrSwfrSwf
azmfjyxm;jcif;rcH&ao;wJhtwGuf *k%feJ@j'yfeJ@udkufnDwJh u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;&JŒ pdwfqENeJ@vnf;
avsmfnDwJh u&ifjynfe,f&&Sdcsifwmjzpfygw,f? zqyv tpdk;&ay;csifwmu odk@r[kwf ay;Edkifw,f
qdkwmu u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;&JŒ pdwfqENeJ@ trsm;}uD;a0;uGmjcm;em;aeygw,f? u&ifjynfe,fzGJŒ
pnf;ay;r,f? zG@J pnf;cGiu hf vkd ufcw H ,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'zD ŒJG pnf;vdu k w f hJ u&ifjynfe,f[m jynfaxmifpk
xJu cGx J u G v f u kd cGx J uG yf ikd cf iG &hf &dS r,fqw kd hJ autif,&l ŒJ awmif;qdck suu f kd vufrcHEikd v
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u&ifjynfe,fxrJ mS yg0ifr,fh e,fajra'oudprP mS vnf; Armjynfw0ufavmufe;D yg;&Sad evd@k oabm
rwlEikd vf @kd qykd gw,f? aumfoal v;e,ferdwo f wfrw S af &;aumfr&Siu f axmufcrH ,fh a'orsm;udo k m
u&ifjynfe,fxJ xnfah y;zd@k tpd;k &uqH;k jzwfxm;w,fqykd gw,f? (wu,fu e,fajra'oudp[ P m
e,fajra'owGif;&Sd jynfolvlxktm;vHk;&JŒqENudk azmfxkyf+yD; qENcH,l+yD; oufqdkif&m um,uH&Sif
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w,f? wzufu ‘&udk&&r,f’/ tjcm;wzufu ‘ay;udkray;Edkifbl;’ vdk@ ajymvdk@qdkvdk@jzpfwJhudpP

r[kwfpaumif;yg?) tJ'Dawmh ‘cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufcGifhray;Edkif’ qdkwJhtcsufeJ@ ‘e,fajrudpP’[m
tc&mjzpfusecf yhJ gw,f? ‘e,fajrudp’P [m tcsed w f ckct k wGi;f ndE‡ i_d ;f ajz&Si;f zd@k ,m,Dz,fxm;=unfh
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jynfe,f ESpfckuvGJ+yD; cGJxGufydkifcGifhudk todtrSwfðyxm;wmr&Sdvdk@qdkygw,f? 'ga=umifh tJ'Dvdk
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tay: zqyvtpdk;&u ‘rjzpfEdkifaomawmif;qdkr_’ ‘vdkufavsmvdk@rjzpfEdkifaomawmif;qdkr_’ vdk@
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cs,fvdkufwJhvrf;a=umif;uvnf; vufeufudkifv_yf&Sm;vmr_awGudk acsr_ef;a&;qdkwmyJjzpfoGm;yg
awmhw,f? ‘rvdkufavsmEdkifwJhawmif;qdkr_’ tjzpf owfrSwfqGJudkifxm;+yD;/ tJ'D pGJudkifxm;wJh rl
atmufuae vkyfaqmifw,fqdkwJh +idrf;csrf;a&; aphpyfajy+idrf;a&;awG rSefor#[m twif;em;cswm
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b,fvdkr# ra&mufEdkifawmhyg?
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txnfazmfcJhcsufrsm;[m bmrS r,fr,f&& atmifjrifwdk;wufvmwmrawGŒ&yJ trsdK;om;aoG;uGJ
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vdkufwJhtwGuf jzpfay:vmwJh vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk ESdrfESif;Edkifzdk@ tm;xkwfvm&ygw,f?
ta&;ay:vufeufudkif vJ+AD;wyf&if; (18) &if;zGJŒ+yD; jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xme vufatmufxm;&SdcJh&m
uae/ wyfrawmfae&m tpm;xd;k toH;k ðyEdik zf @kd atmufwb kd m (1) &ufae@up+yD; umuG,af &;0ef}uD;
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vmwmjrif&ygw,f? vufeufudkiftiftm;pkawG ykefuefqef@usifol tzGJŒtpnf;awGom wae@
wjcm; rsm;jym;vmcJh+yD; awma&mòrdŒyg ae@pOfnquf aoewfoHawGqufvmcJhygw,f?

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ajymufusm;tzGJŒawG&Sdygw,f? &cdkifawmifydkif;rSm OD;pdE Wm wdk@ajymufusm;tzGJŒawG&Sdygw,f? bl;oD;
awmifarmif;awme,fa'orsm;udk rGwfpvifoD;jcm;e,fajrjzpfxdkufw,fvdk@ ,lq+yD; oDjcm;e,f
awmif;qdak e=uwJh ‘rl*sm[pf’ rsm;[mvnf; &cdik jf ynfe,fajrmifyikd ;f rSm v_y&f mS ;ae=uygw,f? &rnf;oif;
c±dkifzufrSm Adkvfwm&macgif;aqmifwJh wyfeDrsm;[m uGefjrLepfygwDwyfrsm;jzpfvm=uygw,f?
u&ifppf&w J csKd Œ[m ykeu
f efjcm;em;=u+yD; autif't D ekd @J yl;aygi;f vdu
k =f u+yD; u&ifjynfe,f ae&mtES@H
v_yf&Sm;ae=uygw,f? awmcdkautif'Dtdkrsm;uvnf; oxHk/ armfvòrdifbuf/ a&$usifausmuf}uD;/
oHawmif awmifilbuf/ tdrfrJ/ rtlyif/ yef;waemf/ jrpf0u|ef;ay:buf/ [Hom0wDc±dkif uGrf;+cHukef;/
wGHaw;/ oHk;cG/ oHvsifzuf/ om,m0wD/ wdkuf}uD;/ om&a0gzufwifru weoFm&Dwdkif;twGif;/
u,m;jynfe,ftwGif;/ &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif;xdyg ysHESH@v_yf&Sm;ae=uygw,f? rGefvufeufudkiftzGJŒ
rsm;u rGejf ynfe,ftwGi;f eJ@ weoFm&Dwikd ;f twGi;f rSm ya'gi;f tHºk uGre_ @J u&ifev D ufeufuikd t f zGŒJ rsm;
u &Srf;jynftwGif;rSm v_yf&Sm;ay:aygufaeygw,f?
tpdk;&u 'Dvufeufudkiftiftm;pk ykefuefjcm;em;ae=uoltm;vHk;udk odrf;óuH;+yD; a&mifpHk
aomif;use;f olrsm;vd@k ac:a0:orkwyf gw,f? vufeufuikd f ykeu f efwu kd yf q
JG ifae=uolawGtm;vH;k udk
t=urf;zsif;cGJjcm;=unfhvdkufr,fqdk&if ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD/ jynfolŒ&Jabmf
(&JabmfjzL)/ wyfeD/ awmcdkwyf&if;qdkwmawGu ArmawGjzpf=u+yD;/ autif'Dtdk/ u&ifppf&J/ trf
tif(ef)'Dt/kd ytd0k /hf u&ife/D &cdik af jymufusm;aygi;f pHk pwmawGu Armr[kww f hJ vlrsKd ;pk trsKd ;om;rsm;
jzpf=uygw,f? (rl*sm[pf uawmh bmoma&;,Hk=unfr_eJ@yg ywfoufae+yD; ppfwaumif;e,frS
a&muf&Sdvm=uol tquftEG,frsm;jzpfygw,f?)
zqyvtpkd;&u vufeufudkifawmfvSefae=uolawG toD;oD;&SdwJhtxJrSm Arm tzGJŒ
tpnf;awGeJ@ ywfouf&if txl;ojzifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk t"du OD;wnfwdkufygw,f?
Edik if aH &;t& òyid bf uftjzpf oabmxm;+y;D / t"duOD;wnfwu kd &f rnfo
h /l t"du&efot l jzpf owfrw S f
xdk;ppfqifavh&Sdygw,f? vlrsdK;pk trsdK;om;tzGJŒtpnf;awGeJ@ ywfouf&if u&ifudk autif'Dtdkudk
t"du OD;wnfwdkufavh&Sdygw,f?

tm%m& ‘zqyv’ tzGŒJ }u;D [mvnf; wyfaygi;f pktjzpf/ tzGŒJ csKyftjzpfuae wjznf;jznf;
‘wzGŒJ ydik f wtkypf yk ikd f ygww D ck’ yHo
k ¿mefyakd qmifvmcJyh gw,f? tzGŒJ csKyftjzpf emrnfyu J seaf wmhwhJ
oabmajymif;vJvmcJhygw,f?
zqyv tzGŒJ csKyfxu J ae jynfoŒl &Jabmfukd ESpyf ikd ;f uGo
J mG ;ap+yD;/ tiftm;t}uD;qH;k tydik ;f jzpf
wJh &JabmfjzLudkvnf; armif;xkwfvdkuf+yD;wJhtcg qdk&S,fvpfrsm;&JŒ zqyvtjzpf ydkrdkay:vGifvmcJh
ygw,f? &Jabmf0gqdkwmu rnfumrwW avmufyJusefygawmhw,f? ‘zqyv’tzGJŒcsKyfxJrSm yg0if
aewJh ‘ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mvli,frsm;tpnf;t±k;H ’ uvnf; txl;nDvmcHac:,l+yD; 'DZifbmv (26)
&ufae@rSm ‘zqyv’ uae E_wfxGufvdkufygw,f? (27) &ufae@rSm ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mvli,frsm;
tpnf;t±kH; OuUÏ OD;b*srf; [m 0ef}uD;tjzpfua&m/ zqyv tzGJŒ0iftjzpfuyg E_wfxGufvdkufyg
w,f? zqyv xJrSmusef&Sdyg0ifaecJhwJh tpnf;t±kH;aygif;pHk[mvnf; qdk&S,fvpfygwDeJ@ ygwDvuf
udkifr&Sd woD;yk*~vawGomusefygawmhw,f?
1948 ckESpf[m ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;a=unmEdkifcJhwJhESpfjzpfovdk jynfwGif;ppf}uD; awmuf
avmifc&hJ wJEh pS v
f nf;jzpfwt hJ wGuf ppfo;kH p&dwaf wG w[kex f ;kd wufvmwmvnf; awGŒ&ygw,f? ppfwyf
awG wdk;csJŒzJGŒpnf;&wJhtwGuf ppfoHk;p&dwfawGrsm;vmcJh&ovdk tpdk;&rSmvnf; bwf*sufvdkaiGjyr_
awG ar#mfvifhxm;wmxuf tqrwefydkvmcJh&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh tm%m&qdk&S,fvpf acgi;f aqmif
rsm;[m wdik ;f jynfrsuEf mS udk wpufuav;r# raxmufco hJ vdk olw@kd &ŒJ tm%mrmef *d% k ;f *%rmef
udkvnf; eJeJav;rS jyefvnfav#mhcsvdkpdwfr&SdcJh=uyg? ‘wdkif;jynfudkaygifI wdkuf&vsifawmif
wdkufr,f? uGefjrLepfygwDESifhum; b,faomtcgrS raphpyfpwrf; acsr_ef;&vdrfhrnf’ vdk@ oabmxm;
csrSwfxm;=uw,fvdk@awmif qdkygw,f?
u&if h v uf e uf u d k i f a wmf v S e f a &;eJ ‹ &ef u k e f t pd k ; &
1949 ckESpf/ ESpfqef;ydkif;rSm autif'DtdkwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm; tif;pdefw0dkufrSm pwifv_yf&Sm;vm

=uygw,f?
tif;pdef/ c0J+cH/ usdKuUvm;/ óudŒukef;/ apmfbGm;}uD;ukef; wdk@rSm aexdkif=uwJh u&iftrsdK;om;
rsm;[m wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ t&yf&yftajctaet& ppfwyfrsm;uwdu k cf u
kd v
f m&if umuG,zf @kd q+kd y;D 48 ckEpS f
atmufwdkbmv avmufup+yD; óudwifjyifqifr_awGvkyfxm;=uygw,f? aexdkifwJh&yfuGufawGudk
wdk;raygufatmif tumtuG,frsm;ðyvkyfxm;=uovdk &GmpGef&Gmzsm;rsm;rSm ajruwkwfusif;rsm;/
tdraf tmufrmS usi;f rsm;wl;+yD; jyifqifxm;=uygw,f? umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf prpf'eG ;f &JŒ vufeufuikd f
aqmifcGifhvufrSwfeJ@ w}udrfv#if vufeufudkif (80) udk wGHaw;wl;ajrmif;uwqifh armfawmfeJ@
tacguaf cgut f cgcg cG+J yD; tif;pderf mS pk±;Hk a&muf&adS pcJw h ,fv@kd tpk;d &&JŒbufu qdyk gw,f? uGejf rLepf/
&JabmfjzL/ awmcdw k yfrawmfw@kd qufwu kd v f y_ &f mS ;vm=u+yD;aemufyikd ;f autif,rl sm;u oufqikd &f m
rdrdwdk@a'orsm;udk umuG,fzdk@&ef vufeufudkifaqmifcGifh awmif;qdk=uwJhtcg wGHaw;rSm AdkvfcsKyf
prpf'Gef; &JŒvufrSwfeJ@ vufeufudkifaqmifcGifh w&m;0if &&Sdxm;cJhw,fqdkygw,f? tJ'D udkifaqmif
cGiuhf t
kd oH;k ðy+y;D tif;pderf mS tcdik t f rmpk±;Hk a&muf&v dS mw,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? jrpf0u|e;f ay:c±dik f wcsKd Œu
autif'Dtdk wyfrsm;a&m/ oxHkc±dkifbufu autif'Dtkdwyfrsm;yg wHGaw;/ pmbl;awmif;wdk@u
wqifh tif;pdefudka&muf&Sdvm=uw,fqdkygw,f? tif;pdefrSm&SdwJh u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;&JŒ tultnD
awmif;csut f & umuG,af pmifah &Smufay;Edik zf @kd pk±;Hk a&muf&adS e=uw,fv@kd qdyk gw,f// tJ'v D kd tajct
aejzpfay:vmaewmudk tpdk;&uvnf; vufrcHEdkifbJ ‘ppf0efxrf;’ wyfwcsdKŒ tif;pdefudk apv$wf+yD;
aiGwu kd ef @J tpd;k &taqmuftOD;awGukd apmihaf &Smufz@kd wm0efay;ygw,f? tJ'v D kd ppf0efxrf;wyfawG
a&muf&Sdvmjcif;udk autif'Dtkd wdk@uvnf; olwdk@udkESdyfuGyfzdk@vdk@ ,lqygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh tif;pdef
rSm ppf0efxrf;wyfeJ@ autif'Dtdk wdk@t=um; roifhrjrwf jzpfvm=uygw,f? yÉdyuQawG ay:vm
cJhygw,f?
tpdk;&u tpdk;&xdyfwef;t&m&Sdrsm;/ wyfrawmft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;/ autif'Dtdk acgif;aqmif
rsm;yg yg0ifwhJ &SpOf ;D aumfrwDz@JG +yD; aphpyfajz&Si;f zd@k óud;pm;w,fqykd gw,f? tJ'D (8)OD;aumfrwD&ŒJ t"du
wm0efu tif;pderf mS autif't D akd wG pk±;kH a&muf&adS ejcif;[m ta&;tcif;}u;D wck jzpfyGm;ay:ayguf
ap&ef ta=umif;&Sdvdk@ oufqdkif&mae&mrsm;odk@ autif'Dtdk wyfzGJŒ0ifawGudk jyefydk@zdk@jzpfygw,f?
wif;rmvmaewJh roifjh rwfra_ wG=um;rSm &SpOf ;D aumfrwD&ŒJ aqmif&u G cf suaf wGvnf; ratmifjrifEikd f
atmifjzpfcJhygw,f?
Zefe0g&v D (16) &ufae@rmS Armha&wyfrawmfu u&iftrsKd ;om; Adv k af pm*suf acgi;f aqmif
+yD; a&wyfoabFmESppf ;D ykeu f ef+yD;/ autif't D kd (2000) avmuf ykord u f kd wdu k cf ukd zf @kd óud;pm;ygw,f?
awmifirl mS pcef;csxm;wJh trSw(f 1) u&ifaoewfuikd f wyf&if;uvnf; w&if;vH;k ykeu f ef+yD; Zefe0g&D
(27)rSm awmifiludkodrf;ygw,f?
Zefe0g&D (30) &ufrSmawmh tif;pdefw0dkufu ordkif;/ c0J+cH/ apmfbGm;}uD;ukef; pwJh qifajczHk;
&yfuGufawGrSm wdkufyGJi,fawG pwifjzpfyGm;vm+yD; ‘&SpfOD;aumfrwD’ óud;yrf;csufvnf; ysufjym;
oGm;ygawmhw,f? (31)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef; eJ@ 'kwd,Adkvfr–;}uD;eJ@ txuft&m&Sd}uD;awG
‘jynfaxmifpk ppf±Hk;’rSm qlylrlawGeJ@ywfouf+yD; tpnf;ta0; w&ufusif;yygw,f? tpnf;ta0;
u wyfrawmf[m zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'eJ@ Edik if aH wmftpd;k &tay: opPmapmifo h &d ef/ vlrsKd ;a&;
t"du±k%f;rsm; ray:aygufatmif wm;qD;&ef qHk;jzwf=uygw,f? ‘vufeufudkifppfwyfrsm;eJ@ wdkif;
jynf&JŒajctae’ qdkwJhpmwrf;udkvnf; jzef@a0aqG;aEG; =uw,fqdkygw,f? 'gayr,fh tpdk;&[m
wyfrawmf twGi;f &Sd u&ift&m&S}d uD;awGukd ,H=k unfrr_ &Sad wmhyg? u&if&aJ bmfrsm;udv k nf; ,H=k unf
r_r&Sdawmhyg? tpdk;&u u&ifwyfrsm;u vufeufawG jyefvnf;odrf;,lzdk@ Zefe0g&D (31) &ufae@rSmyJ
trde@f xw k jf yef+yD; pwifvy_ &f mS ;ygw,f? tJ'aD e@rmS bJ r*Fvm'Hk qufo, G af &;wyf&if;u u&if&aJ bmf
rsm;[m vufeuftðzwfrcHbJ t&m&Sw d OD;udk ypfowf+yD; vufeufawG,al qmifum tif;pdeòf rdŒwGi;f
u autif'DtdkawGqD 0ifa&mufoGm;=uygw,f?
1949 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D (31)&ufae@rmS yJ emrnfausmt f if;pdew
f u kd yf }JG u;D pwif&ygawmhw,f?
Adkvfrª;pdk;&/ Adkvf!Gef@0if;/ AdkvfpHvSabmf/ Adkvfausmf'ifwdk@ OD;pD;wJh jynfaxmifpk ppf&Jwyf&if;u ordkif;/
c0J+cHudk 0dkif;xm;+yD; u&ifrsm;udk vufeufcscdkif;ygw,f? vufeufrcsbJ usdKufuvm;eJ@ tif;pdef
vrf;axmifh &xm;wGJysufrsm;&Sd&m ae&mtxd wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;+yD;/ ppf&Jwyfu e*g;/ ol&d,/

a&$jynfat; pwJh oHcsyfum; (8) pD;eJ@ pwifwdkufcdkufygw,f? u&ifrsm;uvnf; tjyif;txef

jyefvnfwdkufcdkufygw,f?
'Dvekd @J u&ifah wmfveS af &;[mvnf; tcdik t f rm pwifay:ayguv f m&ygawmhw,f? azazmf0g&v D
(1)&ufae@rSm ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;udk OD;pD;csKyfppfaoemywd tjzpfuae tem;ay;vdkuf+yD;/
AdkvfcsKyfae0if;udk OD;pD;csKyftjzpf zqyv tpdk;&u wm0efay; cef@xm;vdkufygw,f? aomif;usef;r_
rSefor#udk tjrpfðywfwdkufcdkufzdk@qdk+yD; tm%mtyfESif;ay;vdkufygw,f?
Adkvfae0if; wm0efpwifxrf;aqmifwJh azazmf0g&Dv (1)&ufae@rSmyJ txufArmEdkifiH
aròrdŒrSm &SdwJh u&ifwyfrsm;udk vufeufodrf;+yD;/ t&m&SdawGudk Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;/ usefolawGudk
tif*sifeD,mwyfxJ xnfhxm;vdkufygw,f? rE Wav;rSm&SdwJh u&ifaoeyfudkifwyf&if; (3) udkvnf;
vufeufodrf;vdkufygw,f? yckuUL eJ@ vdGKifaumfydk@xm;wJh wyfcGJrsm;rSty tm;vHk; vufeufodrf;cH
vdkuf=u&ygw,f? wyfrawmftwGif;&Sd u&ift&m&SdeJ@ wyfom;rSefor#udk vufeufodrf;+yD; cGifh&uf
&Snaf y;um tem;,lcikd ;f wJt h pDtpOfukd wufow k ±f ukd f taumiftxnfazmfygw,f? tpurS trsKd ;
om;a&;jy\emjzpf+yD; v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm;jzpfae=uwJh wyfrawmfwGif;u u&ifaoewfudkif wyfzŒJG
rsm;[m ydkrdkv_yf&Sm;vm&ygawmhw,f? vufeufawGtodrf;cHrvm;/ tpdk;&udkykefuefjcm;em;+yD;
awmfvSefa&;vkyfrvm;/ ajzp&mar;cGef;[m ESpfckxJbJ &Sdygawmhw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfae0if; ppfOD;csKyfjzpfvm+yD;aemuf w&ufrSmyJ/ autif'Dtdk tzGJŒ}uD;udk w&m;r0if
tzGJ@tjzpf a=unmygw,f? tJ'D azaz:0g&Dv (2)&ufae@rSmyJ &efukef/ tvHk u&if&yfuGuf jy\em
}uD;vnf; ay:aygufvmjyefygw,f? tvHk[m tif;pdef/ c0J+cH wdk@+yD;&if u&iftrsdK;om;awG aexdkif
=uwJh &efukefòrdŒay:u t"du u&if&yfuGuf}uD; wckjzpfygw,f? tpdk;&&JŒ rSefrSefuefuef rajz&Sif;
Edkifr_a=umifh jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owcsdKŒrSm u&ifArm vlrsdK;a&;jy\emvdk toHAvHawG xGufay:ae&
cdkufrSm tvm;wljy\em ay:aygufvm&wm jzpfygw,f? tvHk u&if&yfuGufxJu uav;/ vl}uD;/
a,musfm;/ rdef;r pkpkaygif; u&iftrsdK;om; (100) ausmfavmufudk ArmawGu zrf;oGm;+yD;/ rpf&Sif
rD;&xm; blwm±Hkem;u c&pf,mef0wfðyausmif;xJrSm ydwfavSmifxm;w,fqdkwJh udpPjzpfygw,f?
tJ'v D akd y:ayguv f mwJh tvHk u&if&yfuu G f jy\emrSmvJ tpd;k &[m rSerf eS u f efuef rajz&Si;f Edik cf yhJ g?
tvHk u&if&yfuu G f rD;wdu
k cf &H ygw,f? uav;/ vl}uD;/ a,mufsm;/ rde;f r awmfawmfrsm;rsm; touf
qHk;±H_;cJh&ygw,f? tvHk &yfuGufjy\emudk xdrf;odrf;apmifha&Smufay;zdk@ wm0efcsay;jcif; cH&olu
awmh Adkvfr–;}uD; atmif}uD; ( aemif- Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;jzpfvmol) jzpfygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfygwD
acgi;f aqmifwOD;tjzpfuae wyfrawmfxJ tavmoH;k q,f jyef0ifvmptcsed jf zpfygw,f? vrf;rawG
ay:txd u&iftavmif;awG jyef}uJaeatmif towfcH=u&/ toufqHk;±_H;cJh=u&w,fqdkygw,f?
ppfwyfu ypfcwfowfjzwfcJhwmvdk@ qdkygw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf u&iftrsKd ;om;rsm;twGuf emusn;f a=uuGpJ &mjzpfc&hJ ygw,f? tJ'D azazmf0g&D
v (2) &ufae@rmS bJ autif't D kd uvnf; tif;pdeu f kd odr;f ydu
k vf u
kd yf gw,f? tif;pdeu
f kd autif't D kd
u odr;f ydu k vf u kd wf meJ@ tvHk u&if&yfuu G f rD;wduk zf suq f ;D cH&wm[m a&SŒqifah emufqifh w&ufxJ
yJjzpfygw,f? u&iftrsdK;om;wyfrawmf ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef&mxl;u tem;,lvdkuf&+yD;/

AdkvfcsKyfae0if; ppfOD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmwmeJ@ wòydifeuf u&iftrsdK;om; jy\em[mvnf; wjznf;jznf;

jrifhwufvm ae&muae w[kefxdk; xdyfa&mufoGm;ygawmhw,f?
azazmf0g&v D (5)&ufae@rmS jynfòrŒd rSm&Sw d hJ trSw(f 2) u&ifaoewfuikd w f yf&if;[m vufeuf
odrf;rcHbJ tpdk;&udk ykefuefjcm;em;vdkuf+yD; jynfòrdŒudk,m,D odrf;ydkufvdkufygw,f? u&ifaoewf
udkifwyf&if; (3) &if;rSm (2) &if; ykefuef+yD; jzpfoGm;ygw,f? trSwf (1) u&ifaoewfukdifwyf&if;/
trSwf (2) u&ifaoewfuidk w f yf&if;eJ@ trSwf (3) u&ifaoewfuidk f wyf&if;qk+d yD; u&ifaoewfuikd f
wyf&if; (3) &if;&Sd&mrSm/ wyf&if; (2)&if;u twdtvif; ykefuefjcm;em;vkduf+yD; wyf&if;pcef;cs&m
òrdŒrsm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;vkduf=uygw,f? trSwf (3) u&if aoewfukdifwyf&if;uawmh yckuULeJ@
vdKG ifaumfuydk @dk xm;wJh wyfcrGJ sm;rSty ppfO;D pD;csKyf Akv d cf sKyfae0if;&JŒ tpDtpOfe@J tm;vk;H vufeuford ;f
wm cHvkduf=u&ygw,f?
1949 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (31) &ufae@uwnf;u twdtvif; pwifay:aygufcJhwJh tif;pdef
ppfrsufESmwkdufyJGrsm;[m azazmf0g&Dvqef;xJrSm ykdrkdjyif;xef onf;oefvmcJhygw,f? wyfrawmf
ppfO;D pD;csKyfwm0efudk tjynft h 0vufc&H ,l+yD; Akv d cf sKyfae0if;[m u&iftrsK;d om;wk@d &ŒJ vufeufuidk f
awmfvSefa&;ukd t+yD;tykdif acsr_ef;ypfEkdifzkd@ enf;aygif;pkHeJ@ óud;yrf;tm;xkwfygawmhw,f?
azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufae@rSm u&ifukef;rSm tjyif;txefwkdufyJGjzpf=uygw,f? azazmf0g&Dv
(2) &ufae@rmS autif't D u dk tif;pdeu f odk rd ;f yku
d cf +hJ yD; óudŒuke;f rSm t}uD;tus,f wku d yf jGJ zpfygw,f?
azazmf0g&v D (4) &ufae@rmS ajrmufyidk ;f wkid ;f wkid ;f r–; Akv d rf –;}u;D ausmaf Zm (Akvd rf –;csKyf ausmaf Zm)ukd
awmifykdif;wkdif; wkdif;r–;tjzpf wm0efv$Jajymif; vufcHapcJhygw,f? awmifykdif;wkdif; wkdif;r–;Akdvfrª;
csLyfatmifoif;qDuae wm0efukd v$Jajymif;vufcH&,lapygw,f?
zqyvtpkd;&[m &efukefòrdŒawmfwckvkH; autif'Dtkdwkd@ vufxJrusa&mufapa&;
twGuf tjyif;txef jyefvnfxkd;ppfqifzkd@ óud;pm;ygw,f? awmckdaewJh &JabmfjzL wcsKdŒeJ@ rajy
ajyvnfatmif !dSEd_if;+yD; tvif;0ifvkyfapum u&ifukdwkdufzkd@ &efukefukdumuG,fzkd@ pDpOfygw,f?
'ga=umifh &efuek ef @J teD;w0ku d f oHvsi/f ausmufwef;/ ok;H cGe,fu &JabmfjzLwcsK@d &efuek u f dk 0ifa&muf
vm=uwJt h cg ‘u&ifom;pm;csiw f ,f’ vk@d aºuG;a=umfvm=uvk@d ocifEu k ,dk wf idk f wm;,lc&hJ w,fqdk
ygw,f? t&yfom;/ ausmif;om;wpfcsKdŒukdvnf; pnf;±kH;+yD; wkdufyJGxJrSm yg0ifwkdufckdufapcJhygw,f?
tif;pdefppfrsufESm enf;AsL[mÏmecsKyfukd orkdif;rSmzGifhxm;+yD; tjyif;txef wkdufyJGqifygw,f?
&efukefjynfaxmifpk t&Hwyf&if;/ trSwf (18) jynfaxmifpkppf&J/ trSwf (21) jynfaxmifpk
ppf&J/ trSwf (15) jynfaxmifpkppf&J/ t&Hppf&Jwyfrsm;/ ppf0efxrf;wyf/ csif; aoewfukdifwyf&if;(1)/
trSwf(1)ajcvsifwyf&if;/ trSwf(4)ajcvsifwyf&if;/trSwf(5) Armhaoewf ukdifwyf&if;wkd@ukd yg0if
wkdufckdufapovkd ausmif;om; &JacgifeJ@ oHr%dwyfrsm;/ a&wyfrS atmfvDuGefpuftajrmufeJ@ (25)
aygif'g tajrmufwyfzJGŒukdvnf; tokH;ðycJhygw,f?
tpk;d &ukd ykeu
f efjcm;em;vku d wf hJ u&if aoewfuidk w f yf&if;(1) uvnf; awmifiu l dk odr;f yku
d f
xm;&muae awmifit l a&SŒbuf oHawmifa'o/ 'ku d Of ;D taemufbufe@J yJc;l w0ku d u
f autif't D dk
rsm;eJ@yg yl;aygif;vkduf+yD; pkpkaygif;tiftm; (1000) ausmfavmufeJ@ &efukefukd OD;wnf csDwufvmcJhyg
w,f? azazmf0g&D (4)&ufrSm anmifav;yif ausmfvmcJhygw,f? yJcl;ukdodrf;ykduf+yD; yJcl;awmifbuf

xkH;}uD;òrdŒrS autif'Dtkdrsm;eJ@yg xyfrHyl;aygif;+yD; tif;pdefppfrsufESmu autif'Dtkd rsm;udk tm;jznfh

ulnDEkdifzkd@ &nf&G,fxm;w,fqkdygw,f? awmifilu qif;vmwJh'Dppfa=umif;ukd 'kwd,Akdvfr–;}uD;
apmrif;armifu tkyfcsKyfygw,f?
jynfòrdŒukd odrf;ykdufxm;wJh u&ifaoewfudkifwyf&if;(2)uvnf; azazmf0g&D(5)&ufae@rSm
&efuek u f dk jynfvrf;twkid ;f OD;wnfqif;vmcJyh gw,f? u&if'w k , d Akv d rf –;}uD; apmjrarmifu tkycf sKyf
uGyfuJ+yD; csDwufvmcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
trSwf (1) u&if aoewfuidk w f yf&if; ppfa=umif;udk 'kw, d Akv d rf –;}uD; wifO;D acgi;f aqmifwhJ
tpkd;&wyfu yJcl;e,fuaejzwf+yD; ckcHwdkufckdufòzdcJGygw,f? ‘yJcl;bk&m;}uD; ppfrsufESm’ wdkufyJGawG
tjzpf aoewfoHawG aomaomnHcJh&ygw,f? tpkd;&bufu trSwf(6) Armh aoewfukdifwyf&if;/
trSwf(4)jynfaxmifpk ppf&J/ ppf0efxrf;wyf/ trSwf(3) jynfaxmifpk ppf&Jwyf&if;rsm;tjyif
&JabmfjzLeJ@ qk&d , S vf pf ajymufusm;qko d l wpfcsKŒd yg yg0ifwu dk cf u
kd cf =hJ uygw,f? yJc;l ‘oeyfyif’a'ou
ausmif;om; (100) avmufukd vufeufwyfqifay;+yD;/ òrdŒwGif;vkHòcHr_eJ@ qufom;udpPrsm;twGuf
tokH;cscJhovkd/ axmifwGif;u xkwf,l&&SdvmwJh olawGtygt0if &JabmfjzL (500) avmufukd
vufeufwyfqifay;+yD; bk&m;}uD;&Gmtaemufbufukd ae&m,lapcJhygw,f? azazmf0g&D (5)&ufae@
rSmyJ oeyfyifbufu &JabmfjzLtiftm; (2000) ausmfavmufa&muf&Sd+yD;/ tiftm;jznfhwif;
ay;cJhjyefygw,f? azazmf0g&D (7) &ufrSm bk&m;}uD;&Gm ppfrsufESmrSm u&ifvufeufudkifwyfrsm;eJ@
tpkd;&bufu vufeufudkifwyfrsm; t}uD;tus,f wkdufyJGjzpfyGm;+yD; u&ifvufeufudkifwyfzJG@rsm;
aemufqkwfay;vkduf&ygw,f?
jynfuqif;vmcJhwJh u&ifaoewfudkifwyf&if; (2) ppfa=umif;ukdawmh/ tpdk;&bufu
om,m0wD ppfrsufESmuae+yD; tjyif;txef wkdufyJGqifygw,f? jrpf0u|ef;ay:/ zsmykHuae ac:,l
vmcJw h hJ trSw(f 3) Armhaoewfuidk w f yf&if;/ trSwf (1) ajcv#iw f yf&if;rS wyfzŒGJ rsm;tjyif ‘tajrmuf
wyfzJGŒ’ rsm;eJ@yg ,SOfòydifwkdufckdufapcJhygw,f// om,m0wDe,f/ aygif;wnf/ ewWvif;/ ZD;ukef; pwJh
a'oawGrmS Akv d pf ed rf eS u
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tjyif;txef wkdufckdufcJhygw,f? azazmf0g&D (8) &ufrSm u&ifaoewfudkifwyf&if; (2) ppfa=umif;
ZD;uke;f txd a&muf&v dS mygw,f? (9)&ufae@rmS armfawmf,mOfwef;}uD;eJ@ csw D ufc=hJ u+yD; wku d yf aGJ wG
tjyif;txefjzpfyGm;ygw,f? tpkd;&bufu pdefajymif;wyfzJGŒrsm;/ tajrmufwyfzJGŒrsm;eJ@yg jyefvnf
wkud cf u
kd f òzcd iG ;f ygw,f? (11)&ufae@rmS wyf&if;(3) wyf&if;r–;[m awmcdw k yfrsm;&JŒwyfr–; Akv d &f x
J ÉG ef @J
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(13) rSm wyf&if; (3) u xkd;ppf qifwkdufckdufwJhtcg tpkd;& wyfrawmf (av) u av,mOfuvnf;
ava=umif;uae ypfual y; wdu k cf u
dk cf yhJ gw,f? trSw(f 2) u&ifaoewfuikd w f yf&if;ppfa=umif; tus
tqkH;rsm;cJh&+yD; aemufqkwfay;cJh&w,f?
t"duppfrsufESmjzpfwJh tif;pdefppfrsufESmrSmvnf; azazmf0g&D (11) &uf c0J+cHwkdufyGJ/ (13)
&ufae@ orkdif; OD;aomf yef;uefpufwkdufyJG/ (14)&uf &mbm+cHwkdufyJG/ (15) &ufae@ apmbifqif+cH
wkdufyJG/ ‘OD;pudUefausmif;wkduf’ wkdufyJGawG tqufrjywf jyif;jyif;xefxefjzpfyGm;cJhygw,f? ESpfbuf
tus tqkH;awGvnf; tifrwefrsm;jym;cJh&ygw,f?

trSwf (2) u&ifaoewfukdifwyf&if;ppfa=umif; aemufqkwfay;&csdefrSm om,m0wD/

0ufaumfwu dk yf rGJ mS t"du OD;pD;wdu k cf whJ hJ trSwf (3) Armaoewfuikd w f yf&if;udk &efuek o
f @kd jyefvnf
ac:,l+yD; tif;pdefppfrsufESm ykd@vkdufygw,f? azazmf0g&D(19)&ufae@rSm óudŒukef;udk wkdufyJGqifapyg
w,f?
azazmf0g&Dv v,fxJrSmyJ uGefjrLepfrsm;udk tjywftowfacsr_ef;zkd@ wm0efcsay;xm;wJh
om0wW&d dS trSw(f 1) ucsif aoewfuidk w f yf&if;u tiftm; w0ufausmef @J trSw(f 3) ucsiw f yf&if;u
wGzJ ufay;xm;wJh wyfcu GJ kd ucsitf rsK;d om;Akv d af emfqidk ;f u acgi;f aqmif+yD;/ zqyv tpk;d &ukd ykeu f ef
jcm;em;vku d yf gw,f? Akv d af emfqidk ;f &JŒ ykeu f efjcm;em;r_[m vGwv f yfa&;a=unm+yD;acwfrmS yxrqk;H
aom ucsiftrsdK;om;v_yf&Sm;r_tpvkd@ ac:qkdaumif; ac:qkdEkdifygvdrfhr,f? uGefjrLepfukd &uf&uf
pufpufowfjzwfwu dk cf u dk af ewJh tpk;d &&JŒvufuidk pf pfwyftjzpfuae aoewfajymif;ukd tpk;d &buf
jyefvSnfhvkduf+yD; ykefuefjcm;em;wJh ucsiftrsKd;om;wyftjzpf ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? Akdvfaemfqkdif;
acgifaqmifwJh ucsifaoewfukdifwyf&if;[m ykefuefjcm;em;aewJh trSwf(1) u&if aoewfukdifwyf
&if;eJ@ yl;aygif;+yD; rdwDˆvmukd csDwufwkdufckdufygw,f?
ajrmufyidk ;f wkid ;f wkid ;f r–; Akv d rf –;}u;D ausmaf Zm [m awmifyidk ;f wkid ;f wkid ;f r–;tjzpf ajymif;a&$Œ
vkduf&wJhtwGuf/ ajrmufykdif;wkdif;twGuf ,m,Dwkdif;r–;jzpfvmolu 'kAkdvfr–;}uD; armifarmif
jzpfygw,f? wkid ;f r–; Akv d rf –;}uD;armifarmif[m rdwv DW mudk umuG,zf @dk cHppfa=umif; jyifaewke;f rSmyJ
csDwufwkdufckdufvmwJh u&ifvufeufukdifolykefrsm;&JŒ zrf;qD;jcif;ukdcHvkduf&ygw,f? azazmf0g&Dv
(20) &ufae@rSmyJ rdwDˆvmukd u&ifwyfrsm;eJ@ Akdvfaemfqkdif;&JŒ ucsifwyfrsm;u odrf;ykdufvkduf=u
ygw,f? rdwv ˆD maiGwu dk u f aiGrsm;ukd &efuek u f odk ,f,zl @dk jynfaxmifpb k %fu iSm;&rf; apv$wv f udk f
wJh 'gukdwm av,mOfa&m/ aròrdŒu &efukefukd c&D;pOftwGuf/ rdwDˆvmav,mOfuGif;ukd acwWqif;
oufvmwJh 'gukdwmav,mOfyg u&ifwyfrsm;eJ@ Akdvfaemfqkdif;wyfu odrf;ykdufvkduf=uygw,f?
tJ'Dav,mOf (2) pD;ukd Akdvfaemfqkdif;acgif;aqmifwJh vufeufukdifwyfzJG@rsm; pD;eif;vkdufyg+yD; azazmf
0g&D (21) &ufrSm aròrdŒudk odrf;ykdufvkdufygw,f? tpkd;&[m rdwDˆvma&m/ aròrdŒa&mukd vufv$wf
vkduf&ygawmhw,f? rwfv (6) &ufrSm rE Wav;ukd vufv$wf&jyef+yD; rwfv (11) &ufae@rSm
rE Wav;òrdŒ[m autif'DtkdeJ@ uGefjrLepfrsm;vufatmuf a&muf&SdoGm;ygw,f?
azazmf0g&Dv/ rwfv ESpfvvkH;[m wkdufyJGawG tjyif;txefjzpfyGm;cJh&+yD; ESpfzufpvkH;
tustqk;H awGrsm;vSovkd jynfov l xl }k uD; w&yfv;Hk [mvnf; jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;&JŒ '%fukd rcsrd qef@
cHpm;=u&ygw,f? zqyvtpkd;&u t"dutm±kHpkduf+yD; ckcHumuG,fae&wJh ppfrsufESm[m tif;pdef
ppfrsufESmjzpfygw,f? &efukefòrdŒeJ@ (7) rkdifuGmtxd wkdufyGJawG qufwkdufjzpfay:aecJh+yD; wjynfvkH;
r+idrfroufjzpfae&wJhtwGuf tpkd;&ukd (7) rkdiftpdk;&/ &efukeftpkd;&vkd@ ac:a0:cJh=uygw,f?
tif;pdefwkdufyJG ay:aygufcsdefup+yD; tpkd;&&JŒtajctae[m t=uyfwnf;qkH;jzpfvm&yg
w,f? ppfa&;t=uyftwnf;/ Ekid if aH &;t=uyftwnf;awGuae b¾ma&; t=uyftwnf;yg &ifqidk f
vm&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh tpkd;&u tpkd;&0efxrf; t&mxrf;/ tr_xrf;awG&JŒ vpmukd (15µ) jzwfzkd@
qkH;jzwfcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh azazmf0g&Dv (7) &ufae@rSm tpkd;&&JŒvpm jzwfawmufr_udk qef@usif
uef@uGufwJh tr_xrf;aygif;pkHoydwf}uD;vnf; ay:aygufcJhygw,f? azazmf0g&D (16) &ufae@rSm
rD;&xm;or*~ oydwf}uD;vnf; ay:aygufchJjyefygw,f?
wuUokdvfausmif;om;rsm; awmckd=uwm/ tr_xrf;/ 0efxrf;rsm; awmckd=uwmawGvnf;

qufwkdufvkdvkd ay:xGufcJhygw,f? tpkd;&[m tJ'Dvkd t=uyftwnf;aygif;pkH &ifqkdifae&+yD; &efukef
tpkd;&jzpfaewmawmifrS jzpfay:aewJh jynfwGif;ppf}uD;udk EkdifiHa&;t&tajz&Sm+yD; rSefrSefuefuef
r#r#ww ajz&Si;f Ekid zf @dk oabmxm;r&Scd yhJ g? tm%muko d m acgi;f rmrmeJ@ qufvuf qkyu f idk xf m;=u+yD;/
ppfa&;udkppfa&;t& tEkdif,lEdkifa&;ukdyJ óud;yrf;tm;xkwf jyifqifcJhygw,f?
zqyvtpkd;&&JŒ azmufjyefr_/ txl;ojzifh qkd&S,fvpfrsm;&JŒ npfywfr_a=umifh 1948 ckESpf
rwfv (28) &ufae@rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD vufeufukdifawmckdr_eJ@ pwifzGifhvSpfcJh&wJh Armjynf
jynfwGif;ppf}uD;[m &JabmfjzL awmckd&r_/ wyfrawmfwGif; Armhaoewfukdifwyf&if; (1)/ wyf&if;(3)
wykdif;/ wyf&if; (6) wpdwfwa' awmckd&r_awGeJ@ qufvufus,fjyef@cJh&um/ u&ifppf&Jykefuefr_/
autif't D dk v_y&f mS ;r_/ u&ifaoewfuidk wf yf&if; (1)/ wyf&if;(2)/ ucsiaf oewfuidk w f yf&if; (1)wk@d &ŒJ
xºuGqef@usif jcm;em;r_awGe@J twl tjyif;txef tonf;oefq;Hk tajctaexd qufwu dk f awmuf
avmifvmcJh&ygw,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ rvJGomra&Smifom pwifvkduf&wJh awmfvSefa&; aoewfoH
awGu Ekid if aH &;tzJŒG tpnf;rsm;ukd v_yEf ;_d vku d o
f vkjd zpfc+hJ yD;/ u&iftrsK;d om;awG&ŒJ aoewfoaH wGu
zqyv tpkd;&ukd &efukeftpkd;& jzpfapcJhygw,f?
zqyv tpk;d &[m vufeufuikd pf pfwyfrsm;udk &Ekid o f r# ae&maygi;f pku
H ae wk;d csŒJ zJŒG pnf;+yD;
jynfwGif;ppf}uD;udk ppfa&;enf;t& ajz&Sif;Ekdifzkd@ t"duxm; óud;pm;cJhygw,f? &Sdor# =unf;/ a&/
av ppftiftm;rSefor#ukdvnf; jynfwGif;ppf}uD;twGif; ykHatmtokH;ðychJygw,f? &Sdor# ppfav
,mOfrsm;udktokH;ðy+yD; AkH;}uJapwm/ av,mOfay:uae pufaoewfeJ@ ypfcwfwkdufckduf apwmawG
enf;vrf;aygif;pkHeJ@ vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f//
tpk;d &&JŒ vufeufuidk w f yfawGtwGi;f rSmukd tpk;d &qef@usio f al wG ay:ayguv f m+yD; wyfwiG ;f
ykefuefr_awG/ wyfwGif;awmckdr_awG ae&maygif;pkH ay:aygufóuHawGŒvm&vkd@om tpdk;&&JŒ ppfa&;rme/
wenf;tm;jzifh aomif;usef;olawGukd tjywfòzd/ tjywfESdyfuGyfypfvkdufr,fqkdwJh ppfa&;&nfrSef;
csuf[m xifwkdif;raygufjzpfcJh&wmjzpfygw,f? wu,fu tpkd;&ukdqef@usifolrSefor#udk enf;vrf;
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csypfzkd@ t+rJwrf; }uHpnftm;xkwfcJh=uygw,f? tpkd;&&JŒ azmufjyefwJhajcvSrf;awGa=umifh ykefueftH
wkr_awG qef@usifjcm;em;r_awG wck+yD;wck qufwkdufay:xGufvmvkd@om ukd,fh&SL; ukd,fywf jzpfcJh&
wmjzpfygw,f? jynfwGif;ppf}uD; wESpfrjynfhrDtwGif; tpkd;&ukd,fwkdif ab;=uyfeH=uyf jzpfvmcJh&
ygw,f?
ppfr;D awmufaewJh wkid ;f jynfjzpfvmwJt h wGuf ppfwyf&ŒJ tcef;[m xdyaf &mufvmcJyh gw,f?
vGwfvyfa&;a=unma=unmcsif; 0ef}uD;jzpfcJholwcsKdŒawmif 0ef}uD;ae&mc%xm;+yD; ppfwyfwGif;
0ifvm=uwm/ ukd,fukdifxm;wJh wyf&Sdatmif óud;yrf;tm;xkwf=uwmudk=unfh&if odomvSygw,f?
Ekid if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D OD;wifxw G f 'kw,
d Akv
d rf –;}u;D &mxl;eJ@ wyfx0J ifvmwm Akv d pf ed rf eS f a'oE &W Akv d rf ;ª
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wyfxJ uref;uwef;0ifvmwm/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;jzpfcJhwJh Akdvfvusfm/ ajrmufykdif;wkdif; wkdif;r–;

tjzpfa&mufvmwmawGu=dk unf&h if/ ppfwyf&@J tcef; b,favmufta&;ygvmw,fqw dk m odomvS

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a&muf&Sdvmygw,f?
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u ‘AkdvfcsKyfae0if;ukd tm%mukeftyfoifh+yD’ ygvDrefukd&yfqkdif;xm;yg? w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJG
rsm; rusi;f yEkid rf csi;f Akv d cf sKyfukd ppftyk cf sKyfa&; tm%mykid cf ef@xm;yg” vk@d tqkðd y aoG;wk;d prf;ygw,f?
wqufwnf;rSm OD;baz[m ol@&JŒtaygif;ygwpkeJ@twl AkdvfcsKyfae0if;ukd oGm;a&mufawG@qkH+yD;
ppfwyfu tpkd;&ukdðzwfcs+yD; tm%modrf;&ef ajymqkdpnf;±kH;ygw,f? OD;bazeJ@twl oGm;a&muf
ajymqkd pnf;±k;H aoG;aqmif ajr‡mufyifah y;cJ=h uolawGuawmh om,m0wD OD;armifarmif ("g;rygw0D if)
OD;vGef; (rsKd;cspfygwD0if)eJ@ OD;pef;armif(ac|wmpkaqmif;a&;rif;}uD;) wkd@jzpfygw,f? Zlvkdif/ =o*kwfv
xJwkef;u Akdvfae0if;ukdacgif;aqmifwif+yD; ‘vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;aumifpD’=oZm&dS wyfwcsKd@eJ@
tm%modrf;,l&ef }uHpnfcJholawG[m vuf0JnD!Gwfa&; aumifpD0ifawG jzpfcJh=uwJhtwGuf
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rudkufnDuJGvJGaewJhtwGuf aemufqkH;rSm ratmifrjrifjzpfcJh&ygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh aqG;aEG;yJG
ysufcJh&ygw,f?
ref;bZHwkd@ tif;pdefjyefa&muf+yD;wJhaemuf u&ifacgif;aqmifawG aqG;aEG;=u+yD; vufeufcs
a&; vufeuftyfa&; vufrcHEidk af =umif; qk;H jzwfvu dk =f uygw,f? vufrcHEidk af =umif; jyef=um;pmudk
apm[efwmomar$;eJ@ tif;pdefppfajrjyif ppfqifa&;rª; Akdvfrª;atmifpdefwkd@u vufrSwfa&;xkd;+yD;
jyef=um;vdkufygw,f? {+yDv (8) &ufae@jzpfygw,f?
{+yDv (8) &uf aemufykdif;rSm tif;pdefppfrsufESmwkdufyJGawG qufvufjzpfyGm;ygw,f? jynf
wGif;ppfrD;[m }uD;oxuf}uD;+yD;yJvmcJh&ygw,f? wjynfvkH; aoewfoHawGnHaecJh&ovkd awm
awmifa&ajrtESH@ ,rf;ckdawGa0aecJh&ygw,f?
{+yDv (6) &uf nrSm tpd;k &wyfrsm;u txufArmjynf/ rE aW v;òrdŒukd jyefvnford ;f ,lEidk cf hJ
ovkd tif;pdefjyefvnfodrf;,lEkdifa&;wkdufyJG}uD;rsm;udk tjyif;txefqifE$Jygw,f? {+yDv (29) &uf
ae@rSm wyfrawmfavudk tokH;ðy+yD; tif;pdeftpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;e,fajr/ tif;pdefaxmif
awmifbufe,fajrawGudk AkH;}uJwkdufcdkuf&if; ar,kppfoabFmukd toHk;ðy+yD; pufr_ausmif;e,fajr/
urf;em;qefpufe,fajrawGudk tajrmuf}uD;rsm;eJ@ ypfcwfwdkufcdkufygw,f? arv (13) (14) &uf
awGrSm óudyifaumuf/ ZD;ukef;/ ewWvif;òrdŒawG tpdk;&vufatmuf jyefvnfusa&mufoGm;ygw,f?
arv (22) &ufrSm txufArmjynf aysmfbG,f/ &rnf;oif;/ wyfukef;/ wHwm;OD;òrdŒawGudkomru
tif;pdefòrdŒudkyg tpkd;&u odrf;ykduf&&SdoGm;ygawmhw,f? om,m0wD ppfrsufESmrSm tpkd;&u AkH;}uJ
wkdufckduf&mrSmawmh av,mOf (3) pif;eJ@ AHk;}uJwkdufckduf&if; {+yDv (7) &ufae@rSm tpdk;&bufu
jynfolŒ&Jabmf AkdvfpdefrSef usqkH;oGm;ygw,f? AHk;}uJzkd@ av,mOfeJ@vkdufygoGm;wJh AkdvfpdefrSef[m
AHk;}uJaewkef; atmufuae jyefvnfypfcwfvkdufwJh uGefjrLepfolykefawG&JŒ usnfoifh+yD; av,mOf
xkdifcHkay:rSmyJ toufaysmufcJh&wmjzpfygw,f? ESpfzufpvHk;[m tustqHk;awGrsm;cJh&ygw,f?
yJcl;ukd {+yDv (26) &efukefukd arv (1) &ufae@ odrf;r,fvkd@ aºuG;a=umf&nfrSef; csDwufvm
cJhwJh Akdvfaemfqkdif;wyfeJ@ autif'Dtkdrsm;[mvnf; awmifilukd jyefqkwfoGm;&ygw,f? tif;pdefudk
&+yD;wJhaemuf tpdk;&[m ykdrkdxkd;ppfqifEdkifzkd@ yHkatm+yD; óud;yrf;vmygw,f?

ZGev f xJrmS ausmufqnf/ anmifO;D / acsmufe@J a&eHacsmif;tjyif/ ZGef (25) &ufrmS oxHòk rdŒudk
yg tpdk;&u odrf;ykdufEkdifoGm;ygw,f? Zlvkdif (23) &ufae@rSm om,m0wDòrdŒudkvnf; tpkd;&bufu
jyefvnfodrf;,lEdkifoGm;ygw,f?
ZlvkdifvxJrSm AkdvfcsKyfae0if;acgif;aqmifwJh ppfrpf&SiftzJGŒ +Adwdefukd avhvma&;qkd+yD; oGm;
ygw,f? t"du vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf 0,f,lzkd@jzpfygw,f? OD;ausmf+idrf;oGm;+yD; vufeuf0,f
,la&;óud;pm;pOfwkef;u jiif;y,fv$wfvkdufwJh +AdwdefukdxyfrHoGm;+yD; óud;pm;jcif;jzpfygw,f? b,fu
rSw&m;0if0,fv@dk r&wJt h wGuf Oa&myvufeufarSmifcadk ps;uGuu f ae rwefrq aps;}uD;ay;0,fae&
wmudk umrdz@kd twGuf avhvma&;ta=umif;jy+yD;oGm;wmjzpfygw,f? jynfwiG ;f ppfukd t&Sed jf r‡iw hf ukd f
Ekdifzkd@twGuf vufeuf&a&;ukd enf;rsKd;pHkeJ@ óud;pm;ygw,f? OD;vSarmifu t&ufrl;vkd@ E_wfvGefajym
ovkv d edk @J “cifAsm;wk@d ra&mif;vnf;aeayg?h [kv d al wGqo D mG ;0,f±akH yg”h vk@d t*Fvyd af wG t±du_ x f rd ,fh
pum;ukdajym+yD; Oy,fwrsOfeJ@ óud;pm;wmrsKd;txdvkyfcJhygw,f?
AkdvfcsKyfae0if; ppfrpf&SiftzJGŒ +Adwdef/ tar&duefavhvmc&D;u jyefvm+yD;aemuf 0ef}uD;csKyf
ocifEkudk,fwkdif vufeuf&a&;twGuf tdEdN,/ ygupPwefcspf=unfa&;c&D; qkdwmukd xGufjyefyg
w,f? t"du&nf&G,fwmu tdENd,0ef}uD;csKyf ae±l;qDuae vufeuftultnD&a&; oGm;óud;pm;
wmjzpfygw,f? jynfwGif;ppftpu ocifEkrsufESmeJ@ 0ef}uD;csKyfae±l;u vufeufw}udrfa&mif;ay;cJh
+yD;jzpfygw,f? tvkH;vkduf t&if;vkduf xyfa&mif;ay;zkd@ 'kwd,t}udrf udk,fwkdifrsufESmoGm;jy+yD;
tultnDawmif;wmjzpfygw,f? ae±l;u ocifEkvkdoavmuf a&mif;ay;vkdufygw,f? tdENd,u
0,fvkd@&vmwJh ±dkifz,fvufeufeJ@ cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf usnfqHawGudk 0Sufo,fvm+yD;/ w&m;0ifvlxk
=um; to,fjyvmwmuawmh “Ak'<&JŒ"mwfawmf pG,fawmf” awGudk yifhaqmifo,f,lvmjcif;qkd
wmjzpfygw,f? Oyoug}uD; ocifE[ k m "mwfawmf pG,af wmf yifah qmifo,f,v l mjcif; rsuEf mS zH;k udk
pGyf+yD; vufeufeJ@ usnfqHaowWmawGudk 0,f,lo,faqmifvmcJhygw,f? aAm"dyifysKdawGudkvnf;
trsm;tjym; o,faqmifvmcJhygw,f? aAm"dyifysKdawG&JŒatmufrSm 0Sufo,fvmwmawGuawmh
usnfqHaowWmawGvkd@ ajym=uqkd=uwmvnf;&Sdygw,f? Armjynfjyefa&mufawmh "mwfawmf/ pG,f
awmfawGukdjy+yD; jynfolawGudk zl;ajrmfapygw,f? aAm"dyifysKdawGudk EkdifiHtES@Htjym; jzef@a0ay;yg
w,f? vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufawGudkawmhh ppfwyfvufxJxnfhay;vkduf+yD;/ jynfwGif;ppf}uD;udk
t&Sdefwkd;jr‡ifh wkdufckdufapygw,f?
1949 ckESpfukd csKyf=unfhvkduf&if wjynfvkH; ppfrD;[kef;[kef;awmufcJh&wJhESpfjzpfygw,f?
tpkd;&vnf; ‘&efukeftpdk;&’ jzpfoGm;&wJhESpfjzpfygw,f? u&ifhawmfvSefa&;}uD; twdtvif;ay:
aygufvmcJh&+yD; zqyvudk rsufjzLqkdufoGm;apcJhwJhESpfjzpfygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ jynfolŒ
&Jabmf/ awmckdwyfrawmf wkd@tjyif autif,l/ autif'Dtkd/ trftif'Dtkd/ ytkd@vufeufukdifwyf/
Akv
d af emfqidk ;f wyf pwJh vlrsK;d pkvufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGyg qufwu dk af y:xGuv f mcJ+h yD;
aoewfoHawG aomaomnHoGm;&ygawmhw,f?
òrdŒawGukd odr;f yku
d x
f m;&muae aemufqw k af y;vku d &f wJh tpk;d &qef@usiaf &; olyek tf iftm;
pkrsm;[m aus;vufawm&GmawGudk tajcðy+yD; awmfvSefa&;udk qufvufqifE$J=uygw,f? Adkvfaemf
qkdif;wyfzJGŒuawmh awmifiluae u,m;jynfe,fxJ0if/ &Srf;jynfe,fxJ0if/ awmif}uD;udkodrf;/

awmif}uD;uqkwaf y;&awmh vm;¶d;_ udo k rd ;f / tJ'u D rS uGwcf idk /f erfch rf;bufqD ajymif;a&$Œa&muf&o dS mG ;
ygw,f?
tpd;k &[m vufeufopfawG wd;k csŒJ wyfqifay;Ekid v f mwJt h cg trSwf (1) u,m;aoewfuikd f
wyf&if;/ trSwf (1) &Srf;aoewfudkifwyf&if;wkd@ukd wkd;csJŒzJGŒpnf;wJhtjyif awmckdoGm;=uwJh trSwf
(1) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;eJ@ trSwf (3) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;rsm;udk tpm;xkd;jyefvnfzJGŒpnf;
wmawG vkyfapygw,f? trSwf (1) (2) (3) u&ifaoewfudkifwyfrsm;udk zsufodrf;+yD; trSwf (2)
(3) (5) ajcvsifwyf&if;awG tpm;xkd;zJGŒpnf;wmvkyfygw,f? jynfaxmifpkt&Hwyf/ ucsifwyf&if;/
csif;wyf&if;awGudk zsufodrf;+yD; trSwf (1) (2) ta&;ay: ucsifwyf&if;/ trSwf(1) (2) csif;wyf&if;
qkdwmawG ajymif;vJzJG@pnf;ygw,f? Akdvfoifwef;ausmif;eJ@ ppfOD;pD;wuUokdvfudkvnf; jyefvnf
zGifhvSpfum ppfoifwef;rsm;ukd jyefvnfykd@csapwmvkyfygw,f? 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyfvnf;jzpf umuG,f
a&;0ef}uD; vnf;jzpfwJh AkdvfcsKyfae0if;[m ppfwyfudk olŒpdwfóuduf taumiftxnfazmf zJGŒpnf;
jyifqifwmawG pwifvkyfcGifh&cJhygw,f?
tpkd;&&JŒ jynfwGif;ppftwGuf umuG,fa&;toHk;p&dwfqkdwJh acgif;pOfeJ@ azmfjywJh ppfoHk;
p&dw[ f mvnf; b,fwek ;f ueJ@rrS wlatmif tqaygi;f rsm;pGmckew f ufomG ;cJyh gw,f? wjynfv;Hk toH;k
p&dwf pkpkaygif;&JŒ (20µ) ausmfjzpfcJhygw,f?
‘a&mifpo kH yl ek w
f @dk &ŒJ vk,ufzsuqf ;D jcif;udck &H aom a&mifpo kH yl ek w f @kd a=umifh ysupf ;D qk;H ¶H;_ cJ&h aom
wjynfvHk;wefzkd; pkpkaygif;[mvnf; usyfaiG ukaÉ (3) &mausmfygw,f’ vkd@ 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEku
w&m;0ifajymqkad =unmcJyh gw,f? 'Dysupf ;D qk;H ¶H;_ r_awG[m olyek af wGa=umifv h @dk ocifEu
k wzufowf
tjypfwifvu dk yf gw,f? jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;a=umifh t}uD;tus,yf supf ;D qk;H ¶H;_ cJ&h wmuawmh trSeyf jJ zpf
ygw,f?
1950 jynfhESpfxJa&mufawmh zqyvtpdk;&[m ‘&efukeftpdk;&’tjzpfuae vGwfajrmuf
vm+yDjzpfv@dk touf¶a_ csmifvmygw,f? olyek af wGord ;f yku d xf m;cJw h hJ òrdŒawGtm;vk;H udv k nf; jyefvnf
xkd;ppfqifodrf;ykduf+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? òrdŒawGukd jyefvnfodrf;ykdufEkdifayr,fh jynfwGif;ppf}uD;uawmh
t&Sdeft[kefjyif;jyif; qufvufawmufavmifaecJhygw,f?
aoewfoaH wG aomaomnHaeqJumvrSm xyfróH uaH wGŒvm&wJjh y\emuawmh w¶kwjf zL
usL;ausmfvmr_jzpfygw,f? jynfyvufeufudkifwyfrsm; ArmjynftwGif; usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmr_
jzpfygw,f? 1949 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv (1) &ufae@ rSm w¶kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDOuUÏ armfpDwkef;
acgif;aqmifwJh w¶kwfjynfolŒorRwEkdifiH ay:xGef;vmygw,f?
csefau&Sdwfacgif;aqmifwJh ulrifwefw±kwfjzLtpkd;&[m w¶kwfjynfr}uD;uae t¶_H;eJ@
xGufajy;&ygw,f?
w¶kwjf ynf ,leefe,fawmifyidk ;f rSm&Sw d hJ w¶kwjf zLulrifwefwyfrsm;[m w¶kwjf ynfoŒl wyfr
awmf (wyfeaD wmf)&JŒ xk;d ppfqifacsre_ ;f wku d cf u dk rf '_ %fukd r¶_rvS cHvu dk &f +yD; ,leefjynfe,fawmifyidk ;f
uae ArmjynfxJ vSdrfh0ifvm=uwmjzpfygw,f? 1950 jynfh Zefe0g&Dvqef;rSm w¶kwfjzLwyfom;
(200) avmuf[m usKdif;wHke,f rkdif;,ef;ukd0ifa&mufwyfpJG+yD;/ rwfvxJrSm tiftm; (2000) ausmf
avmuf usKdif;wHke,ftwGif; xyfrH0ifa&mufusL;ausmfvm=uygw,f? {+yDveJ@ arvxJrSm usKdif;wHk

e,ftwGif;&Sd òrdŒawGudk w¶kwfjzLwyftcsKdŒu 0ifa&mufodrf;ykduf=uovkd w¶kwfjzLwyftcsKdŒu

usKdif;wHkta&SŒbufuae jzwfausmf+yD; }wd*Ha'oxJpk+yD; wyfpJG=uygw,f?
w±kwfjzLwyfwcsKdŒu arv (25) &ufae@rSm Armjynfe,fpyfòrdŒ wòrdŒjzpfwJh ‘=uLukwf’udk
wku d cf u
dk zf suq f ;D =uygw,f? w¶kwjf zLwyfawGukd OD;pD;acgi;f aqmifvmolawGuawmh ulrifweftrSwf
(8) wyfawmfu AkdvfcsKyf}uD; vDrD/ trSwf (26) wyfawmfu 'kAkdvfcsKyf}uD; vludkc|rf;eJ@ trSwf
(93) wyfru AkdvfcsKyfrmacsm,DeJ@ AkdvfcsKyfvlcsif;qGef; wkd@jzpf=uygw,f?
1950 jynfh ZGev f xJrmS usKid ;f wHak 'o&Sd Armhwyfrawmftm%mydik af wGu w¶kwjf zLwyfzŒGJ 0if
awGukd vufeufcs&ef okd@r[kwf Armjynfykdifeufe,fajrtwGif;u xGufcGgoGm;&ef &mZoHay;cJhyg
w,f? 'gayr,fh w¶kwfjzLulrifwefwyfawGu eJeJav;rS rvkdufem¶Hkru Armhwyfrawmfu olwkd@ukd
wkdufcdkufvm&if jyefvnfwdkufcdkuf&ef toifh&Sda=umif; jyef=um;ygw,f?
w¶kwjf ynf[m Armjynfe@J e,ferd w d cf si;f t&Sn}f uD;qufpyfwnf&adS ewJh tdref ;D csi;f wkid ;f jynf
wckjzpfwt hJ wGuf w¶kwjf ynf&ŒJ ‘w¶kwjf ynfopf’ xlaxmifay:ayguv f mr_[m ArmjynfEidk if aH &;e,f
udv k nf; *,uf¶u dk cf yhJ gw,f? t¶H;_ eJ@ajy;vmcJo h l w¶kwjf zL ulrifwefwyfrsm;&JŒ usL;ausmcf sO;f eif;0if
a&mufvmwmukd cHvkduf&wJhtwGuf ArmjynfvHkòcHa&;twGufvnf; ta&;}uD;jy\emwckjzpfvm
&ygw,f? w¶kwjf zLusL;ausmv f mr_jy\em[m ArmjynftwGuf yx0DEidk if aH &;jy\emavmufwif
ru urBm@EkdifiHa&; &moDOwktajymif;tvJeJ@yg qufqkdifywfoufvm&wJh jy\emjzpfygw,f?
'kw, d urBmppft+yD;rSm urBmEh idk if aH &;e,fy,frmS t&if;&Sief ,fcsŒJ *k% d ;f }uD;eJ@ qk&d ,
S vf pf*%dk f
}uD;&,fvkd@ *kd%f}uD;ESpf*kd%f; twdtvif;ay:xGufvmygw,f? t&if;&Sif;e,fcsJŒ*kd%f;ukd tar&duef
u acgif;aqmifygw,f? qkd&S,fvpf*dk%f;ukd qkdAD,ufu acgif;aqmifygw,f? e,fcJsŒEkdifiHrsm;vuf
atmufu vGwfajrmufvmpEkdifiHawGeJ@ vGwfajrmufzkd@óud;yrf;tm;xkwfae=uwJh EkdifiHawGtm;vkH;
avmufeD;yg;[m qkd&S,fvpf*kd%f;}uD;udk axmufcHvkdvm;=uygw,f? awmfvSefwdk;wufwJh EkdifiHa&;
ygw/D Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;[m e,fcsŒJ t&if;&Si*f % dk ;f ukd qef@usi=f uygw,f? e,fcsŒJ t&if;&Si*f % dk ;f &JŒ
acgi;f aqmifjzpfwhJ tar&duef[m qk&d , S v f pf*% dk ;f }uD;}uD;rm;rm;us,jf yef@vmrSm atmifycGJ v H mrSmudk
tpGrf;ukef wm;qD;ydwfyif acszsufzkd@óud;pm;aeygw,f?
urBmrSm e,fajrtus,ft0ef; t}uD;qkH;jzpfwJh qkdAD,ufu uGefjrLepfEkdifiHjzpfae&wJhtxJ/
urBmrSm vlO;D a&trsm;qk;H jzpfwhJ w¶kwu f uGejf rLepfEidk if t H jzpf xyfraH y:ayguv f mwJt h cg t&if;&Sif
e,fcsJŒ*kd%f;}uD;&JŒ xdyfoD;tar&dueftzkd@ ykdrkdpkd;&drfwkefv_yfp&mjzpfvmcJhygw,f?
'ga=umifh 1950 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS tar&duefw@dk &ŒJ 'krd ED o dk 0D &D xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? tar&duef
orRw tku d q
f ifa[mif0gup+yD; ajymwmjzpfygw,f? ('krd ED dk zJupm;enf;rSm 'krd ED zdk cJ syaf v;awGpx D m;
+yD;/ wckeJ@wck qufpyfaewJhtwGuf zJcsyfav;wckus&if usefwJh[mawGyg qufwkdufusavh
&Sdygw,f? 'kdrDEdkzJcsyfav;awGvkd qdk&S,fvpfEkdifiHawG wck+yD;wckray:&atmif umuG,fxm;zkd@
ajymwmjzpfygw,f?)
tar&dueftzdk@ w¶kwfjynfuGefjrLepfEkdifiHjzpfvmwmukd rvkdvm;ovdk/ tm&SwdkufrSm
aemufxyfuGefjrLepfEdkifiHawG qufwkdufay:xGufvmrSmudkvnf; r¶_pdrfhwJhtwGuf wm;qD;ydwfyif
a&;awG tpDtpOf&Sd&Sdvkyfygw,f? w¶kwfeDukd qef@usifzkd@ w¶kwfjzLudktm;ay;ygw,f? w¶kwfjynfeJ@

e,ferd w d cf si;f qufpyfaewJt h wGuf Armjynf[m tar&duefw@dk twGuf ta&;ygvmygw,f? 'ga=umifh

ArmjynfxJ a&muf&SdusL;ausmfvm=uwJh ulrifwefw¶kwfjzLwkd@&JŒaemufuG,frSm tar&duef
yg0ifywfoufaeygw,f? wzufuvnf; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;udk t"duOD;wnfvkyfaewJh
Armjynftpkd;&ukd acsmhjrLodrf;oGif;Ekdifzkd@ vdktyfaeygw,f?
Armjynf zqyvtpkd;&[m jynfyu usL;ausmfvmoljzpfwJh w±kwfjzLudk tjywftowf
jyefvnfwkdufxkwfa&;xuf/ jynfwGif;u wEkdifiHwnf;om;csif;jzpfwJh vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;
tiftm;pkawGudkyJ rJ+yD; acsr_ef;okwfoifypfEkdifzkd@ vkyfaeygw,f?
1945 ckESpfu ‘aAmf&SDApforkdif;tusOf;csKyf’ pmtkyfudk r&&atmif&Sm+yD; qkd&S,fvpfygwD
Ekid if aH &;oifwef;awGrmS oifwef;yk@d cscw hJ hJ OD;ausm+f idr;f uawmh ok;H av;ESpt f wGi;f a'giaf 'gijf rnf uGejf rL
epfqef@usifa&;orm;}uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJvmcJhygw,f? 1949 ckESpftukefrSm w±kwfjynfol@orRw
EkdifiHtjzpf ay:aygufvmwJhtcg Armjynfqkd&S,fvpfygwD tr_aqmifrsm;eJ@ 'kwd,acgif;aqmifrsm;
tpnf;ta0;vky+f y;D óuq d adk xmufcaH =umif; a=unmcsux f wk yf gw,f? tJ'aD =unmcsuu f kd uef@uu G f
ajymqkdol[m OD;ausmf+idrf; wa,mufwnf;yJ&Sdw,fvkd@ qkdygw,f? t*Fvdyf/ tar&duefòidjiifrSm
a=umufwmeJ@ jynfwiG ;f olyek af wG ESrd Ef iS ;f a&;twGuf tultnD r&rSmpk;d &drw f ma=umifv h @dk qkyd gw,f?
1950 jynfhESpfxJrSm tm%m& zqyv }uD;xJu tm%m& qkd&S,fvpfygwD}uD;twGif;
ywfww k rf &Ekid wf hJ tuGt
J +y}J u;D wck xyfraH y:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? t"duuawmh OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f ird ;f
wk@d acgi;f aqmifwhJ vusmf qd&k , S vf pfrsm;eJ@ rm@upf f vDeif0g'ukd ouf0if,=kH unfygw,fv@dk aºuG;a=umf
xm;=uwJh ocifcspfarmif (0d"l&) / ocifvGif/ ocifvSau|wkd@acgif;aqmifwJh vuf0J,drf; qkd&S,fvpf
rsm;t=um;/ tJ'Dwkef;u ay:aygufvmwJh urBmhEkdifiHa&; tajctaeawGtay: ±_jrifoHk;oyf oabm
xm;=uykcH si;f rwln&D muae twdtvif; cGm+yo J mG ;=uwmjzpfygw,f? qk&d , S vf pfygww D iG ;f u vusmf
qkd&S,fvpfrsm;eJ@ vuf0J,drf;qkd&S,fvpfrsm;[m tm%mukvm;xkdifay: twlarS;+yD;xkdifae=u
&muae ajymif;vJvmwJh Ekid if w H umhtajctaeawGatmufrmS uk, d &hf yfwnfcsuu f dk uk, d af zmfjy&if;
arS;aevkd@r&awmhyJ uJGoGm;=uwmjzpfygw,f?
yxrtjzpftysufu (WFTU) yg0ifa&;udpPeJ@ywfoufygw,f? zqyv tzJG@csKyf tvkyf
tr_aqmifvnf;jzpf/ tvkyform;tpnf;t±Hk;rsm;tzJG@csKyf OuUÏvnf;jzpfwJh ‘ocifvGif’[m
tzJŒG csKyf&ŒJ =um;aea&;0g'eJ@ qef@usi+f yD;/ vuf0, J rd ;f WFTU (World Federation of Trade Union) ac:
urBm@tvkyform;tpnf;t±Hk;rsm;tzJGŒcsKyfeJ@ qufoG,f0ifa&muf&eftqkdeJ@ qkH;jzwfcsufw&yfukd
zqyv tzJ@G csKyf tvkyt f r_aqmiftzJŒG &JŒ cGiðfh ycsurf &bJ 1950 jynfh ara';ae@ vlxt k pnf;ta0;rSm
wifoGif; csrSwfajymqkdw,f qkdygw,f?
'kw, d tjzpftysuu f uk&d ;D ,m;ppfyGJ udpeP @J ywfoufygw,f? 1950 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS / uk&d ;D ,m;
ppfyJG tjyif;txef ay:aygufvmygw,f? w±kwfeJ@ qkdAD,ufwkd@u ajrmufudk&D;,m;bufu tckdif
trm&yfwnf=uygw,f? tar&duefacgi;f aqmifwhJ t&if;&Sit f yk pf u
k awmifu&dk ;D ,m;bufu ae=u
ygw,f? tar&duef[m ukvor*~qkdif;bkwfeJ@ udk&D;,m;ppfyJG twGif;0if+yD; ygvmygw,f? awmif-
ajrmufu&kd ;D ,m;ppfyrGJ mS ukvor*~vòHk cHa&;aumifpu D ‘urBm@+idr;f csr;f a&;ukd xdyg;aprnfh tE &W m,f
vkd@owfrSwf+yD; ukvor*~u 0ifa&muf+yD; tajctaeudkxdef;odrf;&ef’vkd@ qkH;jzwfygw,f? tJ'DqkH;

jzwfcsufudk jrefrmtpdk;&u axmufcHcJhygw,f? 1950 jynfh pufwifbm (5) &ufae@ Armjynf

ygvrD efvw $ af wmfrmS 0ef}u;D csKyfocifEk wifoiG ;f wJh uk&d ;D ,m;tqked @J ywfouf+y;D tvkyo f rm;tpnf;
t±Hk;rsm;tzJGŒcsKyf 'kOuUÏ vnf;jzpf ygvDreftrwfvnf;jzpfwJh ocifvSau|u a0zefygw,f? a0zef
&mrSm tqkdudkawmh axmufcHayr,fh ajrmufukd&D;,mtay: tjypfwifajymqkdwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD;
uef@uu G af jymqkyd gw,f? ud&k ;D ,meJ@ywfoufwhJ zqyv tpd;k &&JŒ rl0g'&yfwnfcsut f ay:/ ocifviG /f
ocifcspfarmifwkd@uvnf; jypfwifa0zef=uygw,f?
tJ'ga=umifh tJ'Dvkdjzpfay: ajymqkdcJh=ur_awGtay: zqyv tvkyftr_aqmiftzJG@u
ocifviG ef @J ocifvaS u|ukd ta&;,lygw,f? ocifviG ef @J ocifvaS u|ukd ‘rdr&d ŒJ ygwjD zpfwhJ tm%m&
ygwDtpkd;&&JŒ rl0g'ukd a0zef±_wfcscJhwJhtwGuf’ zqyvu c%xkwfy,fypfcJhw,fvkd@ qkdygw,f?
vufwkef@jyefwJhtaeeJ@ atmufwkdbm (16) &ufae@rSm ocifvGif/ ocifvSau|wkd@ tzJG@[m
tvkyform;tpnf;t±Hk;uae E_wfxGufvkduf=uygw,f? 'DZifbm (7) &ufae@rSmawmh ocifvGif/
ocifvSau|/ ocifcspfarmif (0d"l&)/ ocifvlat;eJ@ qdk&S,fvpfygwD0if (43) a,mufwkd@[m qkd&S,f
vpfygwDuae t+yD;tykdifE_wfxGufvkduf=uygawmhw,f?
aemufw&uf 'DZifbm (8) &ufae@rSm “tvkyform;/ v,form;ygwD” udk twdtvif;
xlaxmifvkduf=uygawmhw,f?
qk&d ,S v
f pfygwuD aecJx G u G +f yD; xlaxmifvu dk wf hJ ‘tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;ygw’D ukd ‘qk&d , S f
eDygwD’vkd@vlodrsm;vmcJhygw,f? qkd&S,feDygwD0ifawGudk zqyv tzJG@csKyf}uD;uvnf; xkwfy,fz,f
&Sm;ypfvu dk yf gawmhw,f? tJ't D csed u f p+yD; zqyv tzJŒG csKyf}uD;[mvnf; vuf,m qk&d , S v
f pfawG
csnf; }uD;pkd;xm;wJh tzJG@csKyf}uD;jzpfoGm;cJhovkd/ emrnfqkd;eJ@ausmf=um;cJ@wJ@ ‘Armjynfqkd&S,fvpf
ygw’D [mvnf; vuf,mqk&d , S v f pfawGcsn;f yJ usecf w hJ hJ vuf,mqk&d , S 'f rD u
dk &ufwpfygwD jzpfvm
cJhygawmhw,f?
t"duqkd&S,facgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfwJh 0d"l&ocifcspfarmifu qkd&S,fvpfygwD twGif;uae
olwkd@xGufcGmvm&ykHe@J ywfowf+yD;æ
“1950 ckESpfokd@a&mufaomtcg u|Ekfyfwdk@ qkd&S,fvpfygwD a&SŒwef;acgif;aqmiftcsKdŒonf/
zqyv OD;EkEiS ahf ygi;f I tar&duef tD;pDatudp/P wDpaD tudp/P ud&k ;D ,m;udp/P tar&duefEiS hf t*Fvyd f
ESpfOD;t=um;rSmom Asmrsm;ae&aom =um;ae0g'udpP ponfwkd@jzifh e,fcsJŒESifhaygif;pyfI uGefjrLepf
ygwo D mru uGejf rLepf0g'udyk g tjywftowfacsre_ ;f &ef wdwv d if;vif; jyifqifvmayonf? xk@d a=umifh
u|Ekfyfwdk@&Jabmfrsm;onf tjypfuif;pifpGmjzifh EkdifiHa&;vrf;a=umif;t&om 1950 ckESpf/ 'DZifbm
(8) &ufae@wGif oduQm&Sd&Sd vrf;cJGvmjcif;jzpfayonf?” vkd@ xkwfazmf aºuG;a=umfa&;om;cJhygw,f?
uGejf rLepfygwD ESpjf crf;uJo G mG ;wke;f u tvHe-D tvHjzLvd@k epfe-D epfjzLvk@d uifyeG ;f wyfc=hJ uwJh
qk&d ,
S vf pfawGudk olw@dk u, kd wf idk f ESpjf crf;uGoJ mG ;&wJth cg/ qd&k ,
S ef -D qk&d ,
S jf zLvd@k vlxuk uifyeG ;f wyf
ay;vkdufygw,f? qkd&S,feD-qkd&S,fjzLwkd@tuJG ykdqdk;wmuawmh qkd&S,fvpfygwD[m tm%m&ygwD
jzpfwJhtwdkif; tm%mudkudkif+yD; ajAmifusus&rf;um;owfjzwfr_awG usL;vGefjyjcif;jzpfygw,f?
qdk&S,feDawG&JŒ ygwDopfudkzJG@pnf;a=umif; a=unm+yD;wmeJ@ wòydifeuf qkd&S,feDygwD&JŒ ygwDopfudk
zJGŒpnf;a=umif; a=unm+yD;wmeJ@ wòydifeuf qkd&S,feDygwD&JŒ OD;pD;tzJGŒ0ifawGjzpfwJh ysOf;rem;c±kdifu

&JabmfAcsKdeJ@ &JabmfvS'if}uD;wkd@ukd vuf,mqkd&S,fvpf *kd%fom;awGu vlykHtv,frSm armfawmf

um;eJ@ &uf&ufpufpuf wkdufowfypfcJh=uygw,f?
Oya'udk av;pm;vkdufema&;/ 'Drkdua&pDudk umuG,fa&;vkd@ wzGzG rem;wrf;ajymvmcJhwJh
zqyv tpk;d &[m Oya'ukd ajymifajymifwif;wif; csK;d azmuf±rkH u 'Dru dk a&pDtcGit hf a&;awGuv dk nf;
uef@owfcsKyfcs,fol jzpfvmcJhygw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEkukd,fwkdif tm%m&Sifqefqef ðyrl/ usifh}uHvmwmawG&Sdovkd qkd&S,fvpf
xdyo f ;D }uD;rsm;jzpfwhJ OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f / ocifwif/ ocifausmx f eG ;f wk@d uvnf; vlru dk af rG;/ wynfh
arG;+y;D olw@dk tydik t f pm;&&m e,fy,ftoD;oD;rSm tm%maZmif;xufc=hJ uygw,f? tm%m& zqyv
}uD;udk xifovkdcs,fvS,fcJh=uygw,f?
zJŒG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'udk acgi;f ay:&Gu+f yD; zJŒG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'yg jyÏmef;csuf
awGe@J rudu k n
f wD mawGuadk wmif cyfwnfwnf vkyaf qmifc=hJ uygw,f? zJŒG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'
(116) rSm a±G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&ol jynfolŒv$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fr[kwfbJ (6) vxufydkrkd+yD;
tpkd;&tzJG@0if 0ef}uD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcGifhr&Sda=umif; jyÏmef;csuf twdtvif;&Sdayr,fh
0ef}uD;csKyfocifEku OD;at;armifudk (8) v ausmf 0ef}uD;tjzpf qJGcef@cJhygw,f? OD;at;armif[m
Ekid if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;ru w&m;a&;0ef}uD;yg jzpfcyhJ gw,f? Akv d cf sKyfae0if;[m (18) veD;yg; umuG,af &;
0ef}u;D ru 'kw, d 0ef}u;D csKyfyg jzpfcyhJ gw,f? ocifEjk ynfyc&D;oGm;aewke;f rSm ,m,D0ef}u;D csKyfawmif
wufvkyfcGifh &cJhygao;w,f?
AkdvfcsKyfae0if;[m 1949 ckESpf/ {+yDv (1) &ufae@uae 1950 jynfhESpf pufwifbm (9)
&ufae@txd tpdk;&tzJG@rSm 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;vkyfcJh+yD;rS ppfwyfudkjyefygw,f?
AkdvfcsKyfae0if; umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;eJ@ 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf jzpfaewkef;rSm ppfwyfukd wkd;csJŒzJGŒpnf;wm/
ppfwyfukd ykrd ckd idk rf mawmifw h if;atmif jyifqifwm/ ppfwyfukd ta&;ygatmifvyk w f mawG tpDtpOf&&dS dS
aqmif&GufcJhygw,f? jynfwGif;ppfrD;}uD;uvnf; t&Sdefw+iD;+iD; awmufavmifaeqJjzpfwJhtwGuf
jynfwGif;ppfudkjy+yD; ppfwyfudk ol@pdwfóuduf wnfaqmufjyifqifEkdifcJhygw,f? 1950 jynfhESpfxJrSm
trSwf (6) ajcvsifwyf&if;/ trSwf (7) ajcvsifwyf&if;/ trSwf (8) ajcvsifwyf&if;awG wkd;csJŒzJGŒpnf;
EkdifcJh+yD;/ trSwf (2) ajcjrefwyfr[mXmecsKyf (awmifil)/ trSwf (3) ajcjrefwyfr[mXmecsKyf (yJcl;)
eJ@ trSwf (4) ajcjrefwyfr[m XmecsKyf (usKdif;wkH) wkd@ zJGŒpnf;ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? r*Fvm'kHtrSwf
(2) oHcsyfum um;wyfcJGeJ@ tif*sifeD,mwyfzJGŒrsm;udkvnf; zJGŒpnf;cJhygw,f?
1950 jynfh/ Zefe0g&D (20) &ufuae (30) &ufae@txd ‘wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcH’udkvnf;
AkdvfcsKyfae0if; OD;pD;+yD; usif;yðyvkyfcJhygw,f? armif;jyefvufeufi,feJ@ usnfqefrsm;xkwfvkyfEkdifwJh
umuG,fa&;ypPnf;puf±Hkukd (Burma Army Godown) qkdwJh emrnf0SufeJ@ tif,m;uefapmif;rSm
wnfaqmuf+yD; 1950 jynfh/ {+yDv (26) &ufae@rSm w&m;0if zJG@pnf;ay;cJhygw,f? trSwf (1)
umuG,fa&; ypPnf;puf±Hkudk tDwvDEdkifiHu pufrsm;eJ@ wyfqifcJh+yD; bDat (52) tayghpm;armif;jyef
aoewfawG xkwv f yk &f ef pDpOfcyhJ gw,f? 1950 jynfh =o*kwv f rSm +yD;pD;+yD;/ atmufwb dk mrSm prf;oyf
vnfywf xkwfvkyfapygw,f?

zJGŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'yk'fr (233) t& (18) vtwGif; usif;yðyvkyfay;&r,fh ‘ygvD

refa&G;aumufy’GJ [m 1949 ckEpS /f Zlvidk v f twGi;f usi;f yay;&rSmjzpfayr,fh zqyvtpk;d &[m usi;f y
ay;jcif;rðyEkdifbJ (18) vuae (28) vtjzpfajymif;+yD; yxrqkH;t}udrf a&$Œqkdif;cJhygw,f? (28)
vjynfhwJh tcg rSmvnf; usi;f yray;Ekid jf yefbJ 'kw, d t}urd f zJŒG pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'ukjd yif+y;D v (40)
txd a&$Œqdkif;cJhwJhtwGuf 1950 jynfhESpfxJrSmvnf; ygvDref'Drkdua&pDa&G;aumufyJG[m ay:aygufr
vmcJhyg? 'g a=umifh vGwfvyfa&;a=unm+yD;csdefup+yD; ocifEk wa,mufwnf;u 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf
awmufav#muf tkypf ;dk vmcJo h vkd zqyv tzGŒJ csKyf}uD;u tm%m& Ekid if aH &;tzJŒG tpnf;}uD;tjzpf
qufwkduf wGifus,faecJhygw,f? zqyv xJrSmvnf; qkd&S,fvpfygwDu tkyfpkd;xm;wmjzpfwJh
twGuf qdk&S,fvpfrsm;[m òydifbufr&Sd tm%m&rsm;jzpfvmcJhygw,f?
yxrqHk;t}udrfa&G;aumufyJGudkawmif rusif;y&ao;vkd@ wkdif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfudk ,m,D
ygvDreftoGifajymif;+yD; tkyfcsKyfae&ayr,fh tm%m&xm;olrsm;uawmh tm%mrmef0ifhae=uyg
w,f? ygvDref[mvnf; awmckdjynfol@&Jabmftrwfrsm;/ uGefjrLepftrwfrsm;pkpkaygif; (44) OD;ukd
xkwfy,fxm;&wJhtwGuf t&G,ftpm;tm;jzifh ao;i,fae+yDjzpfygw,f? qkd&S,fvpfygwDuae
cGJxGuf+yD; qkd&S,feDygwDaxmif=uwJh ocifvGif/ ocifcspfarmif/ ocifvSau|wkd@ (43) OD;tzJGŒ[m
twkduftcHtiftm;pkrsm;jzpfvm=uygw,f?
vGwv f yfa&;&+yq D rdk S wdik ;f jynf}u;D uawmh jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D v#t H wGi;f wae@wjcm; ykyd +dk y;D usqif;
avmifòrducf aH e&+yD; ydrk q
kd if;&J =uyfwnf;vmcJyh gw,f? Akv d cf sKyfae0if; acgi;f aqmifwhJ ppfwyfuawmh
ydkydk}uD;vmcJh+yD;/ ppftokH;p&dwf[mvnf; wdk;wdk;rsm;vmcJhygw,f? 1948-49 ckESpftwGif; ppftokH;
p&dwf[m wEkdifiHvkH;toHk;p&dwfpkpkaygif;&JŒ (20µ) ausmfuae 1949-50 ckESpfrSm ppfoHk;p&dwf[m
wEkdifiHvHk;toHk;p&dwf pkpkaygif;&JŒ (25µ) ausmfjzpfvmygw,f?
1948-49-50 twGi;f jynfwiG ;f ppfa=umifh wEkid if v H ;Hk pku
d yf sK;d Ekid w
f hJ ajr{&d,m&JŒ ( 35µ)[m
yvyfajrawGjzpfoGm;&ygw,f? vlOD;a& (3) oef;avmuf tkd;rJhtdrfrJh jzpfoGm;&ygw,f? jynfolvlxk
(22000) ausmfeJ@ ppfbufòrdŒjybuf tr_xrf; (5700) ausmf toufqkH;±_H;=u&ygw,f? tpkd;&
ypPnf;wefzkd; a':vm (5) oef;eJ@ jynfolvlxkypPnf;wefzkd; a':vm (95) oef;zkd;avmuf qkH;±H_;cJh&yg
w,f? 'Dudef;*%ef;wefzkd;awG[m Armjynfta=umif; pmtkyfawGa&;om;wJh tar&duefpma&;
q&m}uD; Awf0J (Butwell) &JŒ pkaqmif;azmfjycsufjzpfygw,f? wu,fu 'Dxufykd+yD;awmif rsm;jym;
cJhygw,f?
tm%m& zqyvtpdk;&u “aomif;usef;ol tjrpfjywfacsr_ef;a&;” “a&mifpHkaomif;usef;
olrsm;ESdrfeif;a&;” qkdwJh tvHudk tjrifhqkH;wif+yD; wkdufckdufovdk/ t"du EdkifiHa&;ygwD}uD;jzpfwJh
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; rvJ$om ra&Smifom udk,fhukd,fudk ckcHumuG,f&if; vufeufudkif
awmfvSefa&;ukd qifE$Jvkduf&wmjzpfayr,fh “zqyvtpkd;&tðywfwdkufa&;” “(2) ESpftwGif;
ppfEkdifa&;” qkdwmawG aºuG;a=umf+yD; jyefvSefwkdufyJGqifygw,f? jynfwGif;ppfrD;=um;rSm jynfolrsm;
uawmh ajrZmyifjzpfcJh&ygw,f? 1950 jynfhESpfxJrSm 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEk[m ‘ocif’udk ðzwfvkduf+yD;
OD;EkjzpfvmcJhygw,f?

1951=52 ygvD r ef ' D r k d u a&pD taxG a xG a& G ; aumuf y J G
zJGŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya't& zJGŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'twnfjzpf+yD; (18) v

tuGmrSm usif;yðyvkyfay;&r,fh ygvDref'Drkdua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG}uD;[m 1949 ckESpf
xJrSmvnf; rusif;yEkdif/ 1950 jynfhESpfxJrSmvnf; rusif;yjzpfbJ 1951 ckESpf/ ZGefvxJrSm yxrqkH;
t}udrftjzpf usif;yay:aygufvmygw,f?
ZGev f rSm pwif;usi;f yjzpfw,fqadk yr,fh wjynfv;Hk wòydief ufwnf; usi;f yEkid w f mr[kwyf g?
wkdif;jynf vkH;0at;csrf;om,mao;wmr[kwfqkdwJh ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ ‘qmbOD;’ acgif;aqmif+yD;
OD;at;armif yg0ifwhJ a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Siu f a&G;aumufyGJ usi;f yEkid +f yDv@dk owfrw S w f hJ e,fajrawG
rSmom we,f+yD;we,f usif;yay;wmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh qmbOD;eJ@ OD;at;armifwkd@u zqyv
wk@d Eikd af jc&Swd hJ e,fajrawGuo kd m OD;pGmowfrw S af y;+yD; usi;f yapwmjzpfw,fv@dk wcsKŒd u pGypf aGJ jymqdk
=uygw,f?
a&G;aumufyrGJ mS tm%m& qk&d , S v
f pfzqyvtzJŒG csKyfe@J ,SO+f yD; tòydit f qkid f ,SOòf ydiaf &G;cs,f
cH=uwJh EkdifiHa&;tzJGŒtpnf;awGuawmh qkd&S,feDac: Armjynftvkyform;/ v,form;ygwD/
AkdvfxGef;pdef&JŒ jynfol@&JabmftzJGŒ/ AdkvfcsKyftudk OD;atmifoef;&JŒ jynfol@+idrf;csrf;a&;tzJGŒaygif;pk/
a'gufwmbarmf&JŒ r[mArmtzJGŒ/ ocifApdef&JŒ Armjynf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD/ OD;baz&JŒ jynfcspf
r[mrdwftzJGŒ/ woD;yk*~v &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;tzJG@/ Arm-rGwfpvifuGef*&uf/ ‘AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
tzJ@G atmifygw’D / tif'yD if;'ifyh gwD pwJt h zJŒG awG jzpfygw,f? woD;yk*v ~ rsm;vnf; 0ifa&muf ,SOòf ydif
=uygw,f? tm%m& zqyvqkd&S,ftzJG@csKyfeJ@ twkduftcH EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pk[m tiftm;tcsKd;
tpm;t& tifrwefuGmjcm;vGef;vSygw,f?
twkduftcH tiftm;pkbufu EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzJGŒtpnf;rsm;&JŒ EkdifiHa&;t,ltqrsm;[m
vnf; trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHk taoG;ta&mifpHkjzpfaecJhygw,f? twkduftcHtiftm;pkawGxJrSm EkdifiHa&;
t&Sdeft0g&Sdwm/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDqefwmqdkvkd@ qkd&S,feDygwD avmufyJ&Sdygw,f?
'Davmuftiftm;tcsKd;tpm;uGm+yD; wzufowf tay: pD;&aewmawmifrS‘zq-qkd&S,f’
rsm;[m rauseyfEidk af o;bJ enf;vrf;aygi;f pko H ;kH +y;D npfywfc=hJ u/ &rf;um;cJ=h uygw,f? zq-qk&d , S rf sm;
tEdkif&a&;twGuf cg;ydkufaqmifwyfzJGŒawG/ aomif;usef;olESdrfeif;a&;twGufqdk+yD; zJGŒpnf;xm;wJh
aysmuf=um;jzLwyfawGokH;+yD; twkduftcHawGtay: tpGrf;ukefzdESdyf&efðycJh=uygw,f? zq-qkd&S,f
awG&ŒJ cg;yku d af qmifwyfawGjzpfwhJ ,ltrfyD (UMP) wyfzJGŒrsm;eJ@ umuG,fa&;wyfzJGŒrsm;[m twkduf
tcHawGtay:om rw&m;zdEydS &f ef&mS wmr[kw/f jynfov l x l tk ay:vnf; rw&m; +cdr;f ajcmuf tEkid f
usi+hf y;D rJxnfah pwm/ rJ0,fwmawG ae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ðyvkycf yhJ gw,f? vufeufe@J +crd ;f ajcmuf
jcif;/ tm%meJ@ +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;awGvkyfcJh=u±Hkru a'otcsKdŒrSm ajymifajymifwif;wif; zrf;qD;csKyf
aESmifwm/ &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfz,f&Sm;wmawGyg usL;vGefcJh=uygw,f? tEkdif&a&;twGuf
tjywf&Sif;/ owfjzwfcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f?
zqyv trwfavmif; tEkid &f a&;twGuf rJ0,fwm/ rJvrd w f m/ rJc;dk wmawGvnf; enf;rsK;d pkeH @J
vkyfcJh=uygw,f? a&G;aumufyJGusif;y+yD;vkd@ rJa&wGufwJhtcg tm%m& zqyvrsm;[m rJykH;awGudk
csucf si;f rzGib hf J rJy;Hk awGazmuf rJc;kd +yD;rS rJa&wGuw f mrsK;d / rJy;Hk awGukd vkòH cH&mae&mudk a&$Œajymif;o,f
,l&if; vrf;c&D;rSm rJjym;awG a&$Œajymif;&,l+yD; aemufae@rS a&wGuw f mrsK;d awG/ rEkid Ef ikd af tmifvyk w f m
rsKd;awGvnf; ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f?
a&G;aumufyu GJ dk (3) &pfc+GJ yD; usi;f ywmjzpfv@dk a'owckrmS ±_;H cJw h hJ zqyv trwfavmif;udk
aemufw&pfrmS tjcm;a'owckrmS a&$Œajymif;+yD; ta±G;cs,cf aH p&if; rEkid Ef idk af tmif/ r&&atmifvyk cf hJ
wmrsKd;vnf; ay:aygufcJhygw,f? yxrt&pf a&G;aumufyJGrSm ajrmif;jrrSm ±_H;cJhwJh trwfavmif;udk
'kw, d t&pf rdwv ˆD mrSmusi;f ywJt h cg 0if,OS òf yid af p+y;D rdwv ˆD mtrwftjzpf tEkid &f oGm;cJw h m&Syd gw,f?
cg;ykdufaqmifwyf (UMP) wyf/ umuG,fa&;wyfpwJh vufeufukdifwyfrsm;uom zqyv
qkd&S,fvpfrsm;bufu enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ rEkdifEkdifatmif ulnDcJh=uwmr[kwf/ wyfrawmf udk,fwkdif
uvnf; zq-qkd&S,frsm;bufu yif;cJh/ ulcJh/ axmufyHhcJh=uw,f?
a&G;aumufyJG}uD; usif;yaepOftwGif; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tjzpftysufuawmh u&iftrsKd;om;
acgif;aqmif autif,l OuUÏ apmbOD;}uD; taoypfowf zrf;qD;cHvkduf&jcif;jzpfygw,f? 1951
ckESpf/ =o*kwfvxJrSm usqkH;cJh&ygw,f? vd_if;bJGŒòrdŒe,ftwGif;rSmjzpfygw,f? 'kAkdvfrª;}uD; at;armif
(aemif Akv d rf ;ª }u;D ) eJ@ Akv d rf ;ª pdev
f iG f (aemif orRw) wk@d acgi;f aqmifwhJ Arm@aoewfuikd f wyf&if; (3)
u autif't D pdk cef;wckukd 0kid ;f 0ef;wdu k cf udk f odr;f yku
d &f if; wku d yf xGJ rJ mS usq;Hk cJ&h wmvd@k tpd;k &buf
uqkdygw,f? u&iftrsKd;om;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD; tavmif;udk armfvòrdiftxd o,fvm+yD;rS
ajrjrK‡ yfo+*Kõvcf iG rhf ay;bJ ppfa&,mOfay:wifum (4) em&D=um ckwaf rmif;&wJh yifv,f0txd o,fomG ;
+y;D a&csjrK‡ yfEyHS pfc=hJ uygw,f? tavmif;ae&m ajrykaH e&mruse&f atmif vufpwk;H azsmufzsuyf pfcJh=u
wmjzpfygw,f?
a&G;aumufyGJ usi;f yaepOfumvtwGi;f rSmyJ aemufxyfjzpfay:r_uawmh ulrifwef w±kwjf zL
usL;ausmfa&;orm;rsm; tHkeJ@usif;eJ@ ArmjynftwGif; 0ifa&mufwyfpGJae=u±Hkru oHvGifjrpfta&SŒ
bufurf;uae taemufzufurf;txd xkd;azmuf0ifa&muf v_yf&Sm;vm=ujcif;yJjzpfygw,f? 0e,f/
ukd;uef@e,/f rdkif;vif;e,fwkd@omru usKdif;wkH/ rkdif;quf/ rkdif;yef;wkd@wGifru rdkif;yef;uwqifh
armufr,feJ@ u,m;jynfe,fxJtxd usL;ausmfa&muf&Sdvm=uygw,f? rkid ;f ,ef;e,frmS XmecsKyfwck
zGiv hf pS +f y;D tckid t f rmwyfpx GJ m;=uwJh w±kwjf zLrsm;[mvnf; e,fpyfrmS &Sw d hJ w±kw"f m;jyAkv d f vDwikd &f iS ;f
eJ@ atmvpf,ef; (Olive Yang) wkd@&JŒaemufvdkuf (1000) ausmf&Sd tkyfpk}uD;udk pnf;±kH;odrf;oGif;+yD;
tiftm;jznfhxm;EkdifcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? w±kwfjzLwyfrsm;[m a&muf&mae&mwdkif;rSm cdk;qkd;vk,uf/
owfjzwfwmawG vkyfae=uygw,f?
a&G;aumufyu GJ kd w&pfcsi;f cJ+G yD; usi;f yaeqJrmS jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;[m qufvufawmufavmif
aeqJjzpfayr,fh 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ektpdk;&tzdk@ ‘&efukeftpdk;&’ acwfueJ@rwlbJ touf±_acsmifpðyae+yD
jzpfygw,f? wzufowfyif;ay;cJh=uolawGa=umifh yxrt&pfa&G;aumufyJGrSm tjywftowftEkdif
&&Sdxm;wJhae&mawGuvnf; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdae+yDrdk@ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek pdwful;,OfpDrHudef;awG
taumiftxnfazmfzkd@ pwifygw,f? 48-50 twGif; ratmifjrifcJhwJh pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef; (2 ESpfpDrH
ude;f ) udk jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D a=umifv h @dk ta=umif;jy ed*;kH csKyfvu dk +f yD;/ aemufxyfp;D yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f opf}uD;
wck a&;qJ&G ef pkid ;f jyif;ygw,f? 'Dvdk pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f opf}uD;a&;qJ&G eftwGuf vkt d yfwb hJ ¾maiGa=u;

tajctaeuvnf; enf;enf;yg;yg;awmh &Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? 1950 jynfhrSm jzpfyGm;wJh udk;&D;,m;ppfyJG

*,ufa=umifh urBm@qefaps; xkd;wufwJhtwGuf qefukdyJ t"du xkwfvkyf wifykd@a&mif;cswJh
ArmEkdifiH[m aps;aumif;rdcJh+yD; aiG,m;av;&Sdvmcsdefjzpfygw,f? 'DaiG,m;av;awGudk udkif+yD;
pD ; yG m ;a&;pD r H u d e f ; opf } uD ; a&;qJ G z k d @ 0ef } uD ; csKyf O D ; Ek u pd k i f ; jyif ; jyif q if v mjcif ; jzpf y gw,f ?
pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;}uD;udk a&;qJGzkd@ auwDat KTA (Knappen Tabbet Association) ukr`%D[m
1951 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvxJrSm Armjynfuakd &muf&v dS mygw,f? KTA auwDat ukr% ` [
D m
tar&duefurk % ` jD zpfygw,f? auwDat ukr`%D[m refae*smwa,muf/ Xmae0efxrf; (150) wkd@eJ@
twl &efukefrSm±Hk;pkduf+yD; Armjynf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;tcsuftvufawGudkavhvm+yD; pDrHudef;awGudk
wck+y;D wck a&;qJzG @dk jyifygawmhw,f? auwDat pDru H ed ;f awGukd a&;qJw G thJ cg auwDat pD;yGm;a&;ynm
&SifawG[m t"dutm;jzifh Armjynf&JŒ pyg;a&mif;&aiGay:rSm tajccH+yD; wGufcsufa&;qGJ=uygw,f?
oGm;a&;vma&; vG,fulwJhae&mawGrSmom tcsuftvufawG jynfhjynfhpkHpkH pkaqmif;+yD;/ trsm;
tm;jzifh t=urf;zsif;yJ avhvmwGufcsufum pDrHudef;udk a&;qJG=uygw,f? owWKwGif;wckudkqkd&if
av,mOfay:uae=unfh+yD; pDrHudef;a&;qJGcJhw,fvkd@awmif qkd=uygw,f?
Ekid if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfu, kd w
f idk u f pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f awGukd tav;xm;jyvmcsed rf mS pD;yGm;a&;
qkdwm toHjrnfvmcsdefrSm wyfrawmfuvnf; ppfwyftwGuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wck pwifvmcJh
ygw,f? 1951 ckESpfxJrSmyJ 'Dtuf(pf)tkdif DSI (The Defense Service Institute) udk pwifzJGŒpnf;yg
w,f? ppfwyfppfonfrsm; oufomacsmifcsda&;twGufqkd+yD; ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ pwifzJGŒpnf;cJhwm
jzpfygw,f? zJGŒpnf;pu DSI [m cyfao;ao;yJjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh umvwkdwcktwGif;rSmyJ
cyfao;ao; DSI [m tifrwef}uD;rmwJh ppfwyfpD;yGm;a&; t&if;tESD;pkaqmif;&mXme}uD; jzpfvm
cJhygw,f? ( DSI uae tifrwef}uD;rm;wJh pD;yGm;a&;aumfykda&;&Sif;}uD;wck zJGŒpnf;jzpfay:vmcJhyg
w,f? jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;zGHŒòzd;wkd;wufa&;aumfykda&;&Sif;qkdwJh bDtD;'DpD BEDC (Burmar Economic
Development Corporation) qkdwmygyJ?)
yxrqkH;t}udrfðyvkyfwJh ygvDref'Drkdua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG}uD;&JŒ wwd,t&pf[m
1952 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D (3) &ufae@jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh yxrt}udrf ygvrD ef'rD u dk a&pDa&G;aumufyGJ
}u;D [m 1951 ckEpS /f ZGev f (12) &ufae@uae 1952 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D (3) &uftxd &ufaygi;f (200)
ausmf=umjrifhcJhygw,f?
tm%m& zqqkd&S,frsm;uyJ tjywftowf tEkdif&&SdcJh+yD; qdk&S,feDtygt0if twkduftcH
tiftm;pkrsm;uawmh tenf;tyg;yJ ygvDrefv$wfawmftwGif; a&muf&Sdvm&ygawmhw,f?
1951-52 ygvrD ef'rD u dk a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}GJ uD;t+yD; ay:xGuv f mwJh jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpdk;&uawmh qkd&S,fvpfrsm;OD;pD;xm;wJh zqyvtpkd;&yJjzpfygw,f? qkd&S,fvpf
vuf0J*kd%f;0ifrsm; ryg0ifawmhwJhtwGuf vuf,mqkd&S,fvpf*kd%f;om;rsm;csnf;om t"duOD;pD;
xm;wJh ‘zqyv’ jzpfwJhtwGuf vuf,mqdk&S,f zqyv tpdk;& wenf;tm;jzifh zqvuf,m
qkd&S,ftpdk;&jzpfygw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfuawmh OD;EkyJ jzpfjyefygw,f? EkdifiHawmforRw}uD;tjzpf ay:vmwmu
awmh t*~r[moa&pnfol a'gufwmbOD; jzpfygw,f? ‘qmbOD;’ jzpfygw,f? orRwa&G;aumufyJG

wifajr‡mufyJGrSm trwfwcsKdŒu tqkdðycJh=uwJh *sDpDbDat 0HomEkacgif;aqmifa[mif; OD;cspfv_difudk

y,fcsvkduf+yD; zqyvrsm;u qmbOD;udk orRwtjzpf a&G;cs,fvkduf=uwmjzpfygw,f? +Adwdo#e,f
csŒJ orm;rsm;acwfu v,form;ta&;awmfyaHk cgi;f aqmif}uD; q&mpHukd ppfaq;pD&if óud;rde@f ay;cJw h hJ
e,fcsJŒorm;&JŒckH±kH;rSm cHk±Hk;tzJGŒ0ifwOD;jzpfcJhwJh qmbOD;udk vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;acwf 1952 ckESpf tpdk;&
tzJGŒrSm EkdifiHawmforRw}uD;tjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufvkduf=uwmudk =unfhr,fqkd&ifudkyJ zqyv
tpk;d &tzJŒG &JŒ &yfwnfcsuo f abmxm;[m xif&mS ;ay:vGiaf eygw,f? 'ga=umifh Ekid if aH &;a0zeforl sm;
u ‘e,fcsJŒacwfrSm e,fcsJŒvufatmufu vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf pGrf;pGrf;wref xrf;&GufcJhwJh
v,form;acgif;aqmif}uD; q&mpHudk óud;rdef@ay;cJholwOD;[m wkdif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;&+yDqkdwJh vGwf
vyfa&;acwfrSm vGwfvyfaomjrefrmEkdifiHawmf&JŒ EkdifiHawmforRw}uD;tjzpf tHh=opzG,f awGŒvkduf
=u&avownf;’ vkd@ axmyemcJh=uygw,f? qkd&S,fvpfxdyfoD;}uD;wOD;jzpfwJh OD;AaqGu umuG,f
a&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmygw,f? acgif;rmqkd&S,fvpfxdyfoD;}uD;awGjzpfwJh OD;ausmf+idrf;/ Akdvfcifarmifav;/
ocifwif/ ocifausm'f eG ;f / ocifomcife@J OD;wif/ OD;0if;/ Akvd rf if;acgi/f OD;ausmjf rif/h OD;bapm/ OD;xGe;f az
(xGe;f ae@pOf)/ OD;oef;atmifw@dk vnf; 0ef}uD;awGjzpfvm=uygw,f? OD;Ek&ŒJ tpd;k &tzJŒG rSm OD;Ek&ŒJ tvku d s
emrnfygajymif;+yD; ‘vwpf’ uae OD;cifarmifvwftjzpf jynfolŒ0efxrf;Xme0ef}uD;jzpfvmol
‘&ef&Sif;’ tjzpf trnfajymif;ckdif;wmudk rajymif;bJ rlvtrnftwkdif;yJcH,l+yD; tdrf,maqmufvkyf
a&;eJ@ tvkyform;Xme0ef}uD;jzpfvmol OD;&m&Spf wkd@vnf; yg0ifcJh=uygw,f?
EkdifiHjcm;a&;eJ@ &Srf;jynfe,fXme0ef}uD;u pyfcGefcsKd/ u&ifjynfe,fXme0ef}uD;u rpPpfb
armifcsed /f ucsijf ynfe,fXme0ef}uD;u qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif/ u,m;jynfe,fXme0ef}uD;u pyf0À/
csi;f a&;&mXme0ef}uD;u OD;&Sed x f ef jzpf+yD; vrf;yef;qufo,G af &;Xme0ef}uD;u ref;0if;armif jzpfvmcJh
ygw,f?
vuf,mqkd&S,fvpfawGcsnf;om }uD;pkd;xm;wJh zqyvtzJGŒcsKyf}uD;[m tm%m&tzJGŒ
tpnf;}uD;jzpfwJhtwGuf aus;vufawm&Gmygrusef wjynfvkH;ae&mtESHrSm zqqkd&S,frsm;wGif
us,fcJh=uygw,f? tm%mukd udkif+yD; tm%mjycGifhykdrkd&&SdcJh=uygw,f? òrdŒ&Gmaus;vufa'owkdif;&JŒ
tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m;tqifhqifh[m zqqkd&S,fwkd@&JŒ vufxJrSmyJ &SdcJhygw,f?
jynf a wmf o mpD r H u d e f ; / w±k w f j zLusL;ausmf r + E S i f h jref r mEk d i f i H a wmf
tm%m& zqyvtzJGŒcsKyf[m tpdk;&tm%mudk &&Sdxm;±Hkru v$wfawmfwGif;rSmvnf;

òydifbufuif;tkyfpk}uD;ozG,f jzpfvmcJhygw,f? trwfae&m trsm;wumh trsm;pk}uD;udk ydkifqkdif&&Sd
xm;wmjzpfawmh óudufwJhOya'udk óudufovkd jyÏmef;EdkifcGifh csrSwfykdifcGifh&&Sdxm;ygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf
OD;Ek[m zqyvxJrSm qkd&S,fvpfrsm;vkd ygwDvufudkifr&Sdayr,fh =oZmt}uD;qkH;yk*~Kdvfjzpfvmyg
w,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfqdkwJh t&Sdeft0geJ@ (ppfwyftay:uvJGvkd@) olxifovdkqkH;jzwfwm/ tm%m&Sif
qefqef ðyrlaqmif&GufwmawG vkyfvmygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekudk,fwkdif ygvDrefudk rSefrSefrwuf±Hk
ru olvkyfudkifaqmif&Gufxm;wJhudpP&yfawGudkvnf; v$wfawmfudk wifjytpD&ifcHjcif; csjyaqG;aEG;
jcif;awGrvkyfbJ óuHovkdvkyfavh&Sdw,fvkd@qkdygw,f? tpdk;&&JŒ ta&;}uD;wJhvkyfief;rl0g'awGukd

OD;Eku ESpyf wfw}udr/f wywfw}udrf owif;pmq&mawGe@J awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;&if;/ wae&m&mrSm rde@f ceG ;f
ac|&if; xkwfazmfwwfw,fqkdygw,f?
OD;Ek 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvm+yD;/ wkdif;jynfzGHŒòzd;wkd;wufa&;twGufqdk+yD; w&m;0if pwifazmfxkwf
vkdufwJhpDrHudef;}uD;uawmh ‘jynfawmfompDrHudef;}uD;’ jzpfygw,f?
1952 ckESpf tmZmenfae@rSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku ‘ArmEkdifiH[m v,fawGtrsm;}uD;&Sdw,f/
'Dv,fawGa=umifh ArmEkid if [ H m urBmay:rSm qeftrsm;qk;H wify@dk a&mif;cswEhJ idk if jH zpfaew,f? 'Dv,f
awGtjyif tzk;d wefu|eo f pfawGxu G w
f hJ opfawmawGvnf; trsm;}uD;&Sw d ,f/ owWKwGi;f rsK;d pk&H w dS ,f/
ywWjrm;wGif;awG&Sdw,f/ a&eHwGif;awG&Sdw,f’ qkdwm azmfxkwfajymqkd&if; ‘vlwudk,f wkdufwvkH;
um;wpD; vpOf0ifaiG&pS &f m&atmif vkyaf y;Ekid w f ,fqw dk hJ ol&ŒJ Armausmrf ed @f ceG ;f }uD;udk pwifajymqkyd g
w,f? OD;Ek&JŒ “vlwudk,fwkdufwvHk; armfawmfum;wpD; vpOf0ifaiG&Spf&m” qdkwJh jynfawmfom
uwd}uD;[m jynfawmfompDrHudef;pwifzkd@ jyifqifvkdufwJh y%mrtzGifhjzpfygw,f?
1952 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (4) &ufuae (17) &ufae@txd tpnf;ta0;usif;y+yD; jynfawmf
ompDrHudef;}uD;udk a&;qJGcsrSwfygw,f? jynfawmfomuGefz&ifh}uD;udk usKduUqHuGif;rSm csdrfhcsdrfhoJoJ
usif;ygw,f? 0ef}uD;awGuvnf; 'DpDrHudef;}uD;udk rpm;&0cref; ajym=uqkd=u wifjy=uygw,f?
ae@csi;f ncsi;f ajr}uD;ua&$o;D +yD; ya'omyifacwf 'ufxad &mufawmhrwwf ºuGm;=u 0g=u od'x <d yf
wif=uygw,f? wu,fu jynfawmfom&SpfESpfpDrHudef;}uD;[m &SpfESpfumvtwGif; ArmEkdifiH&JŒ
pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudk ppfóudacwftajctaetxd jyefvnfa&muf&Sdapa&;jzpfygw,f? tar&duef
ukr% ` D ‘auwDat’ uqJaG y;xm;wJh pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f awGukd eJeyJ g;yg; zkwzf ufcg aq;okwt f a&mif
jc,f+yD; ‘jynfawmfompDrHudef;’ vkd@ uifyGef;wyfay;vkdufwmomjzpfygw,f? jynfawmfompDrHudef;
}uD;xJrSm -
(1) b0opfpDrHudef;rsm;
(2) pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;
(3) tkyfcsKyfa&;pDrHudef;rsm;
(4) vlxktwGufvwfwavm oufomacsmifcsda&;qdk+yD; t=urf;zsif; (4) rsKd;cJGjcm;xm;yg
w,f?
b0opfpDrHudef;awGxJrSm òrdŒjyaus;vufuGm[r_enf;yg;a&;/ zHGŒòzd;r_r&Sdao;wJha'orsm;rSm
b0opfzefwD;a&;/ o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;/ tkd;tdrfjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;/ òrdŒ&Gm
pnfyifa&;/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&;pDrHudef;awG &$ef;&$ef;a0atmif pDrHcsrSwfazmfjyxm;ygw,f?
pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;awGxJrSmawmh v,f,meJ@pufr_u¾awGyg0if+yD; v,f,mvkyfief;wkd;
wufa&;/ aus;vuf}uD;yGm;a&;/ v,f,majr EkdifiHykdifðyvkyfa&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_pDrHudef;awG
tpDt&D csrSwfazmfjyxm;ygw,f?
tkyfcsKyfa&;pDrHudef;awGxJrSmawmh ukdvkdeDvufusef AsL±kdua&pD,E W&m;ukd 'Drkdua&pD
,E W&m;eJ@ tpm;xkd;a&;/ 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ a'oE W&tkyfcsKyfa&;pDrHudef;awG vSvSyyazmfjyxm;ygw,f?
vwfwavmoufomacsmifcsad &;vkyif ef;awGxrJ mS awmh a'oE &W tvku d f zHŒG òzd;a&;pDruH ed ;f

i,fawGukd a'oE &W tqifo h @dk vyk yf idk cf iG t hf m%mtyfEiS ;f ay;+yD; oGuo f u G v
f ufvufaqmif&u G Ef idk &f ef
vGwfvyfcGifhawGawmif;ay;jyxm;ygw,f?
'DpDrHudef; (4) rsKd;pvkH;[m tar&duefauwDat tpD&ifcHpmyg jyefvnfxlaxmif&r,fh
pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; (10) rsK;d eJ@!ESd id_ ;f +yD; uku d n f aD tmif ykaH vmif;azmfjyxm;wmjzpfygw,f? auwDat&JŒ
‘jyefvnfxlaxmif&r,fh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; (10) rsKd;’ uawmh-
(1) v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;u¾twGuf
(u) v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;
(c) qnfajrmif;azmufvkyfa&;qkd+yD; (2) rsKd;?
(2) qufoG,fa&;ESifho,f,lykd@aqmifa&;twGuf
(u) qdyfurf;eJ@a&a=umif;oGm;vma&;
(c) &xm;ykd@aqmifa&;
(*) ava=umif;oGm;vma&;
(C) a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&; qkd+yD; (4) rsKd;?
(3) pufr_vufr_ u¾twGuf
(u) pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;
(c) v#yfppfvkyfief;rsm; qkd+yD; (2) rsKd;?
(4) o,HZmw azmfxkwfokH;pJGa& u¾twGuf
(u) owWKwGif;
(c) opfawmqkd+yD; (2) rsKd;?
tm;vk;H aygi;f u¾}uD; (4) cktwGuf vkyif ef;}uD; (10) rsK;d a&;qJaG zmfjy tpD&ifcx H m;ygw,f?
tJ'DtajccHay:uae jynfawmfompDrHudef;}uD; aygufzGm;vmwmjzpfygw,f? OD;Ektygt0if zqyv
tpdk;&tzJGŒ}uD;[m auwDat pDrHudef;}uD;tay: tm;udk;,Hk=unfcJh=uovkd/ tar&duefwkd@&JŒ pD;yGm;
a&;tultnDudkvnf; &,lxm;+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf onfhxufonf ykdrkdar#mfvifhxm;cJh=uygw,f?
‘jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f }uD;’ [m (8) ESpf pDru H ed ;f jzpf+yD;/ ESpEf pS pf rD uH ed ;f ay:rSm tajccH+yD;a&;qJyG gw,f?
pDrHudef;&JŒukefusaiG[m usyfukaÉ (750) cef@jzpfr,fvkd@ cef@rSef;+yD;/ ukefusaiGtwGuf ukaÉ (500)
avmufudk jynfwiG ;f rSm&Sm}uH/ ukaÉ (250) avmufukd jynfyutultnD,zl @dk &nf&, G x f m;ygw,f?
vkdtyfwJhaiGudk EdkifiHjcm;u acs;iSm;+yD;yJjzpfjzpf/ axmufyHa=u;,l+yD;yJjzpfjzpf/ *syefppfavsmfa=u;aiGu
,liifoHk;pJGvkd@jzpfjzpf }uHzef&,l+yD; okH;pJGtaumiftxnfazmfoGm;zkd@ qkH;jzwfxm;ygw,f?
jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f }uD;&JŒ pDru H ed ;f toD;oD;udk taumiftxnfazmfz@dk ‘ajr,maus;vuf
}uD;yGm;wkd;wufa&;aumfydka&;&Sif; wenf;tm;jzifh ajraus;&Sif(A.R.D.C)/ pufrv _ ufrz_ ŒHG òzd;wk;d wuf
a&;aumfyadk &;&Si;f (IDC) eJ@ "mwfowWKzGŒH òzd;wk;d wufa&;aumfyadk &;&Si;f (M.R.D.C) wd@k ukd tòydit f qkid f
wnfaxmifzJGŒpnf;vkdufygw,f?
ARDC udk 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Eku, kd w f idk f OuUÏ tjzpfaqmif&u G zf ŒGJ pnf;+yD; IDC udk OD;ausm+f idr;f u
OuUÏ/ M.R.D.C udk OD;wifu OuUÏ tjzpf acgif;aqmifzJGŒpnf;vkduf=uygw,f? ppfwyftwGufu
(BEDC) jzpfvmygw,f?

1952 ckEpS t f ukerf mS Ekid if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek&ŒJ jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f }uD; tawmiftvufpkH

vmovkd ArmjynftwGif; rw&m;ojzifh 0ifa&mufvm=uwJh w±kwfjzL (KMT) usL;ausmfr_}uD;[m
vnf; omrefusL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmr_}uD;r#omru EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufawG pGufzufa&;ajcvSrf;
awG tar&duef pDtkdifat ausmaxmufaemufcHðyr_awGyg a&m,SufayGvdrfyg0ifaewJh tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd
usL;ausmfr_}uD;tjzpf zHk;rEkdifzdr& ±kyfvkH;ay:pðyvmcJhygw,f?
1949 ckESpfuwnf;u pwif0ifa&mufvmcJhwJh w±kwfjzL (KMT) usL;ausmfr_udk OD;Ektpkd;&
[m cyfaygah yhgyJ oabmxm;cJyh gw,f? ppf±;_H vk@d e,ferd w d cf si;f qufa'oawGtwGi;f ajy;0ifcu dk yfvm
olawG tcsed w f ef azmfrq dk mu jyefac:oGm;r,fo h al wGavmufom oabmxm;cJ+h yD; jyif;jyif;xefxef
jyefvnfwHk@jyefcJhjcif;/ oabmxm; w&m;0ifxkwfazmfcJhjcif; rvkyfcJhyg? jynfwGif;vufeufukdif awmf
vSefa&;tiftm;pkawGtay:om a&mifpkHaomif;usef;olawG a&mifpHkolykefawGtjzpf trsKd;rsKd; tzHkzHk
pGyfpJG/ enf;vrf;aygif;pHkusifhoHk;+yD; rD;ukef,rf;ukef wkdufckdufESdrfeif;cJhygw,f? tjywfacsr_ef;Ekdifa&;udk
OD;wnfaqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? usKid ;f wkpH pfqifa&;/ za&mhp/f armf/ yefvpkH pfqifa&;/ rk;d óud; txl;ppfqifa&;
qkwd hJ ppfqifa&;awGe@J wyfrawmfu jyefvnfweG ;f vSew f udk cf u kd wf mawG vkycf ahJ yr,fh t"dutm;jzifh
Auy/ autif'DtkdeJ@ jynfwGif;vufeufudkifolykeftiftm;pkawGtay:om ppfqifa&;}uD;awG
tqufrjywfazmfxw k +f yD; tðywfwu kd af &;udk óud;yrf;cJyh gw,f? &ef&iS ;f / vGwaf jrmufa&;/ atmifrmC/
jynfaxmifp/k rk;d óud; pwJh ppfqifa&;}uD;awGe@J Auy tay: tjyif;txefwu dk cf yhJ gw,f? txufArm
jynfrSm a&$vDppfqifr_vkyf+yD; Auy udk OD;pm;ay; ypfrSwfðyacsr_ef;cJhovkd atmufArmjynf&Sd AuyeJ@
autif't D rdk sm;tay: armf0if;pde/f vGe;f pdeaf rmf/ 0if;ausmpf pfqifa&;awGe@J tqufrjywfx;dk cJyh gw,f?
1950/ 51-52 rsm;[m ppfwyfu ppfqifr_awGtrsm;qkH;ðyvkyfcJhwJh ESpfawGjzpfygw,f? &ckdifwkdif;&Sd
&JabmfjzL/ rl*sm[pfeJ@ Auy awGudk awmifydkif;wkdif;u OD;pD;acsr_ef;r_awGvkyfovkd weoFm&Dwkdif;
twGif;&Sd autif'Dtkd/ trftif'DtkdeJ@ Auyrsm;ukdvnf; trSwf (5) ajcvsifwyfr[mXmecsKyfu
tjyif;txefwkdufckdufwmawG vkyfcJhygw,f? jynfwGif;vufeufudkif tiftm;pkawGtay: acsr_ef;
wku d cf u
dk zf @dk óud;yrf;wmawGe@J Edi_ ;f ,SO=f unf&h if jynfyusL;ausmo f l w±kwjf zLawGtay: wku d cf udk wf m
[m tifrwefenf;yg;vSygw,f? 'ga=umifh w±kwfjzLawG[m wpxufwp tiftm;ykdrdktm;aumif;
vm twifh&Jvm+yD; 1952 ckESpf ESpfvnfavmufup+yD; &Srf;jynfe,feJ@ ucsifjynfe,fwckvkH;udk
odrf;ykduf&efeJ@ ajrmufzufe,fpyfwav#mufrSm t+rJwrf;ppfpcef;wck wnfaqmuf&efyg ajcvSrf;usJ
usJ óud;yrf;jyifqifvm=uygw,f? rdik ;f qwfukd w±kwjf zLrsm;u av,mOfuiG ;f ðyvkyx f m;+yD; av,mOf
jzifh wywfv#if ESp}f udrv f ma&mufcsay;wJh vufeufc, J rf; rD;ausmufawGe@J wk;d csŒJ vufeufwyfqif
wm/ ppfa&;avhusiahf y;wmawGyg tckid t f rmðyvkyv f m=uygw,f? w±kwjf zLusL;ausmaf &;wyfawG&ŒJ
aemufrSm azmfrkdqm/ xdkif0rfwdk@omru tar&duefe,fcsJŒorm;eJ@ ‘pDtkdifat’ wkd@yg twGif;usus
yg0ifywfoufaewmudk wk;d wufwhJ Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pkawGtm;vk;H u axmufjya0zefvm=uygw,f?
'kw, d urBmppft+yD; pwifvmcJw h hJ ppfat;wku d yf [
GJ m urBmrSm ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ *k%
d ;f }uD; (2)*k% d ;f
tiftm;òydiyf [ GJ m Armjynfuv dk nf; *,uf±u dk cf wfvmcJyh gw,f? w±kwjf ynfrmS cseaf u&Sw d xf u G af jy;
&+yD; w±kwfuGefjrLepfawGatmifyJGcH+yD; w±kwfjynfopftjzpf ay:xGef;vmwm[m tar&dueftzkd@
tcH&cufvSovkd tar&duefwkd@&JŒ 'kdrDEkdoD0&Dt& tm&SrSm uGefjrLepfEkdifiHwck ay:aygufvmwm[m

aemufxyftm&SrmS uGejf rLepfEidk if aH wG qufvufay:xGuv f mzk@d a&cHajrcHjzpfaewmudk zsuq f ;D ypfcsif

aecJhygw,f? 1950 jynfh udk&D;,m;ppfyJGay:aygufvmwJhtcg tar&duef[m ukvor*~ emrnfudk
toHk;ðy+yD; wkduf±kduf ppfyJGxJrSm yg0ifywfoufvmcJhygw,f? tm&SrSm uGefjrLepfEkdifiHawG ray:ayguf
a&;twGuaf &m w±kwjf ynf}uD;udk 0kid ;f ywfacsre_ ;f Ekid af &;twGuyf g ppfa&;/ Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ oHwref
a&;/ enf;emawGtm;vk;H udk &Ekid w f hJ axmifah ygi;f pHu
k ae enf;emaygi;f pHek @J toH;k ðy yg0ifywfoufvmcJh
ygw,f? ud&k ;D ,m;ppfyu GJ ae tEkjrLppfyt JG xd jzpfay:vmEkid w f t hJ E &W m,fukd wurBmvH;k u pk;d &dryf yl ef
aecJh=u&ygw,f? Armjynf[m w±kwfjynfeJ@ e,fedrdwfcsif;qufpyfaewJhtwGuf tar&duef&JŒ
uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; aoe*FAsL[mtwGuf tifrwefta&;}uD;wJh a'owckjzpfvmcJhygw,f?
wzufu Armjynfzqyv&JŒ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;vkyf&yfawGudk tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðywm pD;yGm;
a&;tultnDawGay;wm/ tar&duefypPn;f awGukd (Special Account) eJ@ 0,f,cl iG ðhf ywm/ ppfzufqidk f
&m avhvma&;ud, k pf m;vS,t f zJŒG awGukd vufcw H mawGvyk cf o hJ vk/d wzufu w±kwjf zLusL;ausmo f l
awGukd aemufuG,fuae tm;ay;+yD; w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfa&;wyfawG ArmjynfrSm tckdiftrm tajc
pkdufwnf&Sdaewm[m tar&duefppftiftm;pkwck w±kwfjynfem;uyf+yD; csxm;cGifh&wmeJ@rjcm;
tusKd;&Sdw,fvkd@ ,lqxm;ykH&ygw,f? tJ'Dvkd tar&duefwkd@&JŒ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; ppfa&;/ EkdifiH
a&;/ aoe*FAsL[mawGeJ@ qufpyf+yD; w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_rSm tar&duefawGvnf; yg0ifywfouf
aecJhygw,f?
zqyv tpkd;&[m udk&D;,m;ppfyJG jy\emrSmvnf; tar&duefbufu&yfcJh+yD; tar&duef
pD;yGm;a&;tultnDawGukd &,lvufc&H if;/ tar&duefurk % ` D auwDatudk iSm;&rf;+yD; jynfawmfom
pDrHudef;ukd taumiftxnfazmfzkd@ pdwful;,OfaecsdefjzpfwJhtwGuf w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfa&;udk jywf
jywfom;om; qef@usifa&;xuf uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;udkom tav;ay;vkyfaqmifaecJhygw,f?
jynfyusL;ausmfr_u ta&;r}uD; jynfwGif;aomif;usef;r_u ta&;}uD;w,fvkd@,lq+yD; jynfwGif;
aomif;usef;olrsm; tðywfwkdufa&;eJ@ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;tvHukdom tjrifhqkH;v$ifhxlxm;yg
w,f?
vuf0J0g'/ bkH0g'/ qkd&S,fvpf0g'udk óudufESpfoufvSa=umif;/ vufcH,kH=unfa=umif; wzGzG
ajym=um;cJ=h uwJh OD;Ek/ OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f wk@d wawG[mvnf; avoHajymif;pðyvmygw,f? zqyv
tzJGŒcsKyf}uD;xJuae uGefjrLepfygwDudk xkwfy,fvkdufcsdef (1946) u ‘uGefjrLepf0g' t"Gef@&Snfygap/
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDusqkH;ygap’ vkd@ xatmfcJhwJh OD;Ek[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD qef@usifa&;
omru/ uGejf rLepfpepfqef@usiaf &;yg ajymif;vJatmf[pfvmpðyygw,f? qk&d , S v
f pfygwD xdyo f ;D }uD;
OD;AaqGeJ@ OD;ausmf+idrf;uvnf; rmuQ(pf) 0g'/ vDeif0g'udk óudufESpfoufa=umif; wav#mufvkH;aºuG;
a=umfajymqkdvm&muae uGefjrLepf0g'wckvkH;udkyg ykwfcwfwkdufckduf qef@usif ajymqkdpðyvm=uyg
w,f? OD;ausmf+idrf;uqdk&if rmuQ(pf) 0g'ukd vufrcHa=umif; uGefjrLepf0g'udk róudufa=umif;/ olwkd@
qk&d ,S v
f pfygw&D ŒJ vufcu H ikd pf w
GJ 0hJ g'[m rmuQ(p)0g'r[kwf qk&d , S 'f rD u
kd &ufwpf0g'omjzpfa=umif;
ajymqkdvmygw,f? uGefjrLepf0g'tE W&m,f[m e,fcsJŒtE W&m,fxuf ykda=umufp&m aumif;w,f
vk@d awmif twdtvif; cH,al zmfxw k v
f mygw,f? tJ'v D dk tjrift,ltq/ ajymif;vJvmr_awGtay:
uae uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;udkom oJ}uD;rJ}uD; vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf&if; vufawGŒoabmtm;jzifh

tar&duefbuf rSDcdk,drf;,kdifcJh=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh OD;Ek/ OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf+idrf; eJ@ qdk&S,fvpf

awGtm;vHk;[m qdk&S,fvpf0g'qdkwmukdawmh wGifwGifatmfae=uqJjzpfygw,f?
tJ'DtcsdefrSm ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;orkdif;rSm t"duygwD}uD;wckvnf;jzpf/ twkduftcHEkdifiHa&;
tiftm;pkawGxrJ mS Ekid if aH &;t&Sed =f oZmt}uD;qk;H vnf;jzpf/ vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &; qifEa$J e&ol
vnf;jzpfwJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ EkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfuawmh ‘'Drdkua&pD +idrf;csrf;a&;!Gef@aygif;
tpkd;&vrf;pOf’ jzpfygw,f? 1951 ckESpf/ pufwifbm A[kdaumfrDwDtpnf;ta0;uae w&m;0ifcs
rSwfxm;wJhvrf;pOfjzpfygw,f? ESpfESpftwGif; ppfEkdifa&;vrf;pOf+yD;wJhaemuf ay:aygufvmwJhvrf;pOf
jzpfygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ awmwGif;&Sd jynfol@&Jabmf/ tvHeDuGefjrLepfwkd@ okH;ygwDnD
!Gwaf &;wnfaqmufz@kd awGŒqk=H uwJt h cg tJ'+D idr;f csr;f a&;!Ge@f aygi;f tpk;d &vrf;pOf[m +idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf
nD!Gwfa&;vrf;pOf’ vkd@ trnfwGifcJhygw,f?
1952 ckESpf/ Zlvkdif (4) &ufuae (15) &ufae@txd a,me,f ykHawmifykHnma'orSm Arm
jynfueG jf rLepfygw/D jynfoŒl &Jabmf/ tvHeu D eG jf rLepfygww D @dk [m ‘ok;H ygwn D !
D w G af &;uGezf &if’h usi;f
yygw,f? EkdifiHwumhtajctae jynfwGif;tajctaeawGudk okH;oyf=uygw,f? tar&duefe,fcsJŒ
orm;&JŒ tajctaeeJ@ ArmjynfrSmjzpfay:aewJh w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ jy\emawGudk av;av;
eufeufokH;oyf=u+yD; pufwifbm (15) &ufae@ ae@pJGeJ@ oHk;ygwDa=unmcsufudk xkwfjyefcJhygw,f?
jynfolvlxktaygif;wkd@vkd@ tpcsD+yD; tar&duefe,fcsJŒorm;u a&SŒaqmifv_HŒaqmfaeonfh
urBmhtEkjrLppfudk wm;qD;=uavmh/ urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;uGef*&uf qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk vkdufemaqmif
&Gu=f uavmh/ jynfwiG ;f a&;0ifa&mufpu G zf ufaeonfh Ekid if jH cm;ppfwyfrsm; ±kyo f rd ;f a&;udak wmif;qk=d u
avmh/ jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfp+J yD; wrsK;d om;vH;k aoG;pnf;a&;jzifh xm0&+idr;f csr;f a&;udk t&,l=upk@d v@dk azmfjy
aºuG;a=umfxm;ygw,f? uGefz&ifhxkwfjyefa=unmcsufudk ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ocifoef;xGef;/
ocifoef;òrdif/ ocifZif/ ocifcspf/ &JabmfaX;/ tvHeDygwDu ocifpkd;/ &JeDjrifhatmif/ &JeDxGef;pdef/
&JeDatmifvif;/ &JeDxl;/ jynfolŒ&Jabmfu &JabmfxGef;vif;/ &Jabmfatmif!Gef@/ &JabmfatmifEkdif/
&Jabmfqef;armif/ &Jabmfbkef;atmifwkd@u vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;=uygw,f?
‘'Drkdua&pD +idrf;csrf;a&;!Gef@aygif;tpkd;& wnfaqmuf=u’ +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh nD!Gwfa&;udk
wnfaqmuf=u’ qkdwJh aºuG;a=umfoHawG us,fus,favmifavmifxGufay:cJhayr,fh tm%m&
zqyv tpkd;&uawmh tðywfwkdufa&;twGuf ppfwyf}uD;ukdyJ }uD;oxuf}uD;atmif csJŒxGifwnf
aqmufaecJhygw,f?
1952 ckESpftwGif;rSm trSwf (13) rS trSwf (24) txd ajcvsifwyf&if; (12) &if; xyfrHzJGŒ
pnf;cJhovkd/ ta&;ay: trSwf (1) csif;aoewfudkifwyf&if;udk ykHrSefaoewfukdifwyf&if;trSwf (4)
csif;aoewfukdifwyf&if;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ trSwf (1) ta&;ay:u&ifeDwyf&if;udk trSwf (1)
u,m;aoewfudkifwyf&if;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ trSwf (1) u,m;aoewfukdifwyf&if;tjzpf
vnf;aumif;/ trSwf (1) ta&;ay:ucsifwyf&if;udk trSwf (4) ucsifaoewfukdifwyf&if;tjzpf
vnf;aumif;/ trSwf (2) ta&;ay:ucsifwyf&if;udk trSwf (5) ucsifaoewfudkifwyf&if;tjzpf
vnf;aumif; wk;d csŒJ zJŒG pnf;cJyh gw,f? trSwf (1) wifu h m;wyf&if;udk zJŒG pnf;cJo h vkd tif*sief ,D mwyf/
aq;wyf/ qufoG,fa&;wyfrsm;udkvnf; wkd;csJŒzJGŒpnf;cJhygw,f? ajcjrefwyfr[mXmecsKyftopfwck
vnf; ay:aygufvmygw,f? tJ'guawmh trSwf (8) ajcjrefwyfr[mXmecsKyf (ykodrf) jzpfygw,f?
trSwf (1) tajrmufwyf&if;udk zJŒG pnf;cJw h t hJ jyif/ &S+d yD; trSwf (1) avhusiahf &;wyfwckwnf;
eJ@ rvkaH vmufawmhv@dk ajcvsiw f yfom;awGudk wk;d jri‡ o hf ifwef;ay;avhusizhf @dk rdwv ˆD mrSm trSwf (2)
avhusiahf &;wyfuv kd nf; pwifzŒGJ pnf;vku d yf gw,f? 1950 jynfEh pS u f &efuek òf rdŒ abmif'&D ("rRapwD)
vrf;rSm pwifzŒGJ pnf;cJw h hJ ‘Military Intelligence Training Centre’ qkw d hJ ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;oifwef;
ausmif;ukv d nf; 1952 ckEpS rf mS ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;twwfoifwyf” qk+d yD; ajymif;vJw;kd csŒJ zGŒJ pnf;cJyh g
w,f? ppfwyfawGudk wkd;csJŒzJGŒpnf;jcif;/ ppfqifa&;awGudk wkd;jr‡ifhðyvkyfjcif;wkd@omru jynfwGif;vuf
eufukdiftiftm;pkawGukd òzdcJGzkd@ pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;tzJGŒrsm;vnf;zGJŒum ‘pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;’
0g'jzef@csda&;vkyfief;awGyg wkd;csJŒvkyfukdifcJhygw,f?
aomif;usef;olqef@usifa&;/ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; pm&Gufpmwef;awG odef;eJ@csD±kdufESdyfcJh+yD;
ppfqifa&;e,fajrawGay:omru wEkid if v H ;Hk tES@H ysŒH atmif jzef@csad 0iScyhJ gw,f? pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;OD;
wnfcsufeJ@ pmaytEkynme,ftwGif;okd@yg ajcukwf,lEkdif&ef ppfwyfuae OD;pD;+yD; r*~Zif;wapmif
xkwfa0jzef@csdvmygw,f? tJ'guawmh 1952 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvrSm pwifxkwfa0vkdufwJh ‘jr0wD’
r*~Zif;jzpfygw,f?
umuG,af &;Xme0ef}uD;u OD;AaqG/ umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu 'kAv dk cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;? OD;AaqGu
qkd&S,fvpfygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;jzpfovkd Akdvfae0if;uvnf; qkd&S,fvpfygwD&JŒ wyfwGif;tpk
0ifwa,mufjzpfcJhygw,f? Akdvfatmif}uD;/ Akdvfarmifarmif/ Akdvfatmifa&$/ Akdvfcspfckdif/ Akdvf=unf0if;
pwJh wyfrawmfwGif;&mxl;}uD;}uD;&xm;olawGuvnf; qkd&S,fvpfygwD0ifawGjzpfcJhawmh wyfr
awmf[m qk&d , S vf pfawGp;D xm;wJh wyfrawmfjzpfae+yD;/ ppfa&;ppf&mudpP umuG,af &;qkid &f mudpaP wG
[m qkd&S,fvpfygwDtvkdusozG,fjzpfaecJhygw,f? (Akdvfarmifarmifvnf; autif'Dtkdwkd@ zrf;qD;
jcif;cHxm;&&mu ‘tvif;a&mif’ ppfqifa&;vky+f yD; jyefvnfu,fwifEidk cf v hJ @dk 1952 ckEpS x
f rJ mS wyfr
awmfwGif;rSm ta&;}uD;yk*~Kdvfwa,mufjyefjzpfvmygw,f?)
1952 ckESpftukefrSm zqyvtpkd;&taeeJ@ txl;ojzifh wyfrawmftaeeJ@ pOf;pm;vm&
wmu Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;a=unmcge;D csKyfqx dk m;cJw h hJ +Aw
d o d #-jrefrm umuG,af &;pmcsKyf (vusmf -
z&D;rif;pmcsKyf) udk aemufxyfoufwrf;wdk;rvm;/ rwkd;bl;vm;udpPjzpfygw,f? vusfm-z&D;rif;
pmcsKyft& yxroufwrf; (3) ESpf[m (3-1-51) ae@rSm ukefqkH;cJh+yD; aemufxyfoufwrf; (2)ESpf
wkd;jr‡ifhcJh=u&m/ tJ'Doufwrf;[mvnf; (3-1-53) ae@rSm ukefqkH;awmhrSmjzpfygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf
umuG,af &;pmcsKyftay: jyefvnfpOf;pm;=u&if; Armjynfbufuom epfemcJ&h wmawGudk vufawGŒ
t& awGŒóuHcJh&+yD;jzpfwJhtwGufh +Adwdo#-jrefrm umuG,fa&;pmcsKyfudk oufwrf;rwkd;awmhyJ tJ'D
pmcsKyftpm; pmcsKyftopfw&yf csKyfqkda&;udkom qkH;jzwfvkduf=uygw,f?
Armjynf tm%m& zqyvtpk;d &[m vusmf -z&D;rif;pmcsKyfukd wavsmufv;Hk zH;k zH;k zdzv d yk f
vmcJhor# tckrSyJ zsufodrf;ypfzkd@/ 'kwd,t}udrf oufwrf;rwkd;awmhzkd@/ tJ'DpmcsKyftpm; vufeuf
0,f,la&;pmcsKyfopfw&yfeJ@ tpm;xkd;&efjyifqifcJhygw,f//
1952 ckEpS u f ek rf mS Armjynf&ŒJ pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeukd =unfrh ,fq&dk ifawmh pyg;aps;aumif;
wJt h wGuf t&HEidk if jH cm;aiGyrm%mjrifw h ufvmcJw h ,f? 51 u qefwwef ukd pwmvifaygif (60)aps;

wufc&hJ m uae (52) rSm aygif (80) txd aps;jrifw h ufcw hJ t hJ wGuf 1952 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmrSm t&Hxm;
&SdwJh EkdifiHjcm;aiGyrm%m[m ukaÉ (100) txd pkaqmif;rd+yD;jzpfygw,f?
tpkd;&taeeJ@ aiG&Sdvmw,f qkdayr,fh jynfolvlxktzkd@uawmh pm;0wfaea&; tqifht
wef; ododomom ajymif;vJvmcJhwm bmrSr&Sdao;oavmufjzpfygw,f? aus;vufawm&Gmae
v,form;trsm;pk}uD;eJ@ òrdŒaetvkyform; qif;&Jom; eif;jym;rsm;[m rGJ+rJ rGJ qif;&J+rJ qif;&JqJjzpf
+y;D jynfwiG ;f ppf}u;D a=umifh tdyaf umif;jcif; rtdy&f / pm;aumif;jcif; rpm;&/ us;D vef@pmpm;b0rsK;d awmif
tykad qmif; cHpm;ae=u&ygw,f? aus;vufrmS tm%m&ygwb D ufom;/ tm%m&tzJŒG tpnf; trsK;d
rsK;d &JŒESyd pf ufr/_ Akv d u f sra_ wG wzufowfc=H u&±Hrk u tm%m&ygw&D ŒJ cg;yku d af qmifwyf/ umuG,f
a&;/ ajymufusm;qkdolrsm;&JŒ vufeufeJ@&rf;um;r_/ ESdyfpufapmfum;r_awGyg ae@w"l0 óuHawGŒ&ifqkdif
ae&ovkd vufeufukdiftzJGŒtpnf;trsKd;rsKd;&JŒ vSnf;qifh avSqifh xrif;xkyfqifhwmawGudkvnf;
remcHcsirf jzpf emcHxrf;aqmifc=hJ u&ygw,f? jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D w[ke;f [ke;f a=umifh v,fypf ,mypf tdrf
ypf+yD; òrdŒay:wufajy;vm=u&wJholawGvnf; wae@wjcm; rsm;jym;vmcJhygw,f? òrdŒay:a&mufawmh
óuH&musbrf; vkyfudkifpm;aomuf&&if; tajcrJh taerJh ysHusjzpf=u&olawGvnf; òrdŒwkdif; e,fwkdif;
vkv d rdk mS ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? w±kwf ukvm; ajr&Sirf sm;eJ@ csr;f omolawGom wk;d wk;d +yD; jynfawmfomcJh
=uygw,f? tm%m&So d al wGe@J aygi;f oif;+yD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyu f idk cf iG &hf olawG ae@csi;f ncsi;f cgawmfro DS al X;
awGjzpfvmcJh=uygw,f//
tm%m& qk&d , S vf pfygw[ D m tm%m,pfr;l vmovkd tm%m& qk&d , S vf pftcsi;f csi;f =um;
rSmvnf; tm%mòyid rf a_ wG pwifay:ayguv f mygw,f// rmufpQ 0f g'D ode;f av;q,f OD;uku d }dk u;D udv k nf;
xkwyf ,fypfvu dk Ef idk +f yD;+yD? vuf0, J rd ;f orm;awGjzpfwhJ ocifviG /f ocifcspaf rmif (0d"&l )/ ocifvaS u|
wkd@tkyfpk}uD;wckvkH;[mvnf; qkd&S,feDtjzpf cJGxGufoGm;+yD;+yDjzpfvkd@ vuf,mqkd&S,fvpfawGcsnf;
omuseaf wmhwt hJ csed rf mS vuf,morm;csi;f uGt J ufra_ wG pwifvmjyefw,fjzpfygw,f? 'DtuGu J dk
awmh ‘aumvdyfqkd&S,fvpftkyfeJ@ bkef;}uD;ausmif;qkd&S,fvpftkyftuGJ’ vkd@ uifyGef;wyf=uygw,f?
OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f wk@d &ŒJ ynmwwfq&dk , S v f pftyk ef @J ocifwif/ ocifausmx f eG ;f wk@d &ŒJ ynmtajccH
enf; qk&d , S v f pftyk t f =um; tuJt G +yJ[m tm%m& qk&d , S v f pf tcsi;f csi;f =um; tm%mòydiyf t GJ jzpf
ykHay: jzpfwnfvmcJhygw,f?
OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f tkyu f ArmEkid if rH mS pufrE_ idk if x H al xmifa&;ukd OD;pm;ay;csi+f yD; ocifwif/
ocifausmx f eG ;f tkyu f awmh v,f,mpku d yf sK;d a&;ukyd J OD;pm;ay;vkycf siw f ,fv@dk qydk gw,f? wu,fu
‘jynfawmfompDrHudef;’ udk arG;xkwfay;vkdufwJh ‘auatwDpDrHudef;’ &JŒ tESpfom& OD;wnfcsufukd
u Armjynf pufr_EkdifiHjzpfvma&;/ pufr_wkd;wufxGef;um;vma&;r[kwfyg? Armjynf pufr_xGef;
um;vmrSmukdvnf; rvkdvm;cJhyg? tar&duef tygt0if pufr_xGef;um;wJh t&if;&SifEkdifiH}uD;awGqD
rScD akd eapa&;om &nf&, G cf whJ ,fv@dk qydk gw,f? auwDat pDru H ed ;f t& aiG&if;ES;D ðryfErHS &_ ŒJ (8µ) uko d m
pufrv _ yk if ef;twGuf axmufcaH zmfjycJ+h yD; v#ypf pf"mwftm;xkwv f yk af &;twGuf (8µ) ygaygi;f vku d rf S
(16µ) om pufr_vkyfief;twGuf v#mxm;cJhw,fqkdygw,f? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;twGuf (20µ)
ðryfESHzkd@ t}uHðycJh+yD; useftm;vkH;ukd pkdufysKd;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&; wkd@rSm okH;pJGzkd@ tqkdðycJhw,fvkd@
qdyk gw,f? t}uHay;yk*K~ v d yf nm&Sif ‘a&mbwfeoef’ wd@k uqk&d if ukeaf ps;E_e;f rwufatmif jynfwiG ;f
aiGazmif;yGrr_ &Sad tmifq+dk yD; Ekid if jH cm;ypPn;f awG atmwku d +f yD; oGi;f zk@d avmufuo dk m tav;xm;wku d f
wGef;ajymqkdaecJhw,fvkd@ qkdygw,f?
'ga=umifh jynfawmfompDrHudef;eJ@twl acwfpm;vmcJhwmu oGif;ukef xkwfukef pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;jzpfygw,f? tpkd;&u oGif;ukef xkwfukef vkdifpifawGcsay;ygw,f? vkdifpif&olawG tyG}uD;
yG=uygw,f? tm%m&yk*Kd~ vf tm%m&tzJŒG tpnf;awGe@J ta=umif; taygi;f oifah wG vkid pf if&=uovkd
tm%m&yk*Kd~ vf}uD;awGwcsKŒd vnf; enf;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ vkid pf if&awG jzpfae=uw,fqydk gw,f? +yD;awmhrS
&xm;wJv h idk pf ifudk pD;yGm;a&;orm; w±kwf ukvm;awGujdk yefa&mif; vufvcJ$ s t&if;rpku d &f yJ tjrwf
usefcJh=uw,fqkdygw,f?
tm%m& qk&d , S vf pfygw&D ŒJ aumvdyq f &dk ,S v
f pftyk pf rk mS OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f / ocifomcif
wk@d u tkypf x k yd o
f ;D }uD;awGjzpf=uovkd bke;f }uD;ausmif;qk&d , S vf pftyk rf mS awmh ocifwif/ ocifausmf
xGef;/ ocifyef;òrdif wkd@u tkyfpkxdyfoD;}uD;awG jzpfae=uygw,f?
OD;AaqGu tvkyform;OuUÏ tjzpf tvkyform;tpnf;t±kH; wD,lpDbDukd udkifxm;+yD;
ocifomcifu trsK;d orD;tpnf;t±k;H awGtay: =oZm&S&d dS ukid x f m;ygw,f? OD;ausm+f idr;f u zqyv
a'oaumfrw D aD wG/ umuG,af &;awGudk tkypf ;D xm;Ekid w f thJ jyif zqyv vli,fuv dk nf; ukid x f m;Ekid f
cJhygw,f?
ocifwife@J ocifausmx f eG ;f u awmifov l ,form; tpnf;t±k;H awGudk ukid w f , G xf m;Ekid +f yD;
ocifyef;òrdifu pD;yGm;ukefoG,fa&;tzJGŒcsKyf (pyuo) ukd tkyfpD;ukdifwG,fxm;ygw,f?
jynfawmfompDrHudef;}uD;udk taumiftxnfazmf=uawmh !Sd!SdEd_if;Ed_if;r&SdbJ ukd,foef&m
oef&m OD;pm;ay;vkyf=uygw,f? ukd,fhtkyfpkeJ@ukd,f xifovkd OD;aqmifóudd;ukdif=uygw,f?
OD;ausmf+idrf;/ OD;xGef;0if;/ ocifcspfarmif/ ocifomcif wkd@wawGu puf±kH tvkyf±kHrsm; wnf
aqmufa&;vkyfief;/ a&tm;v#yfppfxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;awG aZmif;ay;vkyf=uygw,f? OD;AaqGu
"mwfowWK&SmazGa&;eJ@ umuG,fa&;bufvkyfygw,f? ocifwif/ ocifausmfxGef; wkd@awGuawmh
v,f,majr EkdifiHykdifðya&;eJ@ ‘pkdufysKd;a&;rkcfOD;qDokd@’ vkd@ aºuG;a=umftaumiftxnfazmfygw,f?
ocifEk/ OD;wif/ OD;0if;/ OD;&m&Spf wdk@tkyfpkuawmh usef;rma&;/ vlr_qufqHa&;/ ynma&;/ bmoma&;
pwJh ay: jyLvmvkyfief;awGudk azmfxkwfvkyfukdif=uygw,f?
n‡dnd‡E_dif;E_dif;vnf;r&Sd/ pDrHudef;wckeJ@wck csdefom;udkufatmifvnf; raygif;pyf/ OD;pm;ay;
tjrift,ltqcsif;uvnf; wuGJwjym;pDjzpfawmh pDrHudef;awG[m atmifjrifoifhoavmuf
ratmifrjrifjzpfc=hJ uygw,f? ylyal EG;aEG; óuHawGŒcJ&h wJh ocFe;f pmawGuv kd nf; r,lbJ xif&mpkid ;f ae=u
ovkdjzpfcJh=uygw,f? jynfawmfompDrHudef;rprDrSm ocFef;pm,lp&mESpfck&SdcJhygw,f? wcku r*Fvm'kH
av,mOfuiG ;f ðyjyifwnfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;/ aemufwcku orkid ;f csnpf ufupd /P r*Fvm'kaH v,mOfuiG ;f
ðyjyifwnfaqmufa&;pDrHudef;rSm 'def;rwfukr`%Dwckukd (2&) odef;eJ@ uefx±kdufay;/ jrefrmtpkd;&
uk, d pf m;vkyif ef;}uD;=uyfppfaq;zk@d tar&dueftif*sief , D mwOD;Xm;&rf;+yD; aqmif&u G cf whJ m pDru H ed ;f u
atmifatmifjrifjrif taumiftxnfray:vmcJhbJ wESpftwGif; wkdif;jynf&JŒb¾mawG tajrmuf
trsm;qk;H ±_;H cJ&h ygw,f? tar&dueftif*sief , D m vufajr‡muf+yD; tvkyu f aexGuo f mG ;rS v#Kd Œ0Sucf ±Hk ;Hk

zGJŒppfaq;awmh (2&) odef; okH;pGGJcGifhðyxm;wJh pDrHudef;[m usyfaiG (505) odef;awmif&Sdae+yDqkdwm

awGŒ=u&+yD; t±H_;}uD;±_H;cJh=u&ygw,f?
tJ'DvkdyJ ordkif;csnfpuf udpPrSmvnf; (1951) xJ puf±kHpvnfwJhtcg ArmjynfrSmwnfwJh
puf/ ArmjynfuxGufwJh csnfr#ifwkd@ 0gwdk@ okH;vkd@r&wJhpuf jzpfaewmawGŒ=u&ygw,f?
tJ'Dvkd ocFef;pmawG&SdygvsufeJ@ jynfawmfompDrHudef;}uD; pwJhtcgrSmvnf; wkdifwkdifyifyif
ndn ‡ E‡d id_ ;f E_id ;f r&S?d ppfppfaq;aq; avhavhvmvmr&Sb d J uk, d t
hf yk pf ek @J u,dk f oef&moef&m taumift
xnfazmf=uwJhtwGuf aºuG;a=umfoHeJ@ vufawGŒ[m puwnf;u ,OfoukdjzpfaecJhygw,f?
vGwv f yfa&;a=unm+yD;uwnf;u aºuG;a=umfjyÏmef;cJw h hJ v,f,majr Ekid if yH idk ðf yvkyaf &;ukd
(1953) ckESpfxJrSm ocifwif/ ocifausmfxGef;wkd@ acgif;aqmif+yD; pwifvkyfaqmifygw,f? jynfawmf
ompDrHudef;}uD;eJ@twl taumiftxnfazmfygw,f? emrnfuom v,f,majrEkdifiHykdifðywmqkday
r,fh ajr&Sif}uD;awGqDu ajrawGukd avsmfa=u;ay;+yD; odrf;&wmjzpfygw,f? Oya't& odrf;,lvkduf
wJhajr{u (7) oef;eD;yg;twGuf avsmfa=u;aiG oef; (150) eD;yg;ay;cJh&ygw,f? 'D ‘v,f,majrEdkifiH
ykdifðyvkyfa&;’ ay:vpD[m ajr&Sif}uD;pepfukd wpkHw&mcsdeJ@oGm;apcJhayr,fh ajr&Sifpepfukd t+yD;tykdif
zsufodrf;ypfEkdifcJhwmr[kwfyg? zsufodrf;vkdwJh &nf&G,fcsufvnf;r&SdcJhyg?
zqyv tpkd;&vufatmufrSm t"du vlxkvlwef;pm; tzJGŒtpnf;}uD;oabmrsKd; (3)ck&Sd
ygw,f? ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m awmifolv,form; tpnf;t±kH; (Awvp)/ tvkyform;tpnf;t±kH;
tzGJŒcsKyf - ArmEkdifiH (wD,lpDbD) eJ@ pD;yGm;ukefoG,ftzJGŒcsKyf (pyuo) wkd@jzpfygw,f?
awmifov l ,form;awGe@J qidk w f hJ ‘Awvp’ u trawmfa=u;udp/P pyg;ta&mif;t0,fupd /P
v,form;udpPawGukd wkduf±kdufukdifwG,faqmif&Gufygw,f? trawmfa=u;xkwfacs;&mrSm zqyv
tpk;d &u awmifov l ,form;awGudk wku d ±f u dk x f wk rf acs;yg? Awvp u wqifx h w
k af cs;wJt
h wGuf
zqyv vufatmufcH Awvp tzJGŒ0ifawGom trawmfa=u;&ygw,f? Awvp tr_aqmifawG
u a'otoD;oD;rSm trawmfa=u;aiGawG xifovkb d ;Hk =uwm/ v,form;ppfppfu trawmfa=u;
rjzpfpavmufom&+yD; v,form;tppfr[kwo f al wGu trawmfa=u;yk&d wmrsK;d awG ae&mtES@H ay:
cJhygw,f? Awvp eJ@ ajr,maumfrDwDqkdwmawG&JŒ =oZmremcHol v,form;awGtay: zdESdyfn‡if;
yef;wm/ tcGet f wkwf rw&m;aumufcw H mawG &uf&ufpufpuf vkyu f idk cf =hJ uwJth wGuf wjynfv;Hk rSm
Awvp awG emrnfysufcJh=uw,f?
tvkyform;tzGJŒtpnf;jzpfwJh wD,lpDbD uvnf; tvkyform;awGtusKd;twGufqkdwm
xuf uk, d [ hf muk, d f qkid ;f bkwaf xmif+yD; uk, d v hf al wGu, dk &f mxl;ay; ae&mcsxm;ay;xm;wmawGom
vkyu f idk cf =hJ uygw,f? tpk;d &eJ@ tvkyo f rm;=um; tpk;d &bufu ‘qJcG s’ oabmvkyaf qmif&if; tvkyf
orm;tcGifhta&;awGukd vpfvsL±_cJh=uygw,f? ‘Awvp’ u v,form;awGtay: acgif;ykHjzwf
ovdk/ wD,lpDbDuvnf; tvkyform;awGtay:acgif;ykHjzwfwm ae&mtESH@ay:aygufcJhygw,f?
pD;yGm;ukeo f ,G tf zJŒG csKyf ‘pyuo’ uvnf; pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;/ ukeo f ,
G af &;vkyif ef;awGtay:
cs,v f , S }f uD;pk;d zk@d tjrwfxw k zf @dk om vkyu f idk af qmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? ‘Awvp’/ ‘wD,pl b D ’D /‘pyuo’
awG[m qkd&S,fvpfygwD&JŒ vufatmufcHtzGJŒtpnf;}uD;awGomjzpf+yD; 'DtzGJŒtpnf;}uD;awG&JŒ
xdyfoD;OD;aqmifolrsm;[mvnf; qkd&S,fvpf}uD;awGcsnf;yJjzpfygw,f?

tzJGŒtpnf;toD;oD;/ a'otoD;oD;u qkd&S,fvpf}uD;rsm;&JŒ tykyfeH@awG[m wae@wjcm;

waxmif;axmif;xvmcJhygw,f? ‘qkd&S,fvpf}uD; vm'fpm;vkdufjyef+yD’ ‘qkd&S,fvpf}uD; aiGawGbkH;
vku d jf yef+yD’ ‘aemufxyfq&dk , S v f pf rk'rd ;f r_wckay: jyef+yD’ ‘aemufxyf qk&d , S vf pf vlowfr}_ uD;wck’
qkdwJh acgif;pOfawGeJ@ owif;pmawGay:rSm r=umc% ygygvmcJhygw,f? qkd&S,fvpfrsm; vlxkcsOfywf
jzpfvmcJhygw,f?
qkd&S,fvpfacgif;aqmif OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf+idrf;wkd@wawG AsL±kdu&uf t&m&Sd}uD;awGozG,f
ðyrlusio hf ;Hk vm=uovkd qk&d , S vf pfrsm; tm%m,pfr;l vm=uovk/d Ekid if aH wmf0ef}u;D csKyf OD;Ek [mvnf;
wae@wjcm; tm%m&Sifqefvmw,fvkd@qdk=uygw,f?
tm%m& tpk;d &tzGŒJ }uD;atmufu ‘Awvp’ ‘wD,pl b D ’D wk@d e@J tòydiuf awmh qk&d ,
S v f pf
ygwu D cJx G u G of mG ;cJw
h hJ qk&d ,
S ef w
D @dk &ŒJ ArmEkid if aH wmifovl ,form;nD!w G af &;tpnf;t±k;H (wvnp)
eJ@ Armjynftvkyform;tpnf;t±kH;rsm;tzGJŒcsKyf (bDwD,lpD) (Burma Trade Union Congress)
wkd@jzpfygw,f? ‘wvnp’ ukd ocifcspfarmif (0d"l&) uacgif;aqmif+yD; ‘bDwD,lpD’udk ocifvGifu
OD;aqmifygw,f// ‘Awvp’eJ@ ‘wvnp’ [m tòydifjzpfovkd wD,lpDbD (TUCB) eJ@ ‘bDwD,lpD’
(BTUC) [m tòydifjzpfygw,f? Awvp eJ@ wD,lpDbD u tm%m& tzGJŒtpnf;}uD;awGjzpfygw,f?
wvnp eJ@ bDw, D pl D uawmh tm%mrJh twku d t
f cHtzGŒJ oabmrsK;d pifòyid w
f nf&adS ewmjzpfygw,f?
1953 ckESpf ESpfqef;rSm w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_jy\em[m zkH;rEkdif/ zdr& tqifhavmufwifr
uawmhyJ xdyu f adk &muf&v dS mygw,f? ArmjynftwGi;f rw&m;ojzifh 0ifa&mufusL;ausmw f yfpxJG m;
±kHru ajymifajymifwif;wif; Akdvfusrif;rlv_yf&Sm;ae=uwJh w±kwfjzLtiftm;[m tqrwef wkd;yGm;
ae+yDjzpfygw,f? tar&duefu aemufuG,fuyg0if+yD; azmfrkdqmu wdkuf±dkuf tiftm;jznfhwif;
pDpOfaqmif&u G af ewma=umifh w±kwjf zLtiftm; waomif;ESpaf xmifausmrf S waomif;ig;axmifcef@
txd&Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? tpdk;&umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme&JŒ w&m;0ifcef@rSef;csuft& oHvGifjrpf ta&SŒ
zufjcrf; rkdif;±_; yef,ef;a'owa=umrSm tiftm; (4000) cef@/ ta&SŒajrmuf rlq,f/ erfhcrf; tyg
a'owav#muf tiftm; (3000) cef@/ rkid ;f qwf/ rkid ;f wk/H rkid ;f yefa'otyg e,fajrwav#muf tiftm;
(4000) cef@ armfcs;D / v_id ;f bJŒG / u±kyad` 'orsm;rSm tiftm; (1000) cef@/ pkpak ygi;f tiftm; (12000)cef@
wyfjzef@vy_ &f mS ;ae=uygw,f? a0zefo;Hk oyfoal wGtqdt k &uawmh 'dxufrsm;w,fv@dk q=dk uygw,f?
'ga=umifh 1953 ckESpf/ rwfv (1) &ufae@rSm autrfwD (KMT) w±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_
jy\emukd ukvor*~tzJGŒcsKyf}uD;xHwifjyzkd@ zqyv tpkd;&tzJGŒu rvJ$omra&Smifom qkH;jzwf
vkduf&ygw,f? 1953 ckESpf/ {+yDvrSmusif;ywJh ukvor*~tzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ (7) }udrfajrmuf taxGaxGnD
vmcH}uD;rSm jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftzJGŒu wifjywkdifwef;ygw,f? wkdifwef;wJhtcg tar&duef yg0if
ywfoufwJh w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfolrsm;vkd@awmif wdwdyy azmfjywkdifwef;0Hhjcif;r&SdyJ ‘jynfyusL;
ausmfolrsm;’ ‘EkdifiHjcm;wyfrsm;’ vkd@om azmfjywkdifwef;cJh=uygw,f?
{+yDv (22) &ufae@rSm “jrefrmhe,fajray: usL;ausmfaom EkdifiHjcm;wyftm;vkH; tjrefqkH;
xGufcGgoGm;&ef” tqkdukd rJcJGqkH;jzwfwJhtcg EkdifiHaygif; (60) teuf axmufcHrJ (59) rJ/ =um;aerJ
(1) rJeJ@ tjrefqkH;xGufcGgay;&ef qkH;jzwfcJhygw,f? azmfrdkqmu csefau&Sdwftpkd;&ukd,fpm;vS,fu
rJray;yJaecJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u ukvor*~}uD;[m w±kwfjynfopf (w±kwfjynfr}uD;) ukd
ukvor*~0ifEkdifiHtjzpf todtrSwfðyrxm;wJh tcdsefjzpfygw,f?
ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcH}uD;&JŒ qk;H jzwfcsut f & jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f uae w±kwjf zLusL;
ausmfa&;wyftm;vkH; xGufcGgoGm;a&;twGuf tar&duef/ xkdif;/ jrefrmeJ@ w±kwf orRwEkdifiH
(w±kwfjzL) wkd@yg0ifwJh av;EkdifiH ppfzufukd,fpm;vS,f aqG;aEG;yGJusif;yzkd@ tar&duefu urux
vkyyf gw,f? xkid ;f Ekid if H befaumufòrdŒ tar&duefo±H ;Hk rSm arv (22) &ufae@rmS pwifusi;f yygw,f?
tar&duefEkdifiHu autrfwD (w±kwfjzL ulrifwef) udpP oleJ@rywfoufygvkd@om cyfwnfwnfjiif;
aeayr,fh ukvor*~qkH;jzwfcsufxGufvm+yD;wJhtcg tar&duefuyJ uruxðy+yD; ‘(4) EkdifiH
befaumuftpnf;ta0;’ udk uruxðy pDpOfwmjzpfygw,f? jrefrmEkdifiHukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒu
yxrawmh w±kwfjzLukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒeJ@ rsufESmpkHnD xkdifraqG;aEG;Ekdifvkd@qkdwJhtwGuf tar&duef
eJ@ xkdif; ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;[m jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒeJ@ w}udrf w±kwfjzL udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒeJ@
w}udr/f udp&P yfwckudk ESp}f udraf qG;aEG;&ygw,f? jrefrmuk, d pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ ukd Akv
d rf ;ª }uD; atmif}uD;u
acgif;aqmifwufa&mufygw,f?
tjrefqkH;xGufcGga&;twGuf aqG;aEG;=uwJhtcg qkwfcGgay;&r,fh usL;ausmfol w±kwfjzLrsm;
u ArmjynftESH@tjym;&Sd olwkd@wyfrsm;tay: Armhwyfrawmfu typftcwf&yfpJa&;udk csufcsif;ðy
vkyfay;&r,fvkd@ ppcsif;awmif;qkdygw,f? jrefrmbufu ‘jrefrmEkdifiHrS trSefwu,fxGufcGgoGm;
onfhtcsdefwGif oufqkdif&ma'orsm;ESifh oufqkdif&mvrf;a=umif;rsm;ukd vkHòcHaoma'orsm;tjzpf
owfrSwfay;+yD; ESpfzufpvkH;u typftcwf&yfpJ&ef ðyvkyfay;Ekdifa=umif;’ ajz=um;wJhtcg w±kwfjzL
ukd,fpm;vS,fu vufrcHEkdifa=umif; acgif;rmaecJhygw,f? w±kwfjzLrsm;[m olwkd@udk,fwkdifu usL;
ausmf+yD;olrsm; EkdifiHtwGif;a&muf&Sdaeygvsuf usL;ausmfolwkd@udk b,folurS rxd& rwkd@&/ typf
tcwf&yfpJay;+yD; xkdif=unfhae&r,fhoabmrsKd; awmif;qkdaecJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? tar&duefOD;pD;wJh
tar&duefeJ@ xkdif;ukd,fpm;vS,ftzJGŒu jrefrmbuf/ w±kwfjzLbufeJ@ ESpfzufpvkH;ukdaqG;aEG;+yD;
aqG;aEG;ajym=um;csuaf wGtay:uae rlwnf+yD; ‘oabmwlncD surf =l urf;’ ukad &;qGyJ gw,f? tar&d
uef/ xkid ;f / jrefrmtzJŒG rsm;u oabmwlncD =hJ uwJw h idk af tmif usL;ausmo f w l ±kwjf zLbufu oabm
rwlbJ aqG;aEG;yJGudk aESmifhaES;=uef@=umatmif tcsdefqJGjcif; r±kd;rom;ðyrljcif;awGudkom vkyfaecJhyg
w,f?
ZGefv (1) &ufae@rSm w±kwfjzLbufu ‘jrefrmEkdifiHtESH@tjym; typftcwf&yfpJa&;tpm;
oHvGifjrpf ta&SŒbufa'otm;vkH;wGif typftcwf&yfpJ&ef’ vkd@ ajymif;vJawmif;qkdygw,f? ZGef
(2) &ufae@rSm ‘olwdk@ tpkd;&eJ@wkdifyif&ef&Sdonf’ qkd+yD; azmfrkdqmukdjyefoGm;ygw,f? ZGefv (10)&uf
ae@rmS jrefrmbufu rjzpfEidk af =umif; befaumufaqG;aEG;yGaJ umfrw D u D wdk ifjy+yD; w±kwjf zLrsm;xGuf
cGma&;tpDtpOf (3) ckudk ukeu f sr,fph &dwef @J wuG jyifqifwifjyygw,f? ZGef (13) &ufae@rmS w±kwjf zL
ukd,fpm;vS,ftzJGŒ befaumufukdjyefa&mufvm+yD; olwkd@a&;qJGvmwJh xGufcGma&;tpDtpOfwck
wifjyvmygw,f? tcsdefr=uef@=umatmifqkd+yD; jrefrmbufu ‘w±kwfjzLbufutpDtpOf’ ukd
jyifqifcsut f enf;i,favmufe@J yJ vufcv H u dk yf gw,f? ¹cGi;f csut f aeeJ@ “rkid ;f qwfEiS t hf jcm;ta&;}uD;
a'orsm;ukd ArmhwyfrawmfrS wku d cf u
dk rf r_ &Syd J 0ifa&muford ;f yku d Ef idk &f rnf” vk@d xnfo h iG ;f awmif;qkyd g
w,f? w±kwfjzLu ‘,m,DoabmwlnDcsufrl=urf;’ ukd vufrcHao;wJhtjyif “rkdif;qwfokd@
aumfrw D D oGm;a&muf&mwGif tar&duefEiS hf xkid ;f wk@d uo dk m oGm;cGiahf y;Ekid +f yD; jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,t
f zGŒJ

ESifh jrefrmowif;pmq&mrsm;ukd vufrcHEkdifa=umif;eJ@ jrefrmtpkd;&u zrf;qD;xm;onfh w±kwfjzL

rsm;udk ¹cGif;csufr&Sd csufcsif;v$wfypf&rnf” vkd@ xyfqifhawmif;qkdvmjyefygw,f?
w±kwjf zLud, k pf m;vS,t f zJŒG azmfrq dk mjyefaewke;f rSm tar&dueftzJŒG u jrefrmuk, d pf m;vS,f
tzJŒG udk w±kwjf zLuk, d pf m;vS,t f zJŒG eJ@ rsuEf mS pkn
H D aqG;aEG;zk@d wu dk w
f eG ;f wJth wGuf w±kwjf zLud, k pf m;
vS,t f zGŒJ jyefa&mufvmwJt h cg oabmwlncD suf vsijf refpmG taumiftxnfay:ap&efq+dk yD; rsuEf mS
pkHnDaqG;aEG;wmvkyfaqmifygawmhw,f?
ZGefv (14) &uf (23) &ufae@txd rsufESmpkHnD qufvufaqG;aEG;=u+yD; ZGef (23) rSm
w±kwjf zL tyg ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ (4) zGŒJ pvk;H u ,m,DoabmwlncD surf =l urf;udk rltm;jzifh oabm
wl=uwJhtwGuf jrefrmEkdifiHrS w±kwfjzLwyfrsm; xGufcGma&;twGuf ‘av;EkdifiHoabmwlnDcsuf’
&+yDjzpfa=umif; urBmukda=unmcJhygw,f?
oabmwlnDcsufukd vufawGŒtaumiftxnfazmfzkd@rSmusawmh w±kwfjzLwkd@&JŒ tcsdefqJG
aejcif; r±kd;rom;ðyr_jcif;awGa=umifh rcHcsifp&maumif;avmufatmif Armjynfbufu epfemcJh&yg
w,f?
tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u zqyv tpkd;&ukd vufeufpGJudkifawmfvSefwkdufckdufae=uwJh Armjynf
uGefjrLepfygwD/ tvHeD/ jynfolŒ&Jabmf/ autif'Dtkfd/ rGef/ ytkd@/ u&ifeD pwJh vufeufudkiftiftm;pk
pkpak ygi;f ta&twGuf tiftm;xufawmif jynfyusL;ausmo f l w±kwjf zL autrfwD wyftiftm;u
ykdrdkrsm;jym;cJhygw,f? jynfwGif;olykeftiftm;pktm;vkH;xuf jynfyusL;ausmfol w±kwfjzL ta&
twGufursm;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh zqyv tpkd;&[m e,fcsJŒorm;eJ@yg vuf0g;csif;±kdufxm;wJh
wkdif;wyg;om; usL;ausmfolrsm;ukd jywfjywfom;om; acsr_ef;wkdufxkwfa&;xuf/ wkdif;&if;om;csif;
jzpfwJh jynfwGif;vufeufudkif tiftm;pkrsm;tay: &uf&ufpufpuf tðywfwkdufa&;udkom OD;wnf
óud;yrf;aecJhygw,f? e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;vuQ%mrawGŒ&yJ e,fcsJŒrSDckda&;vuQ%mom ododomom
awGŒ&Ekdifygw,f?
jynfwGif;wkd;wufwJh EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;u a0zefokH;oyf axmufjyae=uwJh=um;xJu
tar&dueftpkd;&eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ oabmwlnDcsuf (tD;pDat) pmcsKyfukd csKyfqdkcJhyg
w,f? rv$Jra&Smifom ukvor*~ udkwkdif=um;cJh&+yD;/ w±kwfjzLwyfrsm;udk tar&duefu ulnD
axmufyHhaewm zkH;rEdkifzdr& jzpfay:vmwJhtcgusrS ‘tD;pDat’ pmcsKyfukd ZGefv (30) &ufae@rSm
&yfpJr,fvkd@ a=unmcJhygw,f?
t"du EkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD;wckvnf;jzpf vufeufudkifolykef tzGJŒtpnf;}uD;wckvnf;jzpf
wJh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D w±kwjf zLusL;ausmrf u _ kd jywfjywfom;om;wku d zf @dk e,fcsŒJ tE &W m,fudk
yl;aygif;umuG,fzkd@qdkwJh &yfwnfcsufeJ@ jynfwGif;ppfudk&yf+yD; trsKd;om;ppftoGifukdajymif;zkd@ urf;
vSr;f tqkðd yygw,f? umuG,af &;0ef}uD; OD;AaqGe@J vkyw f u
l idk zf ufjzpfczhJ ;l wJh ocifcspef @J Akv d af Z,su
awGŒqkHcsifa=umif; (1) e,fcsJŒtE W&m,fukd yl;aygif;umuG,fa&;/ (2) wrsKd;om;vkH;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwf
a&;/ (3) +idrf;csrf;a&;wkd@twGuf aqG;aEG;vkda=umif; ZGefv (18) &ufae@ ae@pJGeJ@ ay;pmESpfapmif
ay;ydk@cJhygw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; OD;AaqGeJ@wuG zqyv tpkd;&u ta&;awmifrvkyfcJhyg? jynf
wGif;twkduftcHtiftm;pkawGtm;vkH;ukd evHrxlEkdifatmif vkyfxm;a&;onfomt"duqkdwJhrludk

udik pf x JG m;cJyh gw,f? jynfwiG ;f twku d t f cH vufeufuidk o f yl ek af wGukd acsre_ ;f òzdciG ;f zk@d ppfa&;t& tðywf
wku d af &;vrf;pOfuu kd sio hf ;Hk ygw,f? jynfwiG ;f uvufeufuikd rf [kww f hJ wk;d wufwhJ twku d t f cH Ekid if H
a&;tiftm;pkawGudk òzdcGif;zkd@u òzdcJGa&;enf;/ tm%meJ@ zdESdyfa&;enf;awGudk usifhokH;ygw,f?
ajray:rSm&SdwJh twkduftcH EkdifiHa&;ygwDjzpfwJh qkd&S,feD (tvkyform; v,form;ygwD) udk
v$wfawmfwGif;rSm toHrxGufEkdifatmifvkyfxm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? e,fawG&Sd twkduftcH tiftm;pk
0ifawGudk zq-qkd&S,f =oZmcH aysmuf=um;wyf/ umuG,fa&;wyf qkdwmawG&JŒ Adkvfus&rf;um;
npfywfra_ wGe@J zyd gw,f? aemufxyfta&;}uD; tiftm;pkwck twku d t f cHtiftm;pkwcktjzpf ±_jrif
ok;H oyf+y;D ykid yf idk Ef idk Ef idk f udik w f ,
G x f ed ;f odr;f xm;Ekid zf @dk óu;d pm;wmu ‘ausmif;om;’ udjk zpfygw,f? OD;Ek
tyg OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf+idrf; wkd@udk,fwkdif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGvnf;jzpfcJh=uzl;awmh wuo/
Auo =oZm}uD;w,fqkdwm odxm;=u+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? wuo/ Auo awGxJrSm ‘wkd;wuf
aomausmif;om;tiftm;pk’ ay:ayguv f m+yD; =oZm&Sad ewmukv d nf; odxm;=u+yD;jzpfygw,f? ‘wk;d
wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk’ [m 1951 ckESpfuxnf;u zJGŒpnf;wnf&SdcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
ukb d aumif;/ ukv d 0S if;/ ukad tmifbef;/ ud, k k wk@d [m xif&mS ;wJah usmif;om;acgi;f aqmif wk;d wufaom
tiftm;pk0ifawGjzpf=uygw,f? wuo/ AuorSm zq-qk&d , S f =oZmcHausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifqo dk l
awG ay:ayguzf @dk wwfEidk &f if tiftm;v$r;f rk;d xm;Ekid zf @dk OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f wk@d u jyifqifpidk ;f jyif;vm
ygw,f? 1953 ckESpf aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufrSm &efukefwuUokdvfausmif;om;tzJGŒawGjzpf=uwJh
ukdukd}uD; udkudkav; tzGJŒ/ jynfaxmifpkausmif;om;rsm;tzJGŒ/ wuUokdvfvli,ftzJGŒ/ oef@&Sif;tzJGŒeJ@
ausmif;om;aygif;oif;qufqHa&;eJ@ oufomacsmifcsda&;tzGJŒ pkpkaygif; ausmif;om;tzJGŒ (5) zJGŒu
ausmif;om;w&mukd OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f wk@d qk&d , S v f pfacgi;f aqmif}uD;awGu, dk w f ikd f OD;pD;+yD; qk&d , S f
vpfEkdifiHa&;oifwef; wvykd@csay;ygw,f? tJ'Daemuf oifwef;ykd@cst+yD;rSm ‘'Dtuf(pf)tkd’ qkdwJh
(Democrative Student's Organization) qkd&S,fvpfausmif;om;EkdifiHa&;tzJGŒudk zJGŒpnf;arG;zGm;ay;
vku d yf gw,f? ausmif;om;xkt=um; =oZm&Sw d hJ ‘wk;d wuf’ eJ@ tm%m&tpk;d &ausmaxmufaemufcH
ðy ‘'Dtuf(pf)tk’d [m wuUov kd rf mS tòydijf zpfvmygawmhw,f? orkid ;f wavsmufrmS e,fcsŒJ qef@usif
a&;tpOftvm}uD;cJh+yD;/ jynfolbufu trSefw&m;bufuom jywfjywfom;om; &yfwnfwkdufyJG
0ifcw hJ hJ wuo/ Auo}uD;&JŒ tpOftvmukd zsuq f ;D òzdcyGJ pf+yD; “tm%m&tkypf ;dk oltpk;d &&JŒ tvku d s
wuo/ Auo” jzpfatmif tm;xkwfvkdufwJh azmufjyefwJh ajcvSrf;jzpfygw,f?
Ekid if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek&ŒJ wae@wjcm; tm%m&Siq f efvrS u _ vnf; onf;oef jyif;xefveG ;f
vSwJhtwGuf ,Ofaus;r_Xme0ef}uD; OD;xGef;az (xGef;ae@pOf OD;xGef;az) [m tpkd;&tzJGŒ0if 0ef}uD;
tjzpfuae 1953 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f xJrmS E_wx f uG yf gw,f? olbma=umifh &mxl;uae E_wx f u G &f w,f
qkdwm owif;pmq&mawGukd &Sif;vif;jy±kHru =o*kwfv (13) &ufae@ zqyv tpkd;&tzJGŒuae
E_wfxGuft+yD; owif;pmuaeyg a[m'Dvkd yGifhyGifhvif;vif; &ifzGifhcJhygw,f?
‘0ef}uD;csKyf OD;-ocifEo k nf tm%m&Siq f efonf/ vuf,mqefonf/ vuf0q J efonf tp&Sd
ojzifh okH;pGJae=uaom a0g[m&rsm;. usyfjynfht"dy`g,ft& u|efawmfonf rnfonfhenf;ESifhr#
oabmrwlEkdifyg? tm;vkH; wnDw!Gwfwnf; vufcHxm;=uaomrlukd a&SŒ±_I 'Drkdua&pDtkwfjrpfcs
ygrnf[I l u|eaf wmfw@dk opPmðyxm;=uaom zqyv. acgi;f aqmif}uD;onf tm%m&Siyf ef;wkid o f @dk

a&SŒ±_csw
D ufaeonfr[kw/f oufO;D qHyidk b f &k iftyk cf sKyfa&; (0g) b0&Sirf if;=wm;}uD; wkid ;f jynftyk cf sKyf
rif;vkyaf &;bufo@dk olrjrifaomfvnf; tm;vk;H tjriftm;jzifh odoo d mom}uD;yif a&GŒavsmaeyg+yD?
0ef}uD;csKyf. tðytrluav;rsm;onf t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm &Sifbk&ifqefvGef;vSojzifh aemufqkH;
tcsdefY b0&Sifrif;=wm;}uD; jzpfzkd@&ef rif;ajrmufwefqm ig;yg;qifjref;zkd@ omvkdygawmhonf//’æwJh?
OD;xGef;az&JŒ jrifjyif;uyfuyfeJ@ 0ef}uD;tjzpfuyg E_wfxGuf+yD; owWd&Sd&Sd vufoHajymifajymif
a&;om;vkdufwJh tJ'Dta&;tom; &ifzGifhoH[m OD;Ek&JŒ ±kyfykHrSefudk rD;armif;xkd;jyEkdifcJhygw,f// b0&Sif
rif;=wm;}uD; OD;Ek vkd@uifyGef;wyf&wJhtxdjzpfygw,f//
b0&Sifrif;=wm;}uD;vkd@ uifyGef;wyfcH&wJh 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Eku jynfawmfompDrHudef;}uD;ukd
csrSwf/ tm%m,pfrl;ae=uwJh qkd&S,fvpf}uD;rsm;u tkyfpkzJGŒ tm;òydif=u&if; oef&moef&m pDrHudef;
awGukd xifovkt d aumiftxnfazmfae=ucsed rf mS umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒ ppfwyf
}uD;uawmh wpxufwp tiftm; }uD;xGm;vmygw,f? jynfwGif;ppfudkta=umif;ðy+yD; wyfawGukd
tqufrjywf wkd;csJŒzJGŒ&if; vltiftm;om }uD;xGm;rsm;jym;vmwmr[kwf/ b¾ma&;t&yg ppfwyf
t&if;tESD;udk pwifpkaqmif;rdpðyvmygw,f? umuG,fa&;Xmeppfonfrsm; oufomacsmifcsda&;
twGuq h hJ 'Dtuf(pf)tkid f (DSI) [m tcGix
f +dk y;D pwifzŒGJ pnf;cJw hf ;l cHtjzpf vkid pf ifawGvnf; tvum;&/
tcGefvGwfcGifh uif;vGwfcGifhawGuvnf; b,foleJ@rSrwlatmif cHpm;&wJhtwGuf ppfwyft&if;tESD;
[m wk;d oxufw;dk vmcJyh gw,f? 'Dumv[m tpk;d &u jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f }uD; pwiftaumift
xnfazmfaewJh umvjzpfovkd ppfwyfuvnf; ppfwyft&if;tESD; pwifpkaqmif;aewJhumvvkd@
owfrSwf&rSmjzpfygw,f?
ZGefv (23) &ufuwnf;u jrefrmEkdifiHrS w±kwfjzLrsm; xGufcGma&;udpP/ av;EkdifiH
oabmwlnDcsuf&yg+yDvkd@ urBmukd cyfwnfwnfa=unmcJhayr,fh w±kwfjzLrsm;bufu bmwckrS
vufawGŒ rvkyfaqmifvmwma=umifh pufwifbm (7) &ufae@rSm jrefrmtpkd;&u -
(1) jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;rS w±kwfjzLwyfrsm; rnfIrnfr# xGufcGmrnfukd xkwfazmfcef@rSef;&ef?
(2) rkdif;qwfESifh ta&;}uD;ae&m (5) ae&mukd Armhwyfrawmfu wkdufckdufjcif;rðybJ odrf;
ykduf&ef?
qkdwJh tqkd(2)ckukd obmywd tzJGŒxH xyfrHwifjyvm&ygw,f? w±kwfjzLudk,fpm;vS,fu
tqkdtrSwf (1) ukd wdwdusus tajzray;wJhtjyif tqkdtrSwf (2) ukdvnf; Armhwyfrawmfu
ukd,fhzmomukd,f odrf;,l&r,f/ wkdufckdufjcif;rðyyJ at;at;aq;aq; odrf;,la&;ukdawmh w±kwf
ukd,fpm;vS,ftzJGŒrSm wm0efr&Sdvkd@ tajzay;wkef@jyefvmygw,f?
pufwifbm (14) &ufae@rSm Armbufu -
(1) jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;rS w±kwfjzLtm;vkH; xGufcGm&ef?
(2) yxrtokwf wyfom; (5000) ukd oabmwlnDcsuf vufrSwfa&;xkd;+yD; (21) &uf
twGif; xGufcGm&ef?
(3) jrefrmtpkd;&u ukvor*~ukd tpD&ifcH&ef&Sdojzifh txufazmfjyyg tcsuf (2) csufukd
w±kwfjzLukd,fpm;vS,ftzJGŒu (7) &uftwGif; tajzay;&ef/ vufrcHcJhv#if jrefrm
ukd,fpm;vS,ftzJGŒudk aqG;aEG;yJGrS ±kwfodrf;rnf?

vdk@ av;EkdifiHaumfrDwDukd wifjy&ygawmhw,f? 'gudkvnf; w±kwfjzLbufu vufrcHwJh

twGuf pufwifbm (17) &ufae@rSm aqG;aEG;yJGuae jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftzJGŒ ±kwfodrf;xGufcGmcJh&
ygw,f? 'guv dk nf; w±kwjf zLbufu vufrcHwt hJ wGuf pufwifbm (17) &ufae@rmS aqG;aEG;yJu G ae
jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftzJGŒ ±kwfodrf;xGufcGmcJhygw,f? Ekd0ifbm/ 'DZifbm xJusrS w±kwfjzLwyfom;
(2000) avmuf jrefrmEkdifiHuae pwifxGufcGmay;wmvkyfygw,f? 'gawmif wyfom; (2000) eJ@
rSDckdolrsm; xGufcGmwmudk jrefrmbufu raESmuf,Suf&efvkd@ w±kwfjzLbufu owday;vkdufygao;
w,f? w±kwfjzL (15000) ausmfavmuf&SdwJhtxJu (2000) avmufyJxGufay;wmjzpfygw,f?
w±kwjf zLawGord ;f yku d x f m;wJh rkid ;f qwf/ rkid ;f wk/H rkid ;f ,ef;/ rkid ;f a,mif; wd@k uv dk nf; oabmwlvaJ$ jymif;
ay;zk@d befaumufaqG;aEG;yJu G qk;H jzwfxm;wm&Sad yr,fh w±kwjf zLwk@d bufu vk;H 0vku d ef mjcif;r&Scd bhJ J
raxrJhjrif vkyfjycJhygw,f? ArmjynfxJ usL;ausmf0ifa&mufae±kHru wkdif;&if;om;awGtay: ESdyfpuf
apmfum;wmawGvnf; vkyfcJh=uygw,f? vk,ufpm;aomufwmawGvnf; vkyfcJh=uygw,f?
w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_udk jynfwGif;&Sd wkd;wufwJhEkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;u tjyif;txefqef@
usi=f uovkd ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D vnf; qef@usiyf gw,f? uGejf rLepfygwu D w±kwjf zLusL;ausmf
a&;orm;rsm;ukd tpk;d &wyfe@J uGejf rLepfwyfrsm;yl;aygi;f +y;D wku d cf u
dk &f ef/ tJ'v D w dk u dk cf udk &f ef qENr&S&d if
tpkd;&eJ@jzpfyGm;aewJh ppfyGJukd rdrdwkd@bufu wzufowf&yfpJ+yD; ulrifwefwyfrsm;ukd wkdufckdufr,f/
tJ'Dvkd csDwufoGm;a&mufwkdufckdufrSmukd tpkd;&wyfrsm;u taESmuft,Sufray;&eftxd tqkdðy
urf;vSrf;cJhygw,f? &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd tpkd;&&JŒ wyfr[m (4) eJ@ wyfr[m (6) u wyfrª;rsm;ukd
pmeJ@a&;om;+yD; urf;vSrf;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? tpkd;&bufu bmrS ta=umif;jyef=um;cJhjcif;r&Sdvkd@qkd
ygw,f?
w±kwfjzLwkd@&JŒ raxrJhjrif apmfum;vGef;r_awGa=umifh wyfrawmfu rvJ$ra&Smifom xkd;ppf
qifra_ wGvyk v f m&ygw,f? 'kAv dk rf ;ª }uD; ausmpf ;kd (aemif rqvawmfveS af &;aumifp0D if) ukd OD;pD;ap+yD;
w±kwjf zLukt d wku d cf ikd ;f cJyh gw,f? ta&;edr+hf yD;wyfvef@jyefc&hJ ygw,f? tJ'aD wmhrS Akv d rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm
udkOD;pD;+yD; twdkufckdif;&ygawmhw,f? tJ'Dvkd rwwfEkdifawmhvkd@ wm0efay;&wmawmif tm%m&
qkd&S,fvpf}uD;wcsKdŒu “b,fae@ AkdvfausmfaZm tavmif;ukd oHvGifurf;yg;rSmaumuf&rvJ” vdk@
r=um;w=um; jyuf&,fðycJ=h uw,fqydk gw,f? w±kwjf zLawG&ŒJ tiftm; tqrwefrsm;jym;aewmukd
qkd&S,fvpf}uD;awG aumif;aumif;odxm;wJhtwGufa=umifhjzpfygw,f?
1954 ckEpS /f rwfvrSm Akv d rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm OD;pD;wJh ‘bk&ifah emif ppfqifa&;}uD;’pwifygw,f?
Akdvfrª;csKyfausmfaZm [m wyfuav;rjzpfpavmufukdyJ udkifwG,ftokH;ðy+yD; w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_
}uD;udk wkdufcJh&wmjzpfygw,f? jynfwGif;ppfukd t&Sdefjr‡ifh+yD; wkdufckdufaewJhtwGuf jynfwGif;ppfrSm
tokH;ðyaewJh wyfawGxJu wyfawGvkHvkHavmufavmuf xkwfE_wf,lcGifhr&bJ t&HwyfawGr#eJ@om
wku d cf u
dk cf &hJ ygw,f? rjzpfpavmufwyfuav;eJeu J o
dk m tok;H ðy+y;D Akv d rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm [m w±kwjf zL
wyfrsm;ukd atmifjrifpmG wku d cf udk jf ycJyh gw,f? w±kwjf zL armif;xkwaf &; wku d yf t GJ wGi;f rSm bk&ifah emif
ppfqifa&;&JŒ ydokumtjzpf Akdvfrª;csKyfausmfaZm&JŒ emrnfay:vGifvmcJhygw,f? qkwfcGmoGm;&wJh
w±kwfjzL wyfawG[m xkdif;eJ@avme,fajrxJ 0ifoGm;=uygw,f?
50-52 ckEpS t f wGi;f uk&d ;D ,m;ppfy*GJ ,ufa=umifh qefaps; aumif;aumif;&vku d wf hJ zqyv
tpkd;&[m 53-54 rSm pyg;awG odrf;usKH;0,fxm;wJhtwGuf *kda'gif&Sdor# qefawG jynfhv#H±kHru
xm;p&mr&Sdatmif jzpfvmygw,f? 52 ckESpf udk&D;,m;ppfyGJ +yD;oGm;csdefup+yD; urBmrSm qefaps;awG

w&dyf&dyfusvmwJhtwGuf rsufvkH;jyL;pðyvmygw,f? qefa&mif;&aiGusvmwJhtwGuf t&HEkdifiHjcm;
aiGyrm%m[mvnf; avsmheJvdkufvmygw,f? 1953 ZGefvu EkdifiHjcm;aiG (126²9) ukaÉ&Sd&mu
1954 Zefe0g&DrSm (96²8) ukaÉom &Sdygawmhw,f?
qkd&S,fvpfpum;ukd ajymaeqJjzpfwJh zq-qkd&S,f tpkd;&[m EkdifiHjcm;om;ykdif pD;yGm;a&;
vkyif ef;}uD;awGukd Ekid if yH idk ðf ya&; vkyaf e&muae tpk;d &eJ@ zufpyfvyk af &;awGqD ajcOD;vSnv hf mygw,f?
54 ckESpfxJrSm wav#mufvkH; Armjynftay:aoG;pkyfvmcJhwJh bDtkdpD a&eHukr`%DeJ@tpkd;& zufpyfvkyf
ygw,f? tpkd;&u (51µ)/ t*Fvdyfu (49µ) &S,f,mowfrSwf+yD; zufpyfvkyfygw,f// armfcsD;owWK
wGi;f eJ@ t*Fvb dk m;rm; oHjzLwGi;f awGrmS vnf; zufpyfvyk yf gw,f? erRwl abmfwiG ;f udak wmh bm;rm;
aumfykd&Sif;eJ@ tpkd;&[m 1951 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmuwnf;u zufpyfvkyfxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? EkdifiH
jcm;t&if;&Sirf sm;eJ@ tpk;d &a0yku H s tusK;d wlvyk +f yD; tcGit hf a&;awGay;&ygw,f? OD;AaqGu owWKwGi;f
wl;azmfa&;awGudk csKyfuidk yf gw,f? xm;0,f/ +rdwef @J &Sr;f jynfe,frmS &Sw d hJ owWKwGi;f awG&w
dS hJ a'oawG
rSm vrf;awGukd aiGodef;eJ@csD tukeftuscHazmufwJh wm0efukdvnf;,lygw,f?
jynfawmfompDrHudef;t& tif*sifeD,maumvdyf/ pufr_vufr_ody`Hausmif;/ pkdufysKd;a&;
ausmif;/ wd&dp>mefaq;ukoa&;ausmif;eJ@ puf±kH tvkyf±kHawG xlaxmifwnfaqmufygw,f? vkyfykdif
cGi&hf olawG tqift h oD;oD;rSm vdrn f mck;d 0Supf m;aomufciG hf tcGit hf a&;awG&=u+yD; ‘jynfawmfom’
oGm;=uygw,f?
pok;H vk;H &JŒ w&m;0ifay:ayguv f mwJh tr_tcif;pm&if;t&rSmyJ (16-3-52 ae@uae 6-8-53)
ae@twGif; tusifhysuftvGJokH;pm;r_ tr_}uD;aygif; (116) r_/ yg0ifywfoufolaygif; (225) OD;/
,dkzdwfqkH;±_H;wefzkd;aiGaygif; (41612491073) usyf&SdcJh+yD;jzpfygw,f? w&m;0iftr_tcif;tjzpf
ray:vmwmawG zkH;zdxm;=uwmawGvnf; trsm;}uD;&SdcJhygw,f?
1954 ckESpf ESpfqef;ykdif;rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tjzpftysufvkd@qkd&rSmuawmh +Adwdo# ppfrpf&Sif
tzJGŒ w&m;0if±kwfodrf;oGm;jcif;jzpfygw,f? Zefe0g&Dv (3) &ufae@rSm ±kwfodrf;oGm;ygw,f? vufsm
z&D;rif;pmcsKyft& 1951 ckEpS rf mS yxrt}udro f ufwrf;ukeq f ;Hk cJ+h yD; 'kw, d oufwrf; qufvufw;dk
cJh&muae/ 'kwd,oufwrf;ukefqkH;cgeD;rSm rlvpmcsKyftpm; ‘pmcsKyftopf’ csKyfqkdzkd@ jrefrmEkdifiH
tpkd;&u tqkdðycsuftopf wifjycJhygao;w,f? tJ'Dtqkdðycsufukd +Adwdo#wkd@bufu vufrcHyJ
vufsm-z&D;rif; pmcsKyf 'kwd,oufwrf;ukefqkH;+yD;csdefrSm +Adwdo#ppfrpf&SiftzJGŒudk ±kwfodrf;oGm;jcif;
jzpfygw,f?
+Adwdo#ppfrpf&Sif Armjynfu ±kwfodrf;oGm;+yD;wJhaemuf +Adwdo#wkd@&JŒ ppfrpf&Sifae&mrSm
tpm;xk;d ae&m,lEidk zf @dk tar&duefw@dk ajcvSr;f jyifc=hJ uygw,f? Armjynfudk yx0DEikd if aH &;t& tar&duef
wkd@&JŒ urBmvkH;qkdif&m ppfa&;aoe*FAsL[mtcif;tusif;t& tar&duefwkd@ rsufaphuscJh=uygw,f?
wzufu uGefjrLepf w±kwfjynfukd +cdrf;ajcmufxm;Ekdifzkd@ urBmvkH;qkdif&m uGefjrLepftE W&m,fudk
umuG,w f m;qD;zk@d e@J wzufu xkid ;f / zdvpfyidk w f @dk rmS ajccsxm;Ekid w f hJ tar&duefppfpcef;wnfaqmuf
xm;r_rsm;eJ@ wqufwpyfwnf;jzpfatmif zefwD;wnfaqmufvkdr_a=umifhjzpfygw,f? Armjynfudk
om em;csodrf;oGif;Ekdifr,fqkd&if tar&duefwkd@&JŒ tm&Sqkdif&maoe*FAsL[mtcif;tusif;[m ykdrkd
jynfhpkHckdifcef@vmzG,f&SdwJhtwGufa=umifhjzpfygw,f?
ArmjynfeJ@e,fedrdwfcsif; &Snfvsm;pGmqufpyfaewJh w±kwfjynfuvnf; Armjynf&JŒtae

txm;ukd tqufrjywf tuJcwf=unfhaecJhygw,f? tar&duef&JŒajcvSrf;awGukd *±kwpkduf owd
xm;=unfhae+yD; olŒEkdifiH&JŒvkHòcHa&;twGuf tav;wif;ae&csdefjzpfygw,f? w±kwfeJ@ tar&duef
xdyfxkdufqkHcJh&wJh ukd&D;,m;ppfyGJ}uD;+yD;wm ylylaEG;aEG;yJ&Sdao;csdefjzpfygw,f? tar&duefawG&JŒ
ppfaoe*FAsL[m &nfreS ;f csux f J Armjynfusa&mufroGm;a&;[m w±kwjf ynftwGuf ta&;}uD;aeyg
w,f?
1954 ck ZGefvxJrSm qGpfZmvefEkdifiH *sDeDAmujyefvmwJh w±kwfjynf0ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvkdif;
[m 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek&JŒ zdwf=um;csuft& &efukefòrdŒukd (2) &ufwm 0ifa&muf&yfem;ygw,f? ESpfEkdifiH
tusK;d wlupd &P yfawGudkf aqG;aEG;=u+yD; orkid ;f 0if a=unmcsuw f ck xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? tJ'guawmh
“twlwuGyl;wGJaexkdifa&;rl}uD; (5) csuf” qkdwmyg0ifwJh ESpfEkdifiH yl;wJGa=unmcsufjzpfygw,f?
ZGefv (29) &ufae@rSm xkwfjyefa=unmcJhygw,f? 'Drl}uD; (5) csuf[m EkdifiHwumhqufqHa&;e,f/
EkdifiHwumh EkdifiHa&;e,fy,frSm aemifxif&Sm;ay:vGifvmr,fh t"durl}uD; (5) csufjzpfcJhygw,f?
(29-4-54) ae@rSm w±kwf/ tdENd, oabmwlnDcsufrSmvnf; rl}uD; (5) csufygygw,f//) csLtifvkdif;
u ArmjynfutjyefrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekukd yDuif;òrdŒokd@ cspf=unfa&;c&D; vma&mufvnfywfzkd@ zdwf
=um;oGm;cJhygw,f?
1954 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmvrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku w±kwf jrefrme,fjcm;ukd oGm;a&muf
avhvmpkpH rf;zk@d ‘e,fpyfa'owk;d wufr_ pkpH rf;a&;aumfr&Si’f ukd zJŒG pnf;ay;ygw,f? Akv d rf ;ª }u;D apmjrifu
h dk
OD;aqmifap+yD; ylwmtkdajrmufzuf tdENd,-jrefrm w±kwfe,fjcm;up+yD; usKdif;wkHe,f/ rJacgifjrpfe,f
jcm;txd oGm;a&muf+yD; e,fedrdwfykdif;jcm;a&;qkdif&m taxmuftxm;awGukd wwfEkdifoavmuf
pkpH rf;pkaqmif;zk@d wm0efay;ygw,f? txl;wm0efuawmh ‘0’e,ftwGi;f w±kwef w D yfawGa&mufae
w,fqw dk u
hJ pd eP @J w±kwjf ynfu axmufcaH ewJh ‘Auy’ awG w±kwjf ynfukd oifwef;oGm;wufae=u
w,fqdkwJhudpP b,favmufrSefuefa=umif; pHkprf;avhvmzdk@jzpfygw,f?
w±kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygw[ D m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygweD @J uGejf rLepfygwcD si;f nDaemifygwcD si;f
qufqaH &;&S±d rkH u ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D w&m;0ifapv$wo f al wGuv kd nf; w&m;0ifvufcx H m;&Sd
wm[m 1950-51 avmufuwnf;ujzpfygw,f? ocifAode;f wif acgi;f aqmifwhJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepf
ygwD ta0;a&muf A[kdaumfrDwDukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒtygt0if okH;okwfcJG+yD;a&muf&Sdvm=uwJh Arm
jynfuGefjrLepfygwDu &JabmfawG[m w±kwfjynfrSm a&muf&Sdae=u+yD;jzpfygw,f? 1949 ckESpfu
u&ifah wmfveS af &;eJ@twl ay:ayguv f mcJwh hJ ucsit
f rsK;d om; Adv
k af emfqidk ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ vufeuf
ukdiftiftm;pk[mvnf; zqyv tpkd;&wyfrsm;eJ@ &ifqkdifwkdufyJGqif&if; aemufqkH;rSm ta&;edrfh+yD;
w±kwfjynfxJ0ifa&mufvm=uwJhtwGuf w±kwftpkd;&u vufeufawGudk ðzwfodrf;+yD; vufcHxm;
vkduf&ygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh 1950-51 xJrSmuwnf;u w±kwfjynfxJrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu
tiftm;pkwpkeJ@ Akdvfaemfqkdif;acgif;aqmifwJh tpkd;&qef@usifa&; tkyfpkwpk[m &SdaecJh+yD;jzpfygw,f?
w±kwjf ynfu ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D tpkuakd wmh nDaemifygwcD si;f tjzpf oabmxm;qufq+H y;D /
Akv
d af emfqidk ;f tpkuakd wmh tajctaet& w±kwjf ynfxJ u|0H ifvmwJh vlrsK;d a&;qkid &f m trsK;d om;i,f
tpkwpktjzpf oabmxm;+yD; vufcx H m;ygw,f? w±kwjf ynfukd ajcukw, f +l yD; Armjynfbuf0ifvy_ f

&Sm;rSmpkd;&drfwJhtwGuf Akdvfaemfqkdif;tpkudkvnf; e,fpyfuaewqifh w±kwfjynftwGif;ykdif;xJtxd

wpwp a&$Œajymif;ae&mcsxm;ay;cJhw,f//
w±kwfjynfu tpkd;&csif;qufqHa&;eJ@ ygwDcsif;qufqHa&;udkcGJjcm;+yD; usifhokH;aecsdefumv
jzpfygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ qufqHa&;udk nDaemifygwDcsif; qufqHa&;tjzpf ta&;xm;
qufqHaeovkd/ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek tpkd;&eJ@qufqHa&;udkvnf; rdwf0wfrysuf qufqHa&;tjzpf rl}uD;
(5) csufabmiftwGif;uae taumif;qkH;qufqHEkdifatmif óud;yrf;tm;xkwfaecsdefjzpfygw,f?
1954 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvxJrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek cspf=unfa&;c&D;tjzpf yDuif;udka&mufygw,f?
w±kwfacgif;aqmif}uD;awGjzpfwJh armfpDwkef;/ csLaw;/ vsLa&SmufcsD/ csLtifvkdif;wkd@eJ@ awGŒqkHygw,f?
'DZifbm (12) &ufae@rSm ESpfEkdifiHyl;wGJ a=unmcsufukdxkwfjyef+yD; ESpfEkdifiH oabmwlnDxm;=uwJh
“+idrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwJGaexkdifa&;”rl}uD; (5) csufudk xyfavmif;azmfjy twnfðycJh=uygw,f?
'Dr}l uD; (5) csuf tpOf&iS o f efaezd@k tav;teufxm;a&;/ aumifppf0efcsKyfrsm; tjyeftvSex f m;a&;
tusK;d wlupd rP sm; aqmif&u G zf vS,af &;/ Ekid if o H m;rsm;ukd umuG,af pmifah &Smufay;a&;awGtjyif e,fed
rdwjf y\emeJ@ywfouf+yD; csp=f unfru _ kd t&if;cHum oHwrefenf;vrf;rsm;eJ@ ajz&Si;f a&;awG yg0ifcyhJ g
w,f? w±kwf-Arm e,fedrdwfjyoemajz&Sif;a&;twGuf w&m;0if wdwdusus pwifwJh yxrqkH;ajc
vSrf;vdk@ ajym&rSmjzpfygw,f? OD;Ek w±kwfjynf c&D;xGufcgeD; 0ef}uD;tpnf;ta0;wckrSm 0ef}uD;csKyf
csLtifvkdif;eJ@ awGŒwJhtcg w±kwf-Arm e,fedrdwfowfrSwfa&;udpP aqG;aEG;cJhzkd@ 0ef}uD;tm;vkH;u
OD;Ekukd 0kdif;+yD;rSmvkduf=u+yD;jzpfygw,f? OD;Ek&JŒ w±kwfjynfcspf=unfa&;c&D;[m rl}uD; (5) csufukd
xyfavmif;azmfxkwftwnfðywJhc&D;jzpfovkd/ w±kwf-Arm e,fedrdwfowfrSwfa&;twGuf atmif
atmifjrifjrif pwifEidk cf w hJ chJ &D;vk@d ajymEkid ±f rHk u w±kw-f tar&duef csp=f unfa&;w&m;udyk g ajymjzpf
atmifajymcJhygao;w,f?
'Dc&D;[m OD;EktwGuf jynfyeJ@ywfouf+yD; atmifjrifwJhc&D;wckvdk@ qkd&rSmjzpfayr,fh/ cspf
=unfa&;vrf;a=umif;zGiEhf idk cf w hJ ,fv@dk q&dk rSm jzpfayr,f/h jynfwiG ;f eJ@ywfoufv@dk uawmh OD;ausm+f idr;f
eJ@ trkef;oHo, pcJh&wJh c&D;ozG,fvnf;jzpfcJhygw,f? ta=umif;u OD;EkeJ@ OD;ausmf+idrf; ‘qefudpP’
ra=ureyf jy\emay:cJh&wmvnf; 'Dc&D;twGif;rSm jzpfygw,f?
'Dc&D;twGif;rSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku csLtifvkdif;eJ@awGŒwJhtcg Armjynf *kda'gifawGtwGif; pkykH
xm;&wJh qefa[mif;awGukd a&mif;xkwfcsifvkd@ qefa[mif;a&mif;a&; aqG;aEG;cJhygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf
csLtifvidk ;f u 0,fr,fv@kd uwday;vku d wf thJ wGuf OD;Eku Armjynfudk qefa[mif;wefcsed f b,favmuf
&Sad ewm/ bmqefawG&adS ew,fqw dk m vSr;f ar;cJyh gw,f? Armjynfu jyefvnfajz=um;cJjh cif; r&Sv d @dk qdk
ygw,f? tJ'Dvkdar;jref;wmudk OD;ausmf+idrf;uvnf; ‘rod’ vdk@qkdygw,f? tJ'D qefudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD;
OD;Eku OD;ausmf+idrf; tay: oHo, pcJhw,fvkd@qkdygw,f? bmvkd@vJqkdawmh yDuif;uae &efukefukd
OD;Ek oHóud;±ku d +f yD; qefupd aP r;wJah e@rmS yJ OD;ausm+f idr;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘qefqyfaumfrw D ’D u qefa[mif;
awGa&mif;ypfvu kd w
f t
hJ wGuf jzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek vmatmiftxdrapmifb h J bmrS jyefvnfajz
=um;jcif;rðybJ wufokwf±kduf a&mif;ypfvkdufwJhtwGufa=umifh OD;Ek u oHo, p0ifcJhwmvkd@qkdyg
w,f? OD;Eku -
(1) OD;ausmf+idrf;[m qefuufbdeuf tpnf;ta0;udk OD;Ek r&Sd&if wufavhr&SdbJ/ tck
tpnf;ta0;usrS wufjcif;?
(2) OD;Eku oHóud;±kdufar;+yD;aemuf qefa&mif;zkd@qkH;jzwfwJhtcg twGif;0ef OD;bpef; u

OD;EkqD ta=umif;=um;zkd@ owday;wifjywmudk OD;ausmf+idrf;u jiif;y,fcJhjcif;?
(3) qefukefonfawG arG;xm;wJh t&m&SdawGuwqifh w±kwfEkdifiHukd qefa&mif;awmhr,fh
udpP qefukefonfawG odoGm;+yD; qef0,fzkd@ tavmw}uD; wif'goGif; vkyfudkifoGm;
w,fvkd@ ,lqjcif;eJ@
(4) 0ef}uD;csKyf udk,fwkdifowfrSwfxm;wJh tmrcHaiGukd 0ef}uD;csKyf rodbJ av#mhay;aqmif
&GufcJhjcif;awGa=umifh oHo,0ifcJhwmjzpfw,fvkd@qkdygw,f?
OD;ausm+f ird ;f acgi;f aqmif+y;D qefuufbed ufaumfrw D uD yifvaHk ':Ek,Ofe@J yifvHk a': =unf=unf
ukd qefa[mif;wefEpS o f ed ;f a&mif;csay;cJyh gw,f? tmrcHaiG (5µ) owfrw S x
f m;wmukd (2½µ) eJ@av#mh
cs+yD; a&mif;ay;cJhygw,f?
w±kwfjynfc&D;u OD;Ek jyefa&mufwJhtcg 0ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvkdif;eJ@ qefudpPuwdysuf&wJh
twGuaf =umifah &m oHo,a=umihyf g OD;Ek awmfawmfa'gycG yhJ gw,f? tJ'rD a=ueyfcrhJ _ rsK;d aph[m OD;Eke@J
OD;ausm+f idr;f =um; pwifc+hJ yD; aemif zqyv tuGt J +yJawGqt D xd OD;wnfomG ;cJw h ,fv@dk awmif qk=d u
ygw,f? OD;EkeJ@ OD;ausmf+idrf;=um; ESpfukd,fhwpdwf vkyfcJh=u&muae rnD!Gwfr_pwifcJh+yD; òyduGJr_qD
a&SŒ±_&mrSm 'DqefudpP[m tcsufwcsuftjzpf yg0ifcJhygw,f?
1954 ckESpfukeftxd tajctaeudk csKyf=unfhr,fqkd&ifawmh jynfwGif;ppf}uD; w[kef;[kef;
awmifavmifaeqJjzpfwmudak wGŒ&ygr,f? jynfwiG ;f ppfut dk a=umif;jy+yD; ppfwyf}uD; qufvufw;dk csŒJ
aewmawGŒ&ygw,f? acsmufòrŒd rSm trSwf (10) ajcvsiw f yfr[mXmecsKyf topfwckzŒGJ pnf;+y;D trSwf
(105) (106) (107) ajcjrefwyf&if; (3) &if; xyfrHzGJŒpnf;ygw,f? jynfy&efumuG,fa&;eJ@ jynfwGif;
aomif;usef;r_ESdrfESif;a&;twGufqkd+yD; pypfzkdif;,m; wkdufav,mOftopfawG tpPa&;EkdifiHuae
0,f,lcJhygw,f? tpPa&;EkdifiHudk ppfzufukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ apv$wfavhvmapovkd ppfvufeuf
ypPnf;xkwfvkyfa&;twGuf oifwef;ykd@v$wfwmawGvnf;vkyfcJhygw,f? 54 ckESpfwyfrª;rsm; nDvmcH
up+yD; =unf; omru (a&) (av) wyfrª;rsm;yg wufa&mufcGifhðy+yD; =unf;/ a&/ av wyfrawmf
wpkwpnf;wnf;jzpfa&; tm;xkwfjyifqifvmwm awGŒ&ygw,f?
auwDat pDrHudef; a&;qJGolawGu 1954 ckESpfrSm jynfwGif;aomif;usef;r_tm;vkH; csKyf+idrf;
oGm;vdrfhr,fvkd@ cef@rSef;+yD;a&;qGJcJh=uovkd/ tm%m& zqqkd&S,ftpkd;&ukd,fwkdif tðywfwdkufa&;
aºuG;a=umf+yD; (54) ckEpS rf mS jynfwiG ;f aomif;use;f oltm;vk;H csKyf+idr;f oGm;zk@d ppfa&;enf;eJ@ tpGr;f ukef
wkdufcdkufóud;pm;cJhayr,fh (54) ckESpftukefrSm jynfwGif;ppf}uD;uawmh qufvufawmufavmif
aeqJjzpfygw,f? tðywfwu dk af &;enf;eJ@ jynfwiG ;f ppfudk b,fvrdk S csKyf+ird ;f atmifvyk v f @dk r&Ekid af =umif;
om"uxljyovkd &Scd yhJ gw,f? 'gayr,fh zqqk&d , S rf sm;[m tðywfwu dk af &;udyk J qufvufuidk pf x JG m;
=uovkd wyfrawmfuvnf; aomif;use;f olacsre_ ;f a&;qkw d muko d m oJ}uD;rJ}uD;qifEcJ$ yhJ gw,f? u&if
jynfe,frmS odEd< ppfqifa&;qkw d m qifEaJ$ ecJ+h yD;/ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwAD [ked @J tvHerD sm;&S&d m yckuLU
c±kdifukd txl;ajcvsifwyf&if;rsm;eJ@ ppfqifa&;awGvkyfcJhygw,f?
jynfyusL;ausmfoljzpfwJh w±kwfjzLjy\emuvnf; qufvuf}uD;xGm;aeqJjzpf+yD;/ puf
wifbm (14) &ufae@u (21) &uftwGif; wyfom; (5000) xGufay;&ef av;EkdifiHaumfrDwDukd

wifjycJah yr,fh w±kwjf zLrsm;u raxrJjh rifvyk af ecJw h t hJ wGuf aemufq;Hk rSm Akv d rf ;ª csKyf ausmaf Zmacgi;f
aqmifwhJ bk&ifah emifppfqifa&;}uD;eJ@ armif;xkw&f ygw,f? bk&ifah emif ppfqifa&;}uD;[m atmifjrif
wJh ppfqifa&;}uD;jzpfayr,fh qkwfcGmoGm;&wJh w±kwfjzLawG[m avmeJ@xkdif; e,fpyfawGxJ ,m,D
0ifajy;oGm;jcif;omjzpfygw,f? ,m,Dqkwfay;&jcif;tjzpfyJ oabmxm;ygw,f? pufwifbm (17)
&ufae@rSm jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftzJGŒ ±kwfodrf;xGufcGgcJhayr,fh aemufykdif;rSm jyef+yD; befaumufaqG;
aEG;yGJrSm rsufESmcsif;qkdif=ujyefygw,f? aqG;aEG;=ujyefygw,f? w±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_jy\em[m
(54) ckESpfukeftxdvnf; }uD;rm;+rJ }uD;rm;aeqJjzpfygw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek &JŒ jynfawmfompDrHudef;}uD;[mvnf; rkd;wvkH; avwvkH; qufvufaºuG;
a=umfaeqJjzpfygw,f? jynfoal wGtzk@d jynfawmfrom&ayr,fh zqqk&d , S af wGe@J uefx±ku d f ukeof nf
tjrwf}uD;pm;awG tzk@d awmh jynfawmfomcJ=h uygw,f? pm;p&m 0g;p&m bke;f p&m r[m tcGit hf a&;
}uD;awGeJ@ yJGawmf}uD;ozG,fjzpfcJhygw,f? zqqkd&S,f xdyfoD;}uD;awGtcsif;csif; tkyfpkzJGŒ tiftm;òydif
+yD; wa,mufwayguf xif&mvkypf &m tcGit hf a&;tjynft h 0&&Scd =hJ u+yD; wkid ;f jynf&ŒJ b¾maiGa=u;
awG ae@pOfqkH;±_H;epfemaecJh&ygw,f?
pDrHudef;qJGay;olu auwDat tar&duef/ [efwvkH; yefwvkH; aºuG;a=umf+yD; xifovkd
taumiftxnfazmf=uolawGu tm%m& zqqkd&S,fvpf xdyfoD;}uD;rsm;/ olwkd@&JŒ wynfhvuf
om;awGu olckd;"m;jy tcGifhta&;orm;awG trsm;pk}uD;qkdawmh 'Drif; 'Dpkd; 'Dolckd;eJ@ 'Drkd; 'Dav
'DvlawGjzpfcJh=uygw,f?
(54) ckEpS rf mS OD;Ek&ŒJ tpGr;f aqmifEidk q f ;Hk vloal v;pm;p&m tcsut f vufudk jyygq&dk ifawmh
w±kwf0ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvkdif;eJ@wGJ+yD; vufrSwfxkd;EkdifcJhwJh “+idrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwJGaexkdifa&;”rl}uD;
(5)csuef @J w±kw-f Arm e,ferd w d uf pd P pwifEidk cf jhJ cif;yJjzpfygw,f? 'DZifbm (28 eJ@ 29) rSm tif'edk ;D &Sm;Ekid if H
‘bkad *g’ rSmusi;f ywJh udv k bH dk ig;Ekid if H tpnf;ta0;udw k ufc+hJ yD; tm&S-tmz&du nDvmcHwckusi;f yzk@d
jyifqif EkdifcJhygw,f?
19 55/ zqyv/ Auy/ yrnw eJ ‹ jref r mEk d i f i H a wmf

1955/
1953-54 ckEpS u
f wnf;u qefaps;awGx;dk usvmwJt h wGuf Armjynf&ŒJ t"duyk@d uek jf zpfwhJ
qefykd@ukefwefzkd;[mvnf; wESpfxufwESpf av#mhusvmygw,f? 52-53 wkef;u qefykd@ukef wefzkd;
(101³9) ukaÉ&Sd&mu 53-54 rSm (81³1) ukaÉxd xkd;usoGm;ygw,f? 54-55 a&mufawmh (80)
ukaÉ om&Sdygawmhw,f? qefa&mif;&aiG wae@wjcm;avsmhvmovkd EkdifiHjcm;t&HaiGyrm%m[m
vnf; 1954 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dwkef;u (96³81) ukaÉ&Sd&mu 1955 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv a&mufawmh
(53³32) ukaÉom usefygawmhw,f?
qefaps;ukd wwefaygif (50) atmuf rusEkdifvkd@ cef@rSef;+yD; qefa&mif;&aiGay: tajccHwGuf
csuf&if; ArmjynfvufawGŒtajctaeawGeJ@ tyfpyfqDavsmfjcif;r&SdpGm xifovdka&;qGJay;xm;wJh
auwDat pDrHudef;}uD;[mvnf; wae@wjcm;vuf!dk;xkd; ±_wfcsp&mjzpfvmcJhygw,f?
vufawGŒeJ@vnf; r[yfrd/ aiGuvnf; jywfvmwJhtwGuf 1955 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvxJrSm

auwDat pDru H ed ;f ukd &yfqidk ;f ypfvu dk &f ygawmhw,f? ArmjynfrmS auwDat pDru H ed ;f edXw d o H mG ;&yg
awmhw,f?
tar&duef yg&*l}u;D awG a&;qGw J ifjywJh auwDat pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f awG edwXd o H mG ;&ayr,fh
tar&duef pDtkdifat aemufcHðy autrfwD usL;ausmfr_}uD;uawmh tqkH;rowfEkdifao;wJhtwGuf
1955 ckEpS /f rwfvxJrmS yJ Akv d rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm acgi;f aqmif+yD; &ef}uD;atmifppfqifa&;}uD; qifE&J$ jyef
ygw,f? 1954 ckESpf/ rwfv up+yD; bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;}uD; qifE$JcJh&ovkd 1955 ckESpf/ rwfvu
p+yD; &ef}uD;atmifppfqifa&;}uD; qifE&J$ jyefwmjzpfygw,f? Akv d rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm [m 'Dppfqifa&;}uD;
awGudk qifE$Jzkd@ rjzpfpavmufwyfav;awGudkom xkwfE_wf,lcGifh&+yD;/ owif;pm pme,fZif;awGu
wqifh wyf}uD;awG tvkH;t&if;eJ@ ppfqifa&;xGuf&av[ef ppfy&d,m,ftzkHzkH usio hf ;Hk +y;D / uk,
d wf idk f
a&SŒwef;xGuf wku d cf udk Of ;D pD;cJ&h wmjzpfygw,f? wk;d wufzŒGJ pnf;xm;wJh wyftrsm;pk}uD;ukd wkid ;f &if;om;
tcsi;f csi;f wku d cf u dk &f wJh jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;twGi;f rSmyJ ykaH tmtok;H ðy wku d cf udk af pcJ=h uwmjzpfygw,f?
jynfytE W&m,f tjywfwkdufckdufa&; jynfyusL;ausmfoludk tjywfarmif;xkwfa&;xuf jynfwGif;
vufeufukdif tiftm;pkawGtay: tðywfwkdufa&;udkom zqqkd&S,ftpkd;&u aZmif;ay;cJhygw,f?
Akvd rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm&JŒ &Gy&f yG cf |cH |H OD;pD;wku d cf u
dk rf a_ =umifh av;Ekid if t H pnf;ta0; aqG;aEG;yJaG wG
ta=umif;jy+yD; 54§55 ckESpftwGif; w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfa&;orm; (7000) avmuf xGufcGmoGm;cJh
=uygw,f? 'gvJ tkrd if;rpGr;f '%f&m&olawG cGijhf yefawGe@J rdom;pk0ifawGyg a&maESmpm&if;jy xGucf mG
oGm;=uwmvkd@qkdygw,f? ta&;edrfhoGm;=uwJh w±kwfjzLrsm;[m avmeJ@xkdif; bufukd qkwfcGmoGm;
=u+yD; jyefvnfajcukwf,lzkd@ jyif+rJjyifcJh=uygw,f? ArmjynfxJuae t+yD;tykdif at;at;aq;aq;
xGucf mG oGm;a&; oabmxm; b,fwek ;f urS r&Scd =hJ uvd@k qydk gw,f? tar&duef[m Oa&myrSm aewk;d
ppfpmcsKyf tzJGŒzGJŒ+yD; taumiftxnfazmfcJhovkd ta&SŒawmiftm&Sudkvnf; qD;wkd;zJGŒ+yD; Arm
jynfukdusKH;oGif;Ekdifzkd@ óud;pm;aecsdefjzpfygw,f? w±kwfjzLukdudkif+yD; Armjynfukd zdtm;ay;csifwJh &nf
&G,fcsufvnf;&Sdw,fvkd@ EkdifiHa&;okH;oyfolawG wkd;wufwJh tiftm;pkawGu jrifcJh=uygw,f?
w±kwfjynfuvnf; Armjynf tar&duefwkd@&JŒ ppftkyfpk zJGŒpnf;a&;xJ a&mufroGm;a&;[m
tifrwefta&;}uD;wJh jy\emtjzpf ±_jrifxm;ygw,f? xkdif;/ zdvpfykdif/ xkdif0rf/ ygupPwefwkd@[m
tar&duef&JŒ qD;wkd;ppftkyfpk0ifawGjzpfvm=uygw,f? jyifopfe,fcsJŒorm;awG qkwfcGmoGm;&wJh
tif'cdk sKid ;f em;a'oukv d nf; tar&duefawG toGit f rsK;d rsK;d eJ@ ae&m,lEidk zf @dk pwif yg0ifywfoufvm
cJh=uygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD;rSm e,fcsJŒorm;a=umifh ESpfjcrf;uJGcJh&wJh EkdifiHawGxJrSm tm&Su
uk;d &D;,m; eJ@ AD,uferfw@dk [m txift&Sm;qk;H om"uawGjzpfcyhJ gw,f? uk;d &D;,m;ppfyrJG mS tar&duef
yg0ifywfoufco hJ vkd AD,uferfrmS vnf; jyifopfawGqw k cf mG t+yD; tar&duefawG yg0ifywfoufvm
cJhygw,f? awmifAD,uferfrSm ajc±_wfvmcJh=uygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwD OD;aqmiftm%m&xm;wJh
ajrmufAD,uferfudk òzdcGif;ypfa&;twGuf awmifAD,uferfbufuae tar&duefawG yg0ifulnDpGuf
zufvmcJh=uygw,f? avmeJ@ uarBm'D;,m;EkdifiHawGxJvnf; tar&duefwkd@&JŒ ppfa&; pGufzufr_ajc
vSrf;awG ododomom jzpfay:vmaeygw,f? xkdif0rfudk tar&duef xD;&dyfatmufrSm qGJoGif;xm;
+yD;/ wkdif0rf&JŒ w±kwfjzLvufeufudkifwyfawGukd Arm/ avm/ xkdif;e,fpyfwav#mufrSm ae&m&,l

v_yf&Sm;aeapjcif;tm;jzifh tar&duefwkd@&JŒ tm&Sqkdif&m ppfa&;&nfrSef;csufawGtwGuf tar&duef

ppfwyf}uD; wwyfcsxm;ay;xm;ovkd tok;H 0ifaecJyh gw,f? xkid ;f Ekid if u H v kd nf; ‘qDw;dk ’ xJ w&m;0if
qGJoGif;+yD;wJhtcg w±kwfjzL ulrifwefwyfrsm;tzkd@ ajcukwf,lp&m tykdifae&m wck&Sd+yD;jzpfwJhtjyif
Arm/ avm/ xkdif;e,fpyfwavsmuf ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;p&m ‘*Gif’ us,fvmcJhygw,f? Armjynfbufu
wku d x
f wk cf &H wJt
h cg xkid ;f eJ@ avmxJ qkwaf y;+yD; tajcpku d wf nf&EdS idk cf iG &hf aeovkd tajctaeaumif;
vmwJhtcg ArmjynfxJ jyef0ifa&mufvmEkdifcGifhvnf; vG,fulaecJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh Armjynf&JŒ
w±kwjf zLusL;ausmo f rl sm; jy\em[m t+yD;tjywf ajz&Si;f vk@d r&wJh jy\emwckvjkd zpfaecJyh gw,f?
tar&d uefwkd@&Jh tm&Sqkdif&may:vpDawGeJ@ wkduf±kdufywfoufaecJhygw,f? Armjynf tm%m&
zq-qkd&S,f rsm;uvnf; ‘e,fcsJŒ tE W&m,fxuf uGefjrLepftE W&m,fu ykda=umufp&maumif;
w,f’ vkd@ cH,lcsrSwf ukdifpGJxm;=uawmh w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfolrsm; armif;xkwfypfa&;[m t"du
ta&;}uD;wm0efr[kwfovkd jzpfaecJhygw,f? tar&duefe,fcsJŒ&JŒ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;/ uGefjrLepf
tE W&m,fwm;qD;um uG,fa&;&yfwnfcsufeJ@ Armjynfqkd&S,fvpfrsm;&JŒ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;
uGefjrLepfawGudk tðywfwkdufa&; oabmxm;&yfwnfcsuf[m tusKd;pD;yGm;wlay:rSm ajcpkH&yfr_csif;
wlaecJh=uygw,f? w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfcH&r_jy\em[m &ifemp&maumif;wJh trsKd;om;a&;jy\em
}uD;jzpfaewmawmif/ zkH;zkH;zdzdvkyfxm;+yD; tar&duefqef@usifa&;ukd wcGef;wyg'rS qef@usifajym
=um;jcif;rvkyfcJh=uyg? qkd&S,fvpfxdyfoD;}uD; OD;ausmf+idrf;u “ppfrSefwJh uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;orm;
aumif;wa,muf[m ppfrSefwJh trsKd;om;a&;0g'Djzpfw,f” qkdwJh azmufjyefwJht,ltqudk udkifpJG
xm;ovkd OD;AaqG&JŒ Ekid if aH &;uvnf; uGejf rLepfwu kd af &;om t"dujzpfcyhJ gw,f? olw@kd EpS Of ;D pvk;H [m
ArmjynfrmS “uGejf rLepfygwDusqkH;v#if qkd&S,fvpfygwD tvkdvkdwufvmvdrfhrnf” qkdwJh t,ltq
udkom vufukdifðyxm;cJh=uygw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ekuawmh w±kwef @J awGŒ&if tar&duefawG rqd;k a=umif;ajym/ tar&duefe@J awGŒ
&if w±kwfawGrqkd;a=umif;ajym+yD; tar&duefcspf=unfa&;a&m w±kwfcspf=unfa&;yg òydifwlvkyf+yD;
ol@&JŒ a&$jynfat;t,ltqukd vufawGŒusifhokH;Ekdifzkd@ jyifqifaecJhygw,f?
1955 ckEpS /f {+yDvrSm befa'gi;f nDvmcHusi;f yygw,f? tm&S tmz&du Ekid if aH cgi;f aqmifawG
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wufa&muf=uygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekvnf; wufa&mufovkd w±kwf0ef}uD;csKyf
csLtifvidk ;f vnf; wufa&mufygw,f? tdE, dN u ae±_;/ tif'edk ;D &Sm;u qlumEk/d uarBm'D;,m;u oD[mEk
wkd@awGvnf; wufa&muf=uygw,f?
aemif ay:xGuv f mwJh befa'gi;f rl}uD; (10) csuq f wdk m/ ae±_;/ csLtifvidk ;f eJ@ OD;Ekw@dk a=unm
cJh=uwJh “+idrf;csrf;pGm twlwuG yl;wJGaexkdifa&;rl}uD; (5) csuf” tajccHay:u xyfavmif;rGrf;rHxm;
wmomjzpfygw,f? “befa'gi;f rl}uD; (10) csu”f rSm Armjynfu 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek &JŒ tcef;u¾vnf;
xifxif&Sm;&Sm; yg0ifcJhygw,f? w±kwfjynf&JŒ ta&mifwifay;csufeJ@ OD;Ek ta&mifxGufvmcJhwmvkd@
vnf; EkdifiHa&;tuJcwfrsm;u qkdprSwfðycJh=uygw,f? EkdifiHwumhqufqHa&;e,fy,frSm OD;Ek *k%f
wufcJhwJhESpf[m 1955 ckESpfu pw,fvkd@awmif ajym&rSmjzpfygw,f?
EkdifiHwumrSm OD;Ek *k%fwufayr,fh jynfwGif;rSmawmh OD;Ek *k%fysufp&mawG jzpfay:vmyg
w,f? rd;k wvk;H avwvk;H [pf+yD; OD;Ek uk, d w f idk f pum;vk;H vSvS a&G;+yD;aºuG;a=umfprD H taumiftxnf

azmfvu dk wf hJ ‘jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f ’ }uD;uawmh (55) ckEpS t f wGi;f rSmyJ cg;usK;d oGm;ygw,f? t&if;u
vJawmh tzsm;xif;jzpfovdk (55) ckEpS /f Zefe0g&rD mS ‘auwDat’ pDru H ed ;f &yfqidk ;f vku d &f +yD;wJah emuf
jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f }u;D [mvnf; a&pkaH rsmpðycJ&h ygawmhw,f? jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f }u;D bma=umifh
ysuf&ovJqkdwm tajz&Sm=unfhr,fqkd&if wkdif;jynf&JŒ vufawGŒtajctaeeJ@rukdufnDwJh pDrHudef;
awGukd auwDatuqGaJ y;cJ+h yD;/ vma&mufywfouf=uwJh Ekid if jH cm;yg&*lqo dk al wGuvnf; rwefwq
vpm/ rwefwqtcGifhta&;awGudkom &,lcHpm;&if; Armjynftay: apwemrrSefcJhwmawG&Sdjcif;/
qefaps;udk wwef aygif (50) atmuf rusEikd q f w dk hJ pdwuf ;l ,Ofwu G q f r_rsm;/ 1954 ckEpS rf mS aomif;use;f
oltm;vk;H csKyf+idr;f oGm;vdrrhf ,fqw dk hJ rSe;f qr_rsm;eJ@a&mar$+yD; pDru H ed ;f }uD;ukd a&;qGw J ifjycJjh cif;a=umifh
'D ‘auwDatpDrHudef;’ awGudk tajccHxm;wJh jynfawmfom pDrHudef;}uD;[m ysufjym;cJh&wmjzpfyg
w,f? 'g[m tcsufwcsufyJjzpfygw,f?
aemufwcsuu f jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f ukd taumiftxnfazmf=uwJh tpk;d &tzJŒG xdyo f ;D }u;D
awGukd,fwkdif tkyfpkzJGŒ tiftm;òydifae=u+yD; tykdiftpm;&&m ukd,fhae&m ukd,fxifovkd vkyfukdifae
=u&if; oef&moef&m pDru H ed ;f awGudk csrw S t
f aumiftxnfazmfae=uvk@d jzpfygw,f? v,f,mu¾eJ@
pufr_u¾/ or0g,ru¾awG[m qufpyfr_&Sd&Sd nd‡nd‡E_dif;E_dif; taumiftxnfazmf&r,fhtpm;
jy'g;wvrf;oHwvrf;vkjd zpfaecJ=h u+yD; tm%m&qk&d , S yf gwt D wGi;f aumvdyt f yk ef @J bke;f }uD;ausmif;
tkyf&JŒ *kd%f;*%òydifyJGt=um; csdwfqufrrd xifovkdtaumiftxnfazmfcJh=uvkd@vnf;jzpfygw,f?
aemufq;Hk wcsuu f tqift h oD;oD;&Sd zqqk&d , S rf sm;[m rw&m;ojzifh ck;d 0Sucf =hJ u/ bk;H cJ=h u/
pm&if;tif;vdrfvnfcJh=u ukd,fusKd;&SmcJh=uwJhtwGufa=umifhjzpfygw,f? Awvp u trawmfa=u;/
ajrcGeaf =u; aumufyo J ;D ESH a&mif;0,fa=u;awGtay: ck;d =u/ bk;H =u/ vufoif&h mpm;awmfac:a&;vkyf
=u/ pm&if;aysmuf tif;aysmuf *kad 'giaf ysmufvyk =f uwmawG wjynfv;Hk tES@H jzpfay: cJo h vkd or0g,r
eJ@ pufr_vkyfief;/ taqmuftOD;wnfaqmufa&; pDrHudef;vkyfief;awGbufuvnf; uefx±kdufeJ@
aygi;f ukeo f nfe@J aygi;f +yD; rw&m;pD;yGm;&Sm=u/ tjrwfxw k =f u/ vufajymif;vufvcJ$ sxm;a0iS/ rwef
wq0g;òrdpm;aomuf uk, d u f sK;d &SmcJ=h uwmawG ae&ma'otoD;oD;rSm ausmrf aumif; =um;raumif;
jzpfay: cJhygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u owif;pmawGay:rSm ‘Awvp}uD; trawmfa=u;awG bkH;vkdufjyef+yD’
‘qkd&S,fvpf}uD; 0g;vkdufjyef+yD’ qkdwJh owif;awG[m ae@pOfowif;awGvkd jzpfaecJhygw,f? b0opf
pDrHudef;qkdwmawGrSmvnf; wESpf (10) ukaÉavmuf/ aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;awGrSm (6) ukaÉ
avmuf[m tv$JokH;pm;r_awGa=umifh avvGifhqkH;±_H;cJh&w,fqkdygw,f?
'ga=umifh jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f awGudk jynfawmfrompDru H ed ;f awGv@dk awmif vlxu k ac:a0:
avSmifajymif uifyeG ;f wyfay;cJ=h uygw,f? OD;Ek&ŒJ ‘jynfawmfom’ qkw d hJ vSvyS y pum;vk;H [m avSmif
ajymifoa&mfp&m pum;vk;H wckozG,f jzpfcyhJ gw,f? t"dyg` ,t f rsK;d rsK;d eJ@ ajymif=u avSmif=u oa&mfchJ
=uwmawGvnf; ay:cJhygw,f?
jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f }uD; cg;usK;d +yD; a&pkeaf r#m&wJt h csed rf mS jynfawmfom&JŒ ajc&mvuf&m
tjzpf ajymp&m&,fvkd@ usefcJhwmu tnmaus;vuf rkd;acgifa&&Sm;&yf0ef;a'o aus;&GmwcsKdŒrSm
usecf w hJ hJ ‘jynfawmfomwGi;f ’ qkw d meJ@ ‘uE mW &yif’ awGy&J ydS gawmhw,f? ayw&m ESp&f mavmuftxd
oHyu dk v f ;Hk av;cs+yD; ajray:rSm cg;apmif;omomavmuftjrifh oHyu dk vf ;Hk xGm qkid u f , kd x f nfiw k w f w k f

eJ@ wa*smif;a*smif; vufqGJp&m oHarmif;wHwyf/ t0dpda&wGif;av;awGukd ‘jynfawmfomwGif;’

vk@d ac: =uygw,f? tnmwcGif pdr;f vef;pkad jya&;twGuq f +dk yD; av,mOfysaH y:uae }uJcsay;cJw h mvk@d
vnf;qkd=uwJh ‘tpPa&;’ u o,fvmwmvm;/ b,fuo,fvmwmvJqkdwm odyfruGJjym;vSwJh
uE mW &yif qkw d mawGuawmh tnma'ow0ku d f awmx+yD; &Sio f efuse&f pfcyhJ gw,f? ql;awG tòydi;f
t±kdif;eJ@ vleif;rdvnf; tE W&m,f/ u|JEGm;awGtzkd@vnf; roufomvSwJh uE Wm&yifawG usef&pfcJh
ygw,f?
'D 1955 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ tpk;d &eJ@ t"dutwku d t f cHvnf;jzpf vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &; qifEJ$
aewJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (Auy) [m ‘55 vrf;pOf’ ukd w&m;0if azmfxkwfvkdufygw,f? 55
vrf;pOfudk jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;/ jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;vrf;pOfv@dk ac:ygw,f? 55 vrf;pOf[m ‘ppfa&;csKd
Ekid if aH &;yk’d qkw d hJ azmfxw k of eH @J twl jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpzJ @dk / jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; jyefvnfwnfaqmuf
zkd@ tqkdðyxm;ygw,f? 1951 ckESpfwkef;u csrSwfxm;cJhwJhvrf;pOfuvnf; ‘'Drdkua&pD+idrf;csrf;a&;
!Ge@f aygi;f tpk;d &vrf;pOf’ omjzpfcyhJ gw,f? vrf;pOf (2)ck pvk;H rSm ‘+idr;f csr;f a&;’ ukd tav;wif;azmfjy
cJhwmawGŒ&ygw,f? jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;ukd tav;xm;E_d;aqmfcJhwm awGŒ&ygw,f? 55 vrf;pOfrSm
=uawmh jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;udk xdyfpnf;wif acgif;wyf+yD;ukd OD;wnfazmfjycJhwmawGŒ&ygw,f?
1955 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ zqyv tpd;k &u azmfvu dk wf muawmh ‘ysLapmxD;’ pDru H ed ;f jzpfygw,f?
Auy tygt0if jynfwGif;vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawGukd ppfwyfeJ@ tðywfwkdufa&;
ay:vpDudkifpJG+yD; tjyif;txef xkd;ppfqif wkdufckdufaewmukd tm;r&ao;yJ ppfwyf}uD;udk tquf
rjywf wdk;csJŒwnfaqmufaewmukd tm;r&ao;yJ aomif;usef;olESdrfESif;a&;eJ@ &yf&Gm+idrf0yfydjym;a&;
twGuq f k+d y;D ‘ysLapmxD;’ ukd zJŒG pnf;zk@d jyifqifwmjzpfygw,f? ppfwyf[m twGi;f wyfjzpf+y;D ppfwyfudk
tjyifuae taxmuftulðyzk@d / ysLapmxD;ukd tjyifwyftjzpfwnfaqmufz@dk &nf&, G w f mjzpfygw,f?
ysLapmxD;udk 1955 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmvrSm 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek OuUÏtjzpfaqmif&GufwJh trsKd;om;
umuG,fa&;aumifpDqkH;jzwfcsuft& zJGŒpnf;apwmvkd@qkdayr,fh pufwifbmv (14) &ufae@rSm
r*Fvm'kHrSmusif;ywJh wyfrawmfnDvmcHrSmuwnf;u ppfwyfu 'DysLapmxD;pDrHudef;ukd zwf=um;
wifjy aqG;aEG;cJh=u+yD;jzpfaewm awGŒ&ygw,f?
ppfwyf[m ppfwyfacwfrDwkd;wufa&;twGuf ppfbufavhvma&;tzGJŒawG zGJŒ+yD; EdkifiHjcm;
wkdif;jynfawGukd apv$wfwm avhvmapwm vufeuf0,f,l pkaqmif;wmawGvnf; 55 ckESpfxJrSm
trsm;qkH;ðyvkyfcJhygw,f? 55 ckESpf/ {+yDvqef;rSm Akdvfrª;csKyf oef;az/ Akdvfrª;}uD; wifaz/ Akdvfrª;}uD;
armifarmifw@dk acgi;f aqmifwhJ tzJŒG [m tzJŒG (2) zJŒG cJ+G yD; ,l*pdk vm;AD;,m;/ taemuf*smr%D/ tpPa&;/
jyifopfw@dk uo dk mG ;cJyh gw,f? ,l*pdk vm;AD;,m;u ay;tyfr,fh wyfr[mwckpm vufeufc, J rf; rD;ausmuf
eJ@ 0efwifwd&p>mefawGudkyg vufcH&,lcJhygw,f? usnfqH (2) oef;xkwfvkyfEkdifwJh pufukdvnf;
taemuf*smr%DEkdifiH z&pf0gemukr`%D uae 55 ckESpf/ rwfv (9) &ufae@uwnf;u pmcsKyfcsKyfqkd
0,f,lcJh+yD;jzpfygw,f?
55 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvrSm ypPnf;axmufyHha&;0ef}uD; Akdvfrif;acgif eJ@twl ppfzufukd,fpm;
vS,fawG[m tpPa&;/ ,l*kdpvm;AD;,m;/ [efa*&D/ csufukdpvkdAufuD;,m;/ ta&SŒ*smr%DeJ@
qkdAD,uf wkd@udkvnf; oGm;a&mufcJh=ujyefygw,f?

tJ'D pufwifbmvxJrSmyJ w±kwfjynfumuG,fa&;0ef}uD;&JŒ zdwf=um;csuft& w±kwfjynf

c&D;udkvnf; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk,fwkdif acgif;aqmif+yD; oGm;a&mufcJh=ujyefao;w,f? w±kwfjynf
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;&JŒ zdwf=um;csuft& w±kwfjynfc&D;udkvnf; AkdvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; udk,fwkdifacgif;
aqmif+yD; oGm;a&mufcJh=ujyefygw,f?
1955 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (28) &ufae@rSm ppfOD;pD;csKyfukd umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfvkd@ trnf
ajymif;vJac:a0:cJ+h yD;/ a&wyfO;D pD;csKyfudk 'kw, d umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf (a&)/ avwyfO;D pD;csKyfudk 'kumuG,f
a&;OD;pD;csKyf (av) vk@d ajymif;vJ ac:a0: cJo h vk/d atmufwb dk m (1) &ufae@up+y;D umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyu f dk
'kumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf (av/ a&) wk@d &ŒJ vkyyf idk cf iG ehf @J tm%mtm;vk;H udyk g tyfEiS ;f vdu k yf gw,f? =unf;/
a&/ av tm;vk;H [m umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Akv d cf sKyf}uD; ae0if; &JŒvufatmuf wpkwvk;H wnf;a&muf
&SdoGm;apwJh oabmjzpfygw,f?
1955 ckEpS x f rJ mS 1950 jynfEh pS uf wyf&if;opfawGzŒJG pnf;&mrSm xnfo h iG ;f zJŒG pnf;cJw
h hJ ‘ppf0ef
xrf;wyf’ awGteuf/ useaf eao;wJh wyf&if; (13) &if;ukd zsuo f rd ;f ypf+yD;/ ajcvsiw f yf&if;awGtjzpf
ajymif;vJzJGŒpnf;ygw,f? wyf&if; (25) uae (31) txd ajcvsifwyf&if; (7) &if;jzpfay:vmygw,f?
trSwf (104) ajcjrefwyf&if;ukdvnf; wkd;csJŒzGJŒpnf;vdkufygw,f?
1955 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvrSm aomif;use;f r_umuG,af &;twGuq f +dk yD; ppfbuf/ &Jbuf/ tkycf sKyf
a&;bufawGpkaygif;+yD;/ ysLapmxD; ppfqifa&;pDrHudef;}uD;udk taumiftxnfazmfvkdufygw,f?
‘ysLapmxD;’ wyfawG w&m;0ifay:vmygw,f? 51-52 a&G;aumufyJGwkef;u aomif;usef;&rf;um;cJh
=uwJh emrnfqkd;eJŒausmf=um;cJhwJh ajymufusm;0efxrf; umuG,fa&;qkdwJh cg;ykdufaqmifwyfawGukd
ysLapmxD;vk@d trnfajymif; zJŒG pnf;vku d w f momjzpfw,fv@dk twku d t f cHEidk if aH &;tiftm;pkawG/ ygwD
tzJGŒtpnf;awGu a0zefaxmufjy=uygw,f? ysLapmxD; zJGŒpnf;awmhzkd@ w&m;0if pwifa=unm
uwnf; uvnf; a0zef qef@usif uef@uGufcJh=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh zqyv tpkd;&u ysLapmxD;ukd
zJGŒjzpfatmif zJGŒvkdufygw,f? zJGŒpnf;+yD;csdefup+yD;awmhvnf; ysLapmxD;awG[m a'otoD;oD;rSm
w&m;0ifvufeufukdif&rf;um;r_awG usL;vGefawmhwmjzpfygw,f? w&m;0ifvkdifpif&awGjzpfvmcJhyg
w,f?
1955 ckESpfxJrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; xGufay:vmwmwckvkd@ qdk&rSmuawmh zqyv tpkd;&&JŒ
‘vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdef’ a=unmcsufyJjzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek OuUÏ tjzpfaqmuf&GufwJh
umuG,af &;aumifpq D ;Hk jzwfcsuf ysLapmxD; pDru H ed ;f }uD;eJ@twl a&SŒqifah emufqifh xGuaf y:vmcJw h m
jzpfygw,f? ‘ysLapmxD;’ u aomif;use;f olawGukd ESrd ef if;zk@d / vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGihf trde@f a=unmcsuf
}uD;u aomif;use;f olrsm; tvif;0ifvm=uzk@d jzpfygw,f? 0ifapcsiw f t hJ ayguu f kd zGiahf y;+yD; wzufu
wkwfjyifvkdufwJhoabmjzpfygw,f? aemufwpfcsufu aemufxyf vtenf;i,ftwGif; usif;y&
awmhr,fh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG}uD;twGuf vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdef@xkwf+yD; rJqG,fajcvSrf;
pvkdufwmvnf;jzpfygw,f? 'kwd,t}udrf ygvDref'Drkdua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG}uD;u 1956
ckESpf/ {+yDvrSm usif;y&awmhr,fjzpfygw,f? vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh trdef@a=unmcsufudk jynfxJa&;
0ef}uD;Xmeu 1955 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbm (1) &ufae@ ae@pGJeJ@ xkwfjyefa=unmvkdufygw,f?

atmufwkdbm (1) &ufae@u 1956 ckESpf/ rwfv (31) &ufae@txd (6) v oufwrf;owf
rSwaf y;xm;+yD; vufeufuikd f ykeu f efqef@usiaf e=uolrsm; tcGit hf a&;ukt d &,l+yD; tjrefq;Hk tvif;
0ifz@dk aqmf=oxm;ygw,f? 'Dvw G +f idr;f csr;f omcGit hf rde@f u vufeufuidk yf ek u
f efqef@usiaf e=uolawG
vufeufcstvif;0ifzkd@oufouftwGufyJ &nf&G,fxkwfjyefcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
'D 1955 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rSww f rf;wifp&m ay:xGe;f vmwmuawmh jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEkdifiHtrsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pkqkdwJh yrnw tzJGŒ}uD; ay:xGef;vmwmjzpfygw,f?
yrnw tzGŒJ }uD;[m ajray:twku d tf cH Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ wyfaygi;f pk}uD;tjzpf ay:xGe;f vm
cJhygw,f? 51-52 ckESpf yxrt}udrf ygvDref'Drkdua&pDa&G;aumufyJG}uD;wkef;u a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrD
twkduftcH EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;[m cdkifrmwJh wyfaygif;pkwck atmifatmifjrifjrif zJGŒpnf;oifh
ygvsuf rzGJŒpnf;EdkifcJh=uyg? 'kwd,t}udrf ygvDref'Drkdua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG}uD; usif;ycgeD;
usrS twkduftcH EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ wpkwpnf;wnf;aom wyfaygif;pk}uD;tjzpf ‘yrnw’
ukd zJGŒpnf;EdkifcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? jynfwGif;ppfjzpfae&wJhtwGuf jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH; 'kuQtrsKd;rsKd;eJ@
&ifqkdifae&+yD;/ 'Dvkdtajctaeqkd;awGrS jynfoludku,fwif&efqkd+yD; ‘yrnw’ }uD;ukd zJGŒpnf;vdkuf
wmvkd@ aºuG;a=umfygw,f? 1955 ck/ Ekd0ifbm (18) &ufae@rSm ‘yrnw’ ay:xGufvmygw,f?
‘yrnw’rSm
(1) ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m 'dk@Armtpnf;t±kH;/
(2) jynfol@nD!Gwfa&;ygwD/
(3) jynfol@+idrf;csrf;a&;tzJG@aygif;pk/
(4) Armjynf tvkyform; v,form;ygwD/
(5) Armjynf tvkyform; tpnf;t±kH;rsm;tzGJŒcsKyf/
(6) awmifolv,form;nD!Gwfa&; tpnf;t±kH;/
(7) jynfolŒvli,ftzJGŒcsKyf/
(8) w&m;r#wr_tzJGŒ/
(9) rGef/ wkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t±kH; eJ@
(10) ref;xGe;f &if tp&Sw d hJ vly*k Kd~ vf vlwef;pm;tzGŒJ tpnf;uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;yg yg0ifc=hJ uygw,f?
vli,fhwyfOD;wkd@tjyif tr_xrf;or*~ OuUÏ a[mif; OD;xGef;atmifausmf wkd@vnf; yrnw
rSmyg0ifvmcJh=uygw,f? yrnw xJrSm tiftm;t}uD;qkH;uawmh qkd&S,feDrsm;jzpfygw,f?
awmckv d ufeufuidk t f zGŒJ tpnf;jzpfwhJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD (Auy) u jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpJ
a&;/ jynfwiG ;f +idrf ;f csr;f a&;vrf;pOfudk aºuG;a=umfovk/d w&m;0if ajray:tzGŒJ tpnf;}uD;jzpfwhJ yrnw
uvnf; jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;/ jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;toHuykd J yJw h ifxyfapcJyh gw,f? ‘yrnw’ }u;D [m
xif&mS ;wJh ajray: Oya'wGi;f twku d tf cH Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pk}uD; jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? yrnw &JŒxif&mS ;
wJh EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawGuawmh ocifcspfarmif (0d"l&)/ ocifvGif/ ocifvSau|/ OD;odef;azjrifh/
Akv
d cf sKyftudk OD;atmifoef;/ OD;b+idr;f / w&m;0ef}uD;a[mif; OD;at;armif/ OD;bxGe;f pwJo h al wGjzpf=uyg
w,f? OD;at;armifu w&m;0ef}uD;&mxl;u E_wfxGuf+yD; ‘w&mr#wr_ygwD’ axmif/ aemufykdif;
ocifcspfarmifwkd@ tvkyform; v,form;ygwDeJ@wGJ+yD; ‘yrnw’ zJG@&mrSm yg0ifvmwmjzpfygw,f?

‘yrnw’ ukd zqyv tpk;d &u ‘ajray:uGejf rLepf’ awGv@dk uifyeG ;f wyfcyhJ gw,f? yrnw wyfaygi;f
pk}uD; ay:vmwm[m zqyv tpkd;&&JŒ rl0g' ay:vpDawGudk a0zef ±_wfcs zGifhcsEkdifcJh+yD; jynfolvl
xk&JŒ óuHawGŒ&ifqkdifae&wJh vlr_b0taxGaxGukd rD;armif;xkd;jyEkdifcJhygw,f?
1955 ckEpS f ESpuf ek yf idk ;f rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD (Auy) &JŒ jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;/ jynfwiG ;f
+idr;f csr;f a&; aºuG;a=umfoaH wGe@J twl yrnw tzJŒG }uD;&JŒ jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;awmif;qkd
oHawGtjyif wuUov dk af usmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo) &JŒ jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfp+J yD; jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;
ukd t&,l=uzkd@ awmif;qkdoHawGyg us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ pnfpnfa0a0 xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? 1955
ckEpS /f 'DZifbm (5) &ufae@/ (35) ESpaf jrmuf trsK;d om;ae@rmS ‘wuo’ u +idr;f csr;f a&;tqkw d ifoiG ;f
vkduf+yD; tpkd;&eJ@ vufeufudkifawmfvSefaeolrsm; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;=uzkd@ awmif;qkdvkdufygw,f?
1955 ckESpf[m Armjynforkdif;rSm awmfawmfxl;jcm;wJhESpfvkd@ ajym&ygvdrfhr,f? Armjynf
0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek vnf; uruxðyolwpfOD;tjzpf yg0ifcJhwJh ‘befa'gif;nDvmcH}uD;’ usif;yEkdifcJh+yD;
Armjynftpk;d &&JŒ Ekid if jH cm;a&;qkid &f m *k%w f ufcw hJ EhJ pS jf zpfovk/d zqyv tpk;d &&JŒ auwDat pDru H ed ;f
&yfqkdif;vkduf&wJhESpf jynfaxmifompDrHudef; a&pkefar#mvkduf&wJhESpfvnf;jzpfygw,f?
w±kwjf zLwku d x f wk af &;twGuf &ef}uD;atmifppfqifa&;}uD; qifEcJ$ o hJ vk/d ppfwyfu ppfzuf
qkdif&mv_yf&Sm;r_awG wkd;csJŒwnfaqmufr_awG vkyfcJhwJhESpfjzpfygw,f?
Auy &JŒ 55 vrf;pOf/ jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;vrf;pOf ay:xGufcJhwJhESpfjzpf
ovkd zqyv tpdk;& &JŒ ysLapmxD;pDrHudef;/ ysLapmxD;zJGŒpnf;r_awG ay:aygufcJhwJhESpfjzpfygw,f?
zqyv tpk;d & &JŒ vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGit hf rde@f xGuaf y: cJo h vkd twku
d t f cH Ekid if aH &;tiftm;
pkawG&JŒ wyfaygif;pk ‘yrnw’ }uD; ay:xGufcJhygw,f?
ajray:ajratmuf Oya'wGif; Oya'y EkdifiHa&; tiftm;pkawG tygt0if tm%m& zqyv
tpdk;&tzJGŒuvJGvkd@ wjynfvkH; jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;toHawG pnfpnfnHnH
pwifazmfusL;vmwJhESpfvnf;jzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek qkdAD,uf,leD,HoGm;+yD; c±k&SufeJ@ cspf=unf
a&;vkyfcJhovkd c±k&SufeJ@ bl*geifwkd@vnf; ArmjynftvnfvmcJh=uwJhESpfjzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf
OD;Ek omoemh 'g,umbJGŒcHzkd@ qXoHCm,emwifyGJvnf; pcJhygw,f?
_id r f ; csrf ; a&;/ tðywf w k d u f a &;eJ ‹ jref r mEk d i f i H a wmf
wzufu jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;toHawG v_yf&Sm; pnfnHvmptcsdef rSmyJ

zqyv tpdk;& &JŒ oabmxm;trSefudk xif[yfjyvkdufwJh ‘atmifrmCppfqifa&;}uD;’ xGuf
ay:vmygw,f? 1956 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dvqef;up+yD; wyfrawmf&JŒ trSwf (10) ajcvsifwyfr[m&JŒ
uGyuf rJ e_ @J atmifrmCppfqifa&;}u;D ukd pwifqifEyJ$ gw,f? aomif;use;f olvufeufuidk t f m;pkawGukd
tðywfwkdufa&;twGufqkd+yD; pwifvkdufwmjzpfygw,f?
rwfv (31) &ufae@txd oufwrf;owfrw S xf m;wJh vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGit
hf rde@f ukd vufeuf
csa&;/ tvif;0ifa&;wk@d twGuf zGiahf y;xm;+y;D wòyid ef ufwnf;rSm ppfa&;t&zdtm;ay;zk@d vufeufrcs

csifolawGudk tjywfacsr_ef;zkd@ ‘atmifrmC’ udk pwifvkdufwmjzpfygw,f? jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;

jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;toHawGudk ppfoHeJ@ zkH;ypfvkdufygw,f?
'gayr,fh +idr;f csr;f a&;toHawGu aysmufroGm;bJ qufay:vmygw,f? ‘atmifrmC’ p+yD;
vkd@ (14) &uft=um Zefe0g&D (20) &ufae@rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD OuUÏ ocifoef;xGef;u
0ef}u;D csKyf OD;Ek qD Akv d v f usmf uwqifh pmwapmifay;yk@d ygw,f? awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&;twGuf urf;vSr;f
a&;wJh pmjzpfygw,f? pmrSm -
(1) Armjynftpdk;&onf t*Fvdyf-tar&duefwkd@. usL;ausmfa&;*kd%f;twGif;okd@rygbJ
trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;pGm twl&Sda&;0g'ukd jywfom;pGm usifhokH;&rnf?
(2) wjynfv;Hk wGif 'Dru dk a&pDtcGit hf a&;rsm;ay;&rnf? jynfow l @kd . 'Dru dk a&pD tcGit hf a&;
rsm;ukd tmrcH&rnf? uGefjrLepfygwD0ifESifh tjcm;wkd;wufaom EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;
tm;vkH;ukd v$wf&rnf?
(3) ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh &Sdor#aom 'Drkdua&pDygwDrsm;ESifh vlxktzGJŒtpnf;rsm;.
Oya'wGif; wnf&SdcGifhESifh vkyfukdifaqmif&GufcGifhrsm;ukd tmrcH&rnf?
[laom tcsuf (3) csufudk tajccHI zqyv tpkd;&ESifh awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;vkdonfvkd@ azmfjy
urf;vSrf;ygw,f?
wuUov dk ef @J aumvdyaf ygi;f pkH aqG;aEG;yJ}G u;D uae ausmif;om;xk&ŒJ awmif;qkyd ef=um;oHtjzpf
‘jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;yef=um;v$m’ vnf; qufwu dk x f u
G af y:vmygw,f? ausmif;om;xk&ŒJ yef=um;
v$m[m ausmif;om;uk, d pf m;vS,af ygi;f (126) OD;/ avhvmol (65) OD; wufa&mufwhJ &efuek w f uUov dk f
wuo taqmuftOD;rSmusi;f ywJh 'kw, d t}udraf jrmuf wuUov dk af umvdyaf ygi;f pkH aqG;aEG;yG}J uD;&JŒ
&v'ftjzpf xGuaf y:vmwmjzpfygw,f? &efuek w f uUov dk /f rE aW v;wuUov kd /f armfvòrid Of ypmaum
vdyf/ rauG; Oypmaumvdyfu ausmif;om;ukd,fpm;vS,fawGeJ@ wuUodkvfaygif;pkH tzJGŒaygif;pkH udk,f
pm;vS,af wG[m wuo taqmuftOD;rSm Zefe0g&D (23) uae (25) &ufae@txd (3) &ufwidk w f idk f
awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;=u+yD;wJhaemuf 'Dyef=um;v$mukd xkwfjyefvdkuf=uwmjzpfygw,f? ynma&;tokH;
p&dwu f adk v#m+h yD; jynfwiG ;f ppftok;H p&dwu f dk ykrd o
kd ;Hk pGaJ ewm/ ynma&;t=uyftwnf;awG ykrd edk uf±id_ ;f
vmwmawGudkaxmufjy&if;/ jynfwGif;ppfukd jynfolw&yfvkH;u&yfpJ&ef vkdvm;ae=uwmudk azmfjy
+yD;/ ppfa&;t& t=urf;zufESdrfESif;jcif;eJ@ jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;rSm rjzpfEkdifa=umif; (7) ESpfausmf
tawGŒtóuHrsm;u oufaojy+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&;enf;eJ@ jynfwGif;ppfukd &yfpJ=uzkd@
azmfjywkdufwGef; yef=um;xm;wmawGŒ&ygw,f?
azazmf0g&D (13) &ufae@rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD OuUÏ ocifoef;xGef; ay;pmt& ocif
oef;xGef; aqG;aEG;vdkw,fqkdwJh tcsuf (3) csuftay: zqyv tpdk;&u w&m;0ifwkef@jyef jyef=um;
ygw,f? jrefrmEkid if aH wmftpk;d &&JŒoabmxm;ukd azmfjywJt h aeeJ@ jyef=um;a&;0ef}u;D OD;xGe;f 0if; uae
azazmf0g&D (13) &ufnrSm toHvi$ hf &Si;f vif;ajym=um;apcJyh gw,f? ocifoef;xGe;f aqG;aEG;csiw f ,f
qkdwJh tcsuf (3) csuf[m aqG;aEG;&efrvkdawmhwJh tcsufawGjzpf+yD; EkdifiHawmftpkd;&u ay;xm;+yD;
om;jzpfwJhtwGuf ‘vmcsifv#ifteD;av;/ rvmcsifvkd@ c&D;a0;atmifvkyfaewJh tcsufawGomjzpf
a=umif; wkef@jyefajymqkdcJhygw,f? tcsuf (3) csufudk wcsufcsif;&Sif;ygw,f?

eHygww f pftcsuu f &kd iS ;f wJth cg “u|Eykf w

f @dk tpk;d &onf t*Fvyd -f tar&duef tkypf u k o kd mv#if
ru rnfonfh *k% d ;f / rnfonft h yk pf k bufur# r0ifbaJ ecJo h nfukd Arma&m urBmuyg od+y;D jzpfonf?
twkduftcH EkdifiHtkyfpkzGJŒjcif;udk a&S;uvJ raxmufcH/ ,ckvJ raxmufcH/ aemufvJaxmufcHrnf
r[kwf” vkd@ qkdvkduf+yD; “zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'udk ,ae@txd opPmrazmufzsufcJhaom
tpkd;&rSmvnf; u|Ekfyfwkd@ tpkd;&omv#ifjzpfonf” vkd@ &ifhusL;vkdufygw,f?
eHygwf (2) csufukdvnf; “u|Ekfyfwdk@tpkd;&onf tajccHtcGifhta&;rSefor# jynfolvlxk
w&yfvkH;tygt0if rnfonfhtwkduftcHtzJGŒtpnf;rsm;udkrqkd ay;xm;+yD;jzpfonf” vkd@
&Sif;vif;vkduf+yD; tusOf;om;rsm;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;vnf; EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;qkdwm r&Sd/ ykefuefxºuG
aomif;usef;r_awGeJ@ zrf;qD;xm;olawGom&Sdw,fvkd@ wkef@jyefajymqkdygw,f?
eHygwf (3) tcsuu f adk wmh “awmckad omif;use;f olrsm; tvif;ok@d 0if/ vufeufenf;jzifh ykeu f ef
aomif;use;f r_ukd pGe@f vw $ af =umif; a=unmonfw h ae@wiG f awmckyd gwrD sm; w&m;0iftoif;tjzpfo@dk
jyefvnfa&muf&Sdap&rnfvdk@ a=unm+yD;jzpfw,f” qkdwmeJ@ &Sif;vif;wkef@jyefvkduf+yD; ‘vGwf+idrf;csrf;
omcGiftrdef@’ wHcg;aygufzGifhxm;+yD;jzpfw,f? rwfv (31) &ufae@rSm 'DwHcg;aygufydwfawmhrSm
jzpfwJhtwGuf 'DtcGifhta&;ukd t&,l+yD; vufeufcstvif;0if=uzkd@eJ@ tqkH;owfxm;ygw,f?
jyef=um;a&;0ef}u;D OD;xGe;f 0if; toHvi$ ahf jym=um;&Si;f vif;wJh zqyv tpk;d & &JŒ oabmxm;udk
csKyf=unfhr,fqkd&if ‘vufeufcstvif;0if=u’ qkdwmomjzpfygw,f? vufeufcs tvif;0ifa&;
twGufvnf; v$wf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh trdef@xkwfxm;+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf wHcg;yGifhae+yD;jzpfw,f?
w&m;0ifwnf&SdcGifh EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;cGifhawGtwGufuawmh vufeufudkifenf;eJ@ ykefuef
aomif;use;f r_ukd pGe@f vw $ af =umif; a=unm/ tJ'v D dk a=unm+yD;&if w&m;0ifwnf&cdS iG hf &&Sv d mvdrrhf ,f
vkd@yJ t"dy`m,fxGufapcJhygw,f? wdwdusus &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;awmh azmfjyrxm;yg? w&m;0ifwnf&Sd
cGifhudk vufeufcsa=umif; vufeufukdifvrf;pOf pGef@a=umif; t&ifa=unm+yD;rS pOf;pm;r,fhoabm/
aemufwqifhudpPtjzpf oabmxm;ovkd tmrcHcsufrJhaeygw,f?
azazmf0g&D (25) &ufae@rSm wyfrawmfrSvnf; ‘tvif;0if&ef zdwfac:csuf’ qdkwmudk xyfrH
xkwjf yefygw,f? “tjrefq;Hk om tvif;ud0k ifcahJ yawmh” qkw d hJ pum;&yfe@J tqk;H owfxm;wJh wkw d dk
wkwfwkwf a=unmcsufjzpfygw,f? awmfvSefykefuefr_/ opPmazmuf ykefuefr_oufoufqkd&if vkH;0
vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGi&hf r,fqw dk m &Si;f jy+yD; b,fvt dk r_rsK;d [m awmfveS yf ek u
f efr_ opPmazmufzsuyf ek f
uefr_qdkwm &Sif;jyxm;wJh a=unmcsufjzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dvkd &Sif;vif;csuf a=unmcsufawG xGufay:t+yD; r=umcifrSmyJ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
u +idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf jzpfEidk o f r#enf;vrf;awGukd &SmazGz@dk yk*Kd~ vfwOD;udk wm0efay;apv$wyf gw,f?
=um;vltjzpf AkdvfvusmfukdowfrSwf+yD; Akdvfvusmfuwqifh tpdk;&tzGJŒeJ@ qufoG,fapwmjzpfyg
w,f? Akv d v f usmu f tJ'yD *k Kd~ vfe@J tpk;d &tzJŒG awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;apvkad =umif; jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; Akv d cf if
armifuav; eJ@ Adv k rf ;ª }uD; atmif}uD; wd@k udk ta=umif;=um;ygw,f? Akv d cf ifarmifuav;eJ@ Akv d rf ;ª }uD;
atmif}uD; u 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ekukd qufvufwifjyygw,f? OD;Eku tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,frsm;eJ@ Auy
u wifajr‡mufxm;wJh=um;vl AkdvfvusmfeJ@om awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;zkd@ trdef@csrSwfay;+yD;/ aqG;aEG;wJh
tcgrmS vnf; tvif;0ifa&;tpDtpOfudk b,fvpkd pD Of&r,fqw dk mavmufuykd J aqG;aEG;+yD; Ekid if aH &;udpP

ukd vk;H 0raqG;aEG;zk@d vkid ;f csay;cJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifh Akv

d cf ifarmifuav;eJ@ Akv
d rf ;ª }uD;atmif}uD; wk@d [m
Akv
d v
f usmef @J yJ aqG;aEG;r_vyk yf gw,f? aqG;aEG;wmudv k nf; “vufeufcstvif;0ifa&;twGuf vkt d yf
wJhtpDtpOfawGðyvkyfa&;” qkdwJh tcsufay:rSmyJ t"duxm; aqG;aEG;=uw,fqkdygw,f?
Akv
d vf usmef @J aqG;aEG;r_awGtay:uae ‘uGejf rLepfawG tvif;0ifa&;[m &mE_e;f jynfh ,k=H unf
pdwfcs&avmuf+yD’ vkd@,lqwJhtwGuf jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; Akdvfcifarmifav;eJ@ Akdvfrª;}uD; atmif}uD;
wkd@u uGefjrLepfrsm; vufeufcsa&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; tpDtpOf trdef@!¸ef=um;csufawGudk toHv$ifh
a=unmygawmhw,f?
rwfv (25) &ufae@rSm “uGefjrLepfrsm;vufeufcsa&;eJ@ywfoufI zqyv tpdk;& jynfxJ
a&;Xme0ef}uD; Akdvfcifarmifav; . toHv$ifhcsuf” qdkwmeJ@ “uGefjrLepf rsm;vufeufcsa&;ESifh
ywfoufI wyfrawmfrS Akdvfrª;}uD; atmif}uD; . toHv$ifhcsuf” qkdwm ESpfck a&SŒqifhaemufqifh
xGufay:vmygw,f? Adkvfcifarmifav;&JŒ a=unmcsufu -
(1) tpd;k &onf tpk;d &ESihf vufeufuikd af omif;use;f olrsm; awGŒqkaH phpyfaqG;aEG;aomrlukd
rnfonfhenf;ESifhr# vufrcH?
(2) vufeufcsa&;onf EkdifiHa&;vkH;0rygbJ ±kd;±kd;vufeufcsa&;omjzpf&rnf?
(3) vufeufcsvadk omvlrsm;onf tpd;k &u a=unmxm;onft h wkid ;f 31-3-1956 &uf
ae@ rukefqkH;rD teD;qkH; vufeufudkifwyfrsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;bufokd@ vufeufcs
vkda=umif; ta=umif;=um;&rnf?
(4) Todk@ vufeufcsvkda=umif; ta=umif;=um;onfESifhwòydifeuf vufeufcsEkdifa&;
twGuf vkdtyfaomtpDtpOfrsm;udk ðyvkyfay;rnf?
tu,fI vkdv#if tcsKdŒaom vufeufcsrnfhae&mrsm;odk@ ajrmufykdif;wkdif;ppfXmecsKyfrS
Adkvfrª;csKyfausmfaZm ESifh awmifykdif;wkdif;ppfXmecsKyfrS Akdvfrª;csKyf bvdwf wkd@udk,fwkdif wm0ef,lI
vufeufcsa&;udpPrsm;udk aqmif&Gufay;rnfqkdwmjzpfygw,f?
aomif;usef;olrsm; vufeufcs+yD;wJhaemuf aoewf0g'udkpGef@v$wf&if 'Drkdua&pDpnf;0kdif;
twGif;rSm vGwfvyfpGm a[majympnf;±kH;a&;om;cGifh 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;awGudk ay;r,fvkd@vnf;
azmfjyajymqkdoGm;ygw,f?
Akdvfrª;}uD;atmif}uD; &JŒ a=unmcsufu -
epfjzLygwD0if vufeufudkifaomif;usef;olrsm; tpkvkduf tòyHvkduf vufeufcs 0ifa&muf
zG,&f mta=umif;&So d nf? vufeufcsa&;udk vufcaH qG;aEG;yg? vufeufcs&efaqG;aEG;ovkðd y+yD; vuf
eufcsa&;udpPr[kwfaom EkdifiHa&;udpPrsm;udk aqG;aEG;v#if aqG;aEG;yJGudk&yfpJ+yD; awmxJodk@jyefygap?
uGejf rLepfrsm;u vufeufcsvo dk nfth wGuf rnfo@kd rnfyHk vufeufcs&rnfh tpDtpOfðyvkyf
&efom aqG;aEG;jcif;jzpfI EkdifiHa&;t& aphpyfa&;vkyfjcif;r[kwfqdkonfudk owdðyapvkdonf? vuf
eufcsonft h cg &&Srd nfth cGit hf a&;rSm ,cifa=unm+y;D twkid ;f jzpfI rwfv (31) &ufae@txdom&Sd
onf? vufeufcsa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;aepOf ppfqifa&;rsm;udk qkid ;f iHx h m;jcif;/ &yfpx J m;jcif;rðyvky&f ef
ponfjzifh azmfjyajymqkdoGm;ygw,f?

a=unmcsuf (2) ckpvkH;[m tay:pnf;ucsnf;jzpfygw,f? Auy rsm; vufeufcszdk@awmh

aocsmae+yDqw dk hJ ,k=H unfem;vnfxm;r_tay:uae cyfwif;wif;a=unmcJ=h uwmjzpfygw,f? =um;
vl Akv d vf usmf eJ@ ajymqkad qG;aEG;&csuaf wGtay:uae/ Akv d v f usmf &JŒpmtay:uae tykid w f u G qf +yD;
zqyv tpkd;&&JŒ oabmxm;udk tay:pnf;uae xkwfazmf!¸ef=um;ajymqkdcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f?
aemufwpf&uf rwfv (26) &ufae@usrS ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ukd,fpm;vS,f&JŒ ‘Akdvfcif
armifav; xHay;pm’ [m Akv d v
f usmq f u
D ae a&muf&v dS mygw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D wm0ef
ay;apv$wx f m;wJh yk*Kd~ vf[m &Jabmfwifa&$ ac: OD;csr;f at;jzpfygw,f? rwfv (26) &uf ae@ppJG mrSm
tcsuf (3) yg0ifygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kdudk,fpm;vS,f OD;csrf;at;&JŒpmrSm -
(1) u|efawmfonf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD OuUÏ ocifoef;xGef;u EkdifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf
OD;EkxH jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf jzpfEidk o f r#aomenf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazG&ef wm0ef
ay;tyfjcif;cH&aom udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfygonf?
(2) ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf vufeufudkifwkdufyJGudk pGef@
v$wf+yD;/ EkdifiHawmfzJGŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'twGif;Yom 'Drkdua&pDenf;t&
tm%m&,lvkda=umif; twdtvif;a=unmvkdayonf?
(3) xk@d a=umifh Ekid if aH wmfzŒGJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyOHk ya'twGi;f aqmif&u G af &;twGuf ay:ayguv f m
rnfjh y\emrsm;udo k m aqG;aEG;vkyd gonf? e,fcsŒJ tkypf 0k if r0ifqadk omjy\em/ !¸e@f
aygif;tpdk;& zJGŒpnf;a&;jy\em ponfhjy\emrsm; aqG;aEG;rnfr[kwfyg? aqG;aEG;zkd@
vnf;rvkdyg?
od@k jzpfI jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; Ekid if zH ŒGJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyOHk ya't& aqmif&u G cf iG &hf a&;wk@d twGuf
aqG;aEG;&ef ajrmufyidk ;f wkid ;f ppfXme wae&mwGif tpd;k &bufrS oufqidk &f mtm%mykid rf sm;ESihf Armjynf
uGejf rLepfygwrD u S , dk pf m;vS,rf sm;awGŒqk&H ef tpDtpOfðyvkyaf y;apvkad =umif; vk@d azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
‘csr;f at;’ vk@d vufrw S xf ;dk xm;ygw,f? tpk;d &bufu Akv d cf ifarmifav;/ Akv d rf ;ª }u;D atmif}u;D wk@d &ŒJ
toHvi$ ahf =unmcsuyf g oabmxm;&yfwnfra_ wGe@J uGv J q JG ef@usiaf eovkd Akv d cf ifarmifav; Akv d rf ;ª
}uD;atmif}uD; wk@d &ŒJ (Akv d vf usmf qDuwqifh aqG;aEG;&mu em;vnfxm;wJ)h vufeufcsa&; ,k=H unf
xm;r_[m wjcm;pDjzpfaewm awGŒ&ygw,f?
tcsKyfu tpk;d &bufu vufeufcsa&;om aqG;aEG;vkw d mjzpf+y;D Ekid if aH &;udpP bmrSraqG;aEG;
Ekdifqkdwm &yfcHxm;ygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDbufu ocifoef;xGef;ay;pmrSm azmfjycJhzl;wJh tcsuf
(3) csuftygt0if EkdifiHa&;udpPawGudk raqG;aEG;&bl;qkd&if raqG;aEG;yg? vufeufudkifwkdufyJGudk
pGe@f vw$ +f yD; zJŒG pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk Oya'abmiftwGi;f uae 'Dru dk a&pDenf;t& tm%mudk &,lcsiyf gw,f?
tJ'Dvkd&,lEkdifzkd@twGuf vkdtyfvmr,fh zJGŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHOya'qkdif&m jyoemawG&SdvmEkdifygw,f?
tJ'jD y\emawGu bmawGv/J zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk Oya't& bmawGukd tmrcHz@dk vadk o;ovJ/ pojzifh
pojzifh jzpfay:vmEkdifwJh zJGŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHOya'abmiftwGif;u ay:aygufvmr,fh jyoemawGukd
awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;zk@d jzpfygw,f? wqifah v#m+h yD; aqG;aEG;wmjzpfygw,f? 'gukd zqyv u vufrcHEidk b f J
tay:pnf;uae y,fcswmjzpfygw,f? vufeufcstvif;0ifa&;udpu P vJvG @dk bmrSraqG;aEG;Ekid q f w dk hJ
wif;rmwJhoabmxm;udkom xkwfazmfjyocJhwmjzpfygw,f? tykdifwGufq+yD; a=unmvkduf=uwJh

Akdvfcifarmifav; eJ@ Akdvfrª;}uD; atmif}uD; wkdk@&JŒ toHv$ifha=unmcsufawG[m zqyv tpkd;&eJ@

wyfrawmf&JŒ armufrmr_ +idrf;csrf;a&;rvkdvm;r_awGudkom azmfjyvkdufovkdjzpfcJhygw,f?
Zefe0g&v D (10) &ufae@uyJ 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek u owif;pm uGezf &ifrh mS owif;pmq&mawG&ŒJ
tar;udk jyefvnfajz=um;&if; ‘ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ¹cGif;csufr&Sd vufeufcsv#if w&m;0if
wnfaecGiu hf kd todtrSwðf yrnfjzpfa=umif;/ xko d @kd ðy±koH mru uGejf rLepfygwED iS hf vlxak &SŒarSmufwiG f
'Drudk a&pDenf;t& tcsed rf a&G;,SOòf yid &f aJ =umif; ’aºu;G a=umfc+hJ y;D / Zefe0g&D (20) &ufrmS ocifoef;xGe;f
u tcsuf (3) csufazmfjy+yD; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;=u&ef urf;vSrf;vmawmhrS yxrqkH; OD;xGef;0if;u
tcsuf (3) csuu f dk ykwx f w k zf ,f&mS ;cJyh gw,f? ocifoef;xGe;f u ud, k pf m;vS,q f ufvw $ +f yD; awGŒqkH
aqG;aEG;a&; óu;d pm;jyefawmhvnf; vufeufomt&ifcs usew f mawGraqG;aEG;Ekid q f +dk y;D Akv fd cf ifarmifav;/
Akdvfatmif}uD; wkd@wawG&JŒ toHv$ifha=unmcsufawGeJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;wHcg;aygufukd t+yD;tykdifydwf
vkdufwmomjzpfw,fvkd@ yrnw obmywdtzJG@u aumufcsufqJGjycJhygw,f? Armjynf uGefjrLepf
ygwu D +ird ;f csr;f a&;twGuf qufvufóu;d yrf;OD;r,fv@kd azmfjycJ+h y;D tpd;k &uawmh atmifrmC xk;d ppf}u;D
ukdom wkd;+yD;qifE$Jygw,f? zqyv tpdk;&&JŒ wif;rmwJhoabmxm;[m EkdifiHa&;t& yGifhusoGm;cJhyg
w,f? jynfov l xl &k ŒJ +idr;f csr;f a&;ar#mv f ifch suu
f v kd nf; zsuq f ;D ypfvu dk of vkjd zpfcw hJ t hJ wGuf Ekid if aH &;
t&/ pnf;±kH;a&;t& t±_H;xGufoGm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh t±_H;xJu tjrwfxGufoGm;ovkd jzpfcJhwmu
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D apv$wv f ukd w f hJ A[du
k , kd pf m;vS,f OD;csr;f at; udk ykid yf idk Ef idk Ef idk f &&Svd u dk jf cif;
yJjzpfygw,f? OD;csr;f at;ud, k w f idk uf vufeufcsomG ;wmvm; tpk;d &uyJ zrf;qD;vku d w f mvm;qkw d m
pOf;pm;p&mjzpfayr,fh bma=umifyh jJ zpfjzpf aemifxu G af y:vmr,fh ‘csr;f at;ppfwrf;’ qkw d muawmh
tpdk;&óuduf jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? OD;csrf;at; vufeufcsjzpfoGm;ygw,f?
atmifrmC xkd;ppf}uD;udk rD;ukef,rf;ukef t}uD;tus,fqifE$J+yD; tðywfwdkufa&; toHjyef
us,fvmygw,f? atmifrmC xkd;ppf}uD;eJ@twl Armjynftxufykdif;&Sd vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;
tiftm;pkawGtay: Oya'/ tvif;a&mi/f rk;d óud; eJ@ rdwW ppfqifa&;awGvnf; azmfxw k f csrw S q f ifEcJ$ yhJ g
w,f? trSwf (103) ajcjrefwyf&if;opfeJ@ ‘yl;aygif;ppfqifa&;ESifh avxD;oifwef;ausmif;’ ukdvnf;
ppfwyfu wkd;csJŒzJGŒpnf;cJhygw,f?
wkdif;jynf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeuawmh wufrvmyg? jynfawmfompDrHudef;}uD;vnf;
zqyv awG ckd;=u 0Suf=u bkH;vkdfuf=uwJh twGuf a&pkefarsmoGm;&+yD; t&HEkdifiHjcm;aiGyrm%m[m
ukefoavmufjzpfoGm;ygw,f? 55 ckESpf =o*kwfvrSm pm&if;t& (36²6) ukaÉom usefawmhwJh
twGuf cg;usKd;oGm;&wJh jynfawmfompDrHudef;}uD;udk jyefvnfðyjyifwJhtaeeJ@ pyg;pkdufysKd;a&;udk
OD;pm;ay;+yD; pdDrHudef;topfa&;qGJ&if; (1956-60) yxr av;ESpfpDrHudef;}uD; ay:vmjyefygw,f?
1960 jynfhESpfrSm Armjynfukd ppfrjzpfrDu tajctae jyefa&mufzkd@vkd@qkdygw,f? 'DpDrHudef;udk
1956 ckESpfup+yD; taumiftxnfazmfzkd@ óud;pm;jyefygw,f? 'D av;ESpfpDrHudef;}uD;[mvnf; jynf
awmfompDrHudef;}uD;vkdyJ puULay:rSmom zwfvkd@aumif;aecJhygw,f?
tpd;k & u zG@J pnf;ay;vku d w f hJ ysLapmxD;rsm;uawmh {+yDvrSm usi;f yawmhr,fh a&G;aumufyGJ
}uD;rSm tm%m& zqyv tEkdif&&Sda&;twGuf twkduftcH yrnw udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGeJ@
yrnw bufu aqmif&Guf=ur,fh yk*~dKvfawGtay: +cdrf;ajcmufwm jy\em&Smwm tEkdifusifhzkd@

óud;pm;wmawG ae&mtESH@rSm enf;rsKd;pkHeJ@ vkyfaqmifðyrl=u±kHru/ jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;tay:vnf;

rw&m;ðyusifhwm/ ESdyfpufuvlvkyfwm/ apmfum;zdESdyfwmawG vuf&JZuf&J ðyusifhvm=uygw,f?
rzJGŒpnf;rDuwnf;u ysLapmxD; zJGŒpnf;a&;udk tjyif;txef uef@uGufcJh=uwJh yrnwrsm; óudwif
ok;H oyf cJjG crf;pdwjf zmjycJo
h vkd vmr,fah &G;aumufyrGJ mS vnf; ysLapmxD; awG[m cg;yku
d af qmifwyfawG
tjzpf rawmfrw&m; aESmuf,Suf=uOD;rSmjzpfa=umif; wifóudajymqkd pGyfpGJcJhzl;ovkd wu,fvnf;
taESmuft,Sufðy=u &rf;um;cJh=uygw,f? tm%m& zqyv}uD;&JŒ txl;ojzifh qkd&S,fvpfawG&JŒ
cg;ydkufaqmifvufeufudkifwyf ppfppfawGjzpfcJh=uygw,f?
19 56 ck E S p f ygvD r ef ' D r d k u a&pD t axG a xG a &G ; aumuf y J G / tm%m& zqyv tuG J e J ‹

1956
jynf w G i f ; ppf & yf p J a &;aºuG ; a-umf o H
1956 ckESpf/ {+yDv (27) &ufae@rSm ygvDref'Drkdua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG}uD;ukd wjynf

vkH;rSmusif;ycJhygw,f? ‘56 ckESpf a&G;aumufyJG’ vkd@ twkdac:a0:cJh=uygw,f? 56 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ
[m ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; a=unmEkdif+yD;aemuf usif;ywJh 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf ygvDref'Drkdua&pD
taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;jzpfygw,f?
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usif;y&if; pwifaqmif&GufvmcJhwJh qXoH*g,emwifyJG}uD;udk 1956 ckESpf/ arvxJrSm atmifjrifpGm
tqHk;owfEdkifcJhygw,f// qÏoH*g,emwifyJG}uD; atmifjrifpGmusif;y+yD;+yDqdk&if 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;u
EkwfxGufr,fqdkwJh ol&JŒ yk*~vdut"dÏmefa=umifha&m/ zqyv}uD;udk oef@&Sif;a&;vkyf+yD; jyefvnf
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oGm;ygw,f? ocifomcif&ŒJ tqdw k ifoiG ;f r_t& wESpjf ynf&h if 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf wESpt f wGuf jyef+yD;
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OD;Eku OD;ausmf+idrf;udk zqyv taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;ae&mu txGufcdkif;ygw,f? ocif
ausmfxGef;udk 0ef}uD;tjzpfu E_wfxGufap+yD; tJ'D taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;ae&mudk t,lcdkif;um
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zqyv tzJGŒ}uD; oef@&Sif;a&;vkyfzdk@ tJ'DvdkpDpOfvdkufwm[m ‘zqyv’ tzJGŒ}uD; òyduJGzdk@
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tjyifrSm vdkifpifa&mif;pm;vdk@ csrf;omoavmuf/ OuUÏ}uD;óudufwJh tvªtwef;awGrSm vª=uwef;
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vdu k yf gw,f? OD;AaqG u ESpzf ufpvH;k eJ@ oifjh rwfaecJyh gw,f? zqyv tvkyt f r_aqmiftzJŒG aqG;aEG;yGJ
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awmif OD;Ek u xkwfjyefvm&ygw,f?
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eJ@ zqyv vufatmufcHtzJGŒtpnf;toD;oD;rSm rSwfyHkwifxm;=uwJh toif;0ifOD;a&[mvnf;
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wmawGvkyfcJhygw,f? OD;Ek[m pum;vHk;aumif;aumif;a&G;+yD; ajymwwfqdkwwfolwOD;jzpfygw,f?
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rSm “ausm+f ird ;f òrdŒ” wnfaxmifz@kd awmif pdwu f ;l ae=uygw,f? Zlvi_d v f vnfavmufrmS bmomjyef
pmaytoif;}u;D u }u;D rª;usi;f ywJh owif;pmq&mavmif;rsm; ausmif;qif;yJrG mS awmh OD;Ek u 1957
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twGuf OD;Ekudk a'golykefx=uygw,f? ygwDoef@&Sif;a&;qdkwm qdk&S,fvpfawGtay: tjypf&Smjcif;vdk@
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eJ@ rudkufnDwJh poHk;vHk;Oya'udk jyifqifoifha=umif;vdk@ wkef@jyefygw,f? OD;Ek eJ@ OD;ausmf+idrf; =um;
oabmxm;uJGr_awG ydk}uD;vmygw,f//
Armhwyfrawmfuawmh atmifrmCxd;k ppf}uD;udk t&deS jf yif;jyif;csŒJ +yD; qifEaJ$ e&if; wzufu
ppfwyfudk tiftm;}uD;oxuf}uD;atmif wkd;csJŒwnfaqmufwm/ ajymif;vJzJGŒpnf;wmawG tquf
rjywfvyk af ecJyh gw,f? umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; wOD;wnf;&JŒatmufrmS wyfawGtm;
vHk; (=unf;/ a&/ av tyg) &dS&dSor#udk vG,fvG,fulul uGyfuJEdkifzdk@ ppf±Hk; (War Office) udk umuG,f
a&;0ef}uD;Ïme (Ministry of Defence) tjzpf jyifqifzJG@pnf;ygw,f// =unf;wyftjyif a&wyfeJ@
avwyfudkvnf; wdk;csJŒwnfaqmufygw,f? a&wyfeJ@ywfouf+yD; &dS+yD;a&wyfpcef;XmecsKyfwdk@udk
wd;k csŒJ zGŒJ pnf; zGiv hf pS v f u kd yf gw,f? avwyfe@J ywfouf+y;D vnf; rdwv DW mavwyfpcef;udk Armhwyfrawmf
avwyfavhusiahf &;pcef;}u;D tjzpf ajymif;vJzŒGJ pnf;ovd/k trSwf (501) avwyftyk pf ek @J trSwf (502)
avwyftyk pf w k @kd uv kd nf; zJŒG pnf;vdu k yf gw,f? avwyfacwfraDS &;twGuf 1956 ckEpS x f rJ mS tar&duef

EdkifiHrS pufpem (Cessna Modle 180) av,mOfrsm;udkvnf; 0,f,ltm;jznfhygw,f? wyfrawmf

(av) rSm &[wf,mOfrsm;udkvnf; 56 ckESpfxJrSm pwiftoHk;ðyygw,f?
tm%m& zqyv tzJŒG }uD;twGi;f tuJt G +yJawG zH;k rEdik zf rd &jzpfvmaepOftwGi;f rSm/ wyfr
awmf}uD;u tiftm;}uD;oxuf}uD;vmaeovdk/ jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;&JŒ jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&; jynf
wGi;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;qENuvnf; nHoxufnv H mcJyh gw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D (55 vrf;pOft&)
jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;tvHukd wd;k +yD;v$io hf vd/k q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f OD;aqmifwhJ +idr;f csr;f a&;tzJŒG
&JŒtoH[mvnf; ydk+yD;yJhwifxyfvmcJhygw,f? q&m}uD;[m jynfwGif;ppfpuwnf;u jynfwGif;+idrf;
csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk tqufrjywf OD;aqmifvmcJhygw,f? 56 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv/ rwfvup+yD;
txufArmjynfwcGif vSnv hf nf+yD; urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&;/ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;w&m;awG tqufrjywf
vdu k v f aH [majymcJo h vdk rE aW v;òrdŒ av;jyifav;&yfq&mawmf (143) yg;udk jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;yef
=um;v$m wifqufav#mufxm; =o0g'cH,cl o hJ vd/k &efuek f a&$w*d akH pwDawmf awmifbufapmif;wef;
OD;b&DZ&yfrmS ‘urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&;uGe*f &uf’ u }uD;rª;usi;f ywJh &efuek òf rdŒ&dS q&mawmfrsm; qENc, H yl GJ
rSmvnf; q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;[m jynfwGif;jynfy +idrf;csrf;a&;yef=um;v$mudk wifquf
av#mufxm;cJhygw,f?
“jynfwiG ;f ppfukd rkcs&yfpaJ p&r,f” qdw k hJ aºuG;a=umfoeH @J a&G;aumufy}GJ uD;twGi;f yg0if,OS f
òydifcJh+yD;/ v$wfawmftwGif;rSm t"dutwdkuftcH tzGJŒtpnf;}uD;ae&mudk &&dSvmcJhwJh ‘yrnw’
tzJGŒ}uD;uvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;toHudk wufwufºuGºuGay;vmygw,f?
1956 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (29) &ufae@uae (31) &ufae@txd &efukefòrdŒ òrdŒawmfcef;rrSm
‘yrnw’ tzJGŒcsKyf&JŒ yxrt}udrf EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ‘yrnw’ nDvmcH}uD;udk pnfpnfum;um;
usi;f yðyvkyyf gw,f? c±dik af ygi;f (31) c±dik òf rŒd e,faygi;f (104) òrŒd e,fu ud, k pf m;vS,af ygi;f (534) OD;/
avhvmolaygi;f (188) OD; wufa&mufpak 0;wJh nDvmcH}uD;jzpfygw,f? Adv k cf sKyftudk OD;atmifoef;u
nDvmcHobmywdvkyf+yD;/ 0d"l&ocifcspfarmifu twGif;a&;rª;tjzpfeJ@ nDvmcH}uD;udk OD;pD;zGifhvSpf
usif;ycJhygw,f?
nDvmcHrSm yrnwtzJGŒcsKyf&JŒ {nfhcHaumfrwDOuUÏ OD;bxGef; u rdef@cGef;¹rGuf=um;ovdk
nDvmcHobmywd OD;atmifoef; (Adv k cf sKyftud)k uvnf; obmywdred @f ceG ;f &Sn}f uD;udk ajym=um;cJyh g
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OD;bxGef; &JŒrdef@cGef;rSm “uae@jzpfay:aewJh jy\emtm;vHk;udk ajz&Sif;Edkifzdk@ wckwnf;aom
aomhcsuf[m jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;eJ@ trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;jzpfw,f” vdk@azmfjyoGm;yg
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OD;atmifoef;uawmh “uae@&dSaewJh tar&duefOD;aqmifwJh e,fcsJŒ*dk%f;}uD;eJ@ qdkAD,uf/
w±kwf acgi;f aqmifwhJ +idr;f csr;f a&;*d% k ;f }uD;&,fv@kd *d% k ;f }uD; (2) *d% k ;f &daS e&mrSm b,fbufuv kd u
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txd zrf;qD;ta&;,lao;jcif;r&dSbJ &JtzJGŒuvnf; rsufESm}uD; vlowform;awGrdk@ ta&;r,l&JbJ
vufrid_ cf sae&yHak wGuv kd nf; azmfxw k o f mG ;ygw,f? zqqd&k , S tf pd;k &[m jynfwiG ;f a&;rSm +idr;f csr;f a&;
vrf;rSeu f rkd vdu
k bf J tðywfwu kd af &;udyk J usio hf ;kH ae&if;/ jynfya&; (Edik if jH cm;a&;) rSmawmh +idr;f csr;f pGm
ajz&Sif;a&;vrf;pOfudk vufcHygw,fvdk@ aºuG;a=umfaewm[m jynfwGif;a&;0g'eJ@ EkdifiHjcm;a&;0g'
yÉdyuQjzpfaewJhta=umif;/ EkdifiHjcm;a&;0g'[m jynfwGif;a&;0g'&JŒ tqufomjzpf&r,fhta=umif;
a0zefajym=um;ygw,f? zqyvtpd;k &&JŒ tðywfwu kd af &;vrf;pOf rrSew f mudk jynfwiG ;f ppf &SpEf pS af usmf
udk;ESpfordkif;u oufaojyae+yD;jzpfvdk@ ppfrSefwJh+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf yrnwu wifjyaewJh aphpyf
aqG;aEG;a&;enf;udkom vdkuf=u&rSmjzpfa=umif;/ zqyvtpdk;&u tðywfwdkufa&;vrf;pOfudkvdkuf
aewm[m jynfwGif;ppfrD;udkar$;xm;wJh e,fcsJŒorm;rsm;&JŒ=oZmudk rvSefEdkifwmuwa=umif;/
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a0zefoGm;ygw,f? zqyv tpdk;&[m ArmjynfwGif; usL;ausmf0if/ ArmtrsKd;om;awGowf/ Arm
trsK;d orD;awG rk'rd ;f usiahf ewJh cseaf u&Sw d f w±kwjf zL"m;jyawGe@J befaumufaqG;aEG;yJrG mS wpm;yJx G J
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=um;xJusawmh aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;udk vufrcHEikd jf zpfaewmudzk iG chf s&if;/ zqyv wGi;f &dS azmufjyefwhJ
acgif;aqmifwpk[m rvJGraoGusqHk;&r,fvdk@ ajym=um;cJhygw,f? ppfrSefwJh+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf
aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;vrf;pOfom trSefqHk;qdkwmudk wifjyoGm;ygw,f?
yrnw A[do k bmywdtzJŒG &JŒ tpD&ifcpH mxJrmS vnf; jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpfymG ;&jcif;&JŒ ta=umif;
w&m;awGudk azmfjywJhtcg “e,fcsJŒorm;ESifh ‚if;.=oZmcH zqyv qdk&S,fvpfwdk@. EdkifiHa&;ppf
upm;r_/ ppfa&;iifra_ tmufrmS Edik if aH &;oabmuJv G rGJ r_ sm;jzpfay:vm=u+yD;/ Edik if aH &;oabmuJv G rGJ u_ kd
jynfolwkd@a&SŒarSmufwGif ajz&Sif;&rnfhtpm; 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;udk tm%mESifhydwfyifvsuf vuf
eufESifhzdESdyf+yD; awmwGif;odk@ armif;xkwfcJh=uonfhtwGuf aemufqHk;wGif 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;
uif;rJhvm&mrS vlwpk. vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tm%modrf;a&;vrf;pOfatmufwGif vufeufudkifwdkufyJG
jynfwGif;ppf}uD; ay:aygufvmcJh&avawmhonf” vdk@azmfjycJhygw,f?
nDvmcH}u;D &JŒ aemufq;kH &uf (31²8²56) ae@rmS yrnw tzJŒG }u;D &JŒ jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;tqdk
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ppf&yfpJa&;twGuf zqyvtpdk;&onf jynfolvlxk.qENESifh qef@usifI atmifjrifr_r&dSonfh
tðywfwdkufa&;vrf;pOfudk pGef@v$wfum jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvHk;u vdkvm;awmifhwaeonfh jynf
wGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh rsufESmpHknD aphpyfaqG;aEG;I t&,l
=u&ef av;eufpGmawmif;qdka=umif;” qdkwmjzpfygw,f?
jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &; jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;toHawG ArmjynftwGi;f rSm nHpnfvmcJyh gw,f?
tJ'DumvtawmftwGif;rSm Armjynf ‘00’ e,ftwGif; w±kwfeDwyfrsm; 0ifa&mufwyfpJGaew,f
qdw
k o hJ wif; xGuaf y:vmygw,f? tJ'w D ±kwef w D yfawG 0ifa&mufwyfpaGJ ew,fqw kd o
hJ wif;twGuf
tJ'w D ek ;f u 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfaewJh OD;AaqGe@J zqyv OuUÏ OD;Ek[m vlo&d iS =f um; bmpum;rSrajymbJ
w±kwfwyfawG ±kyfodrf;ay;zdk@ w±kwf0ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvdkif; qD 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;AaqGu pma&;ygw,f?
w±kwfwyfawG ±kwfodrf;a&;udpPrSm wwfEdkifoavmuftultnDay;zdk@ tdEdN,0ef}uD;csKyfae±l;qD
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w±kwftpdk;&&JŒ zdwf=um;csuft& w±kwf-Arm e,fjcm;jy\emudk aqG;aEG;zdk@ 1956 ckESpf

atmufwdkbmvxJrSm OD;Ek yDuif;udkvdkufoGm;ygw,f? w±kwf-Arm e,fjcm;jy\em twdtus
rowfrSwf&ao;oa&GŒ tckvdkjy\emawG r=umc%jzpfae=uOD;rSmyJvdk@ OD;Ek u csLtif;vdkif;udk
ajymygw,f? csLtifvdkif;u oabmwlygw,f 0e,fxJ w±kwfwyfawGa&mufaewm w±kwfA[dk
tpdk;&u rodwJhta=umif;eJ@ OD;Ek u ‘0’ 0’ e,fxJu w±kwfwyfawG jyefvnf±kwfodrf;ay;zdk@ ajymwm
udk ±kwfodrf;ay;ygr,fvdk@ csLtifvdkif;u ajym=um;cJhygw,f? OD;Ek u w±kwfacgif;aqmifawGudk rdef@
cGef;wckajymcsifw,fqdkwma=umifh csLtifvdkif;u vlOD;a& (500) avmuf&dSwJh EdkifiHa&;twdkifyifcH
tzJGŒwckudk ac:ay;+yD; pum;ajymcGifhay;cJhygw,f? OD;Eku w±kwf eJ@ Arm oabmwlxm;cJh=uwJh
rl}uD; (5) csufudk wcsufcsif;jyefvnfzGifhqdk &Sif;vif;cJhygw,f?
w±kwf-Arm e,fedrdwfowfrSwfa&;udpPudk OD;Ek eJ csLtifvdkif; wdk@ pwifaqG;aEG;cJhygw,f?
csLtifvikd ;f &JŒ aqG;aEG;csuf tcsKyfuawmh (1) ucsijf ynfe,fxu J zDarmf/ a*:vef/ uefzefqw kd hJ &GmoH;k &Gm
[m (1913) ckEpS t f wGi;f u w±kwjf ynfxu J ae +Adwo d #tpd;k &wd@k twif;zJ, h o
l mG ;wJh e,fajrawGjzpf
w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u w±kwfwjynfvHk; uef@uGufqENjycJh=uw,f? olvnf; ausmif;om;tjzpfeJ@
qENjy&mrSm yg0ifzl;w,f? tJ'D&Gm (3) &Gmudk w±kwftpdk;& jyefay;&ef/ (2) +Adwdo#tpdk;&[m erf0rf
e,fajrudk 1890 ckESpfxJrSm w±kwfjynfxJuzhJ,l+yD; w±kwfjynfxJu &moufyefiSm;xm;wJh e,fajr
vkyfcJhw,f? ajriSm;ctjzpf wESpfwaxmifay;cJhw,f? b,fw±kwftpdk;&urS ajriSm;cudk vufrcHcJh
zl;bl;? tJ'v D kd &moufyefimS ;xm;wJeh ,fajrqdw k m &,fp&m}uD;jzpfaew,f? Armjynfu 'De,fajrudk
tydkif,lcsif,lyg/ r,lcsif&if w±kwfjynfjyefay;&ef/ (3) 'De,fajr[m ArmjynftwGuf &Srf;jynfeJ@
ucsifjynfe,fudk qufoG,fwJh vrf;r}uD;azmufvkyfxm;+yD;jzpfaevdk@ tzdk;wefw,f? Armjynfu
tydik vf ckd si&f if 'De,fajrtpm; ‘0’ e,fajrxJu yef[ek ef @J yefavmwd@k ukd w±kwjf ynfukd ay;&efqw kd m
jzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dtcsuf (3) csufudk oabmwl&if oabmwlwJhta=umif; ESpfzufudk,fpm;vS,ftzJGŒ
vufrSwfxdk;r,f/ tJ'Daemuf e,fjcm;udkowfrSwf=ur,f/ owfrSwf+yD;&if owfrSwfxm;wJh w±kwf-
Arm e,fjcm;udk Armtpd;k &eJ@ w±kwt f pd;k &wd@k vufcw H phJ mcsKyfukd vufrwS af &;xd;k =uzd@k csLtifvikd ;f u
tqdkðycJhygw,f? csLtifvdkif;&JŒtqdk[m oifhjrwfr#wr_&dSw,fvdk@ OD;Eku,lqcJhygw,f?
0ef}u;D csKyf OD;AaqG qDukd jynfjh ynfph pkH kH ta=umif;=um;ajymqdzk @kd w±kwjf ynfqikd &f m oHtrwf}u;D
OD;vSarmif udk jyefv$wfajymqdkap+yD;/ ucsif&Gm (3) &Gm udpPygaewJhtwGuf ucsifacgif;aqmifawGESifh
aqG;aEG;zdk@ ucsifjynfe,f vuf&dSOuUÏ Zefxm;qif/ ucsifjynfe,fOuUÏa[mif;awGjzpfwJh 'l;0g;
aZmfvGef;eJ@ qif0g;aemif (3) OD;udkyg OD;Ek u ac:,lvdkufygw,f? OD;AaqG uvnf; oabmwla=umif;
pma&;ta=umif;jyefcw hJ t
hJ wGuf ucsiaf cgi;f aqmifo;kH OD;udk OD;Ek u &Si;f jyaqG;aEG;ygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf
csLtifvdkif;u ‘rufr[GefrsOf;’ a=umif;twdkif;vnf; todtrSwfðyr,fqdkwm &Sif;jy&if;vufcHzdk@
wdkufwGef;aqG;aEG;cJhygw,f? ucsifjynfe,fOuUÏ OD;Zefxm;qif u oabmrwlbl;vdk@qdkygw,f?
'l;0g;aZmfveG ;f eJ@ qrm'l;0g;qif0g;aemif wd@k uawmh bmrSrajymcJ=h uygb;l vd@k qykd gw,f? OD;Zefxm;qif
a=umifh vdyfcJwif;wif;jzpfcJh=u+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;AaqG yg vdkufvm vufrSwfa&;xdk;a&;txd ra&muf
cJ=h ubJ yxrtqifah qG;aEG;yJ[ G m +yD;oGm;cJyh gw,f? zqyv OuUÏ OD;Ek&ŒJ w±kwjf ynfc&D;[m atmuf

wdkbm (24) &ufrS/ Edk0ifbm (7) &ufae@txd ESpfywf=umcJhygw,f? w±kwf-Arm e,fedrdwfowfrSwf

Edkifa&;twGuf tajccHrlwckudk &&dScJhygw,f? Armjynf ‘00’ e,fxJa&muf&dSaewJh w±kwfeDwyfrsm;udk
wvtwGif; ±kwfodrf;ay;r,fqdkwJh w±kwfjynf&JŒ uwday;ajz&Sif;csufudkvnf; &&dScJhygw,f? w±kwf
jynfu ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D kd ulnt D m;ay;aer_awGuv kd nf; uef@uu G af jymqdck yhJ gw,f? ESpEf ikd if H
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wckvdk@ owfrSwf&ygvdrfhr,f?
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ppfqifa&;twGif;rSm wyfrawmfu ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk ppfqifwkdufcdkuf&if; uGefjrLepfwdk@&JŒ
pcef;wcktwGi;f uae vsKŒd 0Supf m&Gupf mwrf;zdik w f wJG ck odr;f ydu
k &f &dcS +hJ yD; ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f rª; Adv k rf ;ª csKyf
ausmfaZmeJ@ ocifoef;xGef;wdk@ vsKdŒ0SufqufoG,fr_&dSaew,fvdk@ ,lq&wJh pm&Gufpmwrf;awGyg0if
aewJh zdik w f u GJ pd jP zpfygw,f? wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; u tJ'zD ikd w f u
GJ u kd ikd +f yD;
bk&ifah emifppfqifa&;/ &ef}uD;atmifppfqifa&;awGrmS emrnfausm=f um;vmcJw h hJ Adv
k rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm
udk wyfrawmfuaez,f&Sm;zdk@ jyifqifvmjcif;jzpfygw,f?
1956 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvxJrSm oD[dk (oD&dvuFm) EdkifiHrSmusif;ywJh omoem (2500) yJGudk
zqyv OuUÏ OD;Ek oGm;wufaewkef;rSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ awmif;qdkcsuft& 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;AaqG
tdrfrSm tpnf;ta0;wckusif;yygw,f? OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf+idrf;/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;/ w±kwfjynfqdkif&m
jrefrmoHtrwf}u;D OD;vSarmifw@kd wufa&muf=uygw,f? Adv k rf ;ª }u;D atmif}u;D / Adv k rf ;ª }u;D armifarmif/
Advk rf ;ª }uD;=unf0if;/ 'kAv kd rf ;ª }uD; cspcf ikd f wd@k yg wufa&muf=uw,fv@kd qykd gw,f? tJ't D pnf;ta0;rSm
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; u “Adkvfrª;csKyfausmfaZm [m atmifrmCppfqifa&;u zrf;qD;&rdwJh pm&Gufpm
wrf; taxmuftxm;awGt& uGefjrLepfrsm;eJ@ qufoG,faewm oHo,&dSzG,f awGŒ&wJhtwGuf
Adv
k rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm udk &mxl;uaez,f&mS ;zd@k ” wifjycJyh gw,f? tpnf;ta0;uoabmwlvu kd =f uyg
w,f?
tJ'v D kd Advk rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm udk z,f&mS ;a&;udpP aqG;aEG;+yD;wJah emuf a&mufwwf&m&majym
qdk=u&if;/ OD;vSarmifu OD;Ek 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;jyefr,lbJ w±kwfjynfu OuUÏ}uD;armfvdk/ trsKd;om;
acgi;f aqmiftjzpfe@J zqyvOuUÏ tjzpfom xm;&drS ,fq&kd if Edik if t H wGuf tusK;d yd&k v Sd rd rhf ,fv@kd ajym
w,f qdkygw,f? OD;AaqGu “'g OD;Ekoabmyg” vdk@ajymcJh+yD; usefyk*~dKvftm;vHk;uawmh OD;vSarmif
&JŒ t}uHðyajymqdkcsufudk oabmwlóudufESpfoufcJh=uygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh tJ'Dwkef;u aq;±kHwuf
aewJh qd&k , S v f pfacgi;f aqmif ocifwif qD qufvuf&iS ;f jyap+yD;/ OD;Ek oD[v kd u f jyefvm&if &Si;f vif;
wifjya&;wm0efudkawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; eJ@ OD;vSarmif udk wm0efay;tyfcJh=uygw,f?
OD;Ek oD[v kd u
f jyefvmvd@k r*Fvm'Hak v,mOfuiG ;f av,mOfqu kd w f t hJ cg avqdyrf mS óudaewJh
ocifausmfxGef; u av,mOfay:t&ifwufoGm;+yD; OD;Ekudk “ta&;ay:udpPwckay:aevdk@ b,foleJ@rS
awGŒqHjk cif;rðyrD aq;±ku H v kd u kd v
f m+yD;awGŒqH&k ef ocifwif u rSm=um;a=umif;” owif;yd@k ajym=um;yg
w,f? OD;Ek u “ocifausmfxGef;a& bmawGvJ/ pdk;&drfp&mawGrsm;vm;” vdk@ jyefar;wJhtcg ocif
ausmfxGef; u “ocifwif aq;±kHwufae&w,f/ rae@naeu AdkvfcsKyfae0if; eJ@ OD;AaqG wdk@ olqD
vm+yD; OuUÏ}uD; tpdk;&tzJGŒxJ jyefr0ifatmif wdkufwGef;ay;zdk@ajym=uw,f? OuUÏ}uD;udkvnf;

OD;AaqG eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;wdk@ vmawGŒ=uvdrhfOD;r,fvdk@ ocifwifu ajymvdkufygw,f” vdk@ ajymyg

w,f?
tJ'DudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; OD;Ek u “'g OD;ausmf+idrf; vufcsuf” vdk@,lqygw,f? 1957 ckESpf
Zefe0g&v D xJa&muf&if Edik if aH &;uxGuaf wmhr,fv@kd vlo&d iS =f um;a=unmxm;ygvsuef @J tckvv kd yk f
wmraumif;bl;/ ppfAdkvfudkudkif+yD; olŒudk+cdrf;ajcmufwmvdk@vnf; rSwf,lcHpm;ygw,f? a'govnf;
t}uD;tus,fxGufygw,f?
'ga=umifh aemufw&uf AdkvfcsKyfae0if; wa,mufxJvmawGŒ+yD; “OD;Ek tpdk;&tzJGŒxJ jyefr
0ifbJ w±kwfjynfu OuUÏ}uD;armfvdk zqyvOuUÏtjzpfeJ@yJ óud;udkifxm;&if aumif;vdrhfr,f”
vdk@ ajymjywJhtcg OD;Ek u “tpdk;&tzJGŒxJudkjyef0ifzdk@ rae@uwnf;u qHk;jzwf+yD;+yD/ jyef0ifzdk@twGuf
tvkyftr_aqmiftzJGŒrSm w}udrfwdkuf&r,f/ v$wfawmfrSm w}udrfwdkuf&r,f/ qdk&S,fvpfawG[m
ESpfqifhpvHk;rSm tm;aumif;wJhtwGuf ol±H_;rSmbJ/ 'gayr,fh wdkufr,f/ wyGJrSrwdkufbJ t±Hl;ay;wJh
vrf;pOfudkróudufzl;” vdk@ tajzay;vdkufygw,f?
paeae@ tvkyftr_aqmiftzJGŒ tpnf;ta0;rSm ol tpdk;&tzJGŒxJ jyef0ifr,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf
&mxl; jyef,lr,fvdk@ OD;Ek u a=unmvdkufygawmhw,f? OD;AaqG u “udk}uD;Ek tpdk;&tzJGŒxJ jyef0if
r,fq&kd if jyef0ifyg? usaemfxu G af y;ygr,f” vd@k wnfwnf+idr+f idraf jym+yD; uset f r_aqmifawGuvnf;
apm'uwufr,fhvlr&dSwJhtwGuf jy\emrwufcJhyg? OD;ausmf+idrf; tpnf;ta0;rwufjzpfyg?
wufjzpf&ifawmh uef@uGufrSmrkcsyJvdk@qdkygw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;uae wESpftem;,lr,fqdkwJh OD;Ek/ wESpfrjynfhrD 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udk jyef
vnf&,lzdk@ vG,fvG,fulul jzpfoGm;ygw,f?
OD;Ek eJ@ OD;ausmf+idrf; =um; wif;rmr_awG ydk}uD;vmygw,f? tjyeftvSefr,Hk=unfr_awG
ydkrsm;vmygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;vdkvm;olwdk@&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;toHawGvnf; ydknHvmygw,f?
jrefrmEdkifiH pma&;q&mtoif;}uD;uvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;udk tusKd;ðywJhpmayrsm;udk a&;om;
=u&ef w&m;0ifq;Hk jzwfxm;+y;D jzpfovd/k pmqdak wmfae@usi;f ywJt h cgrmS vnf; t&ifEpS af wGueJ@rwlbJ
+ird ;f csr;f a&;udk tav;xm;ar#m&f nfwhJ jyZmwfjyuGuaf wGe@J ya'omuyG}J u;D udk pma&;q&mawGu, kd f
wdik f o±kyaf qmifujycJ=h uwJt h wGuf +idr;f csr;f a&;aw;oHcsKd csKd v$r;f wJh pmqdak wmfv}uD;jzpfapcJyh gw,f?
±kyf&Sif/ *Dwynm&Sifrsm;uvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf yg0ifulnD tm;jznfh o±kyfaqmifcJh=uygw,f?
+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf q&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm;uvnf; yg0ifóud;yrf; tm;jznfhawmfrlvm
=uygw,f?
jynfc±kid f ayguaf cgi;f òrdŒe,ftwGi;f &Sd q&mawmf oHCmawmf}uD; (24) yg;&JŒ jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpJ
a&;twGuf yef=um;csuv f nf; xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? r=umrD q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f &JŒ +idr;f csr;f
a&;yef=um;v$mvnf; xGufay:vmygw,f?
1957 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (23) &ufae@rSm ajrmufydkif;wdkif;rª;tjzpfuae Adkvfrª;csKyfausmfaZmudk
&mxl;csxm;vdkufygw,f? ppfbufpnf;rsOf;Oya't&/ tJ'Dae@uae (22) &ufajrmufwJh azazmf0g&D
(13) &ufae@rSm/ ppfbufrlv§'kAdkvfrª;}uD;&mxl;odk@ avsmhcs+yD;/ rwfv (6) &ufae@rSm t+idrf;pm;ay;
vdkufygw,f?

Adkvfrª;csKyftqifhuae ESpfqifhav#mhcs+yD; 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;&mxl;eJ ht+idrf;pm;ay;vdkufwmjzpf

ygw,f? w&m;0ifpmudk {+yDv (9) &ufae@ ae@pGJeJ@ xkwfjyefvdkufygw,f? trdef@pmrSm - ‘vkH;vkH;cs
rSwEf ikd af vmufaom taxmuftxm; jynfjh ynf0h 0r&So d nfwh ikd af tmif oHo,ruif;p&mjzpfonf’
qdkwm azmfjyxm;+yD;/ ‘wyfrawmfESifh wdkif;jynfwdk@udk tE W&m,ftrsdK;rsdK;rS umuG,f&rnfjzpfonfh
twdik ;f / 'kAv kd rf ;ª }uD;ausmaf Zm tm; wyfrawmfwiG f qufvufwm0efray;awmhoif[ h k umuG,af &;
OD;pD;csKyfu ‚if;.,lqcsufudk tpD&ifcH&m/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xmeu aumfrD&SiftzGJŒi,fwckjzifh
xyfrHpkHprf; ppfaq;=um;em+yD;aemuf/ OD;pD;csKyf. t}uHay;csuftwdkif;yif vufcHvdkufygonf?’ [k
ed*kH;csKyf&if; t+idrf;pm;ay;vdkufwmjzpfygw,f? bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;/ &ef}uD;atmifppfqifa&;wdk@&JŒ
ydou k m/ w±kwjf zLusL;ausmo f al wGukd jywfjywfom;om; &Gy&f yG cf |cH |H wdu k cf ukd cf whJ phJ pfo}l uD;/ &Jabmfo;Hk
usdyf0if AdkvfausmfaZm [m 'Dvdkenf;eJ@ wyfrawmfuae xGufcGgoGm;&ygawmhw,f? Adkvfae0if;&JŒ
óud;yrf;csuf atmifjrifoGm;ygw,f? ppfwyfxdyfoD; Adkvfae0if; tygt0if/ wyfrawmf t&m&Sd}uD;
tm;vkH;vdkvdk[m qdk&S,fvpfEG,f0ifawGcsnf;om usefawmhwJhtwGuf qdk&S,fvpf}uD;rsm;vnf;
tm;&auseyfc=hJ uygw,f? umuG,af &;0ef}uD;u OD;AaqG/ umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu Adv k cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;/
Adv
k cf sKyf}u;D ae0if; vufatmufu wyfrawmfxyd yf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifawGu/ Adv k rf ;ª }u;D atmif}u;D / Adkvfrª;
}uD;armifarmif/ Adkvfrª;}uD;atmifa&$/ Adkvfrª;}uD;=unf0if;/ 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;cspfcdkif pwJholawGjzpfygw,f?
Adkvfrª;}uD;wifaz eJ@ Adkvfrª;}uD;odrf;armif wdk@vnf; ygygw,f?
1957 ckESpf/ rwfv (1) &ufae@rSm OD;Ek 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl; jyefvnfvufcH&,lygw,f? rwfv
(9) &ufae@rSm Auy Adkvfrª;cspfaumif;udk &efukefrSmrdygw,f?
1957 rwfv (12) &ufae@ jynfolŒv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;rSm yrnw twdkuftcHtrwf
rsm;u tpdk;&tay: t,kHt=unfr&Sda=umif;tqdkudk wifoGif;ygw,f? OD;at;armifu tqdkudkwif
oGif;+yD;/ ocifcspfarmif tygt0if trwf (10) OD;u tqdkudk axmufcHaqG;aEG;=uygw,f?
t,kHt=unfr&Sda=umif;tqdkrSm æ tpdk;&[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ touf tdk;tdrf pnf;pdrfudk
umuG,fay;Edkifjcif;r&Sda=umif;/ tpdk;&&JŒ w&m;0ifxkwfjyefcsufrsm;t&yif 1948 ckESpfuae 1956
ckESpftwGif; w&m;cHrazmfxkwfEdkifaom vlowfr_aygif; (6644) r_/ "m;jyr_ (17004) r_/ jyefay;r_
(1156) r_/ rk'drf;r_ (633) r_ &Sda=umif;/ pm&if;raygufao;wJhtr_rsm;vnf;&Sda=umif;eJ@ 'Dvdk vlowf/
"m;jy/ jyefay;r_rsm;udk w&m;cHazmfxkwfray;Edkifjcif;/ jyLapmxD;tygt0if vufeufudkifwyfrsm;&JŒ
tEdik u f siAhf v kd u f sra_ wGukd ajz&Si;f ray;Edik jf cif;/ jynfwiG ;f aomif;use;f r_jy\emawGukd rajz&Si;f Edik jf cif;
wd@k twGuf tpd;k &rSm wm0ef&adS =umif;eJ@ 'ga=umifh tpd;k &tay: t,kt H =unfr&St d qdk wifoiG ;f &jcif;
jzpfa=umif; tcdkiftrm azmfxkwfpGJcsufwifvdkufygw,f?
tqdu k kd axmufcaH qG;aEG;=uwJh trwfrsm;uvnf;/ ppfwyfuzGŒJ xm;wJh vufeufuikd f t&H
wyfawGjzpfwJh umuG,fa&; vJAD;/ jyLapmxD;rsm;u &mZ0wfr_tzkHzkHudk usL;vGefcJh=ua=umif;/
'ga=umifh ppfwyfrmS wm0ef&adS =umif;udv k nf; azmfxw k w f ifjycJ=h uygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfacgi;f aqmifawG
udkvnf; a0zefcJh=uygw,f?
csuu f svufus axmufjya0zef+y;D tqdu k kd tcdik tf rm wifEikd cf =hJ uayr,f/h zqyv tiftm;u
tqrwef}uD;wJhtwGuf tqdkudk rJcGJwJhtcg tqdk[m ±_H;edrfhoGm;&ygw,f? ±_H;edrhfoGm;cJh&ayr,fh/
'Dtqdk[m tm%mudk wav#mufvkH;udkifpGJvmcJhwJh zqyv tpdk;&tay: t,kHt=unfr&Sda=umif;

wifoGif;cJhwJh yxrqkH;aomtqdktjzpf ordkif;rSwfwrf;0ifjzpfoGm;cJh&ygw,f?
'Dvkd v$waf wmfwiG ;f wdu k yf rJG ay:cif wywftuGm/ rwfv (6) &ufae@wek ;f uyJ 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek
[m +idrf;csr;fa&;eJ@ywfoufwJhrdef@cGef;wck ay;oGm;cJhygw,f? ‘+idrf;csrf;a&; wu,f&r,fqdk&if/ &mZ
tdajEyN ±hJ rHk uvdk h a=urGomG ;ygap aphpyf+y;D wm=umyg+y/D vufeufcsvmcJyh g/ w&m;Oya't&awmh ta&;
,l&vdrfhr,f? raoap&/ oufn‡mpGmpOf;pm;r,f? pdwfcs&wJhtcg w&m;oif;a=unmr,f/ EdkifiHa&;
n‡O;f yef;r_r&Sad p&’ qdw k hJ rde@f ceG ;f jzpfygw,f? q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f &JŒ ‘olrom ud, k rf em +ird ;f csr;f
a&;yef=um;v$m’ xGuaf y:vm+yD;wJah emuf/ q&m}uD;yef=um;v$mtay: owif;pm}uD;awGtygt0if
EdkifiHw0Sef;u axmufcHvm=u+yD;wJhaemuf/ OD;Ek rdef@cGef;xGufay:vmwmjzpfygw,f? q&m}uD;&JŒ
olromudk,frem +idrf;csrf;a&;rleJ@,SOf+yD;xGufvmcJhwJh tpdk;&tzGJŒ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek &JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;rlvdk@
yJajym&ygvrd rhf ,f? acgi;f rmqd&k , S vf pf}uD;rsm;uawmh/ ‘ocifp;kd -ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k [m aphpyfajz&Si;f
a&;udk ,kHwJhvlawGr[kwf/ aphpyfa&;udk y&d,m,fvkyfaewmomjzpfw,f/ +idrf;csrf;a&;udk wu,fvdk
vm;wJholawGr[kwf’ vdk@ wdk;wdk;wzkH us,fus,fwrsdK;ajymqdk&if; aphpyfa&;udk qef@usif=uygw,f?
q&m}uD;rdi_ ;f OD;aqmifwhJ (8) OD;aumfrw D u D jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ }uD;zGŒJ +yD; aqmif&u G &f if;/
q&m}uD;&JŒ ‘olrom udk,frem oifykef;acsenf;ESifh ppfruf&yfpJ+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;udk,l=u&ef’ qdkwJh
+idrf;csrf;a&;rludk bmoma&;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;ua&m/ vlrsdK;pkeJ@ vlwef;pm;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;
tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;uyg twdtvif; axmufcHv_yf&Sm;vm=uygw,f?
tpdk;&&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;rleJ hArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;rl (wenf;tm;jzifh) tpdk;&udk
vufeufudkifawmfvSefae=uolrsm;&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;rlqdk+yD;/ rl (2) rl twdtvif;uGJjym;ae&mu
q&m}uD;rd_if;&JŒ ‘olrom udk,frem’ +idrf;csrf;a&;rl xGufay:vmcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
tpdk;& &JŒ rlu ‘vufeufudkifaomif;usef;oltm;vkH; vufeufcs/ oufn‡mpGmpOf;pm;r,f’
qdkwJh vufeufcsa&;rljzpf+yD;/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD u wifjywJhrl - vufeufudkifawmfvSefaeol
rsm;&JŒrlu ‘awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;vdkw,f/ awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;=u+yD; jynfwGif;ppf}uD;udk &yfpJoGm;=uzdk@’ qdkwJh
‘awGŒqkHaqG;aEG; aphpyfa&;rl’ jzpfygw,f? q&m}uD;rd_if; OD;aqmifwJh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; (8) OD;
aumfrDwD&JŒrlu ‘olrom udk,fremwJhenf;eJ@ oifykef;acs=u+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;udk t&,l=ua&;rl’/
oifyek ;f acsa&;rljzpfygw,f? vufeufcsa&;rle@J aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;rlt=um;/ uGjJ ym;uGm[aer_uq kd +JG yD;
&if=um;aphay;vdu k wf rhJ /l w&m;ojzifjh zpfatmif wHwm;xd;k ay;vdu k wf rhJ jl zpfygw,f? oifyek ;f acs=ua&;
jzpfygw,f?
q&m}uD;&JŒrludk w&m;r#wwJhrltjzpf wjynfvkH;u 0dkif;0ef;axmufcHtm;ay;=uayr,fh/
qdk&S,fvpf}uD;rsm;eJ@ ppfwyfu wpufuav;rS róudufESpfoufEdkifcJh=uyg?
q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f &JŒ +ird ;f csr;f a&;rlukd axmufcv H vkd m;olrsm;u &efuek òf rŒd vk;H u|wf
+idrf;csrf;a&;qENjyyGJ}uD; usif;yðyvkyfr,fvdk@ a=unmvdkufwJhtcg +idrf;csrf;a&;rvdkvm;EdkifolawGu
+idrf;csrf;a&;qENudk zsufqD;zdk@/ +idrf;csrf;a&;udk oa&mfavSmifajymifzdk@ ‘vufeufudkifawmfvSefae=uol
awGu rD;&xm; wHwm;vrf;rsm; csKd ;zsuaf ewJh "mwfy}Hk uD;rsm;ud’k / ‘'gvm;+idr;f csr;f a&;’ qdw k hJ pmwrf;
xdk;+yD;/ wwdkif;jynfvkH; yvlysHatmif jzef@a0vdkuf=uygw,f? ‘'gvm;+idrf;csrf;a&;’ &JŒ zefwD;&Sifrsm;u
awmh/ pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;Xmeu yk*Kd~ vf}uD;rsm;jzpfygw,f? ppfwyfuae zefw;D azmfxw k cf w hJ mjzpfyg

w,f? ppfwyf[m pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;Xmeqdw k mudk oD;oef@zŒJG pnf;xm;+yD; ppfwyf&ŒJ ppfqifa&;wdik ;f
rSm wGJzufyg0ifaqmif&GufapcJhovdk/ jynfolvlxk=um;u v_yf&Sm;r_awGtwGif;rSmvnf; wm0efay;
aqmif&u G af pcJyh gw,f? pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;vkyif ef;rsm; us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ ydrk vkd yk u
f ikd Ef ikd zf @kd tar&duef
EdkifiHudk oifwef;ydk@v$wfcJhwmawGvnf;&Sdygw,f?
atmifrmCxd;k ppf}uD;tjyif wGzJ ufppfqifa&;awGe@J yg woDwwef;}uD; qufvufx;kd ppfqif
wdkufcdkufaewJhtwGuf/ vufeufudkif olykeftiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; tjyif;txef jyefvnfckcHwdkuf
cdkufae&&if;/ ppfa&;t&/ vrf;wHwm;rsm;udk csdK;zsufvkyfudkifcJh&wmawGudk "mwfykH}uD;awG trsdK;rsdK;
±kduf,l+yD; ‘'gvm;+idrf;csrf;a&;’ vdk@ pmwef;xdk;jycJh=ujcif;jzpfygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk
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vkycf yhJ gw,f? 56§57 ckEpS t f wGuf umuG,af &;tok;H p&dwu f vnf; (502) oef;txd wd;k wufomG ;
cJhygw,f? umuG,fa&;tokH;p&dwfyrm%[m tm&SrSm azmfrdkqm (xdkif0rf)eJ@ awmifudk&D;,m;+yD;&if
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awGvkyfygw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; OD;AaqG wdk@&JŒ ppfaq;ykH/ ar;jref;ykHawGeJ@ tpdk;&&JŒ oufn‡mpGm
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OD;pD;csKyf apm=um'd;k udk z,f&mS ;+y;D wJah emufyikd ;f / tJ'aD e&mudk tpm;xd;k cef@xm;&r,fq&kd if/ Adv k af usmaf Zm
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k af usmaf Zm udak wmh zqyvtpd;k &u 55 ckEpS rf mS
rv$o J mvd@k wjcm;olrsm;ay;csed rf mS ‘oa&pnfo’l bGŒJ ay;cJzh ;l ygw,f?) aemufq;Hk ay;vdu k w f muawmh
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e,fbuftyk cf sKyfa&;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGomru/ axmufvrS ;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGeJ J ph w d "f mwfppfqifa&;aqG;aEG;yGJ
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pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;pDrHcsufawGuvnf; r&SdrjzpfudpPawGtjzpf a&SŒwef;a&mufvmcJhygw,f? arv
uyJ 'kAdkvfrª;}uD; boef; ("rRdu boef;) pdwf"mwfppfqifa&; !¸ef=um;a&;rª;acgif;aqmifwJh tzGJŒudk
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jzpfygw,f? bmoma&;eJ@ywfouf+yD;/ ‘oò*ôvf’ oifwef;awG ydk@cswm/ umuG,fa&;0g'oabm
w&m;awG azmfxw k af qG;aEG;apwmawG tpDtpOf&&dS dS pwifaqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;

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xm;wma=umifhyg OD;Ek taeeJ@ wpkHw&m jywfjywfom;om;vkyfzdk@ pOf;pm;p&mawG jzpfvmcJhygw,f?
{+yDv (20) &ufae@rmS tif;pdef zqyvvli,fnv D mcHusi;f yygw,f? zqyv XmecsKyfacgi;f
aqmifwcsdKŒvnf; wuf=uygw,f? OD;Ek u armfvòrdifc&D;oGm;aeovdk OD;ausmf+idrf;u &cdkifbuf
a&mufae+yD;/ OD;AaqGu xm;0,fom; &Siðf yoGm;aecsed jf zpfygw,f? tif;pdev f il ,fnv D mcHu qk;H jzwf
csuf (3) ckudk csrSwfygw,f? qkH;jzwfcsuftrSwf (3) qdkwmu ‘udk,fusdK;&Smae=uaom vlxkacgif;
aqmiftrnfcH vlowf"m;jywdkuf rD;±d_ jyefay;qGJ rk'drf;usifhae=uonfh trdkufw&m;awGudk a&vdkuf
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owif;udk owif;pmuae od&Sd&+yD;/ ocifausmf'Gef;wdk@ vlpkudk "m;jy jyefay;qGJ rk'drf; vlowform;
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ajr[m ocifausmf'Gef;&JŒ pnf;±kH;a&;e,fajrjzpfwJhtwGuf tckvdk ykwfcwfpGyfpGJajymqdkwm[m
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csufqGJvdkufygw,f? 'ga=umifh OD;Ek [m wOD;wnf; pOf;pm;okH;oyf+yD; OD;ausmf+idrf; wdk@tkyfpkeJ@
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awmh 56 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ&v'f&JŒ !¸efjyudef;t&/ zqyv oef@&Sif;a&;vkyfrSjzpfr,f/ rvkyf&if
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rvdkvm;/ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;om tjywftowfvkyfypf+yD; zqyv tm%mudk enf;aygif;pkHeJ@
qufvufxdef;odrf;oGm;Edkifw,fvdk@ cH,lxm;wJh OD;ausmf+idrf; wdk@[m rwlnDwJh oabmxm;awGeJ@
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OD;Eku ‘pum;eJ &efp’J vrf;pOfqw kd mudk olŒ[m olpOf;pm;+yD;/ ocifwif wd@k vpl u k kd t&ifac:
awGŒygw,f? olŒ&JŒpum;eJ &efpJ vrf;pOfqdkwmu tcsuf (3) csuf ygygw,f?
(1) tcdsefraESmif;cif wzufeJ@wzuf anmif!dkyifpcef;u vrf;cGJ=uawmh/
(2) ocifwif wd@k [m OD;Ek &JŒ acgi;f aqmifru _ v
kd ckd si&f if t&ufraomuf/ vmbfrpm;/ rde;f r

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qkH;jzwfay;vdrfhr,f/ qkH;jzwfEdkifatmif v$wfawmfudk Oya't& ac:ay;r,f æ
qdwk thJ csuf (3) csuu f kd csjy+yD;/ ocifwif wd@k zufu &yfz@kd q;Hk jzwfvu kd yf gw,f? ocifwifw@kd
eJ@awGŒ+yD;aemuf OD;AaqG wdk@wawGudkvnf; ac:awGŒum pum;eJ &efpJvrf;pOfqdkwmxJu 'kwd,
eHywf (2) tcsuu f kd csevf yS +f yD; anmif!ykd ifpcef;u vrf;cG=J uawmhz@kd e@J tpd;k &tzGŒJ tm%mb,ftzGŒJ
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OD;AaqG u 'Dvdkvrf;rcGJa&; ajymqdkao;ayr,fh v$wfawmfwif vrf;cGJ=uzdk@om aemufqkH; tajzjzpf
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ay:vm&ygawmhw,f? arv (6) &ufae@rSm OD;Ek &JŒ ‘zqyv }uD;udk wpnf;wvkH;wnf; rxdef;Edkif
awmhyg? zGwfr& "m;rqkH;tjzpf rcHEdkifI cGJ=u&ygonf?’ qdkwJh &Sif;vif;oH xGufay:vm+yD; vlwdkif;od
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w,f?
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ae0if; udk csD;usL;=u acsmhjrL=uygw,f? wnf+rJbufuvlawGu olwdk@eJ@ wyfrawmf[m &JabmfawG
yg? awmfvSefa&;rSm twlvkyfvmolawGygvdk@ toHay;vmwm&Sdovdk/ oef@&Sif;bufuvnf; ‘Adkvf
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wGuf OD;Ek u ol[m ‘udk,fwdkifwdkuf&mcdkuf&mrsdK;rSm ryg/ 'gayr,fh awmfvSefa&;twGuf ta&;}uD;
tpnf;ta0;wcsdKŒudk olŒtdrfrSmyJ vkyfcJh=uwmr[kwfvm;’ vdk@ jyefvSefacsyygw,f?
wnf+rJacgif;aqmifwcsdKŒu OD;Ek [m tm%m±l;}uD;jzpfw,fvdk@ pGyfpGJwJhtwGuf/ OD;Ek u
olomtm%m±l;}uD;jzpfw,fq&kd if/ olŒudk bmha=umifh q,fEpS q f ,fr;kd acgi;f aqmiftjzpf wifajr‡muf
xm;cJ=h uygovJ vd@k jyefveS af r;cGe;f xkwyf gw,f? OD;Ek[m w%Sm±l;}uD;jzpfw,fvkd ph yG pf o JG aH wGtwGuf
OD;Ek u vlxktpnf;ta0;yGJwckrSm ‘ol[m 1948 ckESpfup+yD; tjA[Rmp&d,moDvudk apmifhxdef;
vmol jzpfw,f’vdk hacsyygw,f?

oef@&iS ;f -wnf+rJtuG[ J m tpd;k &tzGŒJ twGi;f / Xmeqdik &f mawGtwGi;f / vlxv k w l ef;pm;tzGŒJ
tpnf;awGtwGif;/ ygvDreftrwfawGtwGif;omru/ wjynfvkH;udk *,uf±kdufcwfcJhygw,f? ae&m
wdkif;rSmvnf; aemufqufwGJ tuGJawG qufwdkufay:cJhygw,f? {+yDvukefuae arv wvausmf
ausmfvkH;[mvnf; tpdk;&&SdvsufeJ@ tpdk;& r&SdovdkrsdK;taetxm; jzpfaecJhygw,f?
Ekwif-aqG+idr;f tkypf k (2) ckpvk;H [m tjyeftvSef vuf!;kd xd;k =uovd/k tòydit f qdik pf nf;±k;H
=uwmawGvnf; t}uD;tus,fvkyfaqmif=uygw,f? tuGJeJ@ywfoufwJhowif;awGudkvnf;
owif;pmawGu udk,fh&yfwnfcsufeJ@udk,f a&;=uom;=u azmfjy=uygw,f?
ygvDrefwif+yD; rJcGJqkH;jzwf=urSm jzpfwJhtwGuf trwfawG aps;aumif;cJhygw,f? Ek-wif
oef@&Sif; zqyvu olwdk@udkifpGJwJhrltjzpf ‘ay:vpD (4) &yf’ udk xkwfjyefa=unmvdkufygw,f?
(1) Edik if jH cm;a&;0g'eJ@ywfouf+yD; vuf&0dS g'udk rajymif;vJbJ waoGa0rwdr;f usio hf ;Hk rnf?
(2) urBmat;nDvmcHrSm ajym=um;cJhwJh pum;}uD;okH;cGef;twdkif;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk
qufvuftaumiftxnfazmfrnf?
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(4) jynfe,frsm;. w&m;ojzifh &oifh&xdkuftcGifhta&; tmrcHrnf?
qdkwJh ay:vpD (4)&yf jzpfygw,f?
v$waf wmfxrJ mS trwfae&m (45) ae&m &&Sx d m;wJh yrnw u ‘Ekwif’ &JŒ ay:vpDav;&yf
[m yrnw &JŒ oabmxm;vkyfief;pOfjzpfwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ vlrsdK;pkrsm;tcGifhta&;eJ@
urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&; xdef;odrf;a&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfapEdkifw,fvdk@ okH;oyfyg
w,f? yrnw u zqyv ESpfjcrf;uGJtay: qef;ppftuJjzwfwmvnf; vkyfygw,f? yrnw &JŒ
tjrifu Ek-wif tiftm;pk[m e,fcsJ hqef@usifa&;vuQ%m &Sdwefoavmuf &Sdao;w,fjrif+yD;/
aqG+idrf;tiftm;pkrSm r&Sdvdk@jrifygw,f?
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axmifvakd o;w,f? aqG+idr;f u vufa0cHp;D yGm;a&;vrf;pOfusio hf ;Hk +yD; csw
D ufvw kd m xif&mS ;w,fv@kd
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ig;csu’f udk xde;f odr;f vdu k ef mao;w,f/ aqG+idr;f om tpd;k &jzpf&if jrefrmjynf[m ,d;k ',m;tpd;k &rsK;d
jzpfoGm;Edkifw,fvdk@ ±_jrifygw,f?
yrnw tzGJŒ}uD;u Ek-wif Ekdif&if +idrf;csrf;a&;udk tusKd;ðyoGm;Edkifw,fvdk@ ±_jrifygw,f?
tJ'v D kd cGjJ cm;±_jrifo;kH oyf&muae ‘Ekwif’ udk tqd;k xJu taumif;jzpfap&ef &nf&, G +f yD;/ ‘Ekwif’udk
axmufcHa=umif;udk a=unmcsufudk arv (10) &ufae@rSm xkwfjyefvdkufygw,f? ygvDreftwGif;rSm
Ek-wif xuf tajctae tiftm;omaewJh aqG+idrf;tkyfpk[m yrnw &JŒ arv (10) &uf a=unm
csufa=umifh rsufvHk;jyL;oGm;&ygw,f? Ek-wif tkyfpkeJ@ t}udwfte,f ,SOfòydif&r,fh tajctae

a&mufoGm;ygw,f?
'ga=umifh e,fawGtxd tòydiftqdkifqif;+yD;/ rJqG,f pnf;±Hk;=uygw,f? axmifxJa&mufae
&wJh trwfESpfOD;jzpfwJh OD;armifudk/ OD;atmifrdk; wdk@qDta&muf oef@&Sif;uvnf; oGm;ygw,f? Adkvfrª;
cspfaumif; tr_eJ@wGJ+yD; tzrf;cHxm;&wJh OD;armifudk u jrif;+cHtrwfjzpfygw,f? OD;atmifrdk; u
ykodrftrwfjzpfygw,f? ESpfOD;pvHk;[m yrnw trwfawGjzpfygw,f?
jynfr&Sd trwfawGomru jynfe,fu trwfawGudkvnf; tòydifpnf;±Hk;zdk@ jynfe,fawG
qDudkvnf; tòydifc&D;xGuf+yD; pnf;±Hk;=uygw,f?
oef@&Sif; p0f0Àu awmif}uD;rSm jynfe,frsm;taeeJ@ oDv/ orm"d&SdwJh OD;Ek udkyJ axmufcH
=uzdk@/ OD;Ek bufuae jynfe,fawGeJ@ awGŒqHk+yD; oef@&Sif;udk rJxnfhzdk@ rJqG,fygw,f?
arv (18) &ufae@rSm a'gufwmAarmfu “zqyv òyduGJjcif;jy\emudk ygvDrefodk@wifjyI
ajz&Sif;=ujcif;onf 'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒenf;vrf;r[kwf” vdk@ *g;'D;,ef;owif;pmuae a0zefygw,f?
arv (18) &ufae@rSm &Srf;jynfe,fOuUÏ 0ef}uD; p0fcGefcsdK tdrfrSm &Srf;apmfbGm;awG tpnf;
ta0;vkyfygw,f? jynfe,fawG&JŒ epfemcsufawGudk twdtusawmif;qdkzdk@ awmif;qdkwJhtcg jynf
e,ftoD;oD; pkaygif;+yD; awmif;qdkzdk@ aumffrDwDzGJŒ+yD; OD;Ek qDwifjyzdk@awG aqG;aEG;=uygw,f?
arv (21) &ufae@rSm p0fEGJŒ OD;aqmifwJh EGHppf[ef tzGJŒ pwifay:aygufvmygw,f? arv
(22) &ufae@rmS awmif}uD; rd;k rdwaf [mfrmS apmfbmG ;awG xyfrH tpnf;ta0;vky=f u+yD; apmfbmG ;awG
uae &Srf;jynfe,f&JŒ awmif;qdkcsufrl (15) csufrl=urf;udk a&;qGJ=uygw,f?
rdkif;±l;apmfbGm; p0frefz OuUÏjzpfwJh ‘&ynz’ tzGJŒuvnf; v_yf&Sm;r_awG vkyfvmygw,f?
tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u &Srf;jynfe,frSm&Sdae=uwJh t"du EdkifiHa&;tkyfpk}uD;awGuawmh -
Õ p0fcGefcsdK &JŒ &Srf;jynfawmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJŒ (&wpnz)/
Õ r[ma'0D p0f[defcrf; OD;aqmifwJhtzGJŒ/
Õ erfhcrf; trwf OD;xGef;at; acgif;aqmifwJh &Srf;jynfe,fvHk;qdkif&m tzGJŒcsKyf (&yvz) eJ@
Õ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m &Srf;trsdK;om;XmecsKyf wdk@ jzpf=uygw,f?
p0fceG cf sKd tkypf u
k Ek-wif/ erfch rf;OD;xGe;f at; tkyu
f aqG+idr;f / r[ma'0D tkyu
f yxr=um;ae
(aemufydkif;aqG+idrf;) udk axmufcHcJh=u+yD; ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m &Srf;trsdK;om; XmecsKyfuawmh Ekwif
udkyJ rJay;zdk@ qHk;jzwfcJh=uygw,f?
ucsifjynfe,frSmu t"du EdkifiHa&;tkyfpk (3) ck &Sdygw,f?
Õ ucsiftrsdK;om;rsm; uGef*&uftzGJŒcsKyf (KNC) autifpD/
Õ jynfolŒ,Ofaus;r_ESifh wdk;wuf}uD;yGm;a&;tzGJŒ (y,uz)/
Õ aygifa,mifvli,ftzGJŒ qdkwmwdk@ jzpf=uygw,f?
autifpD (KNC) tzGŒJ acgi;f aqmif 'l;0g;aZmfveG ;f / 0ef}uD;OD;Zefxm;qif wd@k u aqG+idr;f udk
axmufc+H yD; y,uz tzGŒJ acgi;f aqmif qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif eJ@ aygiaf ,mifvil ,ftzGŒJ acgi;f aqmif
'l;0g;aZmf&pf wdk@u Ekwifudk vdkvm;=uygw,f?

jynfaxmifpk u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;tzGJŒcsKyf (yuz) uvnf; arv (20) &ufae@rSm tpnf;

ta0;vkyfwJhtcg tvkyftr_aqmif tD;pD (E.C) (23) OD;&SdwJhteuf (18) OD;wufa&muf+yD; (14)
OD;u Ekwif/ (4) OD;u aqG+idrf;udk axmufcHcJhygw,f? tD;pDtpnf;ta0;rSm v$wfawmftrwf (7)
OD;ygcJh+yD;/ (2) OD;u Ekwif/ (5) OD;u aqG+idrf;jzpfcJhygw,f?
csif;trsdK;om;awGuawmh zqyv uGJ&wm[m oabmw&m;t&r[kwfbJ yk*~dKvfawG
roifrh wifh jzpf=uvd@k uG&J wmvd@k ,q l +yD;/ Ekwif axmufco H al &m aqG+idr;f axmufco H yl g ay:cJyh gw,f?
&cdik jf ynfe,f&dS ‘&wn’ trwf (6) OD;uawmh &cdik jf ynfe,f &&Sad &;eJ@ 0ef}u;D &mxl;&&Sad &;udk
aps;qpf&if;/ apmapmydkif;rSm bmoabmxm;rS rxkwfjyefao;bJ aecJhygw,f?
ArmjynfEdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ordkif;rSm ordkif;tpOftvm }uD;rm;cJhwJh ausmif;om;xk&JŒ tzGJŒ
tpnf; ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (Auorsm;tzGŒJ csKyf) uvnf; arv (13) &ufae@rmS
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q+yD;/ aqG+idr;f tkypf u k awmh vGwv f yfa&;/ 'Dru kd a&pDa&;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;wd@k twGuf tmrcHcsuaf y;wm
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ausmif;om;nD!Gwfa&;wyfOD;u tm%m&&Sdxm;wJh &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~
(wuo) uvnf; oef@&Sif;zqyv udkom axmufcHa=umif; a=unmcJh=uygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfawG
zGJŒpnf;ay;cJh=uwJh 'Dtuf(p)tdkeJ@ &Jacgifuawmh aqG+idrf;udk axmufcHcJh=uygw,f?
‘jynfaxmifpkvli,f’ tzGJŒuvnf; Ek-wif bufu &yfcJhygw,f? tvkyform;avmu
0efxrf;avmurSmvnf; Ek-wif axmufco H el @J aqG+idr;f axmufco H al wG uG=J uygw,f? ocifEk Edik rf ,f
ajymrdv@kd tvkyðf zwfc&H wmrsKd ;/ aqG+idr;f udk axmufcyH gw,f vufrw S xf ;kd ay;rS tvkycf ef@r,fqw kd m
rsdK;awG ay:cJhovdk/ OD;AaqG aemufrSm wyfrawmf&Sdw,f? OD;ausmf+idrf; aemufrSm ppf&Jwyf&if; (2)&if;
&Sdw,f/ toufab;udk owdxm;pOf;pm;+yD;rSvkyfvdk@ qdk&S,fvpf tvkyform;u +cdrf;ajcmufwmrsdK;/
OD;Ek axmufcw H hJ OD;pD;rSe&f if tvkyu f xkwyf pfr,fv@kd wD,pl b D D Xme}uD;rª;/ 'Dy, J if;trwf ocifoef;
&JŒ +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsdK;awGvnf; ay:aygufcJhygw,f?
arv (25) &ufae@rSm oef@&Sif;bufu Adkvfrif;acgifeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfuawmf a':cif=unfwdk@
rE Wav;udk c&D;xGufygw,f? rE Wav;rSm Adkvfrif;acgifu uGefjrLepfygwD zqyv tzGJŒ}uD;xJu
txkwcf &H wm/ awmxJarmif;yd@k v@kd awmcd&k wm OD;ausm+f idr;f npfywf uvdeu f sv@kd v@kd azmfxw k 0f efcH
zGifhcsoGm;ygw,f? wav#mufvHk; zHk;zdxm;cJhor# tm%m& zqyv tpdk;&tzJGŒ}uD;twGif;uae
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rsKd;tvdkuf oD;jcm;wyf&if;rsm; zGJŒpnf;a&; aqmif&Gufay;r,f/ pwJh pwJh rJqG,f=uoH ajym=uqdk=u
uwday;=uoHawG tòydiftqdkif xGufay:vmcJhw,f?
ae&mwdik ;f rSm tEdik &f a&;twGuf oJ}u;D rJ}u;D òyid q f ikd af e=uwJt h wGuf {+yv D ukeaf vmufuae
arv wvvH;k [m tpd;k &r&So d vdk jzpfaecJyh gw,f? &Sw d t hJ pd;k &[mvnf; bmtpd;k &vJv@kd trsKd ;trnf

wyfajymvdk@ r&Edkifatmif jzpfaecJhygw,f?

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trwfawGudk oef@&Sif;a&m wnf+rJyg ESpfzufpvHk;u tòydiftqdkif óudqdk=uygw,f? b,fwkef;ueJ@rS
rwlatmif óudq=kd u {nfch =H u tòydit f qdik f tóuduaf qmif=uwJt h wGuf trwfawGrsuEf mS yGiv hf ef;cJh
=uygw,f?
1958 ckESpf/ ZGefv (5) &ufae@rSm tuGJt+yJudk pm&if;&Sif;=uzdk@ v$wfawmftxl;tpnf;t
a0;}uD; pwifygw,f?
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jzpfwJh ZGefv (4) &ufae@rSm aqG+idrf; tkyfpk0if0ef}uD; (15) OD;eJ@ ygvDreftwGif;0efrsm;/ tpdk;&
tzGJŒ0iftjzpfuae vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;eJ@tnD E_wfxGuf=uygw,f?
E_wfxGufwJh 0ef}uD;awGxJrSm u&ifjynfe,f 0ef}uD; a'gufwmapmvSxGef;eJ@ ucsifjynfe,f
0ef}uD; OD;Zefxm;qifwdk@ yg0ifwJhtwGuf 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Eku u&ifjynfe,f 0ef}uD;tjzpf OD;apmvlvl/
ucsifjynfe,f0ef}uD;tjzpf 'l;0g;aZmf&pf wdk@udk cef@xm;vdkufygw,f? zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'
rSm owfrSwfxm;wJh oufqdkif&mjynfe,faumifpDeJ@ nd‡Ed_if;wdkifyif&efqdkwmudk raqmif&GufbJ cef@
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ZGefv (5) &ufae@ tpnf;ta0;rSm ygvDref OuUÏu ygvDrefvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;eJ@tnD/
OD;AaqG &JŒ “Ek-wif tpdk;&tay: t,Hkt=unfr&Sd tqdk” udk cGifhðy+yD;/ tqdkudk wifoGif;zdk@eJ@ rJcGJqHk;
jzwfzdk@ ZGefv (9) &ufae@udk owfrSwfay;vdkufygw,f?
ZGefv (9) &ufae@[m wjynfvHk; v$wfawmfwuf=uwJhae@ jzpfoGm;ygw,f? a&'D,dkuae
v$waf wmftpnf;ta0;}uD; usi;f yyH/k tqdw k ifoiG ;f yH/k rJay;=uyH/k rJcyJG akH wGukd wdu
k ±f u
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ausmif;cef;pmoifcef;awGxJvnf; ausmif;wufr,fhvlr&SdjzpfoGm;&vdk@ ausmif;ydwfay;vdkuf&ovdk
aps;xJvnf; apmapmaps;ydwfoGm;=uygw,f?
jrif;vSnf;*dwf/ um;*dwfqdkufum;*dwfawGrSmvnf; oef@&Sif;Edkifr,f wnf+rJEdkifr,f jiif;=u
ckef=u&if; abmvHk;yGJavmif;ovdk tavmif;tpm; vkyf=uwmawGyg ay:vmygw,f?
aqG+idr;f acgi;f aqmif OD;AaqG &JŒ tpd;k &udk t,Ht k =unfr&St d qdk v$waf wmfrmS pwifwifoiG ;f
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“OD;Ek [m tzGJŒtpnf; 'Drdkua&pDxHk;wrf;pOfvm/ ygvDref'Drdkua&pDxHk;wrf;pOfvmeJ@ udk,fh
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qdkwmu tp/
“yrnw [mvnf; OD;Ek &JŒ vnfòrd n‡pf+yD; olwdk@&JŒ vdkvm;csufawGudk wck+yD;wckawmif;
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yrnw óud;qGJ&m u&r,hf ±kyfao;tpdk;&omjzpfr,fqdkwm tifrwefrSaocsmygw,f” vdk@vnf;
pGypf aJG jymqd+k yD;/ c&D;onfu tarmif;cdik ;f wJah e&m armif;&qG&J r,fh vefcsm;tpd;k &rsKd ; jzpfr,fv@kd vnf;
uifyGef;wyfay;ygw,f?
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'Drdkua&pDudk rav;pm;wJh yk*~dKvfjzpfygw,f? zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'u ay;tyfwJhtm%mrsm;
udkvnf; rdrdtm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf tm%mudk tenf;enf;tzHkzHkeJ@ tvGJoHk;pm;ðyaeygw,f”
vdk@vnf; pGJcsufwifygw,f?
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zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfytkH ajccHOya'}u;D udk puULpkwjf zpfatmif vkyv f u
kd af =umif;” vd@k vnf; jyif;jyif;xefxef
jypfwif±_wfcsvdkufygw,f?
wcsucf si;f wcsucf si;f wifvu kd wf hJ OD;AaqG &JŒ tpd;k &tay: t,Ht k =unfr&Sd tqdu k kd tESpf
csKyf=unfh&r,fqdk&if OD;Ek [m zqyv udk òzdcGJoljzpfw,f/ 'Drdkua&pDudk yg;pyfuajym+yD; tm%m&Sif
qefqef vkyfaqmifcJhw,f? OD;Ektpdk;&[m yrnw óud;qGJ&mu&r,fh ±kyfao;tpdk;&rsdK;jzpfw,f?
zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'udk puULpkwjf zpfatmif vkyyf pfaew,fqw kd hJ pGq
J ckd suf jypfwif a0zefcsuf
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tcsuftvuftopfawG rygcJhyg?
tjyif;txefqHk; pGJcsuftjzpf ,lqzG,f&Sdwmuawmh “zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'}uD;udk
puULpkwfjzpfatmifvkyfvdkufw,f” qdkwJh aumufcsufyJjzpfygw,f? jynfe,f0ef}uD;awGcef@xm;wJh
udprP mS b,fou l rkd S rwdik yf ifbJ xifovdk cef@xm;vkyu f ikd cf jhJ cif;udk zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'}uD;
udk puULpkwfjzpfatmif vkyfwmvdk@ aumufcsufqGJcJhw,fqdkawmh/ uGefjrLepfygwDtygt0if EdkifiHa&;
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v$wfawmfxHk;wrf;pOfvmeJ@tnD tòydiftqdkif aqG;aEG;=uygw,f?
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wJhaemuf rJcGJqHk;jzwfzdk@ pwifygw,f?
v$wfawmftrwf (248) OD;&SdwJhteuf (246) OD;rJay;&rSmjzpfygw,f? v$wfawmfOuUÏu
rJray;bJ =um;ae&rSmjzpfovdk/ rtlyiftrwf OD;bOD;uvnf; E_wfxGufv$mwifoGif;+yD; jzpfoGm;wJh
twGuf rJay;cGifh r&awmhbl;jzpfoGm;ygw,f? OD;bOD;u E_wfxGufv$mwifpm ay;ydk@+yD;wJhaemuf
tcsdefrD ±kwfodrf;v$mwifcJhao;ayr,fh ±kwfodrf;v$mu xGufpmt&if (2) em&Davmuf apma&mufcJh

ayr,fh E_wfxGufv$mudkyJ w&m;0iftjzpf todtrSwfðyvdkufwJhtwGuf rJay;EdkifcGifhr&SdawmhbJ E_wf

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rJay;Edkifol v$wfawmftrwf (246) OD; rJay;+yD;wJhaemuf rJawGudk pwifa&wGufwJh tcg
nae (6) em&D (19) rdepf&Sd+yDjzpfygw,f?
‘yrnw’ u rJawGtm;vHk;udk ‘Ek-wif’ oef@&Sif;udkyJ yHk+yD;atmzdk@ vkyfygw,f? 'gawmif
wu,frJay;=uwJhtcgusawmh ppfudkif;u yrnw trwf ‘OD;azwif’ u azmufoGm;cJh+yD; Ekwif
tpm; aqG+idrf;udk ay;oGm;wJhtwGuf wrJavsmhoGm;cJhygw,f? xGufay:vmcJhwJh rJ&vm'fuawmh
a[m'Dvdk jzpfygw,f?
(Ek-wifrJ) (aqG-+idrf;rJ)
zqyvtzGJ@ 51 97
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pk p k a ygif ; &rJ 127 119
oef@&Sif; zqyv jzpfwJh ‘Ek-wif’u(127)rJ&+yD; wnf+rJ aqG-+idrf;u (119) rJ &wJhtwGuf

(8) rJxJeJ@ Ek-wifu tompD;&EdkifoGm;&ygw,f? aqG+idrf;&JŒ tpdk;&tay: t,Hkt=unfr&Sdtqdk
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wmudak wmh jrif&oltm;vH;k u oabmayguv f u
kd =f uygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf ‘Ek-wif’ oef@&iS ;f tEdik &f
wJhtwGuf jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvHk;uawmh 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfoGm;cJh=uygw,f? ppfwyfwGif;u
aqG+idrf;vdkvm;olawGuawmh rcHcsdrcHomjzpfoGm;cJh&ygw,f?
OD;Eku tpdk;&tzGJŒudk jyifzGJŒygw,f? yrnw rJ (44) rJeJ@ tEkdif&cJhwmjzpfwJhtwGuf yrnw
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0ef}uD;ae&may;ygw,f?
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w,f? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;u Adkvfrif;acgif jzpfvmygw,f? Adkvfrª;atmif [m umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;jzpf

vmcJhayr,fh AdkvfcsKyfae0if; wa,mufwnf;&JŒ wvufudkifvHk;vHk; jzpfvmcJhwJh wyfrawmftay:
=oZmr&SdbJ jzpfaecJhygw,f?
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tudak wmfov l nf; jzpfygw,f? Adv k rf ;ª }uD; =unf0if;u “oef@&iS ;f awG zdv@kd v$waf wmfrmS (8) rJ±;_H ±Hek @J
OD;AaqG wdk@ tjyifawmif rxGuf&J jzpfae+yD/ oef@&Sif;tpdk;&udk wyfuvufeufeJ@ ðzwfcsypf&r,f”vdk@
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ae0if; u óuu d Ef pS of ufayr,fh bmrSrajymao;ovdk wm;jrpf[ef@wm;wmvnf; rvkycf v hJ @kd qdyk gw,f?
Adv
k rf ;ª }u;D =unf0if; u ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f wdik ;f rª;Adv k rf ;ª csKyaf tmifa&$/ ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfO;D pD;rª; (yxrwef;)
Adkvfrª;}uD;cspfcdkif wdk@eJ@ yl;aygif;+yD; wyfu tm%modrf;a&;udk jyifqifpdkif;jyif;cJhw,fqdkygw,f?
wyfudk tm%modrf;zdk@ aoG;wdk; ajr‡mufyifhay;olawGvnf; tcsdefudkufay:vmcJhygw,f?
ZGev f (9) &ufae@ oef@&iS ;f tpd;k & tm%m&vm+y;D wJah emuf (13) &uft=um ZGev f (22) &ufae@rmS yJ
ocifApdefacgif;aqmifwJh 'Drdku&ufwpftzGJŒcsKyfu nDvmcHvkyf+yD; “Armhwyfrawmfu OD;pD;I
uGefjrLepfr[kwfaom v$wfawmftwGif;tjyif&Sd ygwDaygif;pHkyg0ifaom ,m,DtrsdK;om; tdrfapmifh
tpdk;&zGJŒpnf;&ef “awmif;qdkygw,f? EdkifiHa&;aoae+yDjzpfwJh ocifApdef [m olyg yg0ifcGifh&EdkifwJh
tdraf pmift h pd;k &w&yf ay:ayguaf tmif ppfwyfukd t}uaH y;vdu k w f ohJ abmjzpfygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfae0if;
[m r=umao;wJhwcsdefu ol&JŒ taE W0godum jzpfcJhbl;awmh olwdk@&JŒ xGef;tkyfApdef ocif*dk%f;0if
jzpfczhJ ;l awmh ar#mv f ifch suxf m;+yD; awmif;qdv k ukd wf mjzpfygw,f? Adv k af e0if;u bmtoHrS jyefray;bJ
tajctaeudkom tqufrjywf tuJcwf=unfhaecJhygw,f?
jynfolvlxk&JŒ OD;Ek tpdk;&tay: +idrf;csrf;a&;ar#mfvifhcsufuawmh 'Da&tvm; wufvmae
ygw,f? OD;Ek &JŒ ay:vpD (4) &yftay: wpHkw&m ar#mfvifh&if; a'gifhwkdif; a'gifhwdkif;uae +idrf;csrf;a&;
qENawGudk azmfxkwfjyoae=uygw,f?
rD;&xm;tvkyo f rm;tpnf;t±H;k rsm; tzGŒJ csKyfuvnf; q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f &JŒ rlt&
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&yfpJay;=uzdk@ awmif;qdkwGef;tm;ay;ygw,f?
oef@&Sif;wnf+rJ yÉdyuQawGuvnf; ydkrdkus,fjyef@vmygw,f? EdkifiHa&;tuGJt+yJ[m e,f
y,faygif;pHkudk *,uf±dkufaecJhygw,f?
1958 ckESpf wyfrawmf wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcHudk ZGef (23) &ufuae (25) xd r*Fvm'Hk avwyf
pcef;rSmðyvkyyf gw,f? w&m;0ifoabmtm;jzifah wmh umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyfae0if;u jyifyEdik if H
a&; tuG*J ,ufrmS wyfr;ª rsm;ryg0ifz@kd owday;pum;ajym=um;ygw,f? wyfwiG ;f rSm oef@&iS ;f vdv k m;ol
wnf+rJvdkvm;olawG uGJjym;vm+yD; wyfòyduGJrSmpdk;&drfwJhtwGuf xdef;wJhoabmrsdK;jzpfygw,f?
wav#mufv;kH qd&k , S v f pfygwbD ufu &yfvmcJw h mjzpfayr,f/h &yfvmcJw h hJ qd&k , S v f pfygwD ud, k w f ikd f
òyud vJG m+yjD zpfwt hJ wGuf wzufzufu/ &yfa&;xuf ud, k u
f ,
kd w
f ikd w
f uf Advk v f yk af &;tuGuu f kd pOf;pm;
rdvm+yD; wyfròyduGJatmif owdxm;vmwJh oabmjzpfygw,f?

ZGefv (24) &ufae@rSm 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek&JŒ ta&;}uD; rdef@cGef;wck xGufay:vmygw,f?

toHv$ifhrdef@cGef;tjzpf wEdkifiHvHk;udkajym=um;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udk tcsdefraphrD jyef
vnf&,lvu kd cf sed f 1957 ckEpS /f rwfvtxd (4) ESpw f mvH;k vH;k v$waf wmfrmS pum;w}urd rf S wufrajym
cJhbJ/ rl0g'ay:vpDawGudk owif;pmuGefz&ifhawG tcrf;tem;/ tpnf;ta0;awGuae óuHovdk azmf
xkwfajymqdkr_rsdK;eJ@ ajymqdkvmcJhwJh OD;Ek [m tckrS wEdkifiHvHk;udkodatmif toHv$ifhrdef@cGef;tjzpf
ajymqdkvmcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
trsKd ;om;nDvmcHw&yf ac:,l&ef/ trsKd ;om;nDvmcH rusi;f yrD awmcd&k aJ bmfrsm; tvif;0if
&ef/ usL;vGecf o hJ r# oifyek ;f acsay;r,fh oifyek ;f acsvwG +f ird ;f csr;f omcGiOhf ya' jyÏmef;ay;&efe@J vufeufcs
tzGŒJ tpnf;awGukd w&m;0iftzGŒJ tpnf; xlaxmifciG ahf y;&efqw kd hJ tcsuaf wG yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? rde@f ceG ;f
xJrSm -
- awmxJu vlawGu vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ pGef@a=umif; a=unmyg?
- ppfwyfudk vufeuftyfyg?
- awmxJusef&pfolawGeJ@ rqdkifbl;vdk@ a=unmyg?
- A[dkaumfrwDtm;vHk; armfuGef;wifyGJrSm vufrSwfxdk;yg?
- 'DtcgrSm w&m;0if ygwD wnf&SdcGifhðyr,f?
æ vkd@ azmfjyajymqdkoGm;ygw,f?
OD;Ek&ŒJ 'Dred @f ceG ;f udk q&m}uD;ocifu,
kd af wmfri_d ;f u pdww f ikd ;f rusjzpfw,fv@kd qykd gw,f? trsK;d
om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;/ jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;twGuf t[ef@twm;awG uef@owfr_awGygaeao;
w,fvdk@ q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;u ,lqygw,f?
‘yrnw’ u OD;Ek &JŒ rde@f ceG ;f udk axmufc+H yD; ZGev f (28) &ufae@rmS ‘vufeufuikd af wmfveS f
a&;ygwt D zGŒJ tpnf;tm;vH;k od@k arwWm&yfcyH ef=um;csu’f udk xkwjf yefygw,f? yef=um;csurf mS “+idr;f
csrf;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&; tmrcHcsufjzifh &yfwnfaeaom OD;Ek tpdk;&. wdkif;odjynfod ay;tyfxm;
aom uwd}uD;av;csufonf 0ifvmEdkif&ef tajctaeopfrsm;jzpfa=umif;” azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
tpdk;&u ay;wJhtcGifhta&;udk vufrv$wfbJ vufeufudkifwdkufyJGrS vlxkwdkufyGJodk@ ajymif;vJygvdk@
vnf; wdkufwGef;a=unmcJhygw,f? 'Dyef=um;csufu ‘aphpyfa&;rl’ udk ypfy,f&ma&mufovm;/
ra&mufzl;vm;/ yef=um;csuft& 0ifvmoifhovm;/ rvmoifhbl;vm;/ pOf;pm;p&mawG ay:vmcJhyg
w,f? pOf;pm;=u/ a0zef=u oHk;oyf=uwmawGvnf; ay:vmcJhygw,f?
jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;eJ@ywfouf+yD; ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D &yfcw H ifjy awmif;qdak ewmu
“aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;” jzpfygw,f?
OD;Ek &JŒ pum;}uD;oHk;cGef;rSmwkef;u/ tvif;0ifvmygqdkwJh pum;okH;+yD; vufeufpGef@a&;
awmif;qdk&muae ZGef (24) rSmawmh vufeufudkif wdkufyGJpGef@a=umif; a=unmygqdkwmeJ@ ppfwyfudk
vufeuftyfygvdk@ ajymif;vJoGm;wmawGŒ&ayr,fh ‘aphpyfa&;’ udk qufvufjiif;y,fxm;qJ jzpfyg
w,f? tay: pD;,lxm;qJjzpfaeygw,f?
‘wzufowfusaeqJjzpfw,f’ vdk@ ,lqxm;wJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu OD;Ek &JŒ ZGefv
(24) &ufae@ rdef@cGef;udk wkef@jyefwJh jyef=um;csufwapmif xkwfazmfa=unmvdkufygw,f? w&m;0if

xGufay:vmcJhwJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ jyef=um;csufxJrSm -

(1) Zlvdkif (30) &ufae@rSpI ESpfzuf twdkuftcdkuf &yfpJ&ef/
(2) vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ pGef@a=umif; ESpfzufa=unm&ef/
(3) trsdK;om;vGwfvyfa&; xdef;odrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;udk ajyvnfr_&
atmifnd‡&ef/
(4) EdkifiHa&;t& ajyvnfr_&Sdv#if wyfrsm; vufeufrsm;udk tpdk;&odk@v$Jay;&ef/
(5) Oya'twGi;f 0ifvmv#if 'Dru kd a&pDenf;t& Oya'wGi;f Y aqmif&u G o f mG ;&ef/ xd@k twGuf
tpdk;& odk@r[kwf oef@&Sif;zqyv odk@r[kwf q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;wdk@ESifh awGŒ
cGifhðy&ef/
vdk@ azmfjyyg&Sd awmif;qdkxm;wm awGŒ&ygw,f? oabmuawmh ‘vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ
pGef@a=umif;’ a=unmzdk@qdk&if ESpfzufpvHk;u a=unmzdk@/ wzufxJudk a=unmcdkif;aewm[m vuf
eufcsa&; t"dym` ,fyJ xGuaf ew,fv@kd ajymvdu k w
f mjzpf+yD;/ awGŒqHak qG;aEG;aphpyfa&;rluykd J qufvuf
udkifpGJxm;wmjzpfygw,f?
tajctae[m vdycf w J nf;vnf; jzpf+rjJ zpfae&+y;D / oef@&iS ;f wnf+rJ tuG&J ŒJ *,uf[mvnf;
}uD;+rJ }uD;aeqJjzpfygw,f? OD;Ek [m +idrf;csrf;a&;bufqD ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh rsufESmrlcsifo
vdkvdk wqifhwdk; azmfjycJhayr,fh ‘aphpyfa&; aqG;aEG;a&;rl’ udkawmh rajym0Hh rqdk0HhbJ jzpfaecJhygw,f?
±kyjf yorRw}u;D omjzpfae&wJh orw}u;D ref;0if;armifuvnf; orw tdraf wmfrmS owif;pm
uGefz&ifhvkyf+yD; ZGefv (30) &ufae@rSm olŒ&JŒ cHpm;&csufawGudk xkwfazmfygw,f? “igorw bmr#
rod” qdw k mudk zGi[ hf ovdk bmtm%mrS r&Sw d mudv k nf; ajymqd&k iS ;f vif;ygw,f? ol orw jzpf+yD;rS
wwfajrmufvmwmqdkvdk@ ykqdk;awmif&Snfudk ESpfrdepftwGif; +yD;atmif0wfqifwwfwm&,f/ jrif;
pD;wwfwm&,f/ a*guf±dkufwwfwm&,fom&Sda=umif; &ifzGifhjyygw,f?
uGejf rLepfygwu D Zlvikd f (30) &ufup+yD; twdu k t
f cdu
k &f yfp=J uzd@k awmif;qdak yr,fh twdu k f
tcdkufawGuawmh r&yf/ orw}uD;&JŒ vGwf+idrf;csrf;om oifykef;acstrdef@qdkwmom xGufay:vmyg
w,f? oifyek ;f acs vGw+f idr;f csr;f om trde@f rxGuaf y:cif=um;xJrmS yrnw Adv k jf raoG;u yrnwu
,ck usifhoHk;aewm aphpyfa&;rlyJ? vufeufcsa&;rl r[kwfvdk@ yrnw owif;pmuGefz&ifhrSm (Zlvdkif
17 rSm) ajym=um;ovd/k aemufw&ufrmS wnf+rJ OD;xGe;f 0if;u “OD;Ek [m +idr;f csr;f a&;rSm rdrw d @kd tpd;k &
tzGJŒ&SdpOfu vrf;pOftwdkif;vkyfaea=umif; aphpyfaqG;aEG;aomenf;udk roHk;0Hha=umif;/ oHk;v#if jywf
rnfudk OD;Ek oda=umif; rdrdwdk@ aqG+idrf;tzGJŒu cHrnfr[kwf/ wdkif;jynfaoG;acsmif;pD;apEdkifa=umif;”
ajym=um;ygw,f? aphpyfa&;aqG;aEG;a&;udk wnf+rJu vufrcHa=umif; +cdrf;ajcmufajymqdkwmvkyfyg
w,f?
wnf+rrJ u l ‘vufeufcsa&;’/ ‘tðywfwu kd af &;’ omjzpfovdk ppfwyfuvnf; vufeufcsa&;
tðywfwu kd af &;omjzpfygw,f? OD;Ek u 'D=um;xJu ‘+idr;f csr;f a&;’ udk aºuG;a=umfae&+yD; ‘vufeufcs
a&;’ tESpfom&a&mufatmif pum;vHk;a0g[m& trsdK;rsdK;ajymif;+yD; v_yf&Sm;aewJhoabmrsdK;jzpfae
ygw,f? ppfwyfwGif;u xdyfoD;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;uqdk&if/ OD;Ek &JŒ “oifykef;acs vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh

trdef@” jyÏmef;wmudkawmif olykefawGudk tav#mhay;vGef;w,fqdk+yD; r±_pdrfhEdkif/ róudufEdkifjzpfcJh=u

ygw,f?
OD;Ek&J@ ZGef (24) rdef@cGef;udk ta=umif;ðy+yD; “rGefjynfol@wyfOD;”u (10) ESpf (10) rdk; vufeuf
ukid w f u kd yf q
JG ifae&muae vufeufuikd f wdu k yf v
JG rf;pOfukd pGe@f vw$ af =umif; a=unm+yD; Oya'abmif
twGif; 0ifa&mufa=umif; a=unmcsufxkwfjyefygw,f? Zlvdkif (23) &ufae@rSm xkwfjyefvdkufwJh
a=unmcsurf mS “Oya'wGi;f wdu k yf u
JG kd wdik ;f &if;om;jynfow l &yfv;kH ESihf vufwu JG m &J&0J 0hH hH qufvuf
wkdufyGJ0ifoGm;rnf” vdk@ azmf!¸ef;+yD; jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJ&rnf? jynfwGif;ppf &yfpJ&rnf? rGefjynfe,f
ay:xGuf&rnfvdk@vnf; aºuG;a=umfxm;ygw,f? oxHk OD;vSaz&JŒ ytdk0fh trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;
tzGJŒvnf; Oya'wGif; 0ifvmcJhygw,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD uawmh =o*kwfv (11) &ufae@ ae@pGJeJ@ ‘yrnw’ &JŒ “vufeuf
udkifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;odk@ yef=um;csuf” tay: jyefpmay;ydk@cJh&if; uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ oabm
xm;trSefudk xkwfazmfcJhygw,f? yrnw &JŒ zdwfac:csuftrSefudkav;pm;a=umif;/ OD;Ek&JŒ ZGef (24)
rde@f ceG ;f rSm óuq d Ekd idk w
f t
hJ csurf sm;yga=umif;/ 'gayr,fh vufeufcstnHch aH &;udk awmif;qdx k m;wJt h wGuf
vufrcHEdkifa=umif;/ oifykef;acseJ@ w&m;0ifcGifhay;jcif;wdk@[m +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf vrf;yGifha=umif;/
vufeufcs tnHch aH &;tay:tajcrcH&if a,bk,soabmwlEikd af =umif;/ q&m}uD;wd@k +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ
eJ@awGŒvdka=umif;eJ@ ESpfzufajyvnfr_&&SdEdkifrnfh tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;&Sd&if wifjyygu pOf;pm;rnfjzpf
yga=umif; pojzifhazmfjyyg&SdcJh+yD; uGJvGJae&r_&JŒtajccHudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; azmfxkwfxm;ygw,f?
vufeufcsa&;tay: tajcrcH&if jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;[m ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf odumQ &S&d dS aqmif&u G Ef ikd af wmh
r,fhtaetxm;rsKd; jzpfygw,f?
'Dvkd taetxm;rsKd ;udk wnf+rJawGu rvdv k m;ovdk ppfwyfwiG ;f qd&k , S v f pftEG,f xdyo f ;D
}uD;rsm;uvnf; b0ifrusEikd jf zpf=uygw,f? olyek af wGukd tav#mah y;vGe;f wJah y:vpD/ aomif;use;f ol
awGudk vdkufavsmvGef;wJh vkyfaqmifcsufvdk@ rausreyfajym=uqdk=uygw,f?
=o*kwfv vvnfrSm ac:qdkusif;yay;&+rJjzpfwJh bwf*suftpnf;ta0;udkvnf; zsufodrf;
vdu k +f yD; orw trde@f e@J twnfðy&efq;kH jzwfa=umif;/ OD;Eku OD;AaqG OD;ausm+f idr;f wd@k ukd ac:,lawGŒqHk
ajym=um;cJw h thJ wGu/f rausreyfjzpfaecJw h hJ wnf+rJrsm;[m oef@&iS ;f tpd;k &udk tjrefq;kH ðzwfcsypfcsif
aecJh=uygw,f? (8) rJeJ@ uyf+yD;±H_;vdkuf&wJhtwGuf rcHcsdrcHom jzpfcJh=uwJh wnf+rJrsm;[m bwf*suf
tpnf;ta0;rSm jyef+yD;tjywfw, G zf @kd pOf;pm; jyifqifxm;wke;f rSm/ OD;Eku bwf*suf tpnf;ta0;udk
zsufodrf;+yD; orw trdef@eJ@ bwf*sufudk twnfðyzdk@ vkyfvdkufjyefwmudkvnf; aqG@aqG@ckef jzpfcJh=u
ygw,f? OD;Ek uvnf; bwf*suftpnf;ta0;ac:&if olŒtwGuf tajctaervSEdkifwmudk od+yD;
jzpfwt hJ wGuf wrifa&SmifuiG ;f +yD; zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'yk'rf (110) udk toH;k ðy&if; b,fwek ;f
urS tm%mr,fr,f&& r&Scd w hJ hJ orw &JŒ ta&;ay: wcsuv f w $ f Oya'trde@f qw kd mudk xkwjf yefap+y;D
usifusifvnfvnf toHk;csoGm;zdk@jyifygw,f?
OD;Eku ygvDrefudkzsufodrf;/ bwf*sufudk orwtrdef@eJ@ a=unmtwnfðy+yD;/ a&G;aumufyGJ
opfvkyfoGm;a&;udk OD;wnfygw,f? yrnw u a&G;aumufyGJopfvkyfa&;twGufqdk&if ysLapmxD;
rsm; zsufodrf;ay;a&;udk awmif;qdkygw,f? =o*kwf (8) &ufae@rSm/ Armjynft&yf&yf&Sd wyfr[mrª;

rsm;/ c±kid &f 0J efrsm;tpnf;ta0;udk wyfrawmf uyG±J rHk mS usi;f yygw,f? tJ't D pnf;ta0;udk umuG,f
a&;0ef}uD; Adkvfrª;atmif/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; Adkvfrif;acgif/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;/
twGif;0efcsKyf OD;cifarmifjzL eJ@ &JcsKyfwdk@ wufa&muf=uygw,f? tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;rSm ysLapmxD;wyf
rSefor# ‘Ekwif’ vla&m/ aqG+idrf; vlyg xkwfypfa&;tpDtpOfawG aqG;aEG;=uygw,f? tpnf;ta0;
rSm ppfbuft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;eJ@ &Jt&m&Sdtrsm;pku ‘ysLapmxD;’ awG[m wdkif;jynf+idrf0yfydjym;a&;
aqmif&Guf&mrSm tultnD&wJhtwGuf rzsufodrf;oifhao;a=umif; aqG;aEG;wmawG&SdcJhygw,f?
=o*kwv f (15) &ufae@rmS jynfoŒl &Jabmfygwu D vufeufpeG @f a=umif; a=unm+yD; w&m;0if
ygwDtjzpf &yfwnfvdkufygw,f?
=o*kwv f (19) &ufae@rmS owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGu J si;f y+y;D ‘bwf*sut f pnf;ta0;’ zsuo f rd ;f
a=umif; OD;Eku a=unmygw,f? =o*kwf (28) &ufrSm usif;yr,fvdk@ ac:,lxm;cJhwJh tpnf;ta0;udk
owfrSwf&uf rwdkifcif (9) &uftvdkrSm zsufodrf;vdkufwmjzpfygw,f? ta=umif;jycsufuawmh
‘tvif;0ifvmolawG rsm;jym;wmeJ@tr# olwdk@udk a&G;aumufyGJrSm yg0if,SOfòydifvmEdkifapzdk@twGuf
taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJudk a&$Œqdkif;Edkifzdk@ 'Dvdkaqmif&Gufvdkuf&ygw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?
aqG+ird ;f tkyuf uef@uu G rf a_ wGvyk yf gw,f? bwf*sut f pnf;ta0;udk zsuo f rd ;f vdu
k wf m[m
OD;Ek &JŒ ol&Jabma=umifr_eJ@ tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;ðyrlr_vdk@vnf; pGyfpGJajymqdkygw,f?
=o*kwf (27) rSm aqG+idrf; wnf+rJzqyv trwfrsm;u 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;EkqD ygvDrefbwf*suf
tpnf;ta0; jyefvnfac:,lusif;yay;zdk@ trSmpm wapmifay;ydk@+yD; awmif;qdkcJh=uygw,f?
zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya' yk'rf 125 (1) udk &nf!e¸ ;f +y;D bwf*suu f kd ygvrD efvw $ af wmfo@kd
wifjya&;rSm rvGJraoG aqmif&Guf&r,fhudpPjzpfa=umif;/ bwf*sufudk orw trdef@eJ@ twnfðy
jyÏmef;Edkifa&;twGuf bwf*suftpnf;ta0;udk y,fzsufjcif;[m zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk
csdK;azmuf&ma&muf+yD; ygvDref'Drdkua&pDudk zsufqD;ypf&ma&mufa=umif;vdk@ a0zefygw,f?
=o*kwfv (31) &ufrSm 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek &JŒ aetdrf0if;twGif;rSm oef@&Sif;zqyv &JŒ EdkifiHvHk;
qdkif&mnDvmcH vkyfygw,f? te,fe,ft&yf&yfu oef@&Sif;nDvmcH udk,fpm;vS,fawG wufa&muf
vm=uygw,f?
oef@&Sif; wnf+rJ tuGJaemufydkif; oef@&Sif; wnf+rJ yÉdyuQ tjrifhqHk;tqifha&mufaecsdefrSm
usi;f ywJn h v D mcHjzpfygw,f? oef@&iS ;f wnf+rJ uG+J yD; oef@&iS ;f tm%m&csed u f p+yD; yÉdyuQ[m tquf
rjywfjzpfvmcJh=uygw,f? EdkifiHa&;ygwD zqyv }uD;uGJoGm;ovdk zqyv vufatmufcH tvkyf
orm;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;[mvnf; twdtvif; uGJoGm;cJh=uygw,f? aqG+idrf;wdk@ tkyfpku wD,lpDbD
(TUBC) udk udi kx
f m;wJt h wGuf Ekwif wd@k u jynfaxmifpt k vkyo f rm;tzGŒJ (Union Labour Orga-
nization) (,lt,fvftdk) udk xlaxmifvdkufygw,f? tvkyform;tcsif;csif; ±dkuf=uESuf=uwJhtxd
uG=J uygw,f? qdyu f rf;tvkyo f rm;awG=um;rSmqd&k if aqG+idr;f vdv k m;tkyef @J Advk rf if;acgif vdv k m;tkyf
t=um; &efapmifae=uwJhtwGuf ppfwyfcsxm;&wJh txdjzpfcJhygw,f?
pufwifbm (1) &ufae@rmS awmh wjynfv;kH &Syd sLapmxD;awGukd zsuo f rd ;f +yD; &JtzGŒJ atmufrmS
t&H&t J jzpf ajymif;vJz@kd umuG,af &;0ef}u;D Adv k rf ;ª atmif/ jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D Adv k rf if;acgif eJ@ wyfrawmf
t&m&Sd}uD;rsm; c±dkif&J0efrsm;u oabmwlqHk;jzwfcJh=uygw,f?

OD;Ek tdr0f if;twGi;f rSmusi;f ywJh oef@&iS ;f zqyv nDvmcH 'kw, d ajrmufae@rmS awmh zqyv
nDvmcH 'kwdajrmufae@rSmawmh zqyv oef@&Sif;e,f udk,fpm;vS,fawGu òrdŒjytkyfcsKyfa&; wm0ef
&SdoltcsdKŒeJ@ wyfrawmft&m&Sd}uD;wcsdKŒ[m aqG+idrf; tkyfpkbufuae bufvdkuf aqmif&Gufae=u
a=umif;/ tJ'v D akd qmif&u G af e=uolawGukd wjcm;ae&mrsm;od@k ajymif;a&$Œay;zd@k wyfrawmf t&m&S}d uD;
awG&JŒ trnfemrawGyg xkwfazmf+yD; jypfwif±_wfcs awmif;qdkr_awG ðyvkyfcJh=uygw,f? [Hom0wD
c±dkifbufu oef@&Sif;udk,fpm;vS,fuqdk&if wyfrawmf[m jynfolawG&JŒ trSwfwpf&efoljzpfw,f
vd@k awmif a=unmajymqdw k mawG ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? wyfrawmfbufu qwfqwfxrd cHjzpfcyhJ gw,f?
tJ'DvdkajymqdkcsufawGtwGuf pGyfpGJajymqdkolawGudk ta&;,lay;zdk@ wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifwcsdKŒu
pufwifbm (3) &ufrSm OD;EkqD oGm;a&mufwdkifwef; ajymqdkcJh=uygw,f?
OD;Eku tJ'v D kd pGypf aJG jymqdrk a_ wGukd olrod&a=umif; jiif;qdck o hJ vd/k pufwifbm (4) &ufae@rmS
wyfrawmfudk avajyxdk;&if; toHv$ifh ajz&Sif;cJhygw,f?
“ajymwJhudk,fpm;vS,frsm;[m tajctaetjzpfrSefudk rodI jzpfoGm;&yga=umif;/ wyfr
awmf[m wdik ;f jynftay: xm0pOfopPm&Scd yhJ ga=umif;/ olyek af b;&efa=umifh wdik ;f jynf acsmufxu J s&ef
vufESpfvHk;cef@ tvdk&SdcJh&mrS wyfrawmfu óud;yrf;Iom ab;&eftaygif;udk atmifjrifcJhonfrSm
txift&Sm;jzpfyga=umif;” vdk@acsmhcJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh tpuwnf;u Ekwif xuf aqG+idrf; udk vdkvm;cJh=uolrsm;/ wnf+rJ oHa,mZOf
ydk}uD;cJh=uolrsm;/ aqG+idrf; eJ@om EdkifiHa&;&yfwnfcsuf xyfwljzpfcJh=uolrsm;[m wyfwGif;xdyfydkif;rSm
tHek @J usi;f eJ@&adS ecJ=h u+y;D jzpfwt hJ wGuf OD;Ek &JŒ avajyxd;k acsmjh rLr_[m t&ma&mufEikd pf rG ;f r&S&d o kH mru/
olwdk@&JŒ ppfaoG;ppfrmef ppfrD;v#Hudk ydkrdkjyif;xefvmatmif ,yfcwfay;vdkufovdk om&SdcJhygw,f?
avajyxdk;oH[m Adef;armif;oHudk ausmfv$m; zHk;v$rf;Edkifjcif;r&SdcJhyg?
acgif;rm*dk%f;om; ppfrmef}uD;olwdk@&JŒ tjrifrSm oef@&Sif; zqyv tpdk;&[m olykefawGudk
tav#mhay;vGef;w,f/ olykefawGudk oifykef;acs vGwf+idrf;cGifhawGay;+yD;/ Oya'abmiftwGif; qGJoGif;
vufcóH udqakd ewm[mvnf; ppfwyftwGuf tE &W m,f&v dS mEdik w f ,fv@kd jrifygw,f? t"dutm;jzifh
tðywfwu kd af &; avoHtpm; +idr;f csr;f a&;avoHay;vmwmudk rESpo f ufEikd jf cif;/ olyek af wGukd Oya'
abmiftwGi;f a&mufvmap+yD; w&m;0if &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;vmrSmudk eJeaJ v;rS r±_prd Ehf ikd jf cif;/ ppfwyf&ŒJ
tcef;u¾ wjznf;jznf; arS;rSdefavsmhyg;oGm;&rSmudkvnf; vufrcHEdkifjcif;wdk@a=umifhjzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dvdk rauseyfEdkifr_ r±_pdrfhEdkifr_ tjzpfrcHEdkifr_}uD;awGudk twGif;}udwf&ifxJxm;+yD;/ OD;Ek tpdk;&&JŒ
jynfe,f0ef}uD; cef@xm;enf;udpP/ bwf*suftpnf;ta0;udk zsufodrf;jcif;udpPawG[m zGJŒpnf;tkyf
csKyfyHktajccHOya'udk csdK;azmufaewmtjzpf vuf!dk;xdk;jy+yD; OD;Ek udk z,f&Sm;ypfcsifaecJh=uwm
jzpfygw,f?
±H_;edrfhcJhwJhtwGuf rausEdkif rcsrf;EdkifjzpfaecJh&wJh wnf+rJuvnf; OD;Ek &JŒ vkyfaqmifcsuf
awG[m zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'eJ@ qef@usifaew,fqdkwmudk ta=umif;ðy+yD; tm%modrf;zdk@
ppfwyfudk wdkufwGef;tm;ay;ygw,f?
ppfwyf[m vHkavmufwJh tiftm;pkwckjzpfae+yD/ tcdkiftrm wdk;csJŒwnfaqmufxm;wJh
tzGŒJ tpnf;}uD;w&yf jzpfae+yDqw kd mudv k nf; rSwx f ifqyk uf ikd cf ,
H xl m;+yD;+yDjzpfwt hJ wGuf ppfwyfu

tm%modrf;,la&;pdwful;[m ppfwyfxdyfoD;}uD; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;&JŒ&ifxJrSm eufeuf±d_if;±d_if;jzpf

wnfvmcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif/ Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; wdk@[m ppfwyfu tm%modrf;
,la&; Zmwfvrf;twGuf t"du ta&;}uD;Zmwfaqmif}uD;awG jzpfvmcJh=uygw,f?
oef@&iS ;f zqyv bufuvnf; wyfrawmfwiG ;f u ppfwyfxyd o f ;D }uD;awG[m aqG+idr;f buf
awmfom;awG/ aqG+idrf; oHa,mZOf&SdolawGvkd@ em;vnfodjrif,lqxm;+yD;+yD jzpfygw,f?
OD;Ek &JŒ zqyv oef@&Sif;tpdk;&[m ygvDrefudk pufwifbm (29) &ufae@rSm zsufodrf;+yD;/
bwf*suu f kd orw trde@f e@J pufwifbm (30) &ufae@rmS jyÏmef;um taxGaxGa&G;aumufyo JG pfukd
Edk0ifbmvtwGif; usif;yay;r,fvdk@ pufwifbm (22) &ufae@rSm qHk;jzwfvdkufygw,f?
tJ'Dvdk oef@&Sif;zqyv u rqHk;jzwfcifuav;rSmbJ ppfwyfu tm%modrf;,la&;twGuf
qdk&S,fvpfygwD xdyfoD;}uD;awGjzpfcJh=uwJh vuf&SdwyfwGif; xdyfoD;wcsdKŒu olwdk@&JŒ ppfwyftm%m
odrf;,la&;tpDtpOfudk tcdkiftrm pDpOfa&;qJG qHk;jzwfxm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f?
ajrmufydkif;wdkif; wdkif;rª; Adkvfrª;csKyfatmifa&$/ ajrmufydkif;wdkif; ppfOD;pD;rª; Adkvfrª;}uD;cspfcdkif/
ajrmufydkif;wdkif; wyfr[mrª; Adkvfrª;}uD; =unf0if; wdk@ yl;aygif;a&;qGJxm;wJh tpDtpOfu uGwfcdkifrSm
wyfp+JG yD; ppfqifa&;0ifaewJh trSwf (4) aoewfuikd w f yf&if;eJ@ weoFm&Du cr& (106) udk toH;k ðyzd@k
qH;k jzwfxm;w,fqykd gw,f? wyf&if;rª;trde@f e@J wyf&if; (4) udk uGwcf ikd u f ae csyo f if; tjrefajymif;+yD;
jrpf}uD;em;&xm;eJ@ rE aW v;udk csaD pzd@k / rE aW v;rSm w&ufxm;/ wyfom;udik v f ufeufawGukd òrdŒwGi;f
wdu k yf o
JG ;kH vufeufawGe@J vJv, S +f yD; wyfqifapzd@k / aemufae@ wdik ;f rª;uac: +yD; &efuek af jryHx
k w k af y;
um pufwifbm (27) ta&muf &efukefudk csDapzdk@/ ajryHkay:rSm rSifeD0dkif;jyxm;wJh 0ef}uD;csKyftdrfeJ@
wjcm;0ef}uD;awG tdrfudk0dkif;+yD; zrf;qD;zdk@vdk@qdkygw,f? wduswJh ppfqifa&;tpDtpOfudk tao;pdwf
a&;qGJ !¸ef=um;xm;w,fqdkygw,f? tJ'DtpDtpOfudk ppf±Hk;udkvnf; wifxm;w,fqdkygw,f?
tm%modrf;a&;tpDtpOfudk Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif u Adkvfrª;}uD;atmif}uD;/ Adkvfrª;}uD;
cif!kd wd@k ukd pufwifbm (20) &ufrmS tif;,m;vrf;&Sd olŒtdrrf mS ac:,l&iS ;f jyw,fqykd gw,f? (21)
&ufrmS qufaqG;aEG;+yD; oabmwl=uygw,f? awmifyikd ;f wdik ;f wdik ;f rª; Adv k rf ;ª }uD; bvdwf wOD;wnf;
uyJ uef@uGufcJhw,fqdkygw,f?
wyf&if; (106) u tif;pdefe,fajrudk odrf;zdk@ (107) (108) u &efukefudk wyfjzef@+yD;odrf;zdk@
pDpOfcJh=uygw,f? tJ'DtpDtpOftao;pdwfudk tao;pdwf tpD&ifrcHapumrl oludkifxm;wJh ppf
axmufvSrf;a&;uwqifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; odaecJhygw,f? tm;vHk;udk v$wfay;xm;+yD; vufydkuf
=unfhaecJhygw,f?
zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk csdK;azmufw,fqdkwJh ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ tm%modrf;zdk@
ppfwyfudk wnf+rJu wdkufwGef;wma=umifha&m/ ppfwyfu tm%modrf;Edkifw,fqdkwJh owif;awG
xGufay:vmwma=umifhyg oef@&Sif;tpdk;&bufu jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; Adkvfrif;acgif uvnf; jyifqifr_
awGðyvkyfygw,f? Adkvfrif;acgif &JŒ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xme vufatmufrSm ppf&Jwyf&if; (20) ausmf
&SdwJhteuf wyf&if; (6) ck (7) ck[m Adkvfrif;acgif=oZm&SdwJh ppf&Jwyf&if;awGjzpfw,fqdkygw,f?
Adkvfrif;acgifu =oZm&SdwJh ppf&Jwyf&if; wcsKdŒudk &efukefòrdŒem;ac:,lzdk@ óud;pm;ygw,f?

tm%modrf;wyfu rE Wav;&Sd ppf&Jwyfudk uGyfuJwJh Adkvfrª;}uD;udk zrf;qD;vdkufwJhtcg

ppf&w J yf OD;pD;jzpfwhJ Adv
k rf if;acgif owif;=um;od+y;D / csucf si;f yJ jyef=um;a&;0ef}u;D ocifyef;òrid f eJ@twl
Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;qD oGm;awGŒygw,f? tm%modr;f tpDtpOfukd wm;ay;zd@k wdik =f um;ajymqdyk gw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfae0if;u “olwdk@'DavmufvkyfEdkifr,f rxifygbl; apmifh=unfhygOD;” vkd@ajymw,fqdkygw,f?
Adkvfae0if; ajAmifvdrfaerSef;odwJhtwGuf Adkvfrif;acgifu jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;taeeJ@ e,f&Sd ppf&Jwyf
wcsdKŒudk &efukefvmzdk@ trdef@xkwfac:,lygw,f? ppf&Jvufeufwdkufu vufeufawGudkvnf; xkwf
,lygw,f? xkw, f &l &Sw
d hJ vufeufawGu ppfwyftiftm;eJ@ E_id ;f ,SO=f unfrh ,fq&kd if rjzpfpavmufyJ
&Sdygw,f? 2 vufrpdefajymif; (6) vuf/ b&if;*ef; (8) vuf/ pwif;*ef; (29) vuf/ ±dkifz,f (145)
vuf/ ajcmufv;kH jyL; (6) vuf/ avmifcsmtrfEikd ;f at0rf (6) vuf/ vufypfA;kH (289) vH;k eJ@ usnq f H
(23600) yJ &Sdygw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyfudk,fwdkifu vHkòcHa&;ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ vlrsdK;pkawGyg0ifwJh ppf&Jwyf&if; wcsdKŒudk
&efukefòrdŒudk v$Jajymif;ay;zdk@ t}uHðywmudkvnf; ppfwyfu enf;AsL[meJ@ ppfqifa&;qdkif&m
ta=umif;jy+y;D uef@uu G yf gw,f? 'gayr,fh oef@&iS ;f zqyv acgi;f aqmifawGu vufa&G;pif ysLapmxD;
wyfzGJŒwcsdKŒudk &efukefòrdŒudk ac:,l+yD; ta&;ay:tajctaejzpfvm&if toHk;ðyzdk@ pDpOfxm;ygw,f?
v,f,m opfawm0ef}uD; ocifausmfxGef; &JŒ opfawmumuG,fa&;wyfzGJŒawGudk wyfvSef@xm;yg
w,f? jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;wyfeJ@ jynfolŒ&JabmfygwD0ifawGudkvnf; ta&;ay:tajctaetwGuf
toifhjyifqifxm;apcJhygw,f?
wyfrawmfe@J oef@&iS ;f zqyv tpd;k &&JŒtpDtpOfawG[m xdyw f u kd o
f abmaqmifvmygw,f?
ppfwyfu tm%modr;f zd@k }uHpnfjyifqifae+yDqw kd t
hJ oHawG vlx=k um;txd ysŒH ES@H vmovd/k zqyv
oef@&Sif;tpdk;&bufu jzpfEdkifor# vlolvufeuf pkaqmif;jyifqif aqmif&GufvmwmawGvnf;
xifxif&mS ;&Sm;jzpfay:vmcJyh gw,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u taetxm;udk taxmufawmftek ;f jrifv h kd yk*Kd~ vfu
“cufzG,f&,fóuHygw,f? vufeufu,fpHktnDeJ@” vdk@ a&;om;ygw,f?
wyfrawmfwGif;u ppfwyfxdyfoD;}uD;wcsdKŒu ppfwyftm%modrf;a&;tpDtpOfudk a&;qGJ
pDpOf aqmif&u G =f uwmvnf; trSew f u,fjzpfay:cJo h vd/k oef@&iS ;f zqyv acgi;f aqmifrsm;u ppfwyf
&JŒ ajcvSr;f rsm;udk tcsed rf w D m;qD;umuG,f wke@jf yefEikd zf @kd vw kd ,fv@kd odjrif+yD; vdt k yfwhJ jyifqifaqmif
&Gufr_awGudk vkyfudkifzdk@ pDpOf=uwmvnf; trSefyJjzpfcJhygw,f?
(8) rJxeJ @J uyf±;_H cJ&h wJh wnf+rzJ qyv uvnf; rpm;&wJt h rJ oJe@J yufovdk zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfykH
tajccHOya'udk csKd ;azmufaew,fqw kd mta=umif;jy+y;D tm%mudo k rd ;f ,lvu kd zf @kd ppfwyfukd wdu k w f eG ;f
tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufvkyfaecJhygw,f?
pufwifbm (22) &ufae@rmS wyfrawmfu vufeufuikd w f yfzŒJG rsm;&JŒ v_y&f mS ;r_awGukd wm;qD;
umuG,fzdk@qdkwJh ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ pwifv_yf&Sm;vmygw,f? &efukefòrdŒt0if axmuf}uH›*dwfuae
ydwfqdk@&SmazG+yD; &efukefòrdŒudk 0ifa&mufvm=uwJh ppf&Jwyfom;awGudk vufeufodrf;qnf;wm/ rlv
ae&mjyefoGm;cdkif;wmawG vkyfygw,f?
jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; Adv k rf if;acgi&f ŒJ wefjyefppfjyifqifaewmawG tay: Adv k rf ;ª }uD; atmif}uD;eJ@
Advk rf ;ª }uD;armifarmifu rausreyfEikd jf zpf+yD;/ 0ef}uD;csKyf rE aW v;c&D;xGuaf ewJt h wGu/f 0ef}uD;csKyf&ŒJ

twdik yf ifcH OD;tke;f udk ppfc±kH ;kH qifah c: +yD;/ “oef@&iS ;f tpd;k &u ppf&aJ wGo;kH +yD; ppfwyfukd òzdczJG @kd tm%m
odrf;zdk@ pDpOfaewm &yfqdkif;zdk@” }udrf;armif;w,fqdkygw,f? “oef@&Sif;u wyfudk&efðyvdk@ wyfu
onf;rcHEdkifvdk@ v_yf&Sm;aewm” vdk@vnf; ajymw,fqdkygw,f?
pufwifbm (23) &ufreufrSm Adkvfrif;acgif[m Adkvfrª;atmif eJ@twl AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;udk
'kwd,t}udrftjzpfoGm;+yD; awGŒ=ujyefygw,f? tusdK;ta=umif; ajymqdk=ujyefygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
ae0if; u 'DudpPolrodyg? Adkvfatmif}uD; eJ@ Adkvfarmifarmif wdk@ odygvdrfhr,f? olwkd@ (2) OD;udk
0ef}uD;csKyfeJ@awGŒzdk@ wifjyzdk@ apv$wfay;ygr,fhvdk@ ajzw,fqdkygw,f? Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif eJ@ Adkvfrª;
}uD; atmif}uD; wkd@ jynfyc&D;oGm;aew,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'D (23) &ufae@rSmyJ ppfwyfu
tif;pdefòrdŒe,frSm&SdwJh oef@&Sif;zqyv ±Hk;wcsdKŒudk vufeufeJ@0dkif;+yD; odrf;ydkufxm;=u+yD;+yDjzpfyg
w,f? c&rf;òrdŒudkvnf; ppfwyfuodrf;ydkufxm;+yD;+yDvdk@ xGef;ae@pOfowif;pmu pufwifbm (24)
&ufae@xw k rf mS azmfjyvdu k yf gw,f? Advk w f axmifowif;pmrSmvnf; c&rf;òrdŒudk ppfwyfu odr;f ydu k f
vdkuf+yDvdk@ azmfjyyg&SdcJhygw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek rE aW v;u jyefa&mufa&mufcsi;f jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; Adv k rf if;acgiuf ppfwyfu
tm%modr;f zd@k pDpOfaewJo h wif;udk ay;ygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smifcsif wdr;f a&SmifEikd f
zdk@ av,mOfysHwpif; tqifoifhvkyfxm;wmudkvnf; wifjyygw,f? OD;Eku Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmifeJ@
Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; udk olŒqDac:cJhzdk@ Adkvfrif;acgifudk trdef@ay;ygw,f?
ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;aygif; (17) zGJŒeJ@ xif&Sm;wJhyk*~dKvf (9) OD;wkd@ yg0ifa&;qJGxkwfa0vdkufwJh
“wyfrawmfonf jynfolŒtwGufjzpfygap” qdkwJh a=unmcsufvnf; xGufay:vmcJhygw,f?
pufwifbm (24) &ufrSmyJ jynfyc&D;u jyefa&mufvmw,fqdkwJh Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmifeJ@
Adv
k rf ;ª csKyfatmif}uD; wk@d EpS af ,muf OD;Ek eJ@ vma&mufawGŒqHyk gw,f? olw@dk u “bwf*suOf ya'=urf;
wifoiG ;f a&;twGuf v$waf wmfac:,lusi;f yjcif;[m Edik if aH &;wif;rmr_ukd avsmyh g;apr,fh vkyaf qmif
csufw&yfjzpfEdkifw,f” vdk@ajymw,fqdkygw,f? “oef@&Sif;u &JabmfjzLeJ@aygif;+yD; wyfudkzsuf&ef
p}uHw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udkawmif vkyf}uH&ef }uHpnfvdk@ wyfurcHEdkifwJhtwGuf tHkºuGum
v_yf&Sm;aejcif;jzpfygw,f? rdrdwdk@u +idrfoufatmif aygufuGJr_r&Sdatmif xdef;ae&ygw,f? wyfudk
vSef@xm;&ygw,f? b,favmuf=um=um xdef;xm;Edkifr,frodyg”vdk@vJ pGyfpGJwkdifwef;ajymqdkw,f
qdkygw,f?
pufwifbm (25) &ufae@rmS awmh ppfwyfu &efuek w f 0du
k u f kd odr;f +y;D uif;yH;k cswm/ avqdyu f kd
odrf;+yD; tajrmufawGqifwmvkyfygw,f? rE Wav;/ jrpf}uD;em;/ vm;±d_;/ awmifwGif;/ usdKufvwf/
bdu k av; pwJòh rŒd awGuv kd nf; odr;f xm;vdu k =f uygw,f? jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D &JŒ qifah c:csut f & qif;vm
wJh ppf&JwyfawGudkvnf; vrf;c&D;uae qD;zrf;wmvkyfygw,f? tif;pdefc±dkif0ef/ &J0efwdk@udkvnf;
xdef;odrf;xm;vdkuf+yD; pHkaxmuf±Hk;eJ@ óud;rJha=u;eef; qufoG,fa&;±Hk;udkvnf; odrf;ydkufxdef;csKyfxm;
vdkufygw,f? ppfwyfu tm%modrf;vdkuf+yDvdk@ ra=unmbJeJ@ ,m,DvufOD;r_&Sd&Sd odrf;xm;vdkuf
jcif;jzpfygw,f?
yg&rD&dyfomrSmawmh trSwf (4) wyf&if;&JŒ wyfcGJwcGJudk tif;,m;vdyfa[mfw,faqmufae
wJh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;wyfu wyfom; (500) avmufu vufeuftenf;i,feJ@ckcH+yD; 0dkif;xm;

vdu k Ef ikd yf gw,f? useaf e&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk ppfwyfu tay:pD;,l xde;f csKyfxm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f?

pufwifbm (25) &ufae@rmS yJ 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek [m oef@&iS ;f acgi;f aqmiftm;vH;k pHek @J ac:,laqG;
aEG;Edkifjcif;r&SdawmhbJ/ acgif;aqmifwcsdKŒeJ@om wdkifyifaqG;aEG;+yD; vrf;a&G;zdk@jyif&ygawmhw,f? OD;Ek
a&G;vdu k &f wJv h rf;u ppfwyfukd jyefvnfcck w H u kd cf u
kd jf cif;rvkyb f J w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyv JG yk af y;zd@k
uwdðycdik ;f / oabmwlncD suef @J tajctaeawG jyefvnfaumif;rGev f mwJt h cgusrS Edik if aH &;tm%m
udk a&G;aumufyGJenf;eJ@ jyefvnf&,lEdkifa&;vrf;jzpfygw,f? 'Dvrf;[m udk,fhtwGuf tcGifhtvrf;
omapEdkifw,fvdk@vnf;,lq+yD; OD;Ek [m zqyv oef@&Sif;acgif;aqmif (5) OD;eJ@yJ wkdifyifnd‡E_dif;+yD;
tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;a&;qHk;jzwfcsufudk qHk;jzwfvdkuf&w,fvdk@qdkygw,f?
pufwifbm (26) &uf reuf (9) em&D ausmfausmfavmufrSm Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif/ Adkvfrª;
csKyfatmif}uD;/ Akdvfrª;csKyfwifaz wkd@ (3) OD; 0ef}uD;csKyftdrfudk a&mufvm+yD; OD;Ek eJ@awGŒygw,f?
OD;Ek eJ@twl 'k0ef}uD;csKyf ocifwif/ Adkvfrif;acgif/ OD;wifarmif wkd@ &Sdaew,fvdk@qdkygw,f?
OD;Eku “cifAsm;wkd@òrdŒwGif;rSm wifhum;awG oHcsyfumum;awG/ tajrmuf}uD;awGeJ@ bmvkyf
=uwmvJ” vdk@ par;ygw,f?
“wyfrawmfu tm%modr;f vdu k yf g+yD/ tcsut f csmusae&mawGrmS wyfpx JG m;ygw,f? tJ'g
a=umifh 0ef}uD;awG ±Hk;rwuf=uygeJ@” vdk@ ppfAdkvfrsm;u ajzw,fqdkygw,f?
OD;Eku “tm%mrodrf;=ueJ@/ wyfa&m wdkif;jynfyg eHr,fysufr,f/ vuf&Sdtpdk;&udk vufrcH
Edkif&if w&m;r#wwJha&G;aumufyGJudk usif;yay;ygr,fvdk@ ppfwyfuuwday;&if ppfwyfudk tm%mv$J
ay;r,f/ 'Dvdk tm%mv$Jay;zdk@twGuf v$wfawmfudkac:vdkufr,f/ 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;uxGuf+yD; v$wf
awmfu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufatmif tqdkwifay;ygr,f”
vdk@ajymw,f? qdkygw,f?
OD;Ek u tJ'DtcsufawGudk pmeJ@a&;+yD;ay;vdkufwJhtcg Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif/ Adkvfrª;csKyf
atmif}uD;/ Adkvfrª;csKyfwifaz wkd@[m “AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk ar;yg&apOD;” qdk+yD; pmudkvufcH&,l+yD;
jyefoGm;=uw,fqdkygw,f?
tm%mawmif;yGJ ratmifjrifb;l qd&k if t=urf;zuf tm%modr;f zd@k / 0ef}uD;csKyftrd u f v kd nf;
tajrmuf}uD;awGeJ@ csdefxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; u OD;Ek &JŒ tpDtpOfudk vufcHoabmwlvdkufygw,f? tpuwnf;u
Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif/ Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; wdk@&JŒ tm%modrf;a&;tpDtpOfawGudk tao;pdwf od&Sd
ae+yD;jzpfwhJ Adv k cf sKyfae0if; [m OD;Ek ud,k w f idk f ðypka&;om;ay;w,fqw kd hJ tjyeftvSeaf y;pm (2)apmif
tay: acgif;ndwfoabmwlay;vdkuf±HkeJ@ tm%mudk &&Sd+yD;om;jzpfoGm;ygw,f?
pufwifbm (26) &ufae@nrSmyJ EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek &JŒ ta&;}uD;rdef@cGef; jrefrmtoH
a&'D,dkuae xGufay:vmygw,f? “59 ckESpf/ {+yDvrSm vGwfvyf+yD;w&m;r#wwJ@ a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;
usi;f yay;&ef Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; udk zdw=f um;a=umif;/ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u vufcw H t hJ wGuf 0rf;om
a=umif;eJ@ jynfolvlxk}uD;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk vufcH=uapvdka=umif;” vdk@ OD;Ek u yvDyvm
ajym&ygawmhw,f? tm%modrf;cH&wmudkyJ olukd,fwdkifu vdkvdkvm;vm;zdwf=um;+yD; wkdif;jynf&JŒ
+idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;udk xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufay;zd@k arwWm&yfcH tyfEv HS u
kd &f wJyh rkH sKd ; azmfusL;oGm;cJyh gw,f?

OD;Ek eJ@ Adv k cf sKyf}u;D ae0if; wd@k tjyeftvSeaf &;=uw,fqw kd hJ pm (2) apmifqw kd mudv k nf; ol[mol
ðypk+yD; zwf=um;azmfjyoGm;ygw,f? ppfwyf&JŒ tm%modrf;yGJudk zdwfrE WuyGJjzpfatmif tpGrf;ukef
o±kyfaqmifay;cJhayr,fh EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek &JŒtoH[m armoHygaecJhw,f vdk@qdk=uygw,f?
tm%modr;f t"du wyfwwyftjzpf owfrw S x f m;wJh trSwf (4) aoewfuikd w f yf&if;[m &efuek u f kd
odr;f +yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfe@J 0ef}uD;0efuav;awGukd zrf;qD;zd@k rE aW v;uae t&Sed jf yif;jyif;eJ@ csw D ufvmwm
0ufxD;uefa&mufrS/ cr& (101) eJ@ awGŒrS tusdK;ta=umif;od&+yD; jyefwyfacgufoGm;&w,fvdk@
qdkygw,f?
qd&k , S v
f pfxyd o f ;D a[mif; ppfAv kd }f uD;wodu k &f J ppfwyf&ŒJ tm%modr;f a&; t}uHtpnf[m
wpdww f ydik ;f tm;jzifh atmifjrifxajrmufomG ;w,fv@kd qd&k rSmjzpfygw,f? OD;Eku tm%mudv k aJ$ jymif;
ay;zd@k oabmwlvu kd w
f thJ wGujf zpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh a&G;aumufyu JG si;f yay;zd@k oabmwlvu kd &f wJh
twGuf tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tjzpfeJ@yJ zGJŒpnf;&rSmjzpfwJhtwGuf wpdwfwydkif;tm;jzifh xifovdk vGwf
vGwfu|wfu|wf tm%mudk a&&Snfqkyf,lEkdifcGifhr&bl; jzpfoGm;&ygw,f?
1958 ckESpf/ pufwifbm (26) &ufae@ tjzpftysuf[m Armjynfordkif;rSm yxrqHk;t}udrf
“ppfwyftm%modrf;r_” ppfppf/ “ppfwyftm%modrf;r_}uD;” tppfjzpfygw,f? wu,fvnf;
jyifqifcJhovdk wu,fvnf; odrf;ydkufzdk@jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dwkef;u 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek&JŒ EdkifiHa&;
ukvm;zefxdk;aumif;r_a=umifh wenf;tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;upm;uGuf ^m%feD^m%feufrsdK;pHka=umifh
“ppfwyftm%modrf;r_” [m “ppfwyftm%mv$Jajymif;r_” tjzpfyHkay:vmygw,f?
ppfwyfbufu =unfhr,fqdk&if a&&Snftm%m qkyfudkifcGifhr&vdkufayr,fh “tm%mvnf;
&ao;/ aus;Zl;&Sifvnf; jzpfvdkuf&ao;” todrf;cH&oludk,fwdkifu csD;usL;axmyemay;wmawmif
tqpf&vdkufao;” vdk@ ajym&rSmjzpfygw,f? Adkvfae0if;uawmh tvdktavsmuf pifay:a&muf+yD;
ESpfjyeftjrwfxGufoGm;cJhygw,f?
OD;Ekbufu =unhrf ,fq&kd if tm%modr;f cHvu kd &f vd@k tm%mudrk ay;csib f eJ @J ay;vdu k &f wm
t±H;_ jzpfayr,f/h ygvrD efurkd zsuo f rd ;f &bJ/ a&G;aumufyu JG si;f ya&;uwdukd tydik u f ikd +f y;D tajctaeawG
aumif;rGev f mwJt h cgrmS Edik if aH &;tm%mjyef,El ikd rf ,f? tm%modr;f cH&w,fqw kd mxuf tm%mudk
v$aJ jymif;ay;vdu k &f w,fqw kd mu ydo k ifah vsmwf ,fv@kd ,q l cJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifh tm%mudk v$aJ jymif;
ay;tyfwyhJ akH y:atmif o±kyaf zmfcyhJ gw,f? ygvrD efe@J zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'rysuyf J tm%mudk
,m,DvaJ$ jymif;ay;vdu k &f jcif;[m vH;k 0O\Hk tm%modr;f cH&wmeJ@pmv#if awmfao;w,fv@kd wGuf
qcJhw,f? 'ga=umifh olukd,fwkdiftqdkðy+yD; oludk,fwkdif tdrfapmifhtpdk;&zGJŒay;zdk@ arwWm&yfcHwJhyHkpH
csK;d cJyh gw,f? ‘ppfwyftm%modr;f r_’ }uD;udk zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyakH bmiftwGi;f r0if0ifatmif ukvm;zef
xd;k ay;+yD; ta&mifwif odumQ qnfay;cJyh gw,f? ppfwyfukd odumQ qnfay;jcif;[m olŒud, k of v l nf;
oduQmqnf+yD; jzpfoGm;w,fvdk@ ,lqcJhyHk&ygw,f?
OD;Ek csdK;ay;wJhvrf;a=umif;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u oabmusovdk/ tm%modrf;csifol/
um,uHajrmuf tm%mvmawmif;ol Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif/ Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;wdk@ uvnf;
aemufydkif;rSm cHwGif;awGŒcJhygw,f? Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif/ Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; wkd@u aemufydkif;rSm
“ppfwyfu tm%modrf;wmr[kwf/ tm%mudk v$Jajymif;&,lwmomjzpfw,fvdk@” cyfwnfwnf

ajAmifvdrfajAmifpm; 0g'jzef@csd ajymqdkwmawG tqufrjywf vkyfcJhygw,f?

'Dtm%modrf;r_}uD;udk “0if'grD,mtm%modrf;r_}uD;” “}udwf0dkif;tm%modrf;r_}uD;” vdk@
pme,fZif;wcsdKŒ wdk;wufwJh pma&;q&mwcsKdŒu twdtvif; uifyGef;wyfcJh=uovdk/ qef@usifuef@
uGuf±_wfcscJh=uwJh vlyk*~dKvf EkdifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;vnf; ay:aygufcJhygw,f? “tckjzpfwmuawmh
ppfwyfutm%modrf;jcif;yJ” vdk@ a'gufwmAarmf u jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmrSm ajymqdkcJhovdk/
‘jynfolŒ&Jabmf’ rsm;uvnf; ‘ppfwyftm%modrf;r_’ }uD;vdk@ azmfxkwfuef@uGufcJhygw,f?
OD;Ek &JŒ oef@&Sif;zqyvudk axmufcHyHkatmcJhwJh ‘yrnw’ uvnf; “vufeufeJ@tm%m
odr;f jcif;udk uef@uu G =f u ” qdwk hJ pmwef;udk em&Drqdik ;f xkwjf yefc+hJ yD;/ yrnw u OD;Ek eJ@ awGŒwJt h cg
jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefygw,f?
OD;Eku wdik yf ifjcif;rðyEdik w
f m rdrt
d rSm;jzpfa=umif;/ od@k aomf oef@&iS ;f acgi;f aqmifawGe@J awmif
rwdkifyifEdkifawmhbJ/ acgif;aqmif (5) OD;om wkdifyifqHk;jzwfcJh&jcif;jzpfa=umif;/ qHk;jzwfcsufudk rjyif
Edkifawmha=umif;eJ@ v$wfawmfrSm rJcGJpOfu ‘Ekwif’ wkd@ tEdkif&&if (5) rdkifom ydkifap&r,fvdk@ aqG+idrf;
wd@k &ŒJ }udr;f 0g;csutf wdik ;f vufeufuikd rf sm;&JŒ ESyd pf ufru
_ kd Adv
k af e0if;udk tm%may;rSom wm;qD;Edik f
rSmjzpfvdk@ qHk;jzwf&jcif;jzpfa=umif; &Sif;jyw,fvdk@qdkygw,f?
EkdifiHa&;tpOftvm}uD;rm;wJh ausmif;om;xku “ppfwyftm%modrf;,ljcif;”udk
tv_yf&Sm;qHk; uef@uGufqENjy=uygw,f? ‘wuo’ taqmuftOD;rSm Auorsm;tzGJŒcsKyf/ &uo/
wuo wdk@u }uD;rª;+yD; tr_aqmifawG awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;=uum “ppfwyfrS tm%modrf;jcif;ESifhywf
oufI oabmxm;” a=unmcsufudk xkwfjyefa=unmcJhygw,f? ppfwyfu tm%modrf;onfh
twGuf +idrf;csrf;a&;udk tvSrf;a0;ap+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;rvdkvm;aom aqG+idrf;ESifh e,fcsJŒorm;wdk@.
tvdkusjzpfapa=umif;/ ,if;odk@ tm%modrf;jcif;rsdK;udk cGifhðyv#if tm%mudk jynfolŒxHrSr[kwfbJ
t"rRtm%modr;f onfh tpOftvm ay:vmrnfjzpfa=umif;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;rsm;udk twm;
tqD;jzpfvmrnfjzpfa=umif;” azmfjycJ=h uygw,f? pufwifbm (28) &ufae@rmS a=unmcsuu f xkd wk f
jyefcJhygw,f?
pufwifbm (26) &ufnrSm OD;Ek tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;a&; a=unm+yD;wJhaemuf ppfwyfu
armfvòrdief @J jynfòrdŒawGrmS Edik if aH &;orm;wcsKd Œudk zrf;qD;wm/ a&vrf; uke;f vrf; wav#muf toGm;
tvmawGukd ppfaq;ar;jref; &SmazGwmawG vkyyf gw,f? 'ga=umifh pufwifbm (29) &ufrmS Auo/
wuo/ &uo wdk@uae “wHkv_yfajcmufjcm;atmifrvkyfygESifh” qdkwJh acgif;pOfeJ@ a=unmcsuf
xkwfjyefuef@uGufygw,f?
pufwifbm (30) rSmvJ or*~}u;D (3) cku OD;pD;+y;D ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;w&yf wuo
taqmuftOD;rSm xyfrHac:,lusif;yygw,f? tpnf;ta0;t+yD;rSm bwf(pf)um; (26) pD;eJ@
òrdŒwGif;udk vSnfhvnfqENjy+yD; ‘wyfrawmf0ifrpGufeJ@’/ ‘wyfrawmfudkckwHk;rvkyfeJŒ’/‘+cdrf;ajcmuf+yD;
tm%mrodrf;eJ@’/ ‘vufeufeJ@tm%modrf;wm uef@uGuf=u’/ ‘e,fcsŒJt}uHtpnfwm;qD;=u’/
‘'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&; umuG,f=u’/‘jynfolŒtm%m jynfoljyeftyf’/ ‘jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;
t&,l=u’/‘zrf;xm;olawG tjrefjyefv$wf’/‘ausmif;om;jynfol vufwGJ=u’ qdkwJh aºuG;a=umf
oHawG aºuG;a=umfatmf[pfcJh=uygw,f?

aqG+idrf; tdrf0dkif;+yD; qENjyjcif;/ tar&duef oH±Hk;udk 0dkif;+yD;qENjyjcif;awGvnf; ðyvkyfcJh=uyg

w,f?
‘wnf+rJzqyv’u OD;Ek udk zufqpfjzpfw,fajym+yD; Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;udk axmufcaH =umif;
a=unmvdkufygw,f?
OD;Eku b,favmufyJ toa&qnfqnf/ ppfwyfu b,favmufyJ rHkvmOvkyfvkyf/ 1958
pufwifbm (26) tjzpftysufudk ppfwyftm%modrf;r_}uD;tjzpf wdk;wufwJh EdkifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;
rsm;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;a&csdefjrifhrm;wJh jynfolvlxk trsm;pk}uD;u odjrifem;vnf oabmxm;cJh=uygw,f?
trSew f u,fvnf; ‘ppfwyftm%modr;f r_}uD;’ jzpfcyhJ gw,f? tm%mawmif;wmr&&if pufwifbm
(27) &ufreuf t±kH%fwufrSm vufeufudkift=urf;zuf+yD; 0ef}uD;tm;vHk;udk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;
z,f&Sm;zdk@ tcdkiftrm pDpOfpdkif;jyif; jyifqifxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f?
1958 atmufwdkbm (20) &ufae@rSm rdwˆDvmòrdŒ wyfrawmfausmif;rSm wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcH
xyfvyk yf gw,f? ZGev f wke;f u usi;f y+yD;jzpfygvsuef @J wESpt f wGi;f 'kw, d t}udrt f jzpf ac:,lusi;f y
wmjzpfygw,f? atmufwdkbm (28) &ufae@ usif;yr,fh ygvDrefv$wfawmfuae oef@&Sif;zqyv
tpdk;&u AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;udk tm%mv$Jajymif; ay;tyfrSmjzpfwJhtwGuf wyfrSL;awGudk ac:,l
nd‡Ed_if; jyifqifjcif;jzpfygw,f?
yrnw tygt0if tzGJŒaygif;pHk (15 zGJŒ) eJ@ wuo/ Auo/ &uo/ ‘vli,fhwyfOD;’ wdk@u
“ppfwyfu tm%modrf;r_udk uef@uGuf=u ” qdkwJh aºuG;a=umfoHxkwf+yD; uef@uGufqef@usif=uwJh
tcg OD;Ek/ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; eJ@ Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; wdk@u ppfwyfu tm%modrf;wmr[kwf/
“tm%mv$Jajymif;r_” omjzpfw,fvdk@ &Sif;vif;ajymqdk=uygw,f?
yrnw acgi;f aqmifawGe@J Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; awGŒqHw k thJ cgrmS vnf; “wyfutm%modr;f
w,fqdkwJhpum;[m wyfudk *k%foduQm txl;xdcdkufapa=umif;/ wyfu tm%modrf;w,fqdkwJh
pum;udk txl;a&Smif=uOf&efajymvdak =umif;” vd@k Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; u arwWm&yfco H vdv k kd owday;
ovdkvdkajymqdk+yD; tjzpfrSefawGudk zHk;uG,fcJh=uygw,f?
OD;Eku AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; vGwfvGwfu|wfu|wfvkyfEdkif&efqdk+yD; apmapmydkif;u w&m;0if
xkwfjyefa=unmxm;cJhwJh “orw}uD;. oifykef;acs vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdef@” udk atmufwdkbm
(31) &ufae@up+yD; jyefvnf±kwfodrf;ay;vdkufygw,f? ±kwfodrf;ay;vkduf&wmeJ@ t"duta=umif;
&if;uawmh ppfwyf&JŒ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;pdwf"mwfeJ@ aomif;usef;oltðywfwdkufa&; oabm
xm;tay: rvGefqefEdkifawmhwJhtwGuf ppfwyftóuduf óudufovdk ppfqif ppfðyEkdifzdk@/ óudufovdk
pDrHtkyfcsKyfEdkifzdk@ t[ef@twm;ozG,fjzpfaewJh vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdef@udk OD;Ek ukd,fwdkif jyefvnf
z,f&Sm;ay;vdkuf&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
atmufwdkbm (20) &ufae@ rdwWDvm wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcHrSm ajymqkd=uwJh ppfwyf acgif;rm
xdyof ;D }uD;wcsKd Œ&JŒ ajymqdak qG;aEG;csuaf wGukd axmuf±r_ ,fq&kd if OD;Ek bma=umifh ±kwo f rd ;f ay;vdu
k &f
w,fqdkwm ydkrdk&Sif;vif; ay:vGifEdkifygvdrfhr,f?
rdwvDW mnDvmcHrmS Akv d rf ;ª csKyfatmif}uD;u “cifAsm;wd@k usaemfw@kd uGejf rLepfukd &ifqikd w f hJ
ae&mrSm EdkifiHa&;bufuvlawGudk tm;udk;vdk@r&awmhbl;? cifAsm;wdk@ usKyfwdk@yJ &ifqdkif&r,f? 'g

tifrwef&Sif;aewJhjy\em” vdk@ aqG;aEG;cJhovdk/ Akdvfrª;}uD; cspfòrdifu “'DvlawG (uGefjrLepf) udk

vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGi/hf oifyek ;f acs vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGiq hf w kd mawGukd tpd;k &u ay;xm;w,f? tJ'aD wmh
'D[mawG[m b,fenf;eJ@rS rjzpfoifh rjzpfxdkufwJhudpPawGvdk@ usaemfwdk@,lqygw,f” vdk@ ajymqdk
aqG;aEG;cJhygw,f?
ppfwyf tm%modrf;r_udk ppfwyftm%mvGJajymif;r_tjzpf OD;Ek/ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; eJ@ tm
%mvmawmif;ol Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; wdk@wodkufuyg toHaumif;[pf yHkazmfcJh=uayr,fh tJ'Dvdk
“tm%mvJa$ jymif;r_” qdw k m}uD;udk yrnw tygt0if/ ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tygt0if wd;k wufwhJ
EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;u qufvuf qef@usif uef@uGufcJh=uygw,f? ppfwyftm%modrf;r_udk
raumif;wJhtpOftvmtjzpf jzpfwnfvmrSm pdk;&drfcJh=uovdk/ ppfwyf&JŒ tðywfwdkufa&; oabm
xm;a=umifh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tvm;tvm ysufokef;oGm;rSmudkvnf; ylyefcJh=uygw,f?
atmufwdkbmv aemufqHk;ywfxJrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu Adkvf&JxGÉf[m jynfwGif;
+idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ OD;pD;acgi;f aqmif q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f eJ@ vma&mufawGŒqHyk gw,f? Adv k &f x
J ÉG f
u q&m}uD;udk “oifykef;acs vGwf+idrf;cGifheJ@ ygwDwnf&SdcGifhudk vufcHa=umif;” wifjy+yD; -
(1) uGefjrLepfygwDESifh ywfoufaom EdkifiHa&;tusOf;orm;rsm;udk v$wf&ef/
(2) uGefjrLepfygwDudk a&G;aumufyGJ0ifcGifhay;&ef/
TESpfcsufudkuwdðyv#if uGefjrLepfygwDu -
(1) vufeufrsm;udk tpdk;&odk@v$Jtyfrnf?
(2) vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrS Oya'wGif;wdkufyGJodk@ ul;ajymif;+yD; Oya'wGif;0ifrnf?
(3) uef@owfxm;aomtcsed t f wGi;f Oya'twGi;f 0ifrvmaom ygw0D ifrsm;udk tquf
jzwfrnf?
vdk@ wifjyygw,f? q&m}uD;u tJ'Dwifjycsufudk =um;odwJhtcg ‘+idrf;csrf;a&; &Edkif+yD’ vdk@
0rf;omtm;&jzpf+yD;/ tJ't D a=umif;pma&;+yD; OD;Eke@J Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;qD/ atmufwb kd m (27) &ufae@
rSm ud, k w f ikd o
f mG ;ay;ygw,f? OD;Ek udo k m awGŒcJ&h +yD; Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; eJ@ rawGŒcJ&h bl;vd@k qdyk gw,f?
tJ'D (27) &ufae@nae@rmS yJ q&m}u;D wd@k u tzGŒJ aygi;f pHu k kd zdwaf c:&Si;f vif;jywmvnf; vkycf yhJ gw,f?
'gayr,fh tajctaeawGu ajymif;vJoGm;cJh+yDjzpfygw,f? OD;Eku AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk tm%mvJ$
ajymif;ay;zdk@ vdktyfwJhtpDtpOfawGtm;vHk; jyifqifZmwfwdkuf+yD;om; jzpfae+yDjzpfygw,f?
atmufwb kd mv (28) &ufae@rmS tm%mvJa$ jymif;ay; v$waf wmftpnf;ta0;}uD; pwifyg
w,f? óudwifppD Ofxm;wJt h wdik ;f 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek u Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; udk w&m;0if tm%mv$aJ jymif;
ay;zdk@ tqdkðyygw,f? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&zGJŒzdk@ tm%mtyfESif;ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh
‘tdraf pmift h pd;k &’u oe@&f iS ;f zqyv tpd;k &qDu Edik if aH wmf tm%mudk vJa$ jymif;&,lvu kd yf gw,f?
1958 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (29) &ufae@rSm EdkifiHawmforw a&SŒarSmufrSm usrf;opPm
usdefqdk+yD; ‘tdrfapmifhtpdk;&’ tzGJŒ}uD; ay:aygufvmygw,f?
xGufay:vmwJh ‘tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tzGJŒ’ uawmh -
(1) owdk;oD&dok"rR/ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; - EkdifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf/ umuG,fa&;Xme/
trsdK;om;pDrHudef;Xme/

(2) t*~r[moa&pnfol/ OD;odef;armif - 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyfESifh EkdifiHjcm;a&;Xme/

omoema&;Xme/ usef;rma&;Xme/ jynfol@
0efxrf;Xme
(3) r[moa&pnfol OD;cifarmifjzL - jynfxJa&;Xme/ jyef=um;a&;Xme/ a'oE W&
tkyfcsKyfa&;Xme/ vl0ifr_ESifh trsdK;om;rSwf
yHkwifa&;Xme0ef}uD;/
(4) owkd;r[mpnfol OD;csefxGef;atmif - w&m;a&;Xme0ef}uD;/
(5) OD;ausmf+idrf; - b¾ma&;ESihf tcGefawmfXme 0ef}uD;/
(6) pnfol OD;b=um; - ukefoG,fr_Xme/ or0g,rESifh ukefpnfjzef@
jzL;a&;Xme/ ypPnf;axmufyHha&;Xme0ef}uD;/
(7) oa&pnfol OD;pH!Gef@ - o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;/ vrf;yef;qufo, G af &;/
tdrf,maqmufvkyfa&;Xme0ef}uD;/
(8) OD;um - ynma&;Xme/ v,f,mESifh opfawmXme/
v,f,majrEdkifiHydkifðya&;Xme 0ef}uD;/
(9) oD&dysHcsD OD;cspfaomif; - pufr_vufr_Xme/ owWKwGif;Xme tvkyfo
rm;Xme0ef}uD;/
(10) owdk;r[moa&pnfol p0f[kefz - &Srf;jynfe,fXme0ef}uD;/
(11) OD;xefvsef; - csif;a&;&m0ef}uD;/
(12) a'gufwm apmvSxGef; - u&ifjynfe,f0ef}uD;/
(13) 'l;0g;aZmfvGef; - ucsifjynfe,f0ef}uD;/
(14) p0f0À - u,m;jynfe,f0ef}uD; - wdk@jzpf=uygw,f?
atmufwdkbmv (31) &ufae@rSm jynfolŒv$wfawmfrSm 0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; u
wufa&mufrdef@ac|ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; [m yxrt}udrf tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tzGJŒ&JŒ 0ef}uD;csKyf
jzpfvmcJhovdk/ jrefrmEdkifiHrSm wwd,ajrmuf 0ef}uD;csKyf jzpfvmolvdk@ rSwfwrf;wif&rSmjzpfygw,f?
yxrqH;k 0ef}u;D csKyf[m OD;Ek jzpfc+hJ y;D / 'kw,
d ajrmufu OD;Ek z,fay;cJv h @kd acwW0ef}u;D csKyfjzpfco hJ l OD;AaqG
jzpfygw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;u atmufwdkbm (31) &ufae@rSm rdef@cGef;ac|wJhtcg zqyv
tzGŒJ }uD;tuGaJ =umifh 0ef}uD;csKyfwm0efukd r,lcsib f eJ @J ,lc&hJ oa,mif cyfwnfwnf ajymqdo k mG ;cJyh g
w,f? zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'}uD;udkvnf; umuG,fapmifha&SmufoGm;r,fhta=umif; tckvdk
ajymqdkoGm;cJhygw,f?
“OuUÏ}uD;cifAsm;/ u|efawmf 0ef}uD;csKyf&JŒ wm0ef0wW&m;udk tckvdkvufcH&jcif;[m
u|eaf wmfEiS whf uG trwfrif;rsm;tm;vH;k tjrwfwEd;k OD;xdy&f u G yf efxm;wJh Edik if aH wmf zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyf
yHktajccHOya'eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDtpOftvmudk tE W&m,ftrsKd;rsKd;u +cdrf;ajcmufvmaewm awGŒ&wJh
twGuf 'DtE W&m,fudk umuG,fzdk@ wm0ef,lvufcHvdkufjcif;jzpfygw,f? u|efawmf'Dvdk wm0ef,l
jcif;[m jynfaxmifpkom; yk*~dKvfwa,muftaeESifhvnf;aumif;/ ppfom;wa,muftaeESifhvnf;

aumif;/ wm0ef&SdwJhtwdkif; wm0ef,lvdkufjcif;yJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh ygvDrefuay;tyfwJh 'Dwm0ef

}uD;udk u|efawmf &J&J0Hh0Hh vufcHvdkufjcif;yJjzpfygw,f” [lowJh?
ppfwyfutm%modr;f wmudk OD;Ek u rvGo J m ra&Smifom vufcv H u
kd &f +yD;/ vl=um;aumif;
atmif zH;k zdvn S yhf wf+yD; tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;tyfovdv k kd tuGuzf efvu kd &f wmudk Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;
u cyfwnfwnfvufcH&,lvdkuf&if;/ 0ef}uD;csKyfwufvkyfcJhwmudkawmif tay:pD;uae r*Fvm,l
vdkufjcif;jzpfygw,f? tajccHOya'eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDtpOftvmawGudk umuG,fapmifha&Smufzdk@ 'Dwm0ef
}uD;udk ,lvdkuf&jcif;jzpfw,fvdk@ avoHaumif;[pf aºuG;a=umfoGm;cJhygw,f? rsufESmajymifwdkufwJh
ae&mrSm pHxm;avmufygayw,fvdk@yJ rSwfcsufðy&ygvdrfhr,f?
'Dru
kd a&pDvv kd m;olrsm;u/ OD;Ek eJ@ Akvd cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; wd@k &ŒJ 'DZmwfuu G uf kd r,H=k unfc=hJ ubJ/
ppfwyf tm%modr;f r_tjzpf em;vnfojd rifc=hJ uovd/k +idr;f csr;f a&;udk ar#mv f ifv h vdk m;olrsm;uvnf;
+idrf;csrf;a&;a&mifjcnf wdrfov†mtzHk;cHvdkuf&+yDqdkwm oabmaygufvdkuf=uygw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf 'Dvkd tm%m&,lvu dk Ef ikd w
f mudk tm%modr;f vdo k l ppfwyfu auseyf yDwjd zpfchJ
=uovdk tdraf pmift h pd;k &qdw
k hJ emrnfe@J ppftpd;k &wufvmwmudk wnf+rJzqyv}uD;uvnf; tm;&
ESpfoufoabmacGŒcJhygw,f?
zqyv q,f E S p f q,f r d k ; acwf ed * k H ; csKyf
ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; a=unmEdkifcJhwJh 1948 ckESpfuae ppfwyfudk tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;

vdkuf&wJh 1958 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmtxd (10) ESpfausmftwGif;rSm Armjynfudk awmufavsmuf
tkyfpdk;cJhwJh tpdk;&[m ‘zqyv’ tpdk;&jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh (1948-1958) q,fESpfwmacwfudk zqyv q,fESpfq,frdk; “acwf” vdk@
0dò*dvfðy=uygw,f?
'Dq,fEpS w f mtwGi;f rSm tm%m& zqyv tzGŒJ }uD;[m wpnf;wvH;k wnf;aom tzGŒJ }uD;
tjzpfuae tpdwfpdwftr$mr$m òyduGJr_awGjzpfay:cJhygw,f? &JabmfjzL &Jabmf0g uGJoGm;+yD; &JabmfjzL
awG vufeufudkifawmcdkoGm;cJh=uwm ay:aygufcJhygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfjzL-qdk&S,feDawG uGJoGm;+yD;
qdk&S,feD[m tm%mt0ef;t0dkif;&JŒtjyifzufudk a&muf&SdoGm;&if;/ tm%m& zqyvtzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ
t"du ajray:twdkuftcHtjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;cJhygw,f? 1957 ckESpf xJrSmawmh ‘oef@&Sif;-wnf+rJ’
tjzpf uGx J uG o
f mG ;cJ+h yD; tm%m& zqyv}uD;[m ESpjf crf;ESprf m$ xufyikd ;f jzwfjzpfomG ;&ygawmhw,f?
apmapmydkif; tuGJawGwkef;u wpHkwckaomtwdkif;twmtxd tda¹ENrysuf xdef;xm;Edkifao;w,f
vdk@ ajym&rSmjzpfayr,fh/ aemufqHk;tuGJ ‘oef@&Sif;-wnf+rJ’ uGJwJhtcgrSmawmh ywfwkyfvdk@r&awmh
atmifudk jzpfoGm;&ygawmhw,f?
'Dq,fEpS w f mtwGi;f rSm a&G;aumufy}JG uD; (2) }udref @J ygvrD efwif+yD; tòydit
f qdik f Adv
k v
f ck =hJ u
wJh tm%mòydif tm%mvkyGJ}uD;w}udrf ay:aygufcJhygw,f?

a&G;aumufyGJ}uD; (2) ckuawmh “1951§52 taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;” eJ@ “1956 ckESpf

taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;” jzpfygw,f?
a&G;aumufy}JG uD; (2) ckpvH;k rSm ‘zqyv’ tzGŒJ }uD;uyJ wzufowf tjywftowf tEdik &f
&Scd yhJ gw,f? a&G;aumufy}JG uD; (2) ckpvH;k twGi;f rSm cg;ydu k af qmifwyf vufeufuikd w f yfawG&ŒJ tult
nDeJ@ ae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm +cdrf;ajcmufwm rJqG,fwm rJxnfhckdif;wmrsdK;awGvnf; &SdcJhygw,f?
a&G;aumufyGJudk ta=umif;ðy+yD; vlowfr_awGtxd ay:aygufcJhygw,f? ‘igef;ZGef ajcmufavmif;òydif
vlowfr_’ ‘rif;vSav;avmif;òydifvlowfr_’ awG[m xif&Sm;wJh OyrmwcsKdŒjzpfygw,f? 1956 ck
a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;rSmawmh twdkuftcH ‘yrnw’ tzGJ@}uD;[m ygvDreftwGif;rSm ta&;ygwJh
tiftm;pkwcktjzpf ay:xGufvmcJhygw,f?
vGwv f yfa&; a=unmEdik +f yD;uwnf;u tm%mudk csKyfuikd v f mcJw h m ‘zqyv’ tzGŒJ }uD;vd@k
a,bk,stm;jzifh ac:qd&k ayr,f/h t"dutm;jzifh zqyv}uD;udk v$r;f rd;k xm;cJw h m ‘qd&k ,
S v f pfygw’D
jzpfygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfawG[m trsm;pkjzpfovdk twdkuftcHEdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkawGtay: trsdK;rsdK;
npfywfcJhwm ESdyfuGyfcJhwm tm%mjycJh=uwmawG[mvnf; qdk&S,fvpfawGyJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh
qd&k , S vf pfawGukd vlrek ;f rsm;cJyh gw,f? qd&k , S v f pfawG[m ‘zqyv’ }uD;xJu t"du tiftm;pk}uD;
jzpfwJhtwGuf qdk&S,fvpfygwD pnf;±Hk;a&;=oZmvnf; vlxk=um; wae@wjcm;usqif;cJhygw,f? 56
ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ&vm'fu tajzay;cJhygw,f? trwfae&mt& ‘zqyv’u
tjywftowftEdkif&&SdcJhayr,fh wjynfvHk;rJta&twGufu ‘zqyv’ eJ@ ‘yrnw’ odyfruGmvS
wmawG jrif&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh usqHk;ae&wJh zqyv pnf;±Hk;a&;udk jyefvnfwGef;wifzdk@ zqyv
OD;Ek u zqyvoef@&Sif;a&;vkyfzdk@ óud;pm;&if;/ tajccHoabmxm;csif;rwlnD=u&muae pwifuGJ
tufvmcJhygw,f? OD;Ekwdk@u zqyv pnf;±Hk;a&;usqif;vm+yD; a&G;aumufyGJrSm vlxkaxmufcHr_
avsmhenf;vm&wm[m zqyv tzGJŒacgif;aqmifrsm;&JŒ tusifhysufr_ udk,fusKd;&Smjcpm;r_ tm%m
rmef jyor_awGa=umifv h ,kd q
l ygw,f? 'ga=umifh zqyv oef@&iS ;f a&;vky&f r,fv@kd jrifygw,f? OD;AaqG
OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@u “'Dvkdjzpf&wm[m uGefjrLepfawG aomif;usef;olawGa=umifhvdk@yJ oabmxm;yg
w,f? 'ga=umifh uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; tjywfvkyf&r,f? aomif;usef;ol tðywfwkdufa&; tjyif;t
xefvyk &f r,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? 'Drwlnw D hJ oabmxm;tjrifEpS &f yftay:uae OD;Eku zqyvoef@&iS ;f
a&;vkyzf @kd pwif ajcvSr;f vSr;f &muae uGt J ufra_ wGpwifc+hJ yD;/ OD;Ek OD;ausm+f idr;f yk*Kd~ vfa&; yÉdyuQtyg
t0if *d% k ;f *% yk*Kd~ vfa&;wdu k yf aJG wGe@J yg xyfjznfq h ufpyfaygi;f pyfvu kd wf t hJ cg Ekwif-aqG+idr;f tuGJ
}uD; ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? wqifhwufvdkufwJhtcg oef@&Sif;-wnf+rJ tuGJ}uD;tjzpf yHkay:vmcJh+yD;
zqyv}uD; ESpfjcrf;xufydkif; jzpfoGm;cJh&ygawmhw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; wnfaxmifcw hJ hJ wyfrawmf[mvnf; Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; vky}f uHc&H +yD;
wJhaemufydkif; wpwp toGifajymif;cJh&muae ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;eJ@twl tm%m& ‘zqyv’
tpdk;&&JŒ vufeufudkifwyftjzpf jzpfwnfvmcJhygw,f? ppfwyftwGif;u tpOftvm&SdwJh ppfa&;
acgi;f aqmif wyfr;ª / wyf&if;rª;}uD;rsm; awmcdb k 0a&muf=u&+yD;wJah emufyikd ;f / wenf;tm;jzifh awmcdk
wyf&if;awG ay:aygufvm&+yD;wJhaemufydkif; wyfrawmfudk csKyfudkifxm;EdkifcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfae0if; [m
qd&k , S vf pf wyfr;ª }uD;i,fw@kd &ŒJ q&marG;xm;jcif;cH&wJh ‘qk&d , S v f pf’}uD; jzpfco hJ vd/k Akv
d af rmifarmif/

Adkvfatmif}uD;/ Akdvfatmifa&$/ Akdvfcspfcdkif/ Akdvf=unf0if;/ Adkvfwifaz/ Adkvfodef;armif pwJholawG[m

vnf; qkd&S,fvpf}uD;awGjzpf=uygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemufydkif; umvwdkwcktwGif;rSm tJ'Dqdk
&S,fvpf ppfAdkvf}uD;rsm;[m ta&;ygwJhae&mrsm;udk udkifwG,fxm;&wJh Akdvfrª;/ 'kAkdvfrª;}uD;/ Akdvfrª;
csKyfawG jzpfvm=uygw,f? uGejf rLepfawG vufeufuikd af wmcd&k wJt h cg wyf&if; (1) wyf&if; (3) wyf&if;
(6) awG awmcdk&wJhtcg uGefjrLepfEG,f0if wyfrª; wyfcGJrª;}uD;awG wyfrawmftjyifbufa&mufoGm;
=uovdk/ u&ifvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; aygufuGJay:xGufvmwJhtcg u&ifwyfrª;/ Adkvfrª;}uD;rsm;
vnf;/ wyfrawmftjyifbuf a&mufomG ;=u+yD;/ olyek jf zpfojl zpf yifpifay;cH&olay;cH&/ z,f&mS ;cH&ol
z,f&Sm;cH&wJhtwGuf 1949 ckESpf aemufydkif;rSm qdk&S,fvpfEG,f0if ppfAdkvf}uD;awG trsm;pk }uD;pkd;
aecJhwJh wyfrawmfjzpfcJhygw,f?
tm%m& zqyv}uD;twGif;rSm qdk&S,fvpfawG }uD;pdk;vmcJh=uovdk wyfrawmfwGif;rSm
vnf; qd&k , S v
f pfE,G 0f if ppfAvkd }f uD;awG }uD;pd;k cGi&hf cJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifh qd&k , S vf pfawGyJ }uD;pd;k cGi&hf wJ/h
tpdk;&udk qdk&S,fvpfawGyJ}uD;pdk;aewJh ‘wyfrawmf’u/ awmufavsmuf axmufulusm;uefay;cJhyg
w,f? usif;ycJhwJh a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;awGwdkif;rSm ppfwyfu zqyv bufu &yfwnfaqmif&GufcJhyg
w,f? zqyv tEdkif&a&;udk yg0ifywfoufpGufzufcJh=uygw,f?
tm%m& zqyv}uD;twGif;u zqqdk&S,frsm;&JŒ trsKd;rsKd; npfywfaumufuspf uvdrfus
r_a=umifh vGwv f yfa&;eJ@ ra&S;raESmif; jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD; pwifawmufavmifc&hJ ygw,f? ArmjynfueG f
jrLepfygwD&JŒ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;ay:aygufcJh&+yD; r=umrD ppfwyfawmcdkv_yf&Sm;r_ jynfolŒ&J
abmf awmcdkv_yf&Sm;r_ u&ifvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_awG qufwdkufay:xGufcJh&+yD; jynf
wGif;ppfrD; t&Sdefw[kef;[kef; awmufavmifcJh&ygw,f? rGef/ ytdk0fh/ &cdkif/ u&ifeD pwJh trsKd;om;pk
awG&JŒ vufeufudkifv_yf&Sm;r_awGvnf; ay:xGufcJh+yD; tpdk;&[m &efukeftpdk;& tajctaetxd
qdkufa&mufcJhygw,f? jynfyusL;ausmfoltjzpf w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfolawG&JŒ usL;ausmfr_udkvnf;
óuHawGŒ&ifqdkifcJh&ygw,f?
jynfwGif;ppf}uD; }uD;xGm;vm&r_a=umifh ppfwyf&JŒtcef;[mvnf; }uD;xGm;vmcJh&ygw,f?
jynfwGif;ppf}uD;udk tEdkifwdkufEkdifzdk@ ppfwyf}uD;udk tqufrjywf csJŒxGif&if; ppfwyf[m ta&;}uD;wJh
tiftm;pk}uD;wckozG,f jzpfwnfvmcJhygw,f? zqqdk&S,ftpkd;&&JŒ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;/ aomif;
use;f oltðywfwu kd af &;tvH[m/ zqqd&k , S tf pd;k &eJ@ &yfwnfcsuw f ckwnf;twlwjl zpfwhJ ppfwyf&ŒJ
awmufavsmufudkifpGJ taumiftxnfazmf&m tvHvnf;jzpfcJhygw,f? zqyvtpdk;&[m jynf
wGif;ppfudk arG;zGm;apcJhwJh tpdk;&jzpfovdk zqyv tpdk;&atmufu xifovdk csKyfudkifcGifh&vmcJhwJh
AkdvfcsKyfae0if; &JŒ tcef;[mvnf; ppfwyf}uD;xGm;ovdk tqufrjywf }uD;xGm;cGifh&vmcJhygw,f?
qk&d ,
S vf pfrsm;u qd&k , S v f pfcsi;f jzpfwhJ Akv
d cf sKyfae0if; udk tm;ud;k w}uD; arG;jrLcJ=h uovd/k 0ef}uD;csKyf
jzpfwJh OD;Ek udk,fwdkifuvnf; AdkvfcsKyfae0if; udk ypm;ay;arG;jrLcJhygw,f? jynfwGif;ppfrD; t&Sdeft}uD;
qH;k awmufavmifcsed /f zqyvtpd;k &[m ‘&efuek t f pd;k &’ jzpf&csed rf mS qd&k ,
S vf pf0ef}uD;awGu, kd w f ikd f
ajcrudik rf d vufrudik rf jd zpf=u+y;D wazsmazsm tpd;k &tzGŒJ u xGu=f u cGm=ucsed rf mS OD;Eku Akv d cf sKyfae0if;
udk oljzpfcsifvSwJh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; &mxl;wifru/ 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;ygay;+yD; tpdk;&tzGJŒ
twGif; oGwfoGif;ajr‡mufpm;cJhygw,f? AkdvfcsKyfae0if; tm%mt&om pwifawGŒ&SdcJhwm tJ'Dtcsdef

uwnf;uvdk@ qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f? Akdvfrª;csKyfausmfaZm udk ppfwyfuae t+yD;tydkif z,f&Sm;+yD;csdef

1957 ckESpfup+yD; ppfwyftwGif;rSm AdkvfcsKyfae0if;udk cGm&mwdkif;Edkifolr&Sd tajctaezefwD;+yD;om;
jzpfoGm;ygw,f? ppfwyf[mvnf; AkdvfcsKyfae0if; pdwfóuduf AkdvfcsKyfae0if; arG;jrLxm;wJh wvuf
udkifwyftjzpf yDyDoo pwifyHkay:vmygw,f?
wnf+rJ-oef@&Sif; uGJ=u+yD; zqyv}uD; t}uD;tus,fuGJ=ucsdefrSm ppfwyf[m wnf+rJbuf
u axmufc&H yfwnfcsicf yhJ gw,f? txl;ojzifh Akv d af rmifarmif/ Akv d af tmif}uD; wd@k vkd qd&k , S vf pfxyd f
oD;a[mif;}uD;awGe@J Akv d cf spcf ikd /f Adv
k =f unf0if; wd@k vkd wnf+rJbufom; qk&d , S vf pfE, G 0f if ppfAv kd }f uD;
awG[m w*d% k ;f wnf; wodu k w f nf;jzpfygw,f? uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &; aomif;use;f ol tðywfwu kd f
a&;&nfreS ;f csujf yif;xefvw S hJ OD;ausm+f idr;f / OD;AaqG wnf+rJ*% dk ;f &JŒ &yfwnfcsuo f abmxm;eJ@ olw@kd &ŒJ
&yfwnfcsuo f abmxm; wom;wnf;usaewJt h wGuf jzpfygw,f? OD;Ek[m ‘yrnw’ vuf0o J rm;
rsm;eJ@aygi;f +yD; jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;qD ajcOD;vSno hf mG ;rSmudk ppfwyfwiG ;f uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &; acgi;f
rm*dk%f;om;rsm;u b,fvkdrS vufcHEkdifpGrf;r&Sd=uyg?
Ekwif-aqG+idrf; uGJt+yD;rSm OD;Eku EdkifiHa&;yg;0ygw,f? ygvDrefwif+yD; b,ftkyfpku tpdk;&
tm%m&,lrvJqdkwm tm%mtwGuf tòydiftqdkifrJcGJ=uzdk@qHk;jzwfwJhtcg yrnw rJ (45) rJudk
&&Sdzdk@ +idrf;csrf;a&;toH jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJta&;toH ydkay;jycJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh ‘yrnw’ rJ (44)
rJudk &&SdcJh+yD; ESmwzsm;tomeJ@ aqG+idrf;udk tEkdif,lcJhygw,f? oef@&Sif;zqyv tpdk;&tzGJŒ zGJ@ pnf;Ekdif
cJhygw,f? ay;xm;wJh jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;toHudk wdk;+yD; jrnfatmifvkyfjyzdk@ jyifqifvm&ygw,f?
wnf+rJwdk@ rcHr&yfEdkifjzpf=uovdk ppfwyfwGif;u uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; vl}uD;rif;rsm;vnf; }udwfr
EdkifcJr& jzpf=uygw,f? wnf+rJu ppfwyfudk tm%modrf;zdk@ aoG;xdk;wdkufwGef;ovdk ppfwyfwGif;u
yk*~dKvfrsm;uvnf; tm%modrf;zdk@ }uH=u pnf=u jyifqif=uygw,f? ajrmufydkif;wdkif;u tcdkiftrm
jyifqifovdk/ Akdvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif/ Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;wdk@ tkyfpkuvnf; oabmwl óud;yrf;tm;
xkwcf =hJ u&if;/ 1958 ckEpS f ppfwyftm%modr;f r_}uD; ay:ayguv f mcJw h mjzpfygw,f? tm%modr;f r_ukd
tm%mv$Jajymif;r_tjzpf OD;Eku yHkazmfay;vdkuf&ygw,f?
zqyv q,fESpfq,frdk;twGif;rSm jynfwGif;&yfpJa&; awmif;qdkoHawG nHpnfcJhygw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek&ŒJ pum;}uD; (3)cGe;f wd@k / oifyek ;f acsvw G +f idr;f cGit hf rde@f w@kd / vufeufuikd v f rf;pOf pGe@f vw $ f
yg? w&m;0ifygwD wnf&cdS iG ahf y;r,fqw kd mwd@k ay:aygucf o hJ vd/k acgi;f rm zqqd&k , S }f uD;rsm;&JŒ vufeuf
cs&ifcs/ rcs&if tjywfacsre_ ;f &vdrrhf ,f? wd@k aomif;use;f olrsm;eJ@ b,fawmhrS aphpyfaqG;aEG;vdrrhf ,f
r[kwf/ t&ifvufeufpGef@+yD;rS pum;ajymr,fwdk@qdkwJh tay:pD;u toHrsm;udk =um;=u&+yD;/ jynf
wGif;ppf&yfpJa&;[m taumiftxnfray:cJhyg? jynfwGif;ppf}uD;om qufvufawmufavmif &Snf
=umcJ&h ygw,f? q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f &JŒ olrom ud, k rf em oifyek ;f acsa&;vrf;pOf/ OD;csr;f at;
&JŒ vufeufeJ@'Drkdua&pD vJvS,fa&;wdk@/ Akdvfvusfm&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;vrf;pOfwdk@ ay:aygufcJhovdk Arm
jynfuGefjrLepfygwDbufu typftcwf wòydifwnf;&yfpJa&;/ awGŒqHkaphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;/ ESpfcsufeJ@
tvif;0ifa&;qdw k mawGvnf; ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? b,fenf;eJ@rS taumiftxnfray:cJb h J jynfwiG ;f
ppf}uD;om q,fESpfausmfcJhygw,f? rGeftzGJŒ/ &cdkifOD;pdE WmtzGJŒeJ@ jynfolŒ&Jabmfrsm;om vufeufpGef@
cJ=h uygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;&cgp teD;acwfw0du k t f xd ajym=ua[m=u aºuG;a=umfc=hJ uwJh qd&k , S v f pf

a&;aºuG;a=umfo/H qd&k , S v f pfEikd if w

H nfaqmufa&; &nfreS ;f csuq f w
kd mawGvnf; wpxufwp toH
wdro f mG ;cJ+h yD;/ q,fEpS wf m&JŒ aemufq;kH umvydik ;f rSm zqyv tpd;k &[m toHawmif rðyEkid af wmhbJ
rodusKd;u|HðyoGm;ygw,f?
vGwv f yfa&;&cgpavmufu qd&k , S vf pfqefwhJ pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awGvyk jf yzd@k Ekid if jH cm;om;rsm;
}uD;pdk;vmcJhwJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;wcsKdŒudk EdkifiHykdifodrf;jycJhygw,f? wcsKdŒudk zufpyfvkyfjycJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh wdik ;f jynftwGuf tusK;d &Sad tmifvyk rf jyEdik cf yhJ g? 1948 ckEpS f u zqyvtpk;d &u a&;qGcJ w hJ hJ
pD;yGm;a&; (2) ESppf rD u H ed ;f uvnf; taumiftxnf razmfEikd b f J ysujf ym;oGm;cJo h vdk tar&duefp;D yGm;
tultnDe@J Edik if jH cm;om;pD;yGm;a&;yg&*lrsm;udk ac:,limS ;&rf; a&;qG+J yD; taumiftxnfazmfvu kd wf hJ
jynfawmfompDrHudef;}uD;rsm;[mvnf; tm%m& zqyv tzGJŒ0ifawG 0dkif;0ef;jcpm;ypfvdkuf=u+yD;
xifovdkvkyfudkif taumiftxnfazmfypfvdkuf=uwJhtwGuf bmwckrS t&mxifrvmcJhyg? avxJ
rSmyJ aysmufuG,foGm;cJhygw,f?
yk*~dvduydkif pufr_vkyfief;eJ@ tvkyf±HkawG[m ppfrjzpfcifu (1000) ausmfavmuf&Sd&mu
1958 ckESpfrSm (3000) avmuftxd &SdvmcJhw,fqdkayr,fh trsm;pku qefpuf/ qDpuf/ yJcGJpufeJ@
pm;aomufuek x f w
k vf yk if ef;awGavmufom jzpfcyhJ gw,f? jrefrmydik v f yk if ef;awGtjzpf pm&if;jyxm;
ayr,fh trsm;pk}uD;u jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;trnfayguf Edik if jH cm;EG,zf mG ; w±kw/f ukvm;awGomjzpfchJ
ygw,f? oGif;ukefxkwfukefvdkifpifvkyfief;awG acwfpm;cJhayr,fh vdkifpif&yk*~KdvfawGu aemufydkif;rSm
EdkifiHjcm;om;awGom v$rf;pdk;wJhvkyfief;}uD;awGjzpfoGm;ygw,f? vdkifpif&olawG acwfysufolaX;/
cgawmfrSDolaX;awG jzpfoGm;=uayr,fh trsm;pkjynfolvlxk}uD;&JŒ b0uawmh bmrS xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
wdk;wufrvmcJhyg?
Armjynf&ŒJ trsm;pk}uD;jzpfwhJ awmifov l ,form;rsm;&JŒ b0[mvnf; 'H&k if; 'H&k if;yJ jzpfc+hJ yD;
bmrS xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ajymif;vJw;kd wufrvmcJyh g? v,f,majr Edik if yH ikd ðf yvkyaf &;eJ@ ajr,ma0jcrf;a&;
awG zqyvtpdk;&u vkyfcJhwm&Sdayr,fh tajccHtm;jzifh ajr&Sifya'o&mZfpepfudk t+yD;tydkif zsuf
odrf;Edkifjcif;r&SdbJ wpHkw&m tm;enf;apcJhwmavmufyJ vkyfEkdifcJhygw,f? awmufavsmuf awmuf
avmifaecJw h hJ jynfwiG ;f ppf}u;D a=umifh v,form;xk&ŒJ b0[m 'kuaQ ygi;f pHu k kd ydrk ókd uaH wGŒ cHpm;cJ=h u&+y;D
ppfab;ppf'%fudk trsm;qHk;cHpm;=u&olawGjzpfcJhygw,f?
zqyvtpkd;&[m jynfwGif;ppfudk w&m;ojzifh +idrf;owfEdkifzdk@ róud;pm;cJhovdk/ jynfyusL;
ausmf w±kwfjzLudk wdkufxkwfa&;xuf jynfwGif;qlylaomif;usef;r_rsm;udk ESdrfeif;a&;qdkwmudkyJ
tm;xkwfvkyfudkifcJhygw,f?
aomif;use;f olErdS ef if;a&;/ &yf&mG vHòk cHa&;/ +idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;qdw k mawGta=umif;jy+yD; tm%m&
zqyv ua&m/ zqyv vufatmufcHppfwyfuyg vufeufudkifwyfzGJŒtrsKd;rsKd;udk ae&mtESH@
tjym;rSm zGJŒpnf;cJh=uygw,f? vJAD;/ umuG,fa&;/ ysLapmxD; pwJhemrnftrsKd;rsKd;eJ@ ay:aygufcJhyg
w,f? tJ'DvufeufudkifwyfzGJŒawG[m tm%m&tzGJŒtpnf; vlyk*~dKvfawG&JŒ cg;ydkufaqmifwyfawG/
jynfolvlxktay: vufeufeJ@ AkdvfuswJhwyfzGJŒawG/ tm%m& zqyv}uD;&JŒ a'gufwdkifawGtjzpf
emrnfqdk;eJ@ ausmf=um;cJhygw,f? ppfwyf&JŒ ppfqifa&;awGrSm t&Htiftm;tjzpf toHk;cscJhwmawG
vnf;&Syd gw,f? a,bk,stm;jzifh jynfov l xl &k ŒJ tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf bmwckrS tusK;d ðycJw h hJ wyfzŒJG

awGr[kwfbJ cdk;qdk;vk,uf/ "m;jywdkuf/ jyefay;qGJ/ vlowf pwJh 'kp±dkuftrsKd;rsKd;udkom usL;vGefcJh

=uwJh vufeufuikd w f yfzŒJG awGjzpfcyhJ gw,f? a&G;aumufyaJG wGrmS zqyv tEdik &f &Sad tmif twdu k t f cH
awGtay: rw&m; zdESdyf +cdrf;ajcmuf npfywf owfjzwfwJh tvkyfawGudk ajymifajymifwif;wif;
usL;vGecf =hJ uygw,f? 'ga=umifh zqyvu zGŒJ pnf;cJw h hJ vJA;D / umuG,af &;/ ysLapmxD;qdw k hJ wyfzŒJG awG
tm;vHk;[m vlxkcsOfzwfawGjzpfcJhygw,f? twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;u txl;ojzifh ‘yrnw’
ay:ayguf+y;D aemuf yrnw tzGŒJ }u;D u tJ'u D muG,af &;eJ@ ysLapmxD;wyfzŒJG awG zsuo f rd ;f ypfa&;udk
wav#mufv;kH awmif;qdck yhJ gw,f? zH;k rEdik zf rd & emrnfq;kd eJ@ ausm=f um;vGe;f vmwJt h wGuf tm%m&
zqyv }uD;[m vH;k 0zsuo f rd ;f a&;ukad wmhrvkyb
f J pDppfzŒJG pnf;a&;/ ajymif;vJzŒJG pnf;a&;qdw k mudo k m
ðyvkyfcJhygw,f?
‘ESpaf v;q,f tm%mwnf+rJap&r,f’vd@k zqqd&k , S af wG aºuG;a=umfc=hJ uwJh zqyv tzGŒJ
}uD;[m q,fESpfq,frdk; twGif;rSm tpdwfpdwftr$mr$m òyduGJoGm;&±Hkru tm%mudk ppfwyfvuf
xdk;tyf&awmhwJhb0 a&mufoGm;ygw,f?
EdkifiHwumrsufESmpmrSm t&if;&Sif*dk%f;eJ@ qdk&S,fvpf*dk%f;qdkwJh *dk%f;}uD; (2) *dk%f;&JŒ xdyf
wdkufòydifqdkifr_=um;rSm Armjynf[m *,drf;*,dkifjzpfaecJhygw,f? zqyv xdyfoD;}uD;awGtm;vHk;
avmufeD;yg;[m qdk&S,fvpfa&;udk aºuG;a=umfcJh=uzl;ayr,fh wdkif;jynf&JŒ zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH
Oya'rSmudk ‘vuf0JrsKd;aph’ awGtajrmuftrsm; yg&Sdaeygw,fvdk@ zGifhqdkcJh=uzl;ayr,fh wpwp
vuf,mvrf;a=umif;qDudkom ajymif;a&$ŒcsOf;uyfoGm;cJhygw,f?
uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; xdyfoD;acgif;rm}uD;awGjzpfwJh OD;ausmf+idrf;/ OD;AaqGwdk@ tkyfpkuawmh
wjznf;jznf; tar&duefvdkvm;olrsm;jzpfoGm;ygw,f? OD;Ek wdk@tkyfuawmh tar&duefudk vkdvm;
ayr,fh vuf0J eJ@ vuf,m=um; Asmrsm;wJh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0g'udk usifhoHk;&if;u ‘=um;aea&;0g'’ udk
aºuG;a=umforl sm;jzpfvm=uygw,f? OD;Ek [m w±kw0f ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvikd ;f eJ@twl ‘+idr;f csr;f pGmtwl
,SOfwGJaexdkifa&;rl}uD;(5)csuf’ rSm wqifhwuf yg0ifEkdifcGifh&cJholjzpfcJh+yD; EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;e,f
y,frSm rsufESmyef;vSoljzpfcJhygw,f? rl}uD; (5) csufa=umifh Armjynf&JŒ EdkifiHjcm;a&;0g' *k%fwufcJh&
wJhumv jzpfcJhzl;ygw,f? tar&duef&JŒ qD;wdk;ppftkyfpkzGJŒa&;xJ um,uHajrmuf usa&mufroGm;
atmif xde;f odr;f Edik cf yhJ gw,f? jynfwiG ;f a&;rSmawmh zqyv wGi;f tm%mòydiyf rJG mS tm%mudk quf
vufxdef;odrf;xm;EdkifpGrf; &SdcJhayr,fh ppfwyf&JŒ wenf;tm;jzifh ArmjynfrSmjzpfwnfvmp ppftkyf&JŒ
ppfwyf tm%modr;f ,lvrkd u _ akd wmh r[ef@wm;Edik af wmhb/J tm%mudk qufvufxed ;f odr;f rxm;Edik f
awmhbJ ppftkyfpkvufxJ xkd;tyfcJh&ygw,f? vl=um;aumif;atmif tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;wmtjzpf
toa&qnfcJhygw,f?

tydik ;f (2)
1958=1962 umv
ppf t k y f p k } uD ; arG ; zG m ;jcif ; / ppf t m%m&S i f p epf t wG u f Zmwf w d k u f j cif ; od k ‹ r[k w f
td r f a pmif h t pd k ; &acwf
tdraf pmifth pd;k &acwf/ tdraf pmift h pd;k &qdw
k m&JŒ aAGaqmfO;D yGOJ ;D xGuf aqmif&uG cf suu
f awmh
EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudk txl;ojzifh ppftkyfpktay: r=unfjzLEdkifol qef@usifol EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudk
tpkvdkuf tòyHvdkuf zrf;qD;+yD; axmifoGif;tusOf;csjcif;jzpfygw,f?
AdkvfjraoG; (yrnw twGif;a&;rª;csKyf)/ ocifAarmif (jynfolŒ'Drkdua&pDygwD)/ jynfolŒ
&JabmfrS AdkvftkH;wif/ Adkvf!Gef harmif/ AdkvfatmifEdkif/ vli,fhwyfOD;rS udk0if;xGÉf/ udkpdefvS/ udkjrarmif/
&Jabmfaygif;pHk xdef;odrf;a&;tzGJŒrS AdkvfrsKd;jrifh/ udkvSrif; wdk@tygt0if/ owif;pmq&mawGjzpf=uwJh
OD;apmvGif (ArmtrsKd;orD;)/ OD;tkef;jrifh (wdk;wufa&;)/ OD;udkudkav; wdk@awG tzrf;cH=u&ygw,f?
aemufydkif;rSmwqufwnf; owif;q&m/ pma&;q&mawGjzpf=uwJh OD;,karmif/ Aef;armfwifatmif/
OD;wifpdk; wdk@wawG axmifxJa&muf=u&ygw,f? ref;xGef;&if wdk@vdk u&iftrsKd;om;acgif;aqmifawG/
ocifxGef;tHh/ OD;omEdk; wdk@vdk oef@&Sif;acgif;aqmifawG/ ocifvlat;/ udkjrifhaZmf wdk@vdk tvkyform;
acgif;aqmifawG/ udkpdk;rif;/ udkudkvGif wdk@vdk vli,facgif;aqmifawGomru q&mawmf&SifOuUÏ vdk
bke;f }uD;vnf; axmifx0J if&ygw,f? owif;pmwdu k af wGxuJ qd&k if Akv d w
f axmifu Akv d af tmifped /f
a=u;rHu k OD;=unfjrif/h jynfawmfopfu OD;atmifjrifh wd@k awGvnf; tzrf;tqD;cH=u&ygw,f? ausmif;
om;or*~u ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGvnf; zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;cH=u&ovdk ajy;olajy; a&Smifol
a&Smifjzpf=u&ygw,f?
Edk0ifbm(3)&ufae@rSm +idfrf0yfydjym;r_nDvmcH usif;yygw,f? 0ef}uD;rsm; twGif;0efrsm;/ c±dkif
0efrsm;/ &Jt&m&Sdrsm;yg zdwf=um;+yD; aqG;aEG;yGJvkyfygw,f? (3) &ufwdkifwdkifusif;y+yD; ‘w&m;Oya'
pdk;rdk;a&;’ qdkwmtjyif tjrwf}uD;pm;rsm; ESdrfeif;a&;/ ukefaps;E_ef;csa&;/ òrdŒawmfoef@&Sif;a&;vkyfief;
awGyg wòydifeufwnf; vkyfoGm;r,fvdk@ qHk;jzwfygw,f?
ukeaf ps;E_e;f csa&;twGuq f +kd yD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Siw
f csKŒd udk zrf;qD;ygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;
wcsKdŒudk wyfrawmf oufomacsmifcsda&;tzGJŒu odrf;ydkuf,lwmvkyfygw,f?

+idrf0yfydjym;a&;pDrHudef;nDvmcH}uD;udk Ekd0ifbm (3) &ufuae (5) &ufae@txd oHk;&ufwkdif

wdkif usif;y+yD;wJhaemufrSm tdrfapmifhtpdk;&&JŒ ‘EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;a&; tkyfcsKyfr_pDrHudef;’ }uD;udk
pwiftaumiftxnfazmfygw,f? 'DprD u H ed ;f }uD;udk oGuof uG v f ufvuf taumiftxnfazmfEikd zf @kd
nDvmcHrac:cifuwnf;u ‘A[dv k òkH cHa&;OD;pD;tzGŒJ ’ qdwk mudk óudwifzŒJG pnf;+yD;jzpfygw,f? ‘A[dv k òkH cH
a&; OD;pD;tzGŒJ ’ udk Ed0k ifbmv (1) &ufae@rmS pwifzŒJG pnf;cJ+h y;D jzpfygw,f? OuUÏtjzpf umuG,af &;0ef}u;D
vnf;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; u wm0ef,l+yD; 'kOuUÏtjzpf jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;jzpfwJh OD;cifarmifjzL
u wm0efcHygw,f?
aemufxyfay:vmwmuawmh ‘A[dkvHkòcHa&;aumifpD’ qdkwmjzpfygw,f? OD;cifarmifjzL u
OuUÏjzpf+yD; Akdvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif u wyfeJ@ n‡dE_dif;yl;aygif;a&;wm0efudk,lygw,f? A[dkvHkòcHa&;
aumifpDrSm Akdvfrª;}uD; boef; ("rRduboef;) 'kAkdvfrª;}uD; =unf[ef wdk@ yg0ifv_yf&Sm;=uygw,f?
A[dkvHkòcHa&;aumifpD&JŒatmufrSm wdkif;/ jynfe,f vHkòcHa&;aumifpD/ c±dkif vHkòcHa&;aumifpD/
òrdŒe,fvHkòcHa&;aumifpD qdkwmawG&Sdygw,f?
‘ppftpdk;&’ tjzpf/ wef;rjrif&atmif tpdk;&tzGJŒpm&if;rSm ppfAdkvf}uD;awGudk xnfhoGif;zGJŒ
pnf;jyxm;jcif;r&Sad yr,fh 0ef}uD;Xmewdik ;f eJ@ vkyif ef;Xme tzGŒJ tpnf;wdik ;f rSm ppfAv kd }f uD;awGtm;vH;k
wm0ef,l yg0ifywfouf vkyfudkifcJh=uygw,f? ppfwyfu tkyfcsKyfa&;wifru tpdk;&vkyfief;XmerSef
or#udk 0ifa&mufyg0ifvkyfudkif tkyfpdk;cJh=uygw,f?
Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif [m jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; r[kwfayr,fh jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; OD;cifarmifjzL
xuf vufapmif;xufcJhygw,f? =oZmyg0g jyEdkifoljzpfcJhygw,f? jyef=um;a&;Xmeatmufuae jynf
xJa&;Xmevufatmuf a&$Œajymif;,lvdkuf+yD; ‘yHkESdyfxkwfa0olrsm;xkwfa0cGifh’ vdkifpifudk t&ifu
w}udr&f +yD;jzpf&if tqufrjywfxw k af 0cGi&hf +yD;jzpf&muae wESpw f }udrw
f ifav#mufz@kd Oya' jyifqif
xkwfjyefcJhygw,f? &nf&G,fcsufu xkwfa0olawGudk a=umufatmifvkyf+yD; tydkifudkifzdk@jzpfygw,f?
Akdvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif udk,fwdkif ‘ppfwyftm%modrf;’ }uHpnfr_}uD;rSm yg0ifcJh+yD; wnfqJ
zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'}uD;udk um,uHajrmuf csKd;azmufvmcJhol ppfppfjzpfayr,fh yHkESdyfxkwf
a0olawGukd “,ckxw k af 0olonf 1947 ckEpS /f zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'}uD;udk opPmcH,yl gonf?
apmifx h ed ;f ygrnf[k uwdopPmðya=umif;” w&m;0if yHEk ydS af zmfjycdik ;f cJyh gw,f? zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccH
Oya'udk OD;xdyf&Gufyef ±dkusKd;[ef tjynfht0 yHkaqmifcJhygw,f? wESpfw}udrf wifav#mufOya'udk
a=u;rHk/ &efukef/ Adkvfwaxmif owif;pm (3) apmifu qef@usif a0zef a&;om;cJh=uygw,f?
tJ'Dvdk qefusifa0zefa&;om;=uwJhtwGuf a=u;rHk/ &efukef/ Adkvfwaxmifowif;pm (3)
apmifudk ydwfypfygw,f// t,f'DwmawGudkvnf; zrf;qD;axmifcswmvkyfygw,f?
tdrfapmifhtpdk;&&JŒ t"duta&;}uD;qHk; ‘EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;a&; tkyfcsKyfr_pDrHudef;}uD;’
udk taumiftxnfazmfz@kd / yxrqH;k zGŒJ pnf;vdu k w
f hJ ‘A[dv
k òkH cHa&;OD;pD;tzGŒJ ’ &JŒatmufrmS jynfwiG ;f
vHòk cHrl axmufvrS ;f a&;ndE‡ id_ ;f r_tzGŒJ / Ekid if aH wmfA[dak xmufvrS ;f a&;tzGŒJ / tjypf'%fay;a&; t}uHay;
tzGŒJ qdw k mawGuv kd nf; zGŒJ pnf;cJyh gw,f? &Jbufqikd &f m tkycf sKyfa&;tzGŒJ / tkycf sKyfa&;qdik &f m &mxl;wd;k
jr‡iahf &;ESihf a&$Œajymif;a&;qdik &f mt}uHay;tzGŒJ / qkcs;D jr‡iahf &;t}uHay;tzGŒJ qdw k mawGuv kd nf; zGŒJ pnf;
cJhygw,f?

Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒ tdraf pmift h pd;k &[m jynfwiG ;f +idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;twGu/f qlyal omif;use;f
aewJh tiftm;pkawGudk wdkufzsufESdrfeif;&efqdkwJh tpDtpOf (3) &yfudkvnf; csrSwfvdkufygw,f?
tJ'DhtpDtpOf (3) &yfuawmh -
(1) jynfwGif;Y ysHESHvsuf&Sdaom vufeufyHk;rsm;udk jyefvnfodrf;ydkufEkdifzdk@ csufcsif;aqmif
&Guf&ef/
(2) aomif;usef;olrsm;tm; vlxk.tultnDjzifh jyif;jyif;xefxef xdk;ppfqif&efESifh
(3) Oya'twdkif; wdwdusus vdkufemusifhoHk;ap&efESifh rnfol@udkrS axmufxm;iJhn‡mjcif;
r&SdbJ jywfjywfom;om; ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef - qdkwmyJjzpfygw,f?
twdkcsKyfajym&&if vufeufyHk;rsm;azmfxkwfa&;/ aomif;usef;oltðywfwdkufa&; Oya'
twdkif; jywfjywfom;om; ta&;,la&;qdkwmyJjzpfygw,f?
EkdifiHw0Sef;vHk; vufeufyHk;azmfxkwfzrf;qD;yGJ}uD;awG vkyfjyygw,f? &efukefòrdŒeJ@ tif;pdefw
0dkufu jyefay;*dk%f;/ "m;jy*dk%f;qdkwm}uD;awGudk azmfxkwfzrf;qD;ygw,f?
vufeufy;kH azmfxw k af &; zrf;qD;ta&;,lra_ wGe@J twl a&SŒqifah emufqifh ðyvkyw f muawmh
zqyv vufxuf emrnftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ wnf&SdvmcJhwJh cg;ydkufaqmifwyfzGJŒawGudk zsufodrf;jcif;yJjzpf
ygw,f? +idrf0yfydjym;a&;twGufvdk@ aºuG;a=umfcJhayr,fh ppfwyfeJ@pifòydifjzpfvmEkdifwmudk óudwif
wm;qD; zsuo f rd ;f ypfcsiwf m t"dujzpfw,f? ppfwyfuvGv J @kd vufeufuikd w f yfqw kd m/ ppfwyfoabm
aqmifwt hJ zGŒJ qdw k m ppfwyf&ŒJ atmufrmS om 'grrS [kwf ppfwyfuzGŒJ pnf;ay;vd@k wnf&adS ewJh tjzpf
rsdK;om &SdaeapcsifwJhoabmjzpfygw,f// ‘&JwyfzGJŒ’awGudkawmif EkdifiHwumrSmvnf; zGJŒpnf;xm;&
vdk@/ zsufodrf;ypfvdk@rjzpfvdk@ xm;&wJhoabmjzpfygw,f? zsufodrf;ypfvdkufw,fqdkwJh vufeufudkif
wyfzGJŒawGudk wcsdKŒudk ppfwyftwGif;/ wcsdKŒudk ppf&JtwGif; oGwfoGif;zGJŒpnf;vdkufygw,f?
‘ppf&Jwyf’udkvnf; jyefvnfjyifqif zGJŒpnf;wmvkyfygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD;rif;odrf;/ Adkvfrª;}uD;
wef,q k ikd ef @J ppfwyfu wyfr;ª wcsKd Œu wm0efc+H yD; jyifqifzŒJG pnf; udik w f , G yf gw,f? toifjh zpfwt hJ cg
wyfrawmfwGif oGwfoGif;zGJŒpnf;ay;r,fvdk@ a=unmygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD;rif;odef;u ppf&Jrif;}uD;vkyf
+yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;awGvkyfygw,f? opfxkwfvkyfa&;eJ@ v#yfppfvkyfief; umuG,fa&;wyfcGJ (3)ck
udv k nf; ppf&w J yfxo J wG of iG ;f vdu
k yf gw,f? aomif;use;f olErdS Ef iS ;f a&;tjzpf vufeufuikd t f iftm;pk
awGudk jyif;jyif;xefxef xdk;ppfqifzdk@ ppfqifa&;}uD;awG t}uD;tus,fðyvkyfygw,f?
Oya'pdk;rdk;apa&;acgif;pOfatmufrSm zrf;wm qD;wm tjypfay;ta&;,lwmawGudkvnf;
t&Sed jf ri‡ ahf qmif&u G yf gw,f? yk'rf (5) eJ@ zrf;qD;wmawGvnf; tpkvu kd tf òyv H u kd f rsm;jym;vmygw,f?
tdrfapmifhtpdk;& wufrvmcifu ArmjynfrSm A[dktusOf;axmif (9) axmif/ c±dkiftusOf;axmif
(19) axmif/ axmifi,f (6) axmife@J abmfpw,fausmif; (1) ck&ydS gw,f? tdraf pmift h pd;k &wufvm
wJt h cg 'DaxmifawGavmufe@J wiftm;r&awmhwt hJ wGuf aemufxyfaxmifopfwck zGiv hf ukd yf gw,f?
tJ'guaawmh &efuek òf rdŒeJ@ (262)rdik af 0;+yD; yifv,ftwGi;f rSmwnf&w dS hJ uduk ;kd u|e;f axmifjzpfygw,f?
udkudk;u|ef;tusOf;pcef;udk pxlaxmifcJhwmuawmh zqyv tpdk;&jzpfygw,f? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;
ocifomcif vufxufrSm pDrHcJhwmjzpf+yD; tJ'DwHk;u OD;ausmf+idrf; u EkdifiHa&;orm;awGtwGuf
&nf&, G cf w hJ mr[kwyf gb;l vd@k jiif;qdck b hJ ;l ygw,f? 58 ckEpS /f ESpq f ef;rSm udu k ;kd u|e;f owif; xyf+yD;xGuf

vmvdk@ rwfv (25) ckESpfrSm usif;ywJhowif;pm uGefz&ifhrSm owif;pmq&mwOD;&JŒtar;udk ajzqdk

&if; EkdifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek u “udkudk;u|ef;odk@ EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk ydk@&efr[kwfyg” vdk@ ajz=um;
oGm;cJhao;w,f? tJ'Dh udkudk;u|ef;tusOf;pcef;udk 1959 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (24) &ufae@rSm tdrfapmifh
tpdk;&u pwifzGifhvSpfvdkufygw,f? EkdifiHa&;tusOf;orm;awGudkydk@zdk@ wrif&nf&G,f+yD; zGifhvdkufyg
w,f?
Zefe0g&D (30) &ufae@rSm zrf;qD;xm;wJh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;aygif; (135) a,mufudk pwif
udkudk;u|ef;ydk@ygw,f? yxrtokwf (53) OD;eJ@ 'kwd,okwf (54) OD;eJ@ aemufqHk;okwf (28) OD;jzpfyg
w,f? EkdifiHa&;orm;/ pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&mawGwifru xif&Sm;wJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
awGyg yg0ifcJhygw,f? ocifjroef;/ &efausmftkef;jrifh (wdk;wufa&;tkef;jrifh)/ OD;apmvGif (ArmtrsdK;
orD;)/ OD;atmifoef; (AdkvfcsKyftudk)/ AdkvfjraoG;/ ocifAarmif/ AdkvfrsdK;jrifh/ udkudkav;/ udkwifapm/
&Jabmfv0S if; eJ@ ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif udv k aS z (OD;wifah Zmf)/ Adv
k t f ;kH armif (avxD;)/ ocifazaX;/
pwJhyk*~dKvfawG yg0iftydk@cHcJh&ygw,f? udkudk;u|ef;eJ@tvm;wl/ ykodrfbufu ‘vdyfu|ef;’ udkvnf;ydk@
aqmif csKyfaESmifwmawGvkyfcJhygw,f?
OD;Ek qD tm%moGm;awmif;cJw h hJ t"duyk*Kd~ vf (3) OD;rSm Adv
k rf ;ª csKyf armifarmif u jynfxaJ &;
XmerSm wefcdk;xGm;ovdk t"duyk*~dKvfaemufwOD;jzpfwJh Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; u pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
awGudk udkifwG,f+yD; wefcdk;xGm;vmygw,f? ppfwyfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;awG/ ppfwyfóuduf pD;yGm;
a&;pepfopfawGxGif+yD; ppfwyft&if;tESD;udk t}uD;tus,f pkaqmif;ygw,f? 1951 ckESpfup+yD;
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmetaeeJ@ pwifzGJŒpnf;cJhwJh wyfrawmf axmufyHha&;tzGJŒ (DSI) [m tpdk;&
acs;aiG (6) ode;f eJ@ pwifcw hJ mvd@k tqd&k adS yr,fh rw&m;ojzifh tcGit hf a&;awG&,l+yD; vkyu f ikd af qmif
&GufcGifh&cJhwJhtwGuf wr[kwfcsif; }uD;xGm;vmcJhum/ tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufrSmawmh txGwf
txdyfudka&muf&SdoGm;ygawmhw,f? DSI ('Dtufpftdkif) atmufu xyfzGJŒcJhwJh bDtD;'DpD (BEDC)
[m ArmjynfpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wckvHk;udk csKyfudkif+yD; ygav&mig;ydcsuf jzpfvmawmhw,f? t&uf
awmif bDt;D 'DpD t&ufqw kd may:vmcJw h ,f? pmayavmuxJ0if+yD; ajc±_yzf @kd “ynmhvuf±;kH ” pmay
wdkufaxmifxm;+yD;jzpfovdk “jr0wD” r*~Zif;wdkufuvnf; ppfwyf&JŒ pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;vkyfief;eJ@
0g'jzef@csda&;tmabmfawGudk oGufoGufvufvuf vrf;a=umif;csay;EkdifcJh+yD;jzpfygw,f?
tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufrSm [D;Ekd;um; (24) pD;0,f+yD; &efukefòrdŒwGif; c&D;ajy;qGJwm/ zuf
pyfvkyfief;awGwdkif;rSm yg0ifygwfouf udkifwG,fcsKyfudkifwmvnf; vkyfygw,f? t&ifu&Sd+yD; zufpyf
aumfydka&;&Sif; (11) ckxJu pufr_vufr_qdkif&m zufpyfaumfydka&;&Sif; (2) ckudk zsufodrf;+yD;/ usefwJh
(9) ckudk wdkif;eJ@jynfe,ftvdkuf ae&ma'ocGJ+yD;/ jzef@jzL;a&;e,fawGcGJ+yD; cGJwrf;csvkyfudkifapwm
wDxGifygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;udk ppfe,fajrcGJ+yD; vkyf=unfhwmjzpfygw,f?
Ekid if jH cm;uwifoiG ;f wJh ukepf nfawGuv kd nf; (DSI) rSwqifh wifoiG ;f &r,fv@kd trde@f xw k +f yD;
uefx±dkufvkyfief;awGudkvnf; (DSI) u odrf;,lygw,f? oGif;ukef xkwfukef vdkifpifawGudkvnf;
ppfwyf&ŒJ DSI eJ@ BEDC uyJuikd w f ,G yf gw,f? ppfwyf&ŒJ DSI eJ@ BEDC ud, k w
f ikd u
f awmh taumuf
awmfceG /f bmcGef nmcGe/f tcGerf eS o f r# wckrrS ay;&wJt h wGuf tjrwf}uD; jrwf+yD; tyG}uD;yGcyhJ gw,f?
b,favmufxdawmif tjrwf}uD;jrwf+yD; tyG}uD;yGcJhovJqdk&if DSI eJ@ BEDC [m b%fvkyfief;eJ@

yifv,fu;l oabmFvyk if ef;awGtxd wd;k csŒJ ydik q f ikd f vkyu

f ikd Ef idk cf w
hJ thJ xdjzpfygw,f? “tif;0b%f”[m
Adv
k rf ;ª csKyfatmif}uD; OD;pD;wJh ppfwyfyikd jf zpfovd/k =u,fig;yGio hf abmFvyk if ef;[mvnf; ppfwyfyikd jf zpfchJ
ygw,f?
oHk;bD;um;awGwifoGif;+yD; ppfAdkvfeJ@ AdkvfxGufawGudk av#mhaps;eJ@jyefa&mif;wm/ pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;awGcsay;+yD; a0pkcGJay;wmawGvnf; Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; OD;pD;+yD;vkyfudkifay;cJhw,f?
ppfwyfu ppfAdkvf}uD;/ ppfAdkvfav;awG tm%mt&om aumif;aumif;odvm=uw,f?
tm%m&JŒatmufrmS bmpD;yGm;a&;vkyv f yk f atmifjrifw,f/ atmifjrifrv _ nf; jrefw,fv@kd rSwx f if
em;vnfvm=uw,f? Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; [m olŒudk,fol pD;yGm;a&; tifrwef u|rf;usifvkyfudkif
wwfolvdk@awmif xifvmyHk&w,f?
ppfAdkvfxdyfoD;awGrSefor#[m pD;yGm;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;/ vlr_a&; vkyfief;awG
tm;vH;k rSm yg0ifywfouf pGuzf uf±rkH u OD;pD;OD;udik ðf y+yD; cs,v f , S cf =hJ uygw,f? t&yfzufvyk if ef;awG
wdkif;/ tpdk;&XmeawGwdkif;rSm 0ifa&mufae&m,lcJh=u+yD; wm0efcH}uD;awG txl;t&m&SdawG OD;pD;
OD;aqmif}uD;awG vkyfcJh=uygw,f? aomhcsufae&mrSefor# ppfwyfuudkifwG,fcJhygw,f?
Advk rf ;ª }uD;ausmpf ;kd u jynfwiG ;f a&a=umif;o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;/ Adv k rf ;ª }uD;cif!kd u rD;&xm;
vkyfief;udk udkifygw,f? rD;&xm;tjyif ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;awGxJvnf; 0ifa&muf}uD;=uyfvdkufyg
ao;w,f? Adv k rf ;ª csKyfwu D vpf u ava=umif;o,f,al &;/ Akv d rf ;ª }uD;beD u a=u;eef; qufo, G af &;
udk udik yf gw,f? Adv k rf ;ª }uD;apmjrifh u e,fjcm;a'otkycf sKyfa&;Xmeopf zGi±hf o kH mru e,ferd w d w f ikd ;f
xGma&;qdkif&mudkyg OD;pD;OD;&Gufðyygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD;cspfòrdifu trsdK;om;rSwfyHkwifXmeudkudkif+yD;/
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wmraumif;bl;vm;vdk@ cyfwnfwnf 0g'jzef@ygw,f? OuUvmeJ@ omauwòrdŒopfawG ay:xGef;vm
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uGi;f acgiaf cgiaf eyly/l av'va[m=um;rSm 'kuaQ ygi;f pHak &muf=u/ vkyif ef; udik if ef;av;awGaysmuf=u
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ay: cJyh gw,f? wJuav;xJrmS xrif;pm;aewH;k wef;vef;rSm bl'Zkd meJ@ 0ifx;kd wmcH&vd@k xrif;yef;uef
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csif;acsmif; +cHuGufopfudk zsufypf+yD; ay:vmwmuawmh Adkvfrª;csKyfpef;,k wdk@tygt0if
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usL;ausmfwJawGzsufw,fqdk+yD; tdrfajcaygif; (167000) ausmfudk twif;òzdzsuf+yD; a&$Œ
ajymif;um òrdŒopfawGqaD rmif;yd@k vu kd +f yD; ay:vmwJòh rdŒvnfacgiv f [mjyif ajruGuv f yf}uD;udk Adv k rf ;ª
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+yD; Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;&JŒ tif;0b%frSm aiGacs;Ekdifygw,f? Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;&JŒ tif;0b%fu
aiGtvHt k avmufxw k af y;wJt
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tdrfav; +cHav; ajruGufav;awG pGef@v$wf+yD; òrdŒopfa&muf&olawG 'l;eJ@rsuf&nfokwfae&
csed rf mS ppfAvkd }f uD;awG &iftaumhEidk q f ;kH jzpfvmcJwh ,f? t±k;d yHak y:rSm acgi;f aygi;f p axmifoal xmifc=hJ u
ovdk rsu&f nfyifv,fay:rSm tdr}f uD;&Sif ppfAv kd }f uD;awG vufraxmifEidk cf yhJ gw,f? tdru f akd pmif&h wJh
tdrfapmifhtpdk;&r[kwfbJ/ tdrfwckvHk;wufodrf;wJh tdrfodrf;tpdk;&o¿mef ay:vGifcJhygw,f?
“òrdŒawmfudk ac|;jzifhaq;rnf” qdkwJh qdkif;bkwfeJ@ “ac|;ppfqifa&;” qdkwmudkazmfxkwf+yD;
&efukefòrdŒawmfwGif;&Sd t&yfom; òrdŒolòrdŒom;awGudk twif;t=uyf oef@&Sif;a&;tvkyfcdkif;cJhygw,f?
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twif;t=uyf trdef@ay;tvkyfcdkif;cJhygw,f? we*FaEGae@wdkif; tywfpOfay:wmqGJ+yD; tvkyfvkyfcdkif;
wJhtwGuf vkyfcJh=u&ol t&yfom;aygif; (100000) cef@jzpfw,fvdk@ tpdk;&&JŒ w&m;0ifpm&if;t&
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0g'jzef@csv d u kd yf ukH / Adv k cf sKyf}uD;tpd;k &&JŒ =uyfrwfaqmif&u G f ta&;,lra_ wGa=umifh w&m;±H;k awmfawG
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w,f? rpnfum;tyfwt hJ &yf vlawGpnfum;aecJ&h wmudak wmif tdraf pmiht f pd;k &&JŒ atmifjrifr}_ uD;
jzpfatmif 0g'jzef@cJh=uygw,f?
tdrfapmifhtpdk;& aqmif&GufvkyfudkifcJhwJh ta&;}uD;óud;yrf;tm;xkwfcsufqdkwmawGxJrSm
wcktygt0ifjzpfcw hJ muawmh “}uHc› ikd af &;toif;” qdw k m ay:vmcJjh cif;jzpfygw,f? wjynfv;kH ae&m
tESrH mS te,fe,ft&yf&yfrmS “}uHch ikd af &;toif;” awG zGŒJ pnf;apcJyh gw,f? “A[dv k òkH cHa&;OD;pD;tzGŒJ ”
[m vkyif ef;awG pwifaqmif&u G pf Ofw;kH u wdik ;f / c±kid /f òrdŒe,f/ vHòk cHa&;aumifpaD wG&ŒJ tultnDe@J om
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rsdK; vdktyfwJhtavsuf tJ'Dvkyfief;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifzdk@ }uH›cdkifa&;toif;awG zGJŒpnf;&wm
ygvdk@ avoHypfygw,f? wu,fuawmh tdrfapmifhtpdk;&rSm ppftkyfpkrSm vlxkaemufcHr&SdwJhtwGuf
‘}uHch ikd af &;’udk vlxv k wl ef;pm;tzGŒJ tjzpf trmcHxm;+yD; wdik ;f jynfukd tkycf sKyfEidk zf @kd }uHpnfwmjzpfyg
w,f? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&&JŒ a'gufwdkifwcktjzpf toHkðyzdk@ vlxkvlwef;pm; tzGJŒtpnf;wckozG,f
vdt k yfovdyk akH zmfz@kd tpDtpOf&&dS dS zGŒJ pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? wu,fvnf; ‘}uHch ikd af &;toif;’ awG[m
ppfwyf&JŒ xm;&mae/ ap&moGm;/ cdkif;&mvkyf/ 'v#dK'vHtvkyfawGyg vkyfay;&wJh toif;tzGJŒawG
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ta&twGuftm;jzifh tzGJŒ0ifOD;a&tm;jzifhawmh rsm;jym;ygw,f? tpdk;&u od'd<wif ajr‡mufyifhay;
xm;wJt h wGuf emrnfxu G yf gw,f? 'gayr,fh [efom&S+d yD; tqHr&Sw d hJ o}uFet f ajr‡uw f yfzŒJG wckt
jzpfom vlxk=um;rSm ay:vGifcJhygw,f?
tdraf pmift h pd;k &vd@k eHrnfcx H m;&ayr,fh tm%mudk a&&Sncf sKyfuikd x f m;+yD; tkycf sKyfrif;rlcsif
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csKyfa&;Xmeqdw k muae jrefrmEkid if eH @J oifah v#mw f hJ tqifjh rifw h hJ tkycf sKyfa&;udk a&;qGzJ @kd txl;tm%m
awGay;xm;wJh tkycf sKyfrj_ yefvnfzŒJG pnf;r_aumfrwDw&yfukd zGŒJ pnf;cJyh gw,f? zGŒJ pnf;yHk enf;ed\&nf;
XmecGJ jynfolŒ0efxrf;XmecGJESifh jynfaxmifpk jynfolŒtkyfcsKyfa&; ynmhAdrmefvdk@ cGJxm;ygw,f? jynf
olŒtkyfcsKyfa&; ynmhAdrmefrSm pma&;pmcsDawGtwGuf t&nftcsif;ppfpmar;yGJawGudk usif;yay;yg
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wG,faqmif&GufcJhygw,f?
ppfwyf&JŒwav#mufvHk; udkifpGJxm;cJhwJh aomif;usef;oltðywfwdkufa&;ay:vpDeJ@ uGefjrLepf
olykef tjywfòzdcGif;a&; &nfrSef;csufudk tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufrSm wqifhwdk;azmfjy+yD; rD;ukef
,rf;ukef qifE$JcJhygw,f? t&ifuvdk rdk;&moDrSm&yfem;+yD; ajcmufaoGŒ&moDrS ppfqifwJhpepfudk

toHk;rðyawmhbJ aEG/ rdk;/ aqmif; &moDtm;vHk; r&yfrem; qufwdkuf xdk;ppfqifwJhpepfudk ajymif;vJ

usio hf ;kH cJyh gw,f? ppfqifa&;}uD;awG woDwwef;eJ@ a'oE pW pfqifa&;aygi;f ajrmufjrm;pGmudk tquf
rjywf azmfxkwfqifE$JcJhygw,f?
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a=um aomhcsuaf e&mawGrmS 0ifa&mufwm0ef,u l ikd wf ,G cf =hJ uol ppfAv kd }f uD; aygi;f (100) &Sw d ,fv@kd
qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tygt0if tJ'D ppfAdkvfwodkufxJuae ppftkyfpkarG;zGm;vmygw,f?
ae&maygif;pHkudk ppfwyftiftm;eJ@ tkyfpD;+yD; tppt&m&mudk csKyfudkif}uD;=uyf v$rf;rdk;xm;
EkdifwJh tdrfapmifhtpdk;& ac: AdkvfcsKyf}uD; tpdk;&vufxufrSm aygufuGJay:xGufvmwmuawmh &Srf;
trsdK;om;vufeufudkifv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;jzpfygw,f? EGHppf[ef (Noom Suk Hann) tzGJŒ&JŒ vufeufudkif
awmfvSefa&; pwifay:aygufvmygw,f? 1959 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (13) &ufae@rSm ‘yHkygusif;’
udk pwif0ifa&mufwdkufcdkuf+yD; vufeufudkifwdkufyGJudk az:usL;vdkufygw,f?
ya'o&mZftqufqufwdk@&JŒ azmufjyefr_ e,fcsJŒt*Fvdyfwdk@&JŒ aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfr_awGa=umifh/
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[m/*syefacwftwGif; bDtdkifat ppfAdkvfqdkolwpk&JŒ &rf;um;r_/ jynfwGif;ppf}uD; t&Sdefw+iD;+iD;
awmufavmifaewHk; &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif; a&muf&Sdppfqifvm=uwJh ArmppfwyftoD;oD;&JŒ rw&m;
ðyusihf Adv k u f srif;rlcrhJ a_ wGa=umifh &Sr;f vlxt k =um; Armrke;f wD;a&;pdw"f mwf pwifjrpfzsm;cHc&hJ muae
ArmvlrsKd ;}uD;0g' qef@usiaf &;qD a&muf&v dS mcJ+h yD; &Sr;f trsKd ;om;vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; ayguzf mG ;
vm&wmjzpfygw,f? (10) ESpjf ynf&h if cGx J u G vf u kd cGxJ u G yf ikd cf iG &hf w
dS ,fqw kd hJ ‘yifvpkH mcsKyf’ t&vnf;
oufwrf;aph+yD;csdef wav#mufvHk; tm%m&,l tkyfpdk;vmcJhwJh zqyv tzGJŒ}uD;udk,fYuvnf;
wpufuav;rS ,H=k unfu;kd pm;zG,&f mraumif;wJt h jyif tcsi;f csi;f tm%mcGuaf pmif;ckwaf ecsed rf mS
&Srf;trsKd;om;rsm;&JŒ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; ay:aygufzdk@ tcsuftvufawG jynfhpHkvmygw,f?
tdrfapmifhtpdk;&qdkwJh ppftpdk;&&JŒ EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;a&; pDrHudef;awG&JŒtquf &Srf;jynfe,f
+idrf0yfydjym;a&; taumiftxnfazmfr_awGeJ@yg óuHawGŒ&ifqdkifvm&wJhtcsdefrSm &Srf;vufeufudkif
awmfvSefa&; aygufuGJay:xGufvmygw,f?
&Srf;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;[m &Srf;jynfta&SŒydkif;uae pwif aygufuGJay:xGufvmyg
w,f? &efuek w f uUov kd rf mS ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm ynmoif=um;vmcJzh ;l wJh p0fausmx f eG ;f eJ@ UMP ppf&wJ yf
Adkvfa[mif; Adkvfarmif wdk@ acgif;aqmifwJh &Srf;vufeufudkiftiftm;pkwpk[m wef@,ef;òrdŒudk odrf;
ydkufvdkufygw,f? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&[m avwyftultnDyg tjynfht0oHk;+yD; wyftiftm;tvHk;
t&if;eJ@ (10) &ufavmuf jyif;jyif;xefxef jyefvnfodrf;ydkufcJh&ygw,f? wef@,ef;òrdŒudk tpdk;&u

jyefvnfodrf;ydkufEkdifcJhayr,fh &Srf;trsdK;om;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;}uD;uawmh &Srf;jynfe,fwck

vHk;rSm ysHŒESHul;pufoGm;ygawmhw,f?
trsdK;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;wdkif;rSm oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh orwEkdifiH
xlaxmifa&;udk tjrifq h ;kH &nfreS ;f csuwf cktjzpfxm;+yD; ay:xGuw f wfwm obm0usovd/k &Sr;f trsKd ;
om;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;rSmvnf; vGwfvyfwJh &Srf;orwEkdifiH xlaxmifa&;aºuG;a=umfoH
twluyfygvmcJyh gw,f? &Sr;f trsKd ;om;vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGxrJ mS Armrke;f wD;a&;/
ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g' qef@usifa&;/ &Srf;jynfe,f&JŒ epfemcJh&csufawGudk jyefvnf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;
pwmawG xke@J xnfe@J a&m,Suyf g0ifaecJo h vdk vGwvf yfwhJ &Sr;f orwEkid if H xlaxmifa&;pdwu f ;l [m
vnf; wvlvlvGifhysHaecJhygw,f?
1959 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D (13) &ufae@rSmyJ tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tzGJŒ0if 0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
ae0if; [m jynfolŒv$wfawmftpnf;ta0; qifhac:usif;ycJhygw,f? usif;y&wJhta=umif;&if;u
(6) v=um&if a&G;aumufyu JG si;f yay;zd@k oabmwlxm;cJ&h wm {+yDvrSm (6) vjynfrh mS jzpfwt hJ wGuf
a&G;aumufyGJvnf; usif;yay;EkdifrSmr[kwfwJhtwGuf tdrfapmifhtpdk;&taeeJ@ tpdk;&wm0efawG
qufvufxrf;aqmifEkdifa&; &ufwdk;ay;&ef awmif;qdkzdk@ ac:,lusif;ywmjzpfygw,f? v$wfawmfrSm
0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;rS E_wfxGufa=umif; ‘txGufjy’ +yD; oleJ@ wdkuf±kduf+idaewJh zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH
Oya'jyÏmef;csuyf g yk'rf (116) udk jyifqifay;zd@k ac:,lusi;f ywJh v$waf wmftpnf;ta0; jzpfygw,f?
tajccHOya'yk'fr (116) u ygvDreftrwf r[kwfolwa,muf udk (6) vxufausmfvGef+yD; 0ef}uD;
(odk@r[kwf) 0ef}uD;csKyfvkyfcGifhray;bJ wm;jrpfxm;ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk,fwdkifuvnf;
tm%mud&k ,lpOfu zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'}uD;udk b,favmuftav;xm;+yD; OD;xdy&f u G yf ef
opPmapmifo h ±d adk oyga=umif; cyfwnfwnf ¹rGu[ f xm;zl;ovdk Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; atmufu ppftyk f
pkxdyfoD;wodkufuvnf; tajccHOya'udk apmifhod±dkaoyga=umif; aºuG;a=umfcJh=u±kHru olrsm;udkyg
opPmtðycdik ;f +yD; pmtkyaf &SŒpmrsuEf mS awGrmS xnfo h iG ;f yHEk ydS cf ikd ;f cJw
h mjzpfwt hJ wGuf tm%mudk quf
,lxm;csifayr,fh udk,fhpum;eJ@udk,fvnf; ydwfrdaewma=umifh tajccHOya'yk'fr (116) udk jyifqif
ay;zdk@ v$wfawmfac: awmif;qdkwifjyvmjcif;jzpfygw,f?
jynfolvlxlu tdrfapmifhtpdk;&qdkwJh ppftpdk;&vufatmufu jrefjrefvGwfajrmufEkdifzdk@
{+yDvrSm usif;yay;vdrfhr,fvdk@ ,lqxm;wJh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;udk ar#mfvifhaecsdef/ oef@&Sif;
zqyv uvnf; olŒtrwfrif;wcsdKŒyg +idrf0yfydjym;a&;pDrHcsufeJ@ axmifoGif;tusOf;cswmawG óuH
awG@ae&+yD; jrefjrefa&G;aumufy}JG uD;jzpfapvdak ecsed rf mS yk'rf (116) udk jyifqifay;zd@k awmif;qdv k mwm
jzpfygw,f?
OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f wd@k &ŒJ wnf+rJzqyv}uD;u Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒ yk'rf (116) jyifqifay;
a&; awmif;qdck suu f kd ¹cGi;f csurf &Sd axmufcaH y;cJyh gw,f? tdraf pmift h pd;k &&JŒ olyek af wGtay: jywfjywf
om;om; ppfqifwdkufcdkufr_awGtay: jyif;xefwif;rmvSwJh uGefjrLepfESdrfESif;a&;awGtay: oabm
usEpS of ufwma=umifah &m/ oef@&iS ;f qzyv taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª; ocifausm'f eG ;f vdv k u l kd qyfjym
pufoal X; tD;pD;r'g; jyefay;r_rmS qufpyfywfoufr&_ w dS ,fq+kd yD; 59 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D rSmyJ axmifoiG ;f
tusOf;csjyvdkufwJh tdrfapmifhtpdk;&&JŒ vkyf&yfawGudk =obmay;csifwma=umifhyg wufwufºuGºuG

ypf+yD;axmufcHr_ay;cJhygw,f? udk,fwdkif wnf+rJtpdk;&rvkyfEkdifwJhtcsdefrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tpdk;&

vkyfudkifaewJh +idrf0yfydjym;a&;aqmif&GufcsufawG[m wnf+rJ vkyfcsifaewmawG/ wnf+rJ&JŒ oabm
xm;awGeJ@ tH0ifcGifusjzpfaewmtwGufvnf; ygygw,f? ta&;}uD;qHk;tcsufuawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
ae0if; eJ@ ppfwyftiftm;pkudk wnf+rJ&JŒ a&&SnftusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf ar#mfvifhcsufxm;+yD; axmufcH
acsmhjrLvdkufwmjzpfygw,f?
oef@&iS ;f zqyv}uD;uvnf; “tm%mvJvcJ$ &hJ ao;/ 'D=um;xJu ocifausm'f eG ;f vdk vltyg
t0if oef@&Sif;trwfawGawmif +idrf0yfydjym;a&;acgif;pOfeJ@qGJ tcsKyfcH/ tzrf;cHae&vdk@ rcHcsdrcHom
cHpm;ae&ayr,fh Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; rsuEf mS !drk mS pd;k &GŒH wma=umifah &m a&&Sno f ef@&iS ;f tusKd ;twGuf
ygar#mfudk;+yD; acsmhjrLa&;ay:vpD usifhoHk;&if; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒ wifjyawmif;qdkr_udk acgif;ndwf
oabmwlvdkufygw,f?
yk'fr (116) jyifqifa&;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef qef@usifuef@uGufcJhwmuawmh ‘yrnw’
tzGJŒ}uD;jzpfygw,f? yrnwtrwf ocifcspfarmif u “EkdifiHawmfol EkdifiHom;rsm;u ygvDrefv$wf
awmf}uD;udk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufygw,f? ygvDrefv$wfawmfu ygvDreftpdk;&udk a&G;aumufwif
ajr‡mufygw,f? tJ'g[m(rl) jzpfygw,f? v$aJ jymif;jyifqifjcif;rðyEkid af om tajccHw&m;}uD;awGjzpfyg
w,f? tu,fIyk'fr (116) udk xyfjyif&&ifrlysufw,fvdk@jrifygw,f? tJ'Drlysufw,fqdk&if ygvDref
tpd;k &uG,v f eG +f yv D @kd ygvrD efvw $ af wmfukd a=unm&rSmjzpfygw,f?” vd@k xkwaf zmfajymqd+k y;D uef@uu G f
cJhygw,f?
ocifcspfarmif &JŒ a0zefcsufudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; u “u|efawmfESifhwuG wyfrawmf[m
rlt&vkyaf eygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd ral wGu bmvJq&kd if tajccHtyk cf sKyfyOkH ya'udk av;pm;r,f? ±kad o
r,f? wnfwchH ikd +f rJatmifuikd x f m;ygr,f? ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDukd u|eaf wmfw@kd axmufcyH gw,f? wnfwHh
atmifvkyf&ygr,f?” qdk+yD; wkef@jyef jyef=um;ajymqdkcJhygw,f?
yrnw trwfocifcspfarmifu &mZ0ifwGifr,fh v$wfawmfrdef@cGef;&Snf}uD;udkvnf; ajym
=um;cJhygw,f? Zmwf}uD; (10) bGJŒvm ‘0d"l&’ Zmwfawmf}uD;udk yrmðyI “aum&As rif;}uD;eJ@wlwJh
OD;Ek eJ@ ykÀueJ@wlwJh Adkvfae0if;wdk@ aºuGtHupm;=u+yD; bk&ifu±_H;awmh ynm&Sd0d"l&trwf}uD;udk
bDvl;ykÀuvuftyf ykÀu u 0d"l& udk jrif;eJ@csD awmifpOfckESpfxyf 'kef;pdkif;ESif awmifpG,f awmif
xGwf tvDvED iS w hf u kd +f yD; ESyd pf ufco hJ vdk yrnw rsm;eJ@ vlx[ k m 0d"&l ESiw f +l yD;/ aoG;tvdr;f vdr;f xyf
cHpm;ae&ovdk txyfxyf emusicf pH m;ae&a=umif;” zGŒJ EGŒJ wifpm;ajymqdo k mG ;cJyh gw,f? ocifcspaf rmif
&JŒ tJ'rD ed @f ceG ;f [m vlx&k ŒJ vufcyk o f uH kd &&Scd +hJ yD; 0d"&l qdwk b
hJ ŒJG udv
k nf; ocifcspaf rmif &&So d mG ;ygw,f?
0d"l&ocifcspfarmif jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f?
yk'rf (116) udk jyifqifvu kd jf cif;[m tajccHOya'&JŒtoJEv S ;kH udk xkw, f v
l u kd jf cif;jzpfygw,f
vd@k ‘yrnw’ u uef@uu G cf ahJ yr,fh Adv k cf sKyf}u;D ae0if; tay: acsmjh rLa&;ay:vpD usio hf ;kH +y;D axmufcH
oabmwlnrD a_ y;vdu k w f hJ wnf+rJzqyv oef@&iS ;f zqyv ESpzf ŒJG pvH;k &JŒvkyaf qmifcsuaf =umifh rJcq JG ;kH
jzwfwt hJ cg Adv k cf sKyf}u;D ae0if; tvdu k sjzpfomG ;ygw,f? yrnw tqdk ±_;H edro hf mG ;&ygw,f? ygvrD efu
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tpdk;& oufwrf;twGif; “yk'fr (116) udk qdkif;ihHonfh tajccHOya'jyifqifcsuf”
ukd jyÏmef;twnfðyay;vdkufygw,f?

tcsed q f t JG yk pf ;kd vdwk hJ tdraf pmift h pd;k &eJ@ ppftyk pf t k wGuf atmifyw JG ckjzpfomG ;cJyh gw,f? Adv k f
csKyf}uD;ae0if; [m tdraf pmift h pd;k &udv
k nf; enf;enf;yg;yg;jyifqif+yD; zGŒJ pnf;vdu k yf gw,f? umuG,f
a&;Xme u yk*~dKvfawGudk 0ef}uD;tjzpf rcef@tyfbJ t&yfom;tpdk;& yHko¿mefzrf;xm;cJh&muae/
Adkvfrª;csKyfwifaz eJ@ ppfypPnf;0,f,la&;Xme !¸ef=um;a&;0ef OD;oD[ef wdk@udk ‘0ef}uD;’ tjzpf
xnfhoGif;zGJŒpnf;vmcJhygw,f?
tm%mawmif;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfcJhol Adkvfrª;csKyfwifaz [m owWKwGif;ESifh tvkyform;
Xme jynfolŒvkyfief; tdrf,maqmufvkyfa&;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;Xmewdk@&JŒ 0ef}uD;jzpfvmyg
w,f? OD;oD[ef u ukeo f , G rf w _ ;kd wufa&;Xme/ or0g,rESihf ukepf nfjzef@jzL;a&;Xme/ axmufyaH &;
Xme/ pufrv _ ufrX_ mewd@k &ŒJ 0ef}uD;jzpfvmygw,f? 'k0ef}uD;csKyfO;D ode;f armif &JŒ ae&mrSm jynfaxmifpk
&mxl;0ef OD;vGe;f abmf udk cef t h yftpm;xd;k ygw,f? 0wfvOkH ;D xGe;f wif udk use;f rma&;0ef}uD;tjzpfcef@
tyfygw,f? csif;a&;&m0ef}uD; OD;xefv#H &JŒ ae&mudkvnf; OD;&mr_ef;eJ@ tpm;xdk;vdkufygw,f?
+ird ;f csr;f a&;toHawGaysmuf+y;D ‘&yf&mG at;csr;f a&;’ toHawGa&mufvmygw,f? ‘w&m;Oya'
pd;k rd;k a&;’ qdw k t hJ oHawG ydrk u kd s,af vmifvmygw,f? “&yf&mG at;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k
a&;onf rlvyxr” qdkwJh aqmifyk'fawG acsmifcsdKacsmif=um;txd ysHESHvmygw,f?
“Ekid if aH wmftwGi;f aomif;use;f olrsm;/ rormaompD;yGm;&Smr_rsm;ESihf &mZ0wfusL;vGerf r_ sm;
udk tpdk;&omr[kwfbJ vlwdkif;u tpdk;&ESifh vufwGJum zdESdyfjcif;/ zrf;qD;jcif;/ ta&;,ljcif;/ aomif;
usef;r_rsm;udk tm;ay;olrsm;tm; w&m;Oya'bufodk@ odrf;oGif;+yD; w&m;Oya' wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;
twGuaf qmif&u G &f ef” qdw k v hJ rf;!¸erf u_ ckd say;+yD; ppfwyft&m&S}d uD;awG ud, k w f ikd Of ;D pD;ay;cJw h hJ }uHch ikd f
a&;toif;awGukd wqifw h ;kd v_y&f mS ;apcJyh gw,f? }uHc› ikd af &;toif;&JŒaqmify'k u f vkd nf; “owW”d qd+k yD;
ajr‡mufx;kd yifah umfvyk af y;cJyh gw,f? ‘jynfoŒl taxmufawmfpepf” qdw k mukd azmfxw k +f yD; }uHc› ikd af &;
toif;rsm;ESiw hf zJG ufum ‘owif;ay;’vkyif ef;rsm;udv k yk af pjcif;/ ppfwyfukd tultnDaqmif;ay;jcif;/
ppfqifa&;ESifh &mZ0wfr_ESdrfeif;a&;awGrSm xnfhoGif;toHk;csjcif;awGudkvnf; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@
vkyfudkifcJhygw,f?
tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufrSm awma&m òrdŒygrusef ay:vmwmuawmh &yfuGuf ‘rD;uif;’
awGjzpfygw,f? awmvufaus;&GmESifh e,fòrdŒi,fuav;awGrSm aemufxyf us,fus,fjyef@jyef@
ay:vmwmuawmh ‘&yf&Gm tdk;tdrf pnf;pdrfudk rdrdwdk@zmom umuG,fEkdifa&;twGuf’ qdk+yD 'l;av;
0g;c|efwyfawG zGJŒpnf;apwmjzpfygw,f? &yf&Gmudk ql;wyfawGcsxm; 0ef;&Hapwm/ umuG,fa&;uif;
awG ae@nrjywfcsxm;ap+yD; aomif;usef;olESdrfESif;a&;rSm yg0ifapwmawGvkyf+yD; ppfZmwfoGif;cJhyg
w,f? awma&mòrdŒygrusef rtm;rvyfEkdifatmifjzpfcJh&+yD; tae=uyf/ txdkif=uyf/ ab;=uyfeH=uyf
jzpfcJh&ygw,f?
tdraf pmift h pd;k &&JŒ ordik ;f 0ifaqmif&u G cf su}f uD;qdw k mudk yHak zmfEidk zf @kd ‘apmfbmG ; apmzsm;rsm;
ya'o&mZftm%mpGef@v$wfa&;’ qdkwmudk rwfvxJrSm pwiftaumiftxnfazmfygw,f?
zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rSm &Sr;f jynfe,fe@J u,m;jynfe,fu apmfbmG ; apmfzsm;twGuf vlrsKd ;pk
v$waf wmftwGi;f oD;oef@ay;xm;&wJh trwfae&mawG&adS ecJyh gw,f? vlrsKd ;pkvw $ af wmfrmS &Sr;f apmf
bGm; (25) OD;/ u,m;apmfbmG ;apmfzsm; (3) OD;/ aygi;f (28) OD;[m a&G;aumufy0JG ifz@kd rvdb k J ya'o&mZf

tarGcHawGtjzpf ae&m&xm;=uwmjzpfygw,f?
&Srf;apmfbGm;awG[m tkyfcsKyfcGifhtm%m/ tcGefaumufcGifhtm%m/ w&m;pD&ifcGifhtm%m
tjyif/ vlxak &G;aumufwmr[kwb f J trwftjzpf Oya'ðytm%myg &ae=uwJt h wGuf tJ'ED pS x
f yf
uGr;f tm%mudk pGe@f vw $ zf @kd &Sr;f jynfw;kd wufwt hJ iftm;pke@J vlxu k t&ifuwnf;u v_y&f mS ;awmif;
qdkae=uwm&Sdygw,f? ya'o&mZftºuGif;tusefz,f&Sm;a&;/ tajccHOya'udk jyifqifz,f&Sm;a&;udk
‘yrnw’ rsm;uvnf; tqdkðywifjycJh=uzl;ygw,f? p0fcGefcsdK wdk@vdk &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;uvnf; ya'
o&mZf tm%mpGe@f vw $ af &;udk (1954) avmufw;kH uwnf;u oabmwlziG [ hf ajymqdck =hJ uzl;ygw,f?
'gayr,fh vufawGŒaqmif&GufEkdifjcif;r&SdbJ =uef@=umaecJh&wJhudpPjzpfygw,f? 'DudpPudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
ae0if; u aumufuikd v f u kd w f momjzpfygw,f? av#maf =u;aumif;aumif;ay;+y;D / apmfbmG ;rsm; tm%m
pGef@v$wfa&;udpP +yD;pD;oGm;cJhygw,f?
59 ckEpS /f {+yDv (24) &ufae@rmS apmfbmG ; apmfzsm; (33) OD;u vufrw S af &;xd;k +yD; oabmwl
tm%mpGe@f vw $ cf =hJ uygw,f? aumfzw D pfcu G f ig;jym;acwfrmS usKid ;f wHak pmfbmG ;wOD;u av#maf =u;aiG
usyf ig;oef;avmuf&wJt h wGuf &efuek af jraps;awG ESpq f avmuf ajrmufwufomG ;cJ&h w,fv@kd vnf;
qdk=uoHawG xGufay:vmcJhygw,f?
{+yDv (29) &ufae@rSm &Srf;jynfe,f jynfolŒtkyfcsKyfa&;yEMufcsyGJ ðyvkyf+yD; orw}uD;
ref;0if;armif eJ@twl 0ef}uD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; wwfa&mufum ‘tm%mudk &ufa&mpGm pGe@f vw $ f
=uwJh apmfbGm;rsm;udkcsD;usL;a=umif;’ rdef@cGef;a¹cGygw,f? yifvHkpdwf"mwfudk xdef;odrf;=u&ef/ usOf;
ajrmif;aom vlrsKd ;a&;pdw"f mwfukd pGe@f vw $ +f yD; jynfaxmifpw k 0Se;f vH;k &JŒ wd;k wufa&;eJ@ pnfyif0ajym
om,ma&;udk a&SŒ±l=u&efv@kd ajym=um;cJyh gw,f? 'gayr,fh Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; ar#mv f ifo
h vdk jzpfrvm
cJhyJ tdrfapmiftpdk;&vufxufrSm wu,fwdk;wufjzpfay:vmcJhwmuawmh &Srf;trsdK;om;v_yf&Sm;r_
}u;D }u;D xGm;vmjcif;eJ@ &Sr;f vufeufuikd o f yl ek rf sm; w[kew f ;kd wd;k wuf}u;D rm; rsm;jym;vmjcif;jzpfygw,f?
1959 ckESpf/ {+yDvxJrSmyJ ppftkyfpktwGif; ajctoGufqHk;vlwOD;vnf;jzpf/ tm%mawmif;
acgi;f aqmifwOD;vnf;jzpfwhJ Adv k rf ;ª csKyfatmif}uD; udk Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; u 'kw, d umuG,af &;OD;pD;
csKyftjzpf cef@tyfajr‡upf m;vdu k yf gw,f? 1949 ckEpS f Adv k cf sKyfae0if; ppfO;D pD;csKyftjzpf xrf;aqmifwm
0ef,lcsdefup+yD; wav#mufvHk; b,folŒudkrS rcef@tyfbJxm;cJhwJh vpfvyfaewJh 'kwd,ppfOD;pD;csKyf
ae&mudk Adv k rf ;ª csKyfatmif}u;D tm; ay;vdu k wf mjzpfygw,f? t&ifu cef@tyf&r,fq&kd if wyfwiG ;f xH;k pH
0gpOft& Adv k rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm udyk J cef@tyf&rSmjzpfwt hJ wGuf Adv k cf sKyfae0if;ua&m tm%m& zqyv
tpd;k &tqufqufuyg wrifnpfywf+y;D uGuv f yftjzpfxm;cJw h ahJ e&mudk Adv
k rf LS ;csKyfausmaf Zm vnf;
wyfwGif;rSmr&SdawmhwJhtcsdef tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tjzpf ppftkyfpk}uD; wefcdk;=oZmxufjrufvmcsdefrSm
Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; udkcef@tyfvdkufwmjzpfygw,f?
ppftkyfpk}uD;&JŒ wefcdk;=oZm }uD;rm;vmavav tm%mvuf0g;apmif; xufvmavav/
+idr;f csr;f a&;toHawG aysmufu, G vf m&avav jzpfc&hJ +yD;/ q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f OD;pD;v_y&f mS ;
cJhwJh jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ v_yf&Sm;Ekdifr_awGuvnf; qufvufv_yf
&Sm;vdk@ r&EkdifawmhavmufatmifjzpfcJh+yD; 59 ckESpfxJrSm &yfqdkif;xm;vdkuf&ygw,f?
'Dvdk zdESdyfr_awGjyif;xefvSwJh acwfusyf}uD;xJrSm wl&mwl&mawGpk+yD; ay:aygufvmcJhwJh EdkifiH

a&;ygww D ck&ydS gw,f? tJ'guawmh ‘jynfoŒl wd;k wufa&;ygw’D jzpfygw,f? 1959 ckEpS /f {+yDvxJrmS yJ
ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? OD;atmifoef; (AdkvfcsKyftudk)wdk@&JŒ jynfolŒ'Drdkua&pDygwDu tpk&,f/
ocifoifwdk@&JŒ trsdK;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwDu tpk&,f/ AdkvfcifarmifOD; wdk@&JŒ &Jabmfaygif;pHkxdrf;odrf;
a&;u tpk&,f/ tpk (3) pku yk*~dKvfawGudktajccH+yD; ‘jynfolŒwdk;wufa&;ygwD’ udk zGJŒpnf;vdkuf=u
wmjzpfygw,f? jynfolŒwdk;wufa&;ygwDrSm wdk;wufwJh pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&mwcsdKŒvnf;
yg0ifvm=uygw,f?
tdraf pmift h pd;k &[m ajray:&Sd w&m;0ifEidk if aH &;ygwaD wGukd wnf&cdS iG ahf y;xm;ayr,fh ppftyk pf k
qef@usiaf &; Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG vkyvf @kd r&atmif +idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;pDrcH suaf wG w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;
qdkwJh ESdyfuGyfwif;=uyfr_awGeJ@ v$rf;rdk;csKyfudkifxm;ygw,f?
ajray: EkdifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;awGudk rv_yfEkdifatmif csKyfudkifxm;wmeJ@wòydifeuftwGif;rSm/
awmwGi;f vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawGtm;vH;k tay:rSmvnf; bufaygi;f pHx k ;kd ppf}uD;awG
ðyvkyfcJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh uGefjrLepfygwDudk OD;wnfacsr_ef;zdk@ óud;pm;wJh ppfqifa&;}uD;awGu
t"dujzpfcJh+yD; jyif;jyif;xefxef &uf&ufpufpuf qifE$JcJhygw,f? wzufu Oya'udk av;pm;vdkuf
ema&; wzGzGatmf[pf&if; wzufu aumufaumufuspfuspf atmufvrf;enf;rsdK;pHkukdvnf; ,kwf
,kwfrmrm usifhoHk;cJhygw,f?
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD jrpfzsm;a'owdik ;f wdik ;f aumfrwD0if Adv k o f ed ;f udk ppfwyfu zrf;qD;&&Sd
cJh+yD; taoowfjypfcJhygw,f? xGufajy;vdk@ ypfowfvdkuf&wmygvdk@ ta=umif;jyygw,f? Adkvfodef;
[m zufqpfawmfvSefa&;uwnf;u tpOftvm&SdcJhwJh ta&;}uD;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifcJhwJh
AdkvfwOD;jzpfygw,f? 48 ckESpfrSm wyfrawmfwyf&if; (3) eJ@twl awmcdkcJhwmjzpfygw,f? Adkvfodef;
aemufydkif;rSm Adkvfodef; vdkyJ xGufajy;vdk@ ypfzrf;vdk@/ ypfzrf;&if;aoqHk;oGm;&w,fqdkwJh owif;awG
qufwdkufxGufvmygw,f? AdkvftmVm0u/ ocifwifaz/ ocifarmif}uD; eJ@ q&muGef; wdk@wawG
usq;kH towfco H mG ;&ygw,f? Adv k tf Vm0u [m uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ wdik ;f (3) ppfa&;wm0efcjH zpfygw,f?
tpOftvm}uD;wJh zufppfawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfygw,f? *syefzufqpfawmfvSef
a&;rSm txufArmjynfwdkif;rª; Adkvfrª;Axl; usqkH;oGm;+yD;aemuf Adkvfrª;Axl; ae&mudk qufcHwm0ef
,lcJholvnf;jzpfygw,f? 45 ck aeol&defacwfrwdkifrD jynfolw&yfvHk; zqyv tvHawmfatmuf
&yfwnfpk±Hk;=u+yD; nDnD!Gwf!GwfeJ@ wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;udk aqmif&GufoGm;=uzdk@ =o*kwfv (12)
&ufae@rmS rsKd ;cspAf rmhwyfrawmf ppfacgi;f aqmif (10) OD;&JŒ xkwjf yefa=unmcsurf mS Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/
Adkvfvusfm/ AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvfae0if;/ AdkvfausmfaZm wdk@eJ@twl yg0ifvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhwJh ordkif;0if
ppfacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfygw,f? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufatmufrSm tòid;w}uD; uGefjrLepfokwfoifajc
r_ef;a&;atmufrSm usqHk;oGm;cJh&ygw,f?
1959 ckESpf/ ara';ae@rSm oef@&Sif;zqyv OD;Ek &JŒ emrnfausmf ara';rdef@cGef;}uD; xGufay:
vmygw,f? ara';ae@rwdik rf D {+yv D xJrmS yJ OD;Ek [m tar&duefuo kd mG ;cJah o;+y;D 0g&iS w f ef ArmoH±;kH rSm
ðyvkyfwJh owif;pmuGefz&ifhwckrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk acsmhjrLumuG,f&if;tckvdk &Sif;jyajymqdk
wmwck vkyfcJhygw,f?
“ArmjynfwGif usa&mufvsuf&Sdaom 'Drdkua&pDtE W&m,fonf rnfonfht&yfuvmI

rnfolŒwm0efjzpfonfqdkonfudk xkwfazmfajymqdk&eftwGuf tcsdefwcsdefudk rdrda&G;cJha=umif;/ ,if;
tE &W m,fonf Adv k cf sKyfae0if; r[kwaf =umif;/ Adv k cf sKyfae0if;onf vlaumif;wOD;jzpfa=umif;/ od@k aomf
ol.&nf&G,fcsufrsm;onf aumif;rGefvifhupm; ae&mwumwGif ‚if;udk,fwdkif raqmif&Guf
Edkifa=umif;/ odk@jzpfI ol.csrSwfcsuftcsdKŒrSm zsufvdkzsufqD;ðyjcif;cH&a=umif;/ ,if;odk@zsufqD;cH&
onfrSm AdkvfcsKyf. vufatmufi,fom;rsm; vufcsufa=umifhjzpfa=umif;æ” vdk@ajymqdkcJhygw,f?
tJ'Dvdk óudwifajymqdkr_awGvkyf+yD; aemufydkif;rS OD;Ek [m olŒ&JŒ emrnfausmf ara';ae@rdef@cGef;}uD;udk
ajymqdkwmjzpfygw,f? tmZmenfukef;rSm 'Drdkua&pDqENjyyGJ}uD;rSm ajymqdkwmjzpfygw,f? tmZm
enfuek ;f rSm 'Dru kd a&pDqENjyyG}J uD;usi;f y+yD; ode;f eJ@ aomif;eJ@ csw D ufvmwJh vlx}k uD;udk rde@f ceG ;f ac|wm
jzpfygw,f?
yrnw eJ@ w&m;r#wr_ygwDwdk@uvnf; wufa&mufvm=uygw,f? OD;Ek u 'Drdkua&pD
tarSmifusae&wJh tajctaeawGukd zGi[ hf oGm;ovdk wav#mufv;kH ppfwyfudk ypm;ay; vkyu f ikd v f m
cJ&h wJh ol@&ŒJ wu,ft h jzpftysut f rSeaf wGuv kd nf; zGi[ hf 0efco H mG ;cJyh gw,f? OD;Ek u olŒ&JŒ ara';ae@
rdef@cGef;xJrSm “+idrfcsrf;a&;&zdk@twGuf olykefawGudk vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhawG/ vdkufavsmr_awG/ wwf
Ekdifoavmuf vkyfay;cJhw,f? tJ'gudk u|efawmfrjiif;ygbl;? 'gayr,fh b,fvGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;
ay;/ b,fvu kd af vsmcsuu f ykd J vkyv f yk /f u|eaf wmf[m wyfrawmfacgi;f aqmifawGe@J wdik yf if+yD; olw@kd &ŒJ
oabmwlnDcsufudk &rSvkyfw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; Armhwyfrawmfacgif;aqmifawG&JŒ
oabmwlncD surf &bJ u|eaf wmf bmwckrrS vkycf @J b;l ? ay;cJo h r# vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGiahf wG/ vkycf ohJ r#
vdu k af v#mcGiahf wGtm;vH;k [m wyfrawmfacgi;f aqmifawGe@J wdik yf if+yD; olw@kd &ŒJ oabmwlncD suu f &kd rS
usaemfvyk cf w hJ ,f? ukeu f ek af jymr,f? olyek af wGe@J ywfoufwhJ a=unmcsuaf wG usaemf&h ŒJ rde@f ceG ;f awG
tm;vH;k [m wyfrawmfacgi;f aqmifawGujkd y+yD;rS xkwjf yefcw hJ ,f? wyfrawmfacgi;f aqmifawGu jyif
p&m&Sdwmjyif+yD;rS usaemfajymcJhwmjzpfw,f?” vdk@ &ifzGifhoGm;cJhygw,f? OD;Ek udk,fwdkif ppfwyfudk
b,favmufacsmhjrLcJh&w,f ppfwyf[m b,favmuf tay:pD;uaecJh&w,fqdkwm&JŒ om"u
wckjzpfcJhw,f?
58 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvwH;k u oef@&iS ;f zqyv nDvmcHrmS ocifwif u rde@f ceG ;f ay;&mrSmvnf;
“jynfolwdk@rSm zufqpf0g'udk ,ckrsufarSmufðy &ifqdkifae&a=umif;/ vlxktm; 'Drdkua&pDray;bJ
aoewfeJ@ypf csdrf;ajcmuf/ tm%meJ@ n‡if;qJ+yD; EkdifiHa&;tm%mvkonfh vrf;pOfay:aea=umif;/
xdv k rf;pOfukd tjyif;txefacsre_ ;f +yD; 'Dru kd a&pDausmufwikd x f &l efvakd =umif;” vd@k zGi[
hf +yD; ppfwyfukd
a0zefcJhygw,f?
OD;EkurE Wav;òrdŒ a[majymyGJwckrSmvnf; “jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHonf ,cktcg vrf;qHk
vrf;cGa&mufaea=umif;/ 'Drdkua&pDvrf;/ uGefjrLepfvrf; eJ@ zufqpfvrf;jzpfa=umif;/ EkdifiHudk uGefjrL
epfeJ@ zufqpfrjzpf&ef a&G;aumufyGJusif;y&efvdka=umif;/” a[majym toHay;cJhygw,f?
rv$Jomra&Smifom tm%mxdk;ay;+yD; ab;xGufxdkifaevdkuf&wJh oef@&Sif;zqyv [m
tm%mudk &,luikd w f ,G +f yD; wdik ;f jynfukd ppftyk cf sKyfenf;eJ@ tkycf sKyfaewJh ppftyk pf &k ŒJ OD;wnfa&S;±lae
&mvrf;a=umif;udk roufrom jrifawGŒcHpm;ae&ayr,fh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tay:awmh acsmhjrLa&;
ay:vpDudkom txyfxyfusifhoHk;aecJh=u&ygw,f?

59 ckESpf tmZmenfae@ pnf;a0;yGJwckrSmyJ OD;Ek u ‘uGufopfvlxkrsuf&nfusae&ygw,f?

jynfolwdk@rSm bmrSjyefrajym0HhbJ 'l;eJ@rsuf&nfokwfae&yg+yD’ vdk@ &mZ0ifwGif rdef@cGef;wckajymjyefyg
w,f?
OD;Ek tmZmenfae@ rde@f ceG ;f rajymcif ZGev f xJrmS Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; tpPa&;Ekid if u H kd csp=f unf
a&;c&D;oGm;ygw,f? uvwWm;avqdyfrSm tdEdN, owif;axmufawGu “ArmjynfrSm a&G;aumufyGJ
b,fawmhusi;f yrvJ” qdw k hJ ar;cGe;f udk zd+yD;ar;=uygw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; u rv$o J mra&Smifom
“{+yDvxJavmufrSm usif;yay;ygr,f” vdk@ajzcJhygw,f? tJ'Dvdkajzqdk+yD;wJhaemufrSm OD;Ek &JŒ tmZm
enfae@rdef@cGef; xGufay:vmcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; atmufu ppftkyfpkxdyfoD;0if wcsdKŒuawmh tm%mudk qufvufqkyf
udik x f m;vd+k yD; +idr0f yfyjd ym;r_ta=umif;jycsuef @J xyfrt H csed q f v JG =kd uygw,f? aemufwa=umh &ufum
vxyfwdk;ay;zdk@ awmif;qdkvdk=uygw,f? OD;Ek u ray;vdkawmhyg? ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;eJ@ a&G;aumufyGJ
vkyrf ay;bJ qufvuftcsed q f v JG m&if tm%mudzk q D efz@kd jyifygw,f? tEka&m/ t=urf;yg wdu k yf q
JG if
Ekid zf @kd q;kH jzwfygw,f? yxrqH;k enf;u +idr;f csr;f aomenf;eJ@ tm%mzDqefenf;udk usio hf ;kH +yD; wduk &f ef
jzpfygw,f? tJ'eD nf;udu k sio hf ;kH wdu k yf 0JG ifwt hJ cg (1) t=urf;rzufjzpfap&ef/ (2) pnf;urf;ao0yfap
&ef/ (3) wAdv k uf s wAdv k w f ufjzpfap&efq+kd yD; acgi;f aqmifoifwef;awGziG yhf gw,f? t=urf;enf;tjzpf
vufeufudkifwdkufzdk@vdk&if wdkufcsifwJhvlawGtwGufvnf; tiftm;pkaqmif;wm/ jyifqifwmawG
vkyfygw,f?
v#dKŒ0Suf+yD; avhusifhjyifqifwmjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dvdk jyifqifpdkif;jyif;xm;=uwmawG
udk Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; u olŒ&JŒ axmufvrS ;f a&;awG/ taxmufawmfawGqu D wqifh aumif;aumif;
od&Sdae+yD;jzpfygw,f?
vlxku ppfwyfudk b,favmufrkef;wD;ae+yDqdkwmudkvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; aumif;
aumif;od&Sd+yD;jzpfovdk/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm t+yD;tydkif qufvuf tm%mudk qkyfudkif&,lvdkufr,fqdk&if
tHkºuGr_awGjzpfay: +yD; ±_H;edrfhoGm;Ekdifw,fqdkwmudkvnf; wGufcsufrd+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? Oya'twGif;&Sd
yrnwudk r¾dKifðyxm;wJh 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pktm;vH;k uvnf; ppfwyfe@J ppftyk pf u k kd wpnf;wvH;k
xJ qef@usifae=uovdk/ ppftkyfpkudk,fwdkifrSmvnf; t+yD;owftm%modrf;yGJ qifE$Jzdk@txd tpp
toifrh jzpfao;wmudv k nf; Adv k cf sKyf}u;D ae0if;u tuif;yg;pGm wGucf surf +d y;D jzpfygw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}u;D
ae0if; u aemufudkwvSrf;qkwfay;zdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufygw,f?
=o*kwv f v$waf wmftpnf;ta0;wckrmS yrnw trwfwOD; u ‘b,fawmha&G;aumufyJG
usi;f yrvJ’ qdw k ahJ r;cGe;f udk tcdik t f rm xyfr+H yD;ar;ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒ rD;pdr;f jyxm;r_t&
tpdk;&tzGJŒ0ifudk,fpm;vS,f w&m;a&;Xme0ef}uD; OD;csrfxGef;atmif u “1960 jynfhESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv
odk@r[kwf azazmf0g&DvrSm vkyfay;ygr,fvdk@ajzcJhygw,f? EkdifiHa&;ygwD0if tzGJŒtpnf;awG 0rf;om
oGm;=uygw,f? v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm;vnf; jyefvnfjzpfay:pðyvmygw,f?
a&G;aumufyv JG yk af y;zd@k qH;k jzwfvu kd af yr,fh tdraf pmift h pd;k &&JŒ bufaygi;f pHk wif;wif;=uyf=uyf
usifhoHk;csKyfukdifaewJh ay:vpDawGudkawmh eJeJav;rS tav#mhray;cJhyg? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGtay:
qufvuf vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;+yD; ppfwyftusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf tjrwfxkwf+rJ xkwfcJhygw,f?

tif;0b%fvyk if ef;/ =u,fig;yGio hf abmFvyk if ef;/ ukeyf pPn;f ppfaq;a&;vkyif ef;/ aejynfawmf
ydk@aqmifa&;vkyfief;wdk@udk omru/ ±kd;ukr`%Dvkyfief;/ jrefrmjynf[dkw,frsm;vdrdwuf/ v#yfppfESifh
pufrv _ ufru _ rk %` w
D @kd tjyif/ aemufq;kH rSm ausmufr;D aoGEiS hf taxGaxGu;l oef;a&mif;0,fa&;or*~
ukr`%Dvdrdwuftxd zGJŒpnf;csKyfudkif vkyfudkifcJhygw,f//
ppfa&;rSmvnf; aomif;usef;oltðywfwdkufa&;acgif;pOfeJ@ p}uFmarmif/ a[ref/ jrL/ odef;&J/
atmifvHawmf/ yHkawmif&Sif/ atmifoD[/ atmifarmfat; pwJh ppfqifa&;}uD;awG t}uD;tus,f
qifE$J±Hkru/ pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;vkyfief;awGyg t&Sdeft[kef wdk;csJŒvkyfudkifcJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh
uGejf rLepftðywfwu kd af &;OD;wnf+yD;/ ‘"rR E &W m,f’ pdw"f mwfppfqifa&; vkyif ef;}uD;udyk g tus,jf yef@
qH;k vkyu f ikd cf yhJ gw,f? uGejf rLepfawG[m "rRtE &W m,f awGjzpfw,f? omoemawmfukd zsuq f ;D ae=u
w,fqdk+yD; aoaocsmcsm tuGufcs jyifqifwdkufcdkufcJhygw,f? vnfyif;awmfjywf/ OD;acgif;awmf/
rudkÉfawmfyg tvJvJ tòydòydjzpfae&wJh qif;wkawmfawGyHk/ ysufpD;a=urGae&wJh bk&m; apwD ykxdk;/
ausmif;uefawGyykH g "mwfy±kH u kd f yH}k uD;csŒJ +yD;/ "rR E &W m,fpmapmifawG oef;cs±D udk Ef ydS f jzef@csad y;cJyh gw,f?
oHCmawmfawG csO;f uyf/ jynfoal wGupkd nf;±H;k v_ŒH aqmfay;+yD; ‘"rR E &W m,f’ pmapmifawGukd awmóud
òc=H um;rusef yd@k a0&if;/ "rR E &W m,f ppfqifa&;}u;D udk Edik if aH &;/ ppfa&; &nfreS ;f csuaf wGtwGuf tukef
uscHaqmif&GufcJhygw,f?
1959 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvrSm oef@&iS ;f zqyv nDvmcHrmS OD;Ek u “Ak'b < momudk Edik if aH wmf
bmomjzpfap&rnf” vd@k t"dÏmefðya=unmwmeJ@ ppfwyf&ŒJ "rR E &W m,f ppfqifa&;[m qHpk nf;rdomG ;
ygw,f?
tdrfapmifhtpdk;&u a&G;aumufyGJudk Zefe0g&Dv odk@r[kwf azazmf0g&DvrSm vkyfay;r,fvdk@
a=unmajymqd+k y;D aemufyikd ;f usi;f ywJh oef@&iS ;f nDvmcH[m vlx=k um; OD;Ek&ŒJ óuw d ifpnf;±H;k yGw J ckvnf;
jzpfoGm;ygw,f?
1959 ckEpS /f pufwifbm (14) &ufae@rmS wyfr;ª rsm;nDvmcHvyk yf gw,f? 17 &ufae@ nDvmcH
tpnf;ta0;rSm tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tjzpf t&yfbufXme toD;oD;rSm 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifae=uwJh
wyfrawmf xdyfoD;t&m&Sd}uD;awGu olwdk@ yg0ifvkyfukdifaqmif&Gufae=uwJh zufpyfvkyfief;/ rD;&
xm;vkyfief;/ ydk@aqmifa&;vkyfief;/ ppfbufukefpnf jzef@csda&;vkyfief;/ yifv,fa&a=umif;vkyfief;/
b%feJ@ taqmuftOD; aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;/ xif;qDig;ydvkyfief;/ opfxkwfvkyfief;/ aumufyJ
oD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;/ aq;0g;xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;/ pufr_vufr_vkyfief;/ tvkyform;a&;&meJ@
jynfol@vkyfief;/ v#yfppf"mwftm;ay;a&;vkyfief;/ taumufcGefeJ@ qdyfurf;tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;/
oabmFusi;f vkyif ef;/ ava=umif;yd@k aqmifa&;vkyif ef;/ ajrwdik ;f vkyif ef;eJ@ òrdŒ&Gmom,ma&;vkyif ef;awG
ta=umif; toD;oD; toHaumif;[pf &Sif;vif;wifjy=uygw,f? wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcHtwGif;rSmyJ
wyfrª;tcsif;csif;=um; &Sif;vif;wifjy=uwmjzpfygw,f//
axmufvrS ;f a&;udpaP qG;aEG;yG/J wyfrawmfe@J ywfouf+y;D jynfov l x
l &k ŒJ xifjrif,q l csurf sm;
qef;ppfa0zef aqG;aEG;yG/J wyfrawmf oabmw&m;a&; aqG;aEG;yG/J ppfAsL[maqG;aEG;yG/J }uHc› ikd af &;aqG;
aEG;yGJawGvnf; wyfwGif;rSmyJ vkyfukdifcJh=uygw,f?

atmufwdkbm 29 / 30/ 31/ rSm r*Fvm'Hk trSwf (1) avhusifha&;cef;raqmifrSmyJ yxr

t}udraf jrmuf jynfv;kH u|w}f uHc› ikd af &;toif; tajccHOya'udk jyÏmef;csrw S vf ukd wf t
hJ jyif A[d}k uHc› ikd f
a&;aumifpDudkvnf; a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf=uygw,f?
atmufwdkbmvxJrSmyJ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u a&G;aumufyGJrSm bufrvdkufzdk@ wyfwGif;!¸ef
=um;csuw f ckxw k jf yefay;ygw,f? Ek0d ifbm (9) &ufae@rmS rdwv ˆD moGm;+yD;/ wyfr;ª tcsKd Œudk a&G;aumuf
yGJeJ@ywfoufwJh trSmpum; ajym=um;ygw,f? tJ'DajymqdkcsufawGudk wdwfacGeJ@ zrf;,lul;ap+yD;
wyfawGudk jzef@ay;ygw,f? zGifhjyapw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? rajymrjzpfvdk@ 0wfa=uwef;a=uavmuf
0denf;vGwfajymqdkcJhwmjzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJvkyfay;&awmhrSm aocsmaevdk@ wcsdKŒe,fajrawG
rSm ppfwyf&JŒ 0ifa&mufpGufzufajc±_yfr_awG ajymifajymifwif;wif; ay:vmaevdk@ ajym&wmjzpfyg
w,f? wnf+rJudkyJ rJay;&r,fvdk@ajymqdkwm wcsdKŒaom trwfavmif;/ jrLeDpy,f vl}uD;avmif;awG
udk a&G;aumufyrJG 0ifz@kd +cdr;f ajcmufwm;jrpfwm/ ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;pm&if;uae txGucf ikd ;f / tz,f
cdik ;f wmawG vkyv f maewJt h wGuf rv$rJ a&Smifom vl=um;aumif;atmif ajymqdv k m&wm jzpfygw,f?
wu,fv h ufawGŒuawmh bmwckrt S a&;r,lbJ v$waf y;xm;+y;D pifay:uae tomav; xdik =f unfah e
cJhygw,f?
1959 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm (19) &ufae@rmS ygvrD efuzkd suo f rd ;f ap+y;D jynfoŒl v$waf wmfa&G;aumuf
yGJrsm;udk 1960 jynfhESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (6) &uf/ vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk azazmf0g&D
(29) &ufae@vdk@ owfrSwfa=umif; w&m;0if a=unmvdkufygw,f?
59 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm (21/ 22/ 23/ 24) &ufae@awGrmS &efuek òf rŒd wyfrawmfuyG±J }kH u;D rSm ‘vHòk cH
a&;aumifp’D &JŒ wwd,t}urd af jrmuf nDvmcH}u;D usi;f yygw,f? {+yv D (21) &ufae@wek ;f u usi;f y
cJhwJh 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf vHkòcHa&;aumifpDnDvmcHwkef;uvdk +idrf0yfydjym;a&;toHawG us,fus,f
avmifavmif rxGufvmawmhbJ a&G;aumufyGJudk b,fyHkb,fenf; usif;yay;r,fqdkwJhtoHawGu
yd+k yD; a&SŒwef;a&mufvmcJyh gw,f? 'gayr,fh tdraf pmift h pd;k & tm%mudk vufrv$w&f ao;cif=um;
ppfwyfu pD;yGm;a&;vuf0g;}uD;tkyf vkyfief;awGudk ydk+yD; ajcvSrf;oGufoGuf qufvufcsKyfudkif vkyf
udik cf ohJ vd/k w&m;pD&ifa&;e,fukd ydik yf ikd Ef idk Ef idk f csKyfuikd x
f m;Ekid w f ek ;f / olw@kd pw
d óf uduf w&m;pD&ifra_ wGukd
+yD;jywfatmif vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f? &mZ0wfjypfr_awGudk jypf'%fay;&mrSm aemif=uOf&efESifh tjypf
'%fukd xda&mufpmG ay;&efqw kd hJ aqmify'k u f kd vufuikd ðf y+yD; zrf;qD;rdxm;wJh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD
A[dkaumfrwD0if Adkvfrª;cspfaumif;tr_udk ao'%ftay;cdkif;cJhygw,f? 'DZifbm (14) &ufae@rSm
Adkvfrª;cspfaumif; udk w&m;±Hk;u ao'%fpD&ifcsuf cscJhygw,f?
tdraf pmift h pd;k &[m ppftpd;k &jzpfwt hJ wdik ;f ppfwyf&ŒJ cdik rf mawmifw h if;r_ukd tav;xm;+yD;
bufaygif;pHkuae ppfwyfcdkifrmawmifhwif;a&;udk tpGrf;ukef azmfaqmifcJhygw,f? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&
umvtwGif;rSm ppfwyf&JŒ vufeufudkiftiftm; wdk;csJŒa&;omru ppfvufeufypPnf; acwfrSDwdk;
wufa&;awGuykd g tav;xm;vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? taemuf*smreDEidk if H z&pf0gemukr% ` eD @J pmcsKyfcsKyf
qdk0,f,lcJh+yD; wnfaqmufxm;wJh vufeufpuf±Hkuae vufeufeJ@ usnfqHrsm;udkvnf; wdk;wuf
xkwfvkyfcJhygw,f? 58§59 b¾ma&;ESpftwGif; usnfqH (7) odef;cGJ xkwfvkyfEkdif&muae 59§60
rSm (2) oef;ausmftxd xkwfvkyfEkdifzdk@ tqifoifh jzpfcJhygw,f? ppfvufeufqdkif&m ynmawmfoif

awGtjzpf wyfwGif;uae a&G;cs,f+yD; tpPa&;/ *smreDeJ@ t*Fvefwdk@udk ydk@v$wfynmoifapcJhygw,f?

DSI, BEDC wdk@uaewqifh ppfwyfydkif t&if;tESD;udk e,fy,faygif;pHkrSm wdk;csJŒapEkdifcJh+yD;
pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf; csKyfuikd v f r$ ;f rd;k Ekid af tmif aqmif&u G Ef idk cf yhJ gw,f? pD;yGm;a&;t& ppfwyft&if;tES;D
udk twdkif;twmwcktxd atmifjrifatmif pkaqmif;rd+yD;jzpfygw,f?
tkyfcsKyfa&;t&vnf; tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxuftwGif; t&yfbuf±Hk;Xme bkwfaumfydka&;
&Sif;awGtm;vHk; ppftkyfpk0if ppft&m&Sd}uD;awG tay:pD;uae 0ifa&mufae&m,l tkyfpD;cJh=u+yD;/
tkyfcsKyfa&;tawGŒtóuHudk avhusifhprf;oyfcJh=u+yD; jzpfygw,f? udk,fhudk,fudkvnf; tkyfcsKyfwwf+yD
vdk@ rSwf,lawG;xifcJh=uygw,f?
jynfov l x
l u
k awmh ppfwyf&ŒJ tm%mðyr_trsKd ;rsKd ;/ wif;=uyf zdEydS rf _ tzHzk /kH 'Dru kd a&pDtcGihf
ta&;qHk;±_H;&r_ tvDvDtjyif/ }uH›cdkifa&;qdkolawG&JŒ zdpD;ESdyfpufr_awGudkyg tqpf&&SdvdkufwJhtwGuf
ppfwyfukd trkef;}uD;rkef;+yD; ppftkyfcsKyfr_udk t&GH}uD; &GHcJhygw,f?
Ekid if aH &;tuif;yg;wJh OD;Ek u a&G;aumufy}JG uD;twGuf rJq, G pf nf;±k;H r_ukd vkyw
f t hJ cg ‘'Dru kd
a&pDudk a&G;rSmvm;/ zufqpfudka&G;rSmvm;’ qdkwJhar;cGef;udk jynfolvlxkESvHk;om;xJ xnfhay;vdkuf
ygw,f?
59 ckEpS /f pufwifbm oef@&iS ;f nDvmcHwek ;f uvnf; OD;Eku “Ak'b < momudk Ekid if aH wmfbmom
jzpfap&rnf” vd@k ajymcJzh ;l wm&Sw d t hJ wGuf Ak'b < mom0ifO;D a&trsm;qH;k jzpfwhJ Armjynfov l xl }k uD;&JŒ
trsm;wum trsm;pk}uD;u OD;Ek tay: pdwf!Gwfae=uqJtcsdefrSm 'Drdkua&pD eJ@ zufqpf b,f[m
a&G;rvJvdk@ ta&G;cdkif;vdkufawmhOD;Ek &JŒ rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;a&;t&Sdef[m xdyfuajy;aeygawmhw,f?
aqG+idrf; wnf+rJtzGJŒu OD;Ek [m bmoma&;udk EkdifiHa&;twGuf tjrwfxkwfaeygw,fvdk@
pGyfpGJwdkufcdkuf=uayr,fh OD;Ek u tomuav;ykwf+yD; a&Smifwdrf;jyvdkufygw,f? ‘EkdifiHawmfbmom
a&;udk a&G;aumufyrJG mS xnfrh ajymyg? a&G;aumufyeJG @J a0;cJph Ofuwnf;u oef@&iS ;f zqyv&JŒ vkyif ef;
pOfw&yftjzpf vufcHcJhjcif;jzpfygw,fh?” vdk@ acsyjyvdkufygw,f?
oef@&iS ;f nDvmcHrmS Ak'b < mom Edik if aH wmfbmomðya&;udpP OD;Ek pwifajymuxJu ‘wnf+rJ’
u ‘bmomckw;kH ’ qdw k phJ mtkyef @J OD;Ek ukd wdu k cf yhJ gao;w,f? 'gayr,fh OD;Ek udk Ekid af tmifrwdu k Ef ikd cf yhJ g?
OD;Ek u e,fpnf;±Hk;a&;awGudk urBmat;apwD Z&yfawGtwGif; ac:,loifwef;ay;ygw,f?
ig;yg;oDvapmifhxdef;=uzdk@ &Gma&muf&if vl}uD;olr oHCmawmfawG OD;cdkuf=uzdk@ wzGzGrSmwmvkyfyg
w,f? pnf;±H;k a&;rª;awGu OD;Ek oifwef;ay;wJt h wdik ;f aqmif&u G =f uwJt h wGuf &yf&mG &Sd vl}uD;ol}uD;
rsm;eJ@ oHCmawmfawG[m tvdkavsmuf OD;Ek &JŒ pnf;±Hk;a&;rª;awGozG,f jzpfvm=uw,f?
bmoma&; eJ@ wdkuf±dkufywfoufwJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDw&yfawmif ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;e,frSm
awmif ay:aygufcJhzl;ygw,f? qmtrfat OD;armif}uD; OD;aqmifwJh “Ak'<0g' jynfolŒqENtzGJŒcsKyf”
qdkwmjzpfygw,f? ygwD&JŒtajccHvrf;pOfrSmudk “Ak'<bmomudk EkdifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jyÏmef;a&;”
vdk@ owfrSwfv_yf&Sm;cJhayr,fh OD;Ek avmufatmifjrifr_ r&cJhyg?
OD;Ek udk xdk;ESufwdkufcdkuf&if; OD;ausmf+idrf; u EkdifiHa&;orm;awG[m ig;yg;oDvapmifh
xde;f zd@k rvdq k w kd hJ oabmrsKd ;ajymrdygw,f? OD;Ek wk@d oef@&iS ;f u OD;ausm+f ird ;f &JŒ pum;udk csuaf umif;,l+y;D
OD;ausm+f ird ;f udk ‘'kov D ’ tjzpf jypfwifa0zef wke@f jyefygw,f? OD;ausm+f ird ;f u tcsed rf aD jz&Si;f ayr,fh

rajyrvnfawmhbJ OD;Ek udk w&m;apmifhol/ OD;ausmf+idrf; wdk@udk w&m;uif;oltjzpf ydkrdkjrifvm

=uygw,f?
OD;AaqG u a&G;aumufyGJrSm aqG+idrf; wdk@‘Ekdifv#ifvnf;Edkifrnf/ ±H_;v#ifvnf;Edkifrnf’ vdk@
ajymvmwJhtwGuf OD;Ek u csufcsif;zGifhcs+yD; tuGufusus xdk;ESufwkef@jyefEkdifcJhygw,f? Adkvfcifarmif
uav; tyg wnf+rJ acgif;aqmiftcsKdŒu ppfwyfudk ‘'dk@vlawG’ qdkwJhoabmeJ@ *dkufcHajyma[m=u
av/ ppfwyfudkrkef;wD;ae=uwJh jynfolvlxkt=um; wnf+rJ[m txdemavjzpfvmygw,f? Adkvfcif
armifuav; udk aAGr,l=uygeJ@/ Adkvfcifarmifuav; pum;wcGef;ajymav/ oef@&Sif;twGuf rJawGt
rsm;}uD;&avvd@k awmif OD;Ek u rSwcf suðf y ajymqdv k mwJt h xd wnf+rJ acgi;f aqmifawG rJq, G pf nf;±H;k
a&;pGrf;&nf 'va[musqif;vmygw,f? ppfwyfukd vlxkurkef;av/ wnf+rJ udkvnf; vlxku
tjrifuyfvmav jzpfvmygw,f?
wnf+rJvdkvm;ol wyfrawmftwGif; t&m&Sd}uD;i,fawGu oef@&Sif;&JŒ pnf;±Hk;a&;wufvm
av a'golykefx=uavjzpfvmygw,f? ajymifajymifwif;wif;bufvdkufwmawG ay:vmygw,f//
vufeufudkifrsm;yDyD t=urf;zuf+cdrf;ajcmuf pGufzufwmawGvkyfvmygw,f?
a&G;aumufyGJem;eD;vmav bufvdkufwJhowif;/ ppfwyf&JŒ t=urf;zuf+cdrf;ajcmufwJh
owif;awG rsm;vmavjzpfcJhygw,f? aemufqHk;rSm EdkifiHawmforw}uD;udk,fwdkifu “orw}uD;&JŒ
rJqENe,f udk,fwdkifrSmyif bufvdkufr_ +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;ay:aeI tjcm;e,frsm;rSm awG;0Hhp&myifr&Sd
awmh/ w&m;r#wr_jzpfatmif aqmif&u G af y;yg?” qd+k yD; Advk cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;xH pma&;+yD; ta=umif;=um;
&wJt h xdjzpfvmygw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; uawmh bufrvdu k af &;rde@f ceG ;f udk ppfwyftwGi;f &Daumf
'g}u;D eJ@ zGithf jycdik ;f wmuvGv J @kd bmrS xdxad &mufa&muf raqmif&u G b f J pifay:uae =unfah ecJyh gw,f?
'DZifbm (29) &ufae@rSm/ udkudk;u|ef;u EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG jynfr jyefa&mufvmcJhyg
w,f? tif;pdeaf xmif/ &efuek af xmifw@kd rmS cGx J m;ygw,f? a&G;aumufy0JG ifa&muf,OS òf ydiv f o kd al wGukd
axmifxJuae trwfavmif;pm&if; wifcGifhay;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh axmifxJuae trwfavmif;pm
&if;wifco hJ al wGvnf; &Scd yhJ gw,f? woD;yk*v ~ trwfavmif;tjzpf pm&if;wifoal wG xGuaf y:vmcJyh g
w,f? Adv k rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm u =unfjh rifwikd rf q J ENe,fuae woD;yk*v ~ trwftjzpf pm&if;wifygw,f?
a&G;aumufyGJa=unmcsufawG yvlysHovdk xGufay:vmcJhygw,f?
wnf+ru J oef@&iS ;f udk tykycf swu kd cf ukd af yr,f/h rJq, G pf nf;±H;k a&;vkyif ef;rSm oef@&iS ;f aemufu
aemufa,mifcHvdkufae&ovdkjzpfcJh&ygw,f? Ak'<bmom EkdifiHawmfbmomjzpfa&;udpPrSm wnf+rJu
qef@usifcJhw,fqdkayr,fh aemufqHk;rSmawmh “jynfolvlxkuvdkvm;&ifawmh aqmif&Gufay;r,fvdk@
oabmxm;a=umif;” qdk+yD; avajyxdk;cJhygw,f?
wnf+rJ&JŒ a&G;aumufyGJ a=unmpmwrf;rSm uwdawG a0a0qmqmay;+yD; rJqG,fcJhygw,f?
trawmfa=u;ESpfqwdk;ay;r,f? tcGefaumufcHjcif;udk av#mhcsr,f? tv,fwef;ausmif;vc
vGwrf nf? txufwef;eJ@ wuUov kd v
f nf; wpwp vcuif;vGwaf p&r,f? 0efxrf;rsm;b0 vHòk cHa&;
udk apmifah &Smufay;rnf? 'Dru kd a&pDxeG ;f um;a&; tpGr;f ukeóf ud;yrf;rnfv@kd azmfjy rufv;kH ay;cJyh gw,f?
OD;Ek &JŒ oef@&iS ;f uawmh “'Dru kd a&pDuakd &G;rSmvm;/ zufppfpepfuakd &G;rSmvm;” qdw k mudyk J ta&G;cdik ;f cJh

+yD; cJwvHk;xJeJ@ iSufESpfaumifypfEdkifcJhygw,f? zufppfqdkwm wnf+rJaqG+idrf;tkyfudk &nf!¸ef;ovdk

vdkeJ@ ppfwyfukd OD;wnf+yD;om;jzpfoGm;ygw,f? vlxkóudufjzpfoGm;ygw,f?
yrnw tzGŒJ }u;D u (yrnw/ oef@&iS ;f / wnf+r)J !¸eaf ygi;f tpd;k &zGŒJ a&;wifygw,f? 'gayr,fh
OD;Ek &JŒ b,fvrf;udka&G;rSmvJqdkwJh ar;cGef;aºuG;a=umfoHudk wdk;razmufEdkifawmhyg?
vlxk&JŒ ppfwyftay: cg;oD;r_udk &dyfpm;rdvmwJh wnf+rJu aemufqHk;óud;yrf;csuftaeeJ@
“ppfwyfvkyfwm wdk@ESifhrqdkif/ ppfwyfudk ppfwef;vsm;rsm;odk@ jyefydk@rnf?” vdk@ vlxkóuduf ajymif;vJ
aºuG;a=umf =unfhcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh r&awmh? vlxku ppfwyfeJ@ wnf+rJ/ wnf+rJeJ@ ppfwyf/ '*F g;wck
&JŒ acgif; eJ@ yef;tjzpfyJ em;vnfcH,lxm;vdkuf=u+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? wnf+rJtzdk@ tajctaeodyf
raumif;Edkifawmhwmudk jrLeDpy,fa&G;aumufyGJawGu edrdwfjyvmygw,f? ygvDrefa&G;aumuf
yGJawGrSm wnf+rJvl}uD;awG cGufcGufvefatmif ±H_;edrfhcJhygw,f?
Advk cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; uawmh ordik ;f 0ifaqmif&u G cf su}f uD;wckukd atmifjrifpmG aqmif&u G Ef ikd cf hJ
w,fv@kd emrnfaumif;,l *k%, f 0l ifºh uGm;Edik zf @kd “w±kw-f Arme,ferd w d f oabmwlpmcsKyf” tjrefq;kH
csKyfqdk+yD;ajrmufEdkifa&;udk wufokwf±dkuf aqmif&Gufygw,f? w±kwf0ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvdkif; u 1959
ckESpf/ 'DZifbm (22) &ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyf csKyfqdka&;ay;pm
tay: jyefvnfjyef=um;pmay;ydk@ygw,f?
pmxJrSm 1960 jynfh/ Zefe0g&DvtwGif; yDuif;udkta&mufvmzdk@ zdwf=um;vdkufygw,f?
Advk cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; u Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;/ Edik if aH wmfa&SŒaecsKyf/ 'kw, d umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf wd@k yg0ifwhJ
aumfrpf&SifzGJŒ+yD; Zefe0g&Dv (23) &ufae@rSm yDuif;udkoGm;ygw,f? Zefe0g&Dv (28) &ufae@rSm
“w±kwf-jrefrm ESpfEkdifiH e,ferdwfoabmwlpmcsKyf” ukd w&m;0ifvufrSwfa&;xdk; csKyfqdkvdkuf=uyg
w,f? wu,fu 1954 ckESpfuxJu OD;Ek pwifcJh+yD; 56/ 57 ESpfckESpftwGif; OD;Ek/ OD;AaqG wdk@
0ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvdkif;eJ@ qufvuf aqG;aEG; oabmwlnDcJh=uwJh tajccHtcsuftvufawGtay:
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u emrnfaumif;,l csKyfqdkvdkufwJh oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyfjzpfygw,f?
zDarmf/ a*:vH/ uefzef&GmoHk;&GmudpPa=umifh OD;Ek/ OD;AaqGwdk@vufxufawGtwGif; t+yD;
tjywf pmcsKyfrcsKyfqdkEdkifao;bJ tr#ifwef; usefae&cJhwJhudpPudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u vufpowf
ay;oGm;wmjzpfygw,f? &GmoHk;&Gmukday;&&if olukd,fwdkif vufeufukdifwdkufr,fvdk@ aºuG;a=umfuef@
uGucf w hJ hJ OD;Zefxm;qif udk Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; u ac:,lnE‡d id_ ;f wdik yf ifjcif;awmifrðybJ/ vkyaf qmifomG ;
cJhygw,f// OD;Zefxm;qif +idrfoufoGm;cJh&ygw,f?
1957 ckESpfu w±kwf0ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvdkif;u tqdkðycJh+yD;/ OD;Ek u ESpfEkdifiHe,fedrdwf
oabmwlnDr_ pmcsKyf csKyfqdk+yD;rS vufrSwfa&;xdk;csifw,fvdk@ ajym=um;cJhzl;wJh w±kwf-jrefrm
cspf=unfa&;eJ@ wOD;ay:wOD; rusL;ausmfa&;pmcsKyfukdvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u ol 0ef}uD;csKyfb0
twGif;rSm emrnfaumif;&zdk@ wufokwf±dkuf+yD; csKyfqdkcJhygw,f?

19 60 jynfhESpfa&G;aumufyGJ/ yxp/ OD;= Adkvf= ocif= q&m eJ‹ ygvDrefacwfae0ifcsdef

1960
jref r mEd k i f i H a wmf &J Œ tajctae
1960 jynfhESpf/ azazmf0g&D (6) &ufae@rSm jynfolŒv$wfawmftwGuf ygvDreftaxGaxG

a&G;aumufyGJ}uD; usif;yay:aygufvmygw,f?
oef@&Sif;/ wnf+rJ/ yrnw wdk@&JŒ t}udwfte,f ,SOfòydifyGJ}uD;ozG,f jzpfcJhayr,fh/ t"du
tm;jzifhawmh oef@&Sif;eJ@ wnf+rJwdk@&JŒ tòydiftqdkif AdkvfvkyGJ}uD;o¿mef ydk+yD;ay:vGifcJhygw,f? 'Da&G;
aumufyGJ}uD;rSm Adkvfrª;csKyfa[mif; ausmfaZm wdk@vdk woD;yk*~vrsm;vnf; yg0if,SOfòydif ta&G;cHcJhyg
w,f? yrnw u wcsdKŒrJqENe,fawGrSm yrnw ydkifwJh rJawGudkawmif oef@&Sif;trwfavmif;udk
ay;zd@k v_ŒH aqmfwu kd w
f eG ;f ay;cJyh gw,f? rJqENe,f (135) e,favmufrmS yJ 0ifa&muf,OS òf ydif ta&G;cs,f
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(2) Adkvfrª;csKyf armifarmif
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yef=um;csuu f kd jynfoŒl &JabmfygweD @J jynfoŒl wd;k wufa&;ygwu D axmufcaH =umif; a=unmtm;jznfh
vdkufygw,f?
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jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJŒ}uD; jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;Ekdifzdk@ jyifqifv_yf&Sm;oHawG xGufay:vmygw,f?
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csrf;a&; E_d;aqmfa&;tzGJŒ” (6) OD;aumfrwD arvxJrSm ay:aygufvmygw,f?

q&m}uD;rd_if;&JŒ {+yD (25) yef=um;csufudk ‘Armjynftvkyform; v,form;ygwD’ uvnf;

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udkyg tav;teufwdkufwGef;a=umif;” qdkwm xGufay:vmcJhygw,f?
q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;u *smref'Drdku&ufwpforwEdkifiHudk aq;0g;ukozdk@ oGm;
a&mufumeD;qJqJ arv (20) &ufae@rSmyJ ‘q&mraorD wdkif;jynf+idrf;csrf;a&;tppftrSefudk awGŒ
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av;av;eufeuf ajymqdkxkwfazmfcJhygw,f?
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ump jynfaxmifpkygwD}uD;wGif;rSmudk rnD!GwfEdkifr_awG wpwp xGufay:vmygw,f? oef@&Sif;
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Edik if aH &;0g&ifh ocif}uD;awG tkypf w k pktjzpf ygvmcJo h vdk aemufr0S ifvmcJ=h uwJh awmfveS af &;rSmwke;f
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rsm;u ‘OD;’ tkypf /k awmfveS af &;rSmyg0ifcb hJ ;l wJh ppfAvdk af [mif;}uD;rsm;u ‘Adv k ’f tkypf /k a&S;uwnf;u
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Adv
k w f ifarmif}u;D / ocifcsex f eG ;f / OD;apmvlv/l OD;tke;f jrif/h ocifxeG ;f tH/ ocifxeG ;f pde/f OD;wifO;D / OD;bZH/
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Adv
k tf yk pf rk mS u &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifawGjzpfwhJ Adv k rf ;ª atmif/ Adv
k rf if;acgi/f Advk Af v/ Adv k wf m&m/
AdkvfjrifhaqG/ AdkvfZifa,mf wdk@tyg AdkvfAwif/ Adkvfrª;aomif;xdkuf/ Adkvfrª;xifay: pwJh Adkvfa[mif;}uD;
awGyg0ifygw,f?
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tp&SdwJh yk*~dKvf}uD;awG yg0if=uygw,f?
tckvdk tkyfpk}uD; (3) pk uGJ+yD; rnDr!Gwfjzpfvm&wJh ta=umif;&if;uawmh tpuwnf;u
EdkifiHa&;tjrifrwl=u / &yfwnfr_tajccHrwl=uwmtay: wOD;ay:wOD; txiftjrifao;ae=uwm
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ociftkyfpku rdrdwdk@[m e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;acwfuxJu wdkif;jynftwGuf yg0ifvmcJhol
awGjzpfygw,f? ESpf&Snfvrsm; EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fxJrSmyJ usifvnfvmcJh&/ tepfemcHvmcJh&wJhtwGuf
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vnf; rdrdwdk@omjzpfw,fvdk@ ,lqygw,f? OD;tkyfpk[m b,fwkef;urSvnf; tepfemcHcJhbl;olvnf;

r[kwfyJ e,fcsJŒtvdkawmf&d t&m&Sd t&mcH vkyfvmwJholawG tckrS EdkifiHa&;xJa&mufvmolawG

vdkŒjrifygw,f?
Adv
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tawGŒtóuHt&yg tjywftowfomw,f? tpdk;&tzGJŒrSm acgif;aqmifjzpfoifhw,fvdkŒ,lq+yD;
ociftkyfpk[m bmynmrS [kwWdywWd wwfajrmufcJholawG r[kwfvdkŒ txifao;ygw,f?
'Dvekd ŒJ wygwt D wGi;f twlwuG jzpfwnfa&muf&dS vm=u+yD;wJah emuf yxrqH;k pwif azmfjy
vdkufwJh aoG;uGJr_tjzpftysufuawmh ‘taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_;’ae&mtwGuf ta0rwnfhr_
jzpfygw,f? tdrfapmifhtpdk;& vufxufrSm zqyv taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_; ocif ausmfxGef;
wa,muf rlqm r'g; jyefay;qGJr_eJŒ tzrf;cHcJh&ygw,f? ocif ausmfxGef; ae&mudk tJ'Dwkef;u
tpm;xdk;cef@tyfzdkŒ OD;Eku OD;0if;udk vsmxm; pDpOfygw,f? ocifawGu qef@usifuef@uGufcJhygw,f?
tpdk;& &JŒ pGyfpGJcsufudk rdrdwdkŒu vufcHvdkufwJhoabm oufa&mufoGm;r,f/ ocifausmfxGef;rSm
tjypfr&SdqdkjyD; ta=umif;jy&if; uef@uGufcJh=uw,f qdkygw,f? 'ga=umifh aemufqHk;rSm ,m,D
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r_; tjzpf Adv k rf if;acgiuf ykd J cef@xm; ay;cJ&h ygw,f? 1960 jynfh rwfv (8)&ufaeŒ
ocifausmfxGef; vGwfvmwJhtcg taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; ae&mjyef,lygw,f? ocifausmfxGef;u
“r&SdpOfu &mxl;vk,l=u+yD; vGwfvmwJhtcg jyefray;vdk=uvdk@ tzGJŒ}uD;twGif;rSm tkyfpkuGJaeyg
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'kw, d tjzpftysuu f awmh OD;Eku yxptpd;k &tzGŒJ }u;D zGŒJ pnf;vdu k w f t
hJ cg 0ef}u;D enf;enf;
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ygw,f? 0ef}uD;enf;enf;eJ@ tpdk;&tzGJŒ zGJŒvdkufwmudk OD;/ Adkvf/ ociftkyfpk (3) pkvHk;u rausreyfjzpf
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qdkygw,f?
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onfrSm 0rf;enf;p&maumif;vSonf? ,ckowif;rsm; =um;&onfhtwdkif;qdkygu jynfaxmifpktzGJŒ
}uD;wGif tkypf ak &m*g/ &mxl;a&m*g xaepðyvmonf?” qdw k hJ owif;pmawGu xkwaf zmfajymqdv k m
wJhtoHawG wdwdvif;vif; xGufay:vmygw,f?
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tEdkif& yxp tzGJŒ}uD;u a&G;aumufyGJumvtwGif; ppfwyf&JŒ rw&m;ojzifh bufvdkufusL;vGefr_
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ppfAdkvf}uD;wodkufudk wyfrawmfuae t+yD;tydkif xkwfy,fjypfvdkufygw,f? OD;Ek u ta&;r,lcif
olu t&ifOD;atmif ta&;,ljyvdkufwmjzpfygw,f?

a&G;aumufyGJtwGif; rJqG,f bufvdkufr_eJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; xkwfypfvdkufwJh ppfAdkvfxdyf

oD;}uD;awGuawmh Adv k rf ;ª csKyfatmifa&G/ Adv k rf ;ª }uD; at;armif/ Adv k rf ;ª }uD;wifarmif/ Adv k rf ;ª }uD;vSarmf/
Adkvfrª;}uD;=unf0if;/ Adkvfrª;}uD;odef;wkwf/ 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;cspfcdkif tygt0if wyfwGif; xdyfoD;}uD;awGjzpf
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kd }f uD; (13) OD;xJrmS Adv k rf ;ª csKyfarmifarmif vnf; yg0ifomG ;
ygw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm Adv k rf ;ª csKyfarmifarmifukd tpPa&;oHtrwf/ Adv k rf ;ª csKyfatmifa&$ udk =opaw;vs
oH t rwf t jzpf cef @ tyf a y;&ef arwW m &yf c H c J h w J h t wG u f tpd k ; &u oH t rwf } uD ; rsm;tjzpf
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OD;Ek u ta&;r,lcif óudwifOD;atmif ta&;,ljyvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh OD;Ek u olŒtay: tjypfrjrifapyJ
taumif;jrifvmatmif zefwD;vdkufjcif;jzpfoGm;apygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh OD;Ek udk t,HkoGif;wm
jzpfygw,f? aemufwcsuu f wyfrawmfwiG ;f &Sd ajcpvufp&So d /l wcsed rf mS olŒudk cGm&mwdik ;f vmEdik o f l
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u &yfwnfvmcJhwJh Adkvfae0if; [m tm%m& zqyv}uD;tuGJrSmvnf; qdk&S,fvpftkyfpkbufu
wav#mufvHk; &yfwnfvmcJh&mu (60) jynfhESpfa&G;aumufyGJ&JŒ aemufqHk;azmfjycsufrSm zqqdk&S,f
vpfawG&JŒtcef; evHrxlEdkifawmhbl;qdkwm tydkifwGufqvdkuf+yD;+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf tckvdk jywfjywf
om;om; vrf;cGJvdkufwmjzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; usqHk;+yD;wJhaemuf wpwp wyfwGif;rSm
ae&m,ledkifcJhwJh Adkvfae0if; [m jynfwGif;ppfumv}uD;twGif; ppfwyfudk olŒ&JŒ vufeufudkifwyf
jzpfatmif óud;yrf;tm;xkwf arG;jrLvmEdik cf &hJ muae olŒukad rG;jrLcJw h hJ qd&k , S v f pfygw}D uD;udyk g tav;
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jzpfwJhtwGuf qdk&S,fvpfygwDeJ@ ppfwyft=um; uwWDygvrf;cGJudk a&G;cs,fvdkufwJhoabmvnf;
aqmifygw,f? ppfwyf[m udk,fhbmomukd vGwfvGwfu|wfu|wf EkdifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay: wufuEdkifzdk@
tcsdeftcgudk apmifhvifh&if; udk,fhudk,fudktem;ay;&if; urBmhtcif;tusif;udkvnf; Adkvfae0if;
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jzpfygw,f? ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD; emqm [m ppfwyfeJ@ tm%modrf;+yD;wufvmwJh tD*spforw}uD;jzpfyg
w,f? ygupPwefeJ@ tdENd,wdk@ukdvnf; oGm;a&mufavhvm+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f?
ppfwyfukd ppfwef;vsm;ydk@xm;&wkef;rSm tar&duef/ +Adwdef pwJh taemufEdkifiHawGqD Adkvf
csKyf}uD;ae0if; c&D;xGuyf gw,f? OD;Ek u Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; jynfyc&D;xGuw f ikd ;f / jyefvmwdik ;f / oef;acgif
c&D;xGuf&if oef;acgif/ oef;acgifjyefvm&if oef;acgiftxd ysLysLiSmiSm vdkufvHóudydk@vkyfygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; u 0g&SifwefeJ@ e,l;a,mufwdk@rSm aq;uko tem;,l&if; avhvmw,f
vdk@qdkygw,f? vef'efrSmtem;,laewHk; owif;pmq&mtcsdKŒu “AdkvfcsKyf tm%mjyef,l&ef tcsdef
udak pmif+h yD; toifjh yifaeygovm;” vd@k ar;=u jref;=uw,fqykd gw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u “r[kwf
ygb;l ? toifrh jyifygb;l 'Dtwdik ;f ae&wm pdwcf sr;f omygw,f” vd@k jyefvnfajz=um; ajymqdyk gw,f?
1960 jynfhESpfxJrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek [m 'Drdkua&pDtacstjrpfwG,fEdkifa&;qdk+yD; twdkuftcH
awGyg yg0ifwJh aumfrwDtrsdK;rsdK;/ aumfr&SiftzHkzHk zGJŒay;ygw,f? t*Fvef'Drdkua&pDudk twk,l+yD;
vef'ef [du k yf wf yef;+cHxrJ mS vdk AE<Kvyef;+cHxrJ mS vnf; ‘jynfoŒl [pfwikd ’f zGiahf y;+yD; ajymcsi&f majym
cGifh/ a[mcsif&ma[mcGifh ðyay;ygw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek [m olu, kd w f ikd f Ak'b

< momudk udik ;f ±di_ ;f ±Hrk u Ak'b < momudk Edik if aH wmfbmom
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olomtm%mjyef&&if Ak'<bmomukd EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jyÏmef;ay;zdk@ óud;yrf;aqmif&Gufr,f
qdw k hJ uwdpum;&Sad ewmuvnf; wa=umif;a=umifyh g? vlaumfr&Sif oHCmaumfr&D iS zf ŒJG +yD; pwifóud;
yrf;wJhtcg om"kac: =uolawGtajrmuftjrm; ay:aygufvmovdk uef@uGuf=uolawG/ qef@usif=u
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wzufu 'Dru kd a&pDt&dyt f a&mifawG ydrk ykd iG v
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jyÏmef;a&; óud;yrf;csufeJ@ywfouf+yD; yxptpdk;&tzGJŒtwGif;rSmawmif uef@uGufolawG ay:ayguf
vmygw,f? Ak'<bmom0ifr[kwfwJh 0ef}uD;OD;&m&Spf vdkyk*~dKvfu OD;Ek &JŒ tm;xkwfcsufukd oabmr
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wyfrawmfuvnf; wyfwiG ;f pnf;±H;k nD!w G af &;udk xdcu kd Ef ikd w
f ,fq+kd yD; b0ifrusjzpfco hJ vdk
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uef@uu G cf iG ahf y;xm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh yxptzGŒJ 0if Ak'b < momtrwfawG=uawmh tm;vH;k axmufcH
=u&r,f? ruef@uGuf =u&bl;? uef@uGuf=uw,fqdk&ifawmh tzGJŒtpnf;u armif;xkwfjypfrSmyJ”
vdk@ ajymwJhqdkwJhtxd OD;Ek u +cdrf;ajcmufwm;jrpfcJhw,fqdkygw,f?
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acgif;aqmifwJh pHkprf;a&;tzJ GŒ}uD;u ucsifjynfe,f jrpf}uD;em;udk oGm;a&mufwJhtcgrSmawmh
vlxku jyif;jyif;xefxef qef@usifqENjyv$wfygw,f? c&pf,mefudk;uG,folrsm;eJ@ ewfudk;uG,fol
ucsifvlxk (5000) avmufu ydkpwmawGudk udkifaqmif+yD; qef@usifwJhaºuG;a=umfoHawG
oHòydifatmf&if; jyif;jyif; xefxef uef@uGufqENjy=u±Hkwifru cJrsm;eJ@yg xkv$wfvdkufwJhtwGuf
pHkprf;a&;tzGJŒ0if vl}uD;awG udk ppfwyfu tapmifhta&SmufeJ@ jyefydk@vdkuf&ygw,f?
aemufqHk;rSm t}uHay;tzGJŒu OD;Ek tpdk;&udk tpD&ifcHpmwifygw,f? t}uHay;tzGJŒu
t"duxm; wifjycJhwmuawmh Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jyÏmef;r,fqdk&if zGJŒpnf;tkyf
csKyfyHktajccHOya' yk'fr 21 (1) udk jyifqifoifhw,fqdkwmyJjzpfygw,f?
tckvkd Ak'b < momudk Edik if aH wmfbmomtjzpf jyÏmef;Edik af &;twGuf Ak'b < mom0if olawmfpif
bk&m;wum}uD;OD;Ek wufwufºuGºuG taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&u G af ewH;k rSm Edik if aH wmforw}uD;
ref;0if;armifu/ ole@J zufqpfawmfveS af &;twGi;f avxD;qif; &Jabmf&b J uf t&if;acguaf cgujf zpfchJ

ol tdrfapmifhtpdk;& AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; vufxuf ao'%ftrdef@ csrSwfjypf'%fðyxm;jcif;cH&ol

ArmjynfueG jf rLepf ygwAD [dak umfrwD0if Adv k rf ;ª cspaf umif;udk =o*kwv f (6) &ufae@rmS ao'%fuae
vH;k 0 vGw+f idr;f cGiahf y;vdu k wf ,f? Adv k rf ;ª cspaf umif; &JŒ w&m;±H;k csKyfo@kd t,lcrH 0ifawmhyJ orRw}uD;xH
“oifykef;acsvGwf+idrf;cGifh” ay;&ef wdkuf±dkufyef=um;csufudk orRw}uD;u olŒ&JŒ &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; vkyfydkif
cGithf m%mudk tjynft h 0udik pf +JG yD; v$wyf pfvu kd wf mjzpfygw,f? tJ'v D kd v$wyf pfvu kd rf t_ ay:rSmawmh
bk&m;w&m;udkif;&_dif;vSol 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek [m orRw}uD;tay: awmfawmfrausreyfjzpfcJhw,fvdk@
qdkygw,f//
tm%m& yxp}uD;twGi;f OD;-Adv k -f ocif tkypf u k +JG yD; rnD!w G Ef ikd f jzpfae=ucsed /f Ak'b < mom
EdkifiHawmfbmomjyÏmef;a&; ajcvSrf;awGa=umifh a0zefoH/ uef@uGufoH/ qef@usifqENjyoHawG us,f
us,af vmifavmif xGuaf y:vmqJtcsed /f 'Dtcsed rf mS yJ a&SŒqifah emufqifh wòydief ufxv J v kd kd xGuaf y:
nHpDvmwJhtoHuawmh &cdkif/ rGef/ csif; trsdK;om;wdk@&JŒ jynfe,fay;a&;awmif;qdkoH/jynfe,f&a&;
v_yf&Sm;oHyJjzpfygw,f? 'DtoHuvnf; EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek &JŒ {+yDv (5) &ufae@ v$wfawmft
wGi;f rSm rde@f =um;wifjycJw h hJ jynfe,fopfrsm;xlaxmifay;a&;udpeP @J wqufxaJ y:aygucf w hJ hJ toHjzpf
ygw,f? OD;Ek [m oef@&iS ;f wnf+rJtuGw J ek ;f uvnf; &cdik ef @J rGeu f kd jynfe,fay;a&;pum; [cJzh ;l ovd/k
Ekwiftkyfpk&JŒ ay:vpD (4) &yf xkwfjyefcsufwckrSm wcktygt0ifjzpfcJhwJh “jynfe,frsm;. w&m;
ojzifh &oifh&xdkufaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk &ap&eftmrcHrnf” qdkwJh pum;vnf; &SdcJh+yD;om;jzpfwJh
twGuf 'Duwdpum;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufzdk@ w&m;0if tpysdK;&muae ydkrdk toH
jrnfvmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? jrnfoifhjrnfxdkufwJh toHawGvnf;jzpfygw,f?
&cdik f eJ@ rGejf ynfe,f taumiftxnfazmfa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; tpd;k &udk t}uHay;zd@k a'guw f m
bOD; acgif;aqmifwJh twdkifyifcH t}uH ay; (5) OD; tzGJŒ zGJŒpnf;ay;cJh+yD; 1960 jynfhESpf/ {+yD (29)&uf
ae@rSm v$JtyfcJhygw,f?
t}uHay;tzGJŒ[m &cdkifeJ@ywfouf+yD; &cdkiftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifawG/ oufqdkif&m EdkifiHa&;
orm;eJ@ toif;tzGJŒ udk,fpm;vS,fawGudk awGŒqHkar;jref; pHkprf;avhvm t}uH^m%f,lcJhovdk &cdkif
wdik ;f udo
k mG ;a&muf+yD; &cdik t f rsKd ;om;awGe@J awGŒqHu k m &cdik jf ynfe,fay;a&;eJ@ ywfoufwhJ &cdik t f rsKd ;
om;awG&ŒJ oabmxm;awGukd ygppkH rf;avhvmygw,f? rGef eJ@ ywfouf+yD;vnf; tvm;wlyJ avhvm
pHkprf; awGŒqHkoGm;a&mufwmawG vkyfygw,f?
tJ'Dvdk pHkprf;avhvmwJhtcgrSm &cdkifrSma&m/ rGefrSma&m jynfe,f&&Sda&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;
axmufcHvdkvm;olawG&Sdovdk/ rvdkvm;ol/ qef@usifuef@uGufolawGvnf; &Sdw,fvdk@qdkygw,f?
&cdkifjynfe,fzGJŒpnf;a&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; e,fedrdwfjy\em xl;xl;jcm;jcm;r&SdyJ/ rGefjynfe,fzGJŒ
pnf;a&;rSmawmh e,fedrdwfjy\em[m ododomom yg0ifaew,fqdkygw,f? rGefacgif;aqmifawG
tcsi;f csi;f twGi;f rSmudk e,ferd w d jf y\emeJ@ywfouf+yD; oabmxm;awG rwlujJG ym; jcm;em;aewm
&Sdw,fqdkygw,f?
tJ'Dvdk &cdkif eJ@ rGef wdk@&JŒ jynfe,fzGJŒpnf;a&; v_yf&Sm;oHawG pnfpnfnHvmcsdefrSm csif;trsdK;
om;wdk@uvnf; jynfe,f&&Sda&;ukd v_yf&Sm;awmif;qdkvmygw,f? csif;0daoowdkif;uae csif;jynf
e,f&&Sda&;udk vdkvm;=uwm obm0uswJhudpPjzpfygw,f?

1960 jynfhESpfxJrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tjzpftysufwckuawmh Armjynfu ppfacgif;aqmif

Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; udk zdvpfyikd uf ‘&mrGerf ufaq;aq;’ qk cs;D jr‡ichf yhJ gw,f? tJ'q D [k m uGejf rLepfqef@
usifa&;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf pGrf;pGrf;wrH óud;yrf;tm;xkwf umuG,fapmifha&SmufolawGtwGuf
ay;tyfwJh EdkifiHwumqdkif&m qkwrsdK;jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dqkudk&,lvufcHzdk@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; u jiif;
y,fvdkufygw,f?
bma=umifh jiif;y,fcJhovJqdkwm tH=oolawG tHh=ooGm;=uygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;
[m olŒudk uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;orm;vkd@ owfrSwf,lqwmudk vufrcHEdkifwJhtwGuf 'Dqkudk
vufrcHEdkifwmvm;vdk@ awG;qolrsm; awG;qcJh=uygw,f?
*smref'Drdku&ufwpforwEdkifiH&JŒ zdwf=um;csuft& oGm;a&mufaq;ukocHvmcJhwJh pwm
vif+idr;f csr;f a&;qk& q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f u Armjynfjyefa&mufvm+yD;aemuf =o*kwv f xJrmS
jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf “tmCmwuif;wJh +idrf;csrf;a&;tppfudk &atmifaqmif&Guf=uprf;yg”
vdk@ OD;Ektpdk;&udka&m/ vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm;udkyg wkdufwGef;E_d;aqmfr_vkyfygw,f? 58 ckESpf
urBmat;nDvmcHrmS OD;Ekajym=um;cJb h ;l wJh pum;}uD;oH;k cGe;f twdik ;f jyefvnftaumiftxnfazmf+yD;
ESpfOD;ESpfzuf vufcHEdkifr,fhyHkpHeJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;udk tjrefjyef+yD; t&,l=uygvdk@vnf; E_d;aqmfygw,f?
“q&m[m b,fbufurS bufrvdkufygbl;” qdkwm tav;wif;ajymqdk+yD; “armifEk/ armifAaqG/
ocifwif/ armifausm+f idr;f / Adv k af e0if; polrsm;a&m/ ocifp;kd / ocifoef;xGe;f / Adv k &f efatmif/ Adv k af Z,s
polrsm;a&m q&mhwynfhrsm;eJ@ e,fcsJŒzufqpfudk q&meJ@twl yl;wGJqef@usifcJholrsm;jzpfwJhtwGuf
b,fbufurS rvdu k yf /J q&mbufvu kd w
f m trSew f &m;eJ@ &[ef;&Siv f l jynfow l &yfv;kH bufomjzpf
+yD;/ ESpfzuf ausauseyfeyfeJ@ wu,fwef; jynfolw&yfvHk;tusKd;&Sdapr,fh +idrf;csrf;a&;rsKd;om jzpfap
csiaf =umif;/ tay:,HjzL; aq;vdr;f aq;av;okwv f rd ;f ay;vd@k c%wm aysmufovd&k +dS yD; ykyyf x G vmwJh
temyqkyaf &m*g}uD;vdak wmh rjzpfapcsiaf =umif;/ &[ef;&Siv f jl ynfowl &yfv;kH &JŒ aumif;usK;d csr;f om
udk=unfh+yD; tmCmwuif;pGmeJ@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk tjrefqHk;jyefvnf&&Sdatmif óud;yrf;aqmif
&Guf=uygvdk@ tav;teuf wdkufwGef;&Smygw,f?
1960 jynfh =o*kwfvukefrSmawmh OD;Eku “ykefuefolawG wa,mufrusef tvif;0ifrnf
[k tcdkiftrm tmrcHcsuf,lvmv#if oHk;vq,fhckESpf&uf oef@&Sif;tpdk;&vufxufu uJhodk@yif
EdkifiHawmforw}uD;. trdef@jzifh vHk;0vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdef@ xkwfjyefay;ygOD;rnf” vdk@ ajymqdk
vmygw,f? orRw}uD;&JŒ vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdef@qdkwm oef@&Sif;tpdk;&vufxufu xkwfjyefcJh
zl;+yD;/ Adv
k cf sKyfae0if; acgi;f aqmifwhJ ppfwyfukd tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;tyfvu kd &f wJth cg Akv
d cf sKyfae0if;
pdwfóuduf vkyfEdkifa&;twGuf jyefvnf±kyfodrf;ay;vdkuf&wJh trdef@jzpfygw,f? oufwrf; bmrSr=um
vdkuf&wJh trdef@jzpfygw,f? tck tJ'Dtrdef@rsKd;udk jyefvnfxkwfay;r,fvkd@ ajymqdkvmwmjzpf+yD;
óudwifpnf;urf;csuftjzpf “wa,mufrusef tvif;0ifvmrnf[k tcdkiftrm tmrcHcsuf ,lvm
v#i”f qdw k hJ pum;&yfawmif xyf+yD; tydak qmif;xm;vdu k yf gao;w,f? Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG&ŒJ ‘w&m;0if
ygwDwnf&SdcGifh’ qdkwmudkvnf; vHk;0xnfhoGif; ajym=um;jcif;r&SdawmhyJ a&iHkE_wfydwfvkyfxm;wm
awGŒ&wJt h wGuf vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkrsm;u b,fvrkd S vufcEH ikd jf cif;r&S=d uyg? a&G;aumufyu JG mv
twGif;u wnf+rJzqyv tEdkif&v#if jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;oabmxm; ykdrkdwif;rmvmEdkifacs

&Swd t
hJ wGuf awmwGi;f vufeufuikd f tiftm;pkrsm;[m OD;Ek &JŒ oef@&iS ;f zqyv tEdik &f a&;bufuyJ
&yfwnfc=hJ uum olw@kd qikd &f m e,fajra'o pnf;±H;k a&;*Giaf wGtwGi;f uae oef@&iS ;f udk axmufc0H ef;&H
ay;cJ=h uygw,f? 'gayr,fh OD;Ek tm%m wu,fjyefvnf&&Sv d mwJt h cg OD;Ek &JŒ w&m;0if xkwaf zmfajym
qdk jyocsuaf wGu +idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf tm;wufp&m bmwckrS rawGŒ&ao;wJt h jyif aemufawmif
jyefqw k af ewJt h wGuf vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkrsm;[m pdwrf oufromjzpf=u&ygw,f? jynfwiG ;f ppf
&yfpJa&;[m tvm;tvm arS;rSdefaysmufuG,f+rJ aysmufuG,fae&qJjzpfygw,f?
1960 jynfh atmufwdkbm (20) &ufrSm AuotzGJŒcsKyf&JŒ qXrt}udrf ausmif;om;nDvm
cH}uD; usif;yygw,f? (4) ESpfvHk;vHk; rusif;yEdkifyJ xm;cJh&wJh ausmif;om;nDvmcH}uD;udk tckrS
jyefvnfac:,l usif;yEdkifcGifh&cJhwmjzpfygw,f? AuotzGJŒcsKyf[m urBmausmif;om;or*~tzGJ@csKyf
(IUS) eJ@ urBm'Drdkua&pDvli,frsm;tzGJŒcsKyf (WFDY) wdk@&JŒ tzGJŒ0ifvnf;jzpfygw,f? Auorsm;
tzGJŒcsKyf&JŒ qXrt}udrfajrmuf nDvmcH}uD;rSmvnf; ‘wrsKd;om;vHk;ta&;/ wEdkifiHvHk;ta&;jzpfwJh
trsKd;om;a&;wm0efrsm;udk vkyfaqmif=u&ef’ eJ@ ‘jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&; jynfwGif;+idrf; csrf;a&;wdk@t
wGuf qufvufyg0if tm;jznfhvHk;yrf;oGm;=u&ef’ qdkwmawGudk wufwufºuGºuG aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwf
oGm;cJh=uygw,f?
1960 jynfh Edk0ifbmrSmawmh w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_awG ArmjynftwGif; tvHk;t&if;vdkuf
acgi;f axmifxvmjyefygw,f? usKid ;f wHek ,fxu J kd 0ifa&mufwu kd cf u kd w f m/ rdik ;f vif;òrdŒw0du k f w±kwjf zL
pcef;rsm; tcdkiftrm wyfpGJxm;wm/ rdkif;ygv#Kd usKdif;vwfa'owcGifudk odrf;ydkufwyfpGJxm;wmawG
tcdkiftrmvkyfukdifvm=uygw,f? 1954/ 55/ 56 ckESpftwGif; w±kwfjzLarmif;xkwfa&; wdkufyGJawG
a=umihf txl;ojzihf Adv k rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm OD;pD;wdu k cf u
kd f acsre_ ;f ypfvu kd Ef ikd rf a_ wGa=umifh xdik ;f / vmtdk
e,fpyfawGxJ ajy;0ifcdkv_HoGm;=u&&mu wpwp ArmjynfwGif; jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmcJh=ujcif;jzpf
ygw,f? Adv k rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm ppfwyfu tz,f&mS ;cH&+yD;aemuf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;pD;wJh wyfrawmf
[m w±kwfjzL jynfyusL;ausmfolawGudk tav;xm;wdkufcdkuf xdk;ppfqifwmxuf wdkif;&if;om;
tcsi;f csi;f jzpfwhJ jynfwiG ;f vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkawGtay: t"duxm; wdu k cf ukd af csre_ ;f xd;k ppfqif
cJhwma=umifh w±kwfjzLawG vG,fvG,fulul jyefvnf0ifa&muf ajcukwf,lEdkifcJhwmjzpfygw,f? Armh
wyfrawmfe@J ppf&[ J m wyf&if;aygi;f (90)&Sw d thJ euf w±kwjf zLudw k u kd &f mrSm (7) &if;yJo;kH +yD; jynfwiG ;f
ppfudkawmh (83) &if;eJ@ wdkufcdkufcJhovdk (11) ESpftwGif; jynfwGif;ppfrSm wdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif;
vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkawGtay: wdu k yf }JG uD;aygi;f (2111) yGJ wdu k cf u kd cf +hJ yD; w±kwjf zLusL;ausmo f rl sm;
tay:awmh (51) yGJyJ wdkufcdkufcJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? Akdvfrª;csKyfausmfaZm OD;pD;wdkufcdkufjyvdkufvdk@
rJacgifjrpfwzufurf;txd w±kwfjzLrsm; tvHk;t&if;eJ@ qkwfcGmoGm;&+yD;aemufydkif; usefae&pfcJhwJh
w±kwfjzLrsm;eJ@ wpwp jyef0ifv_yf&Sm;vm=uwJh w±kwfjzLawGudk +yD;cJhwJh (5) ESpfwm umvw
av#mufv;kH twGi;f bde;f ukeu f ;l olawGe@J omref "m;jyvlq;kd rsm;tjzpfom yHak zmfaºuG;a=umf wdu k cf ukd f
cJh=uygw,f? cyfayghayghyJ oabmxm;jy+yD; w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfa&;wyfrsm;&JŒ aemufuG,fu e,fcsJŒ
orm;udka&m/ qD;xdk; ppftkyfpk&JŒ ppfa&;qdkif&m yg0ifywfouf ,SufEG,fr_awGudkyg zHk;zdxm;cJh=uyg
w,f? trsm;jynfol rodatmif &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd uG,f0Sufxm;cJh=uygw,f? wcgrS xkwfazmfajymqdk
qef@usifwm (5) ESpftwGif;rvkyfcJh=uyg? jynfwGif;vufeufudkiftiftm;pkawGtay:om trsKd;rsKd;

pGyfpGJ/ trsKd;rsKd;o±kyfzsuf/ trsKd;rsKd;enf;emoHk;+yD; tðywfwdkufacsr_ef;a&;udk oJ}uD;rJ}uD; qifEGJcJh=uyg

w,f? 'ga=umifh w±kwfjzLrsm; aumif;aumif; jyefvnftm;jznfh v_yf&Sm; }uD;xGm;vmEkdifcJhjcif;jzpfyg
w,f? 60 jynfhESpftukefrSm tHkeJ@usif;eJ@ jyefvnfpkpnf; wnfaqmufrd+yD; jzpfaeygw,f?
bde;f pm; "m;jywyftjzpfavmufom &nf!e$ ;f ajymqdv k mcJw
h hJ w±kwjf zL ulrifwef usL;ausmf
a&;wyfrsm;&JŒ twGif;o±kyf[m qD;wdk;ppftkyfpk&JŒ tpDtpOfeJ@yg &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd v_yf&Sm;vmaewJh
usL;ausmfa&;wyfawGjzpfa=umif; rzHk;Edkif rzdEdkif ay:vGifvmae+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf wdk;wufwJh EdkifiHa&;
tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ jynfov l xl }k u;D w&yfv;kH u oH;k oyfa0zefaxmufjyr_awG vkyv f m=uygw,f? ppfwyf
[m w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_jy\emudk ayghayghoabmxm;vdk@r&awmhyJ ppfqifa&;}uD;wck qifE$J&zdk@
txd jyifqifvm&ygawmhw,f?
'Dvt kd csed rf mS tm%m& yxp tzGŒJ }uD;twGi;f rSmuawmh tkypf w k u kd yf aJG wG xdyaf &mufae+yD;/
w±kwjf zLusL;ausmaf &;orm;awGukd b,fvakd jz&Si;f =urvJqw kd mxuf tm%mudk b,fv&kd atmif,l
&rvJqdkwmom ta&;}uD;qHk;jzpfae=uygw,f? OD;Eku r=umao;rDuyJ “vmr,fh yxpnDvmcHrSm
OuUÏ uae E_wfxGuf+yD; omreftzGJŒ0iftjzpfom cH,lawmhrSmjzpfa=umif; xkwfazmfajymqdkvmwJh
twGuf yxptzGJŒcsKyfudk ociftkyfpku v$rf;oGm;rSm OD;-Adkvf tkyfu pdk;&drfae=uw,fqdkygw,f?
'ga=umifh ocifawG }uD;pdk;vmr,fhtE W&m,fudk óudwifumuG,f wdkufzsuf=uzdk@ tjyif;txef vHk;
yrf;ae=u&w,fqdkygw,f? OD; tkyf touf}uD;ydkif;awGu OD;Ek udk OuUÏtjzpfu rxGufzdk@ wdkufwGef;
ae=uovdk vli,fyikd ;f uvnf; 'DZifbmvxJrmS v#KŒd 0Sut f pnf;ta0;usi;f y+yD; ociftyk &f ŒJ v$r;f rd;k
vmr,fhtE W&m,f wdkufzsufa&;twGuf tajccHtqifhup+yD; pnf;±Hk;=uzdk@ qHk;jzwf=uw,f qdkyg
w,f? 'DZifbm (16) &ufrmS awmh OD; eJ@ Akv d f [m em;vnfr_ r[mrdwt f qifu h ae w&m;0if r[mrdwf
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usifa&; tar&duefe,fcsJŒqef@usifa&; qENjyyGJ}uD;udkvnf; +idrf;csrf;pGmr[kwf t=urf;zufwJhvkyf&yf
awG&SdwJh oabmrsKd;/ ±_wfcswJhoabmrsKd; ajymqdkoGm;cJhygw,f?
&cdik ef @J rGejf ynfe,fay;a&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; ajymqd&k mrSmawmh OD;Eku tqdðk ycsut f opfwck
udk wifjyoGm;ygw,f? jynfe,fay;a&;udpPtwGuf rJyHk;axmifwJhpepfudk rusifhoHk;awmhyJ &cdkifjynf
e,fudk tqifh (3) qifheJ@ taumiftxnfazmfoGm;zdk@ pDpOfxm;w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? yxrtqifh
&cdik af &;&m0ef}uD;cef@/ 'kw, d tqifh &cdik jf ynfe,f jyifqifa&;aumfrw D zD ŒJG / wwd,tqifh &cdik jf ynfe,f
zGJŒpnf;oGm;zdk@ qdkwmyJjzpfygw,f?
rGefjynfe,fzGJŒpnf;a&;rSmvnf; OD;Ek&JŒ tqkdðycsufuawmh tqifh (3) qifh tpDtpOfyJjzpfyg
w,f? yxrtqifh rGeaf &;&m0ef}uD;cef@/ 'kw, d qifh rGejf ynfe,f jyifqifa&;aumfrw D zD ŒJG aemufq;kH qifh
rGefjynfe,fzGJŒpnf;a&;qdkwmyJjzpfygw,f?
rwfv (15) &ufae@rSm ‘w±kwfjzLqef@usifa&;ESifh e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&; trsKd;om;aumfrD
wD}uD;’ u ‘owif;pmrsm;od@k xkwjf yefcsu’f qdw k hJ xkwjf yefcsuw f ck xkwjf yefvu kd yf gw,f? xkwjf yef
csufxJrSmæ
“æw±kwfjzLwyfrsm;rSm tar&duefOD;pD;aom qD;wdk;. EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;aoe*FAsL[m
enf;y&d,m,frsm;t& v_yf&Sm;aeaom vufeufudkifusL;ausmfa&;wyfzGJŒ}uD;rsm;jzpfa=umif;/ Arm
jynfwGifru urBmw&yfvHk;yg ±kyfvHk;ay:cJhayonf?” [k azmfjyxm;wJhtjyif “ætpdk;&taejzifh
(u) ,if; w±kwjf zLusL;ausmrf _ tE &W m,fukd ppfa&;t& xdxad &mufa&muf wdu k x f w
k jf cif;/
(c) vlrsKd;pkjy\emrsm;udkvnf; t&if;cHjzpfaom EdkifiHa&;enf;t&yg ajz&Sif;jcif;/
(*) w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_udk ukvor*~wGif xda&mufpGmwdkif=um; ta&;,ljcif;/
(C) jynfoŒl v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk jynfow l @kd EiS t
hf wl Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; acwfuo hJ @kd yl;aygi;f v_yf
&Sm;jcif;rsm; ðyoifhayonf?”
æ [kvnf; tpkd;&udk wdkufwGef;E_d;aqmfvdkufygw,f? wqufwnf;rSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek &JŒ
rwfv (13) &ufae@rdef@cGef;yg w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_jy\emtay: ajymqdkwifjyoGm;yHkudkvnf;

obm0rusa=umif; axmufjya0zefxm;ygw,f? “0ef}uD;csKyf. w±kwfjzLrdef@cGef;rSm rdrdjynfolwdk@

tm; 0ef}uD;csKyftaejzihf rdrdwdk@ usL;ausmfcH&r_udk rsKd;cspfpdwfaemufcHjzifhvnf;aumif;/ ajymjcif;ESifh
rwlyJ Edik if w
H Edik if t H m; awmif;yefaeonfo h abmom zH;k v$r;f aeayonf?” vd@k vnf; a0zefuef@uu G f
ygw,f? aumfrDwDtaejzifh w±kwfjzLqef@usifa&;eJ@ e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&; uef@uGufqENjyyGJrsm;udk
qufvufðyvkyfoGm;r,hfta=umif;/ &efukef tif;pdefc±dkifrSm aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;/ a[majymyGJrsm;/ ydkpwm
wdkufyGJrsm; usif;yðyvkyfoGm;+yD; {+yDv (9) &ufae@rSm &efukefòrdŒvHk;u|wfqENjyyGJ}uD;usif;y&ef pDpOf
aewJhta=umif; azmfjyxkwfjyefygw,f?
tJ'D 1961 ckESpf/ rwfv (15) &ufae@rSmyJ &efukef urf;em;vrf; ajcmufxyf±Hk;opf}uD;rSm
‘jynfe,frsm;jy\emoH;k oyfa&;aumfrw D ’D tpnf;ta0;xkid cf yhJ gw,f? tJ'rD mS tajccHOya'jyifqif
a&;eJ@ ywfoufwhJ ‘&Sr;f jynfe,f’ u wifoiG ;f wJh ‘tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;pmwrf;’ eJ@ u&ifjynfe,f
0ef}uD; a'gufwmapmvSxGef; wifoGif;wJh ‘tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;eJ@ ywfoufwJhrl=urf;’ wdk@udk
wifoiG ;f ygw,f? oH;k oyfa&;aumfrw D u D &Sr;f jynfe,fuwifoiG ;f wJh tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;pmwrf;
udkyJ tajccHxm;+yD; aqG;aEG;r_vkyfygw,f?
tJ'D ‘tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;pmwrf;’ b,fvkday:aygufvmovJqdkwm wenf;tm;jzifh
&Srf;jynfe,fu wifoGif;wJh tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;pmwrf;yg ‘jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl’ odk@r[kwf
‘&Srf;rl’ b,fvdkjzwfoef; ay:aygufvmovJqdkwm tifrwefta&;}uD;ygw,f?
wu,fu &Srf;jynfe,fu wifoGif;cJhwJh ‘tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;pmwrf;’ [m EdkifiHawmf
0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek udk,fwdkif&JŒ pwifvrf;zGifhay;r_t& w&m;0ifay:aygufvmcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
1960 jynfh a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;rSm v$wfawmfwckvHk;&JŒ trwfOD;a& oHk;yHkESpfyHkausmf[m
tpdk;&&JŒvufxJrSm &SdaewJhtwGuf jynfaxmifpkwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;twGuf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH
Oya'udk jyifqifcsifw,fqdk&if 'Dtcsdef[m taumif;qHk;vdk@ ±_jrif+yD; OD;Ek u pwifvrf;zGihfay;cJhwm
jzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;tpnf;ta0;rSm OD;Eku -
(1) zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk jyifqifcsifw,fqdk&if 'Dtcsdef[m taumif;qHk;yJ?
(2) 'Dvdk taumif;qHk;jzpfwJhtwGuf zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk b,fvdkjyifqifcsifovJ/
jynfe,ftpdk;&tzGJŒawGudk ar;r,f?
(3) jynfe,ftpd;k & tzGŒJ awGu wifjywJh tqdak wGukd us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ aqG;aEG;Edik af tmif
qDrDem (seminar) wckac:ay;r,f? jynfe,ftpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,fawGa&m twdkuftcH
udk,fpm;vS,fawGa&m zdwfr,f?
(4) aqG;aEG;yGJrSm rdom;pkaqG;aEG;=uwJhenf;twdkif; aqG;aEG;r,f? trsm;vufcHoabmwl
Edik w
f t hJ qdak wGukd csucf si;f taumiftxnfazmf/ tajz&Smr&ao;wJh tqdak wGukd quf+y;D
aqG;aEG;r,f?
æ qdkwJh tcsuf (4) csufudk csjyw,f? tJ'Dtcsuf (4) csufudk 0ef}uD;tzGJŒu oabmwl
vufc+H yD; vkt d yfwt hJ pDtpOfawGukd vdt k yfovdk vkyu
f ikd Ef ikd zf @kd w&m;a&;0ef}uD;Xmeudk wm0efvaJ$ y;
vdkufygw,f? 'ga=umifh 1960 jynfh pufwifbm (22) &uf ygvDreftpnf;ta0;rSm jyifqifa&;aumf
rDwzD ŒJG pnf;zd@k tqdw k if+yD;/ v$waf wmfu twnfðycJyh gw,f? w&m;a&;0ef}uD; a'guw f mOD;at;armif

OuUXtjzpf aqmif&GufwJh tzGJŒ0if (29) OD; yg0ifwJh ‘tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;aumfrDwD’udk Ekd0ifbm

(10) &ufae@ ae@pGJeJ@ EdkifiHawmforRwu zGJŒpnf;ay;cJhygw,f? tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;aumfrDwD
ay:aygufvmygw,f?
1? 'Drdkua&pDudk xdcdkufvmrnfhtcsufrsm;/
2?jynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfwHcdkif+rJa&;udk xdcdkufvmrnfh jyÏmef;csufrsm;/
3? jynfaxmifp}k uD; pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk xdcu kd rf nft h csurf sm;udk rlwnf+yD; tajccHOya'
}uD; wckvHk;&JŒ rludk rysufapyJ jyifqifzdk@vdk@ qdkygw,f?
tJ'v D kd pwifvrf;zGiv hf u kd w f ma=umifh zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'jyifqifa&;eJ@ ywfoufwhJ w&m;
0if pnf;±Hk;/ aqG;aEG;/ v_yf&Sm; a0zefoHk;oyf=uwmawG ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? jynfe,fawG vlrsKd;pk
awGtzd@k trSew f u,fvnf; v_yv f y_ &f mS ;&Sm; aqG;aEG;oH;k oyf a0zefaxmufjy&r,ft h csed jf zpfygw,f?
&ufaygif; (108) &ufeJ@ t+yD;a&;qGJ+yD; vGwfvyfa&;udk tjrefqHk;&&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufxm;cJh&wJh
1947 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;yHtk ajccHOya'}uD;[m tm;enf;csu/f vdt k yfcsuaf wG/ csKŒd ,Gi;f csuaf wG rkcsy&J adS erSm
jzpfwJhtwGuf axmufjya0zef oHk;oyf=uzdk@ trSefwu,fvnf; vdktyfae+yDjzpfygw,f? vGwfvyf
a&;&,l+yD; (10) ESp=f um&if cGx J u G v f ukd cGx J u G yf ikd cf iG &hf w
dS ,fv@kd w&m;0ifjyÏmef; azmfjyxm;wJh &Sr;f jynf
e,ftwGuf ydkrdk+yD; pOf;pm;&r,fhoHk;oyf&r,fh tcsdefjzpfygw,f? 58 ckESpfuwnf;u (10) ESpfjynfh
ajrmufc+hJ yD;jzpfovd/k tdraf pmift h pd;k &vufxyfrmS &Sr;f vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;}uD;vnf; ay:ayguf
cJh&+yD;/ vlrsKd;pkvufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;wdkif;vdkvdk&JŒ tjrifhqHk;&nfrSef;csufjzpfwJh ‘vGwfvyfwJh
orwEdik if ’H xlaxmifa&;toHawGvnf; obm0usus xGuaf y:vmaewm jrifawGŒ =um;odae&csed f
jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh tajccHOya'jyifqifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_awG[mvnf; &Srf;jynfuyJ pwifcJh&wm
&Srf;jynfuyJ ydkrdk+yD; txl;pdwf0ifwpm; ta&;,laqmif&GufwmawG awGŒjrif=u&wmjzpfygw,f?
v$waf wmfrmS tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;aumfrw D zD ŒGJ zd@k twnfðy+yD;wJah emuf/ (29) OD; aumfrw D D
w&m;0ifxu G af y:rvmrSu D av;rSmyJ 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek eJ@&if;ES;D +yD; olu, kd wf ikd f 0ef}uD;jzpfwhJ pyfceG cf sK[
d m
tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; vdt k yfwhJ t=uH^m%f a0zefaqG;aEG;r_awG us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@
&&Sda&; &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ wufwufºuGºuG aqmif&Gufr_awG vkyfcJhygw,f? &Srf;jynfe,ftrwfawG
tm;vH;k / trwfrsm;rJqENe,fu ud, k pf m;vS,f (2) OD;pD/ &Sr;f jynfygwt D zGŒJ tpnf;rsm;rS ud, k pf m;vS,f
(3) OD;pDeJ h &Sr;f jynfe,fta&; pdw0f ifpm;=uwJh woD;yk*r~ sm;eJ@ wuG yifvpHk mcsKyf vufrw S af &;xd;k cJw h hJ
yk*~Kdvfrsm;a&m/ &Srf;jynfu wdkif;ðyjynfðy v$wfawmftrwfa[mif;awGudkyg zdwf=um;+yD; tpnf;t
a0;}uD;w&yf usif;ycJhygw,f? 1960 jynfh Edk0ifbm (7) &ufae@rSm awmif}uD;òrdŒrSm usif;ycJhwmjzpfyg
w,f? tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;}uD;udk wufa&mufcJh=uwJh udk,fpm;vS,ftm;vHk;uyJ vuf&SdzGJŒpnf;yHktajc
cHOya'udk róuduf=ua=umif;/ ydk+yD;wduswJh jynfaxmifpkpepf (Federation) udk vdkcsif=ua=umif;
wifjyaqG;aEG;cJh=uw,fqdkygw,f?
tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;uae tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;twGuf ‘tajccHOya' pDppfa&;aumfrDwD’
udk yxr tzGJŒ0if (25) OD; aemufydkif;rSm (32) OD;eJ@ zGJŒpnf;vdkufygw,f? obmywdu &Srf;jynfe,f
aumifpD obmywd pyfjynf/h twGi;f a&;rª; pyf=umpHk jzpfygw,f? ¡aemufyikd ;f rSm aumfrw D &D ŒJ trnfukd
vnf; ‘jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' jyifqifa&;qGJa&; (&Srf;jynfe,f

qdkif&m) óud;udkifaumfrDwD’ vdk@ jyifqifac:a0:cJhygw,f¢

OD;xGef;jrifh (awmif}uD;)/ OD;wifat;/ OD;xGef;az/ OD;xGef;tHk/ OD;xGef;at;(yifvHk)/ OD;xGef;at;
(erfhcrf;)/ OD;bvGif/ OD;udkudk}uD; wdk@wawGuvnf; awmif}uD;òrdŒrSm tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;udpPudk
aqG;aEG;cJh=u+yD;wJhaemuf tajccHOya'eJ@ ywfoufwJhoabmxm;awGudk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; azmfjywJh
tcef;qufpmwrf;&Snf}uD;udk Adkvfwaxmifowif;pmuae xnfhoGif;azmfjyvdkufygw,f? 60 jynfh
ESpf/ 'DZifbm (6) &ufuae (18) &ufae@txd jzpfygw,f? ‘u|efawmfwdk@ vdkvm;aom jynfaxmif
pkpepf’ qdkwJhacgif;pD;eJ@ OD;xGef;jrifh (awmif}uD;) ua&;om;cJhygw,f? tJ'Dacgif;pD;[m/ OD;xGef;jrifh
(awmif}uD;) &JŒ ‘jynfaxmifpkwGif;rS wef;wlaom&Srf;jynf’ qdkwJh pmwrf;}uD;xJu acgif;pOfi,fwck
jzpfygw,f? pmwrf;&JŒ tESpfcsKyfu zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'}uD;[m jynfaxmifpkzGJŒpnf;tkyf
csKyfytkH ajccHOya'r[kw/f jynfaxmifpk ppfppfr[kw/f jynfaxmifpv k @kd emrnfwyfay;xm;wJh wjynf
axmifpepfomjzpfw,f? zm;wydkif; ig;wydkif;pepfomjzpfygw,f? Armacgif;aqmifrsm;eJ@ Oya'ynm
&Sifrsm;u vSnfhpm;vdkufwmomjzpfw,f? wjcrf;yJh jynfaxmifpkomjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh zGJŒpnf;yHk
tajccHOya'udk jyif&r,f? jynfaxmifpkppfppfudk zGJŒpnf;&r,fqdkwmjzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifpkudk
b,fvdkjyif qifzGJŒpnf;=urvJqdkwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD;awmhvnf; ‘u|efawmfwdk@vdkvm;aom jynf
axmifpk’ qdk+yD; zGJŒpnf;jyygw,f? wef;wlnDr#wJh jynfaxmifpkrlqdkwmudk awmif;qdkazmf!¸ef;xm;+yD;
‘&Srf;jynfe,f. epfemcsuf rauseyfcsufrsm; ajyvnfap&ef vuf&SdtajccHOya'udk jyefvnfpDppfI
jyifqif=u&ayrnf’ vdk@ wifjyxm;ygw,f?
1961 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D (25) &ufae@rSm &Srf;jynfe,f jynfvHk;u|wfnDvmcHudk awmif}uD;òrdŒ
rSmyJ usi;f yygw,f? óud;udik af umfrw D uD a&;qGx J m;wJh ‘tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;pmwrf;’ udk 'Dnv D m
cH}u;D uae twnfðycJyh gw,f? pyfa&$ou kd /f pyfxeG ;f at;/ pyfausmaf cgi/f OD;vSaz/ OD;pd;k armif eJ@ OD;cGepf jH rwf
wdk@yg0ifwJh ajcmufOD;aumfrDwDudk zGJŒay;+yD;/ tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;pmwrf;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; a'gufwm
OD;at;armif eJ@aqG;aEG;zdk@ wm0efay;ygw,f? &Srf;jynfe,fuae tJ'Denf;eJ@ a&;qGJjzpfay:vm+yD;
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&&JŒ (29) OD;yg ‘tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;aumfrDwD’ qD w&m;0ifwifoGif;vdkufwJh
‘tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;pmwrf;’ udk ‘jynfaxmifpkppfrl’ ‘&Srf;rl’ vdk@ ac:a0: =uwmjzpfygw,f?
tJ'Djynfaxmifppfrl (wenf;tm;jzifh) &Srf;rludk 1961 ckESpf/ rwfv 20 &ufae@rSm ‘jynfe,f
rsm;jy\em oHk;oyfa&;aumfrDwD’ txl;tpnf;ta0;rSmvnf; xyfrHpOf;pm;aqG;aEG;cJh=uygw,f?
tJ'vD kd jynfe,fopfrsm; zGŒJ pnf;ay;a&;jy\em/ zGŒJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;udpq P w kd m
awG/ tpdk;&&JŒ Oya'abmiftwGif;rSm w&m;0ifjzpfay: v_yf&Sm;aewkef;rSmyJ/ tm%m&ygwD}uD;jzpfwJh
yxp twGif;rSmawmh ‘OD;-Adkvf-ocif’ wdk@&JŒ uGJoH tufoH v_yf&Sm;oHawG[m qufvufjzpfay:
v_yf&Sm;aecJhygw,f? w±kwfjzL usL;ausmfcH&r_ jy\em[m jynfolvlxktwGif;rSm a&SŒwef;a&muf
vmaeygw,f? OD;Ekuawmh olŒZmwfukd olEikd af tmifuzd@k óu;d pm;&if;/ yxrqH;k olŒygwD yxp tuGu J kd
qGJaphzdk@ ajcwvSrf;vSrf;vdkufygw,f? OuUÏtjzpfrS E_wfxGufpm wifvdkufjcif;jzpfygw,f? 61 ckESpf
rwfvxJrSmyJ jzpfygw,f?
tm%m& yxp ygwD A[kdaumfrDwDwckvHk; v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm;jzpfoGm;ygw,f? yxp A[dkt
vkyftr_aqmif tpnf;ta0;xdkif+yD;/ tpnf;ta0;u ‘OD;EkudkyJ yxp EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcH}uD;

usif;yjzpf+yD;/ +yD;pD;wJhtxd OuUÏ tjzpfeJ@ qufvufxrf;aqmifay;zdk@/ OuUÏ oabmus auseyfwJh

A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJŒopfudk a&G;cs,fcef@xm;+yD; yxp wm0efudk qufvufo,faqmifEdkifzdk@
vuf&Sd A[dktvkyftr_aqmifwzGJŒvHk; E_wfxGufay;zdk@’ qHk;jzwfvdkufygw,f? OD;Ek vufxJudk yxp
tzGJŒ}uD;wckvHk;udk yHk+yD;tyfvdkuf=uwJh oabmjzpfygw,f? OD;Eku vufcHvdkuf+yD; ‘yxp jynfvHk;
u|wfnDvmcH}uD; +yD;pD;wJhtxd wm0ef,lxdef;odrf;oGm;zdk@’ qdk+yD; ‘yxp tdrfapmifhaumfrDwD’ udk
zGJŒpnf;vdkufygw,f? yxp tdrfapmifhaumfrDwDrSm OD;Eku OuUÏ/ pnf;±Hk;a&;wm0efcHtjzpf t}uHay;
t&m&Sd OD;tkef;/ aiGxdef;tjzpf OD;Zm&JvsHwdk@jzpfygw,f? aumfrDwDudk ulnDzdk@ 0ef}uD;ocifwif/ 0ef}uD;
Adkvfrª;atmif/ 0ef}uD;a'gufwmat;armifeJ@ 0ef}uD;qrm;'l;0g;/ qif0g;aemifwdk@yg0ifwJh twdkifyifcH
tzGJŒwckudkvnf; zGJŒpnf;vdkufygw,f? yxp ygwD A[dkaumfrDwDwGif; tuJGt+yJuawmh ,m,D+idrf;
oGm;&ygawmhw,f?
yxpwGi;f OD;Adv k o f cif tuGu J pd uP kd ,m,D+idro f ufatmif udik w f , G +f yD;wmeJ@ wqufwnf;/
0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek rudik wf , G rf jzpf udik w
f , G af jz&Si;f vm&wJh udpu P awmh w±kwjf zLusL;ausmcf &H r_upd jP zpf
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udpjP zpfae&wJt h jyif/ wdik ;f cspf jynfcspf tiftm;pkawG tm;vH;k uvnf; w±kwjf zLqef@usiaf &; e,fcsŒJ
qef@usifa&;aumfrDwDzGJŒ+yD; qef@usifv_yf&Sm; axmufjya0zefae=uwJhtwGuf EdkfifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf
taeeJ@ vlod&Sif=um; jyefvnfajymqdkv_yf&Sm;vm&ygw,f? tar&duefoH±Hk;a&SŒ vlxkqENjyyGJ}uD;
vnf; ay:aygufvmcJh&+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf tpdk;&taeeJ@ ‘rJacgifppfqifa&;’ eJ@ jyefvnfwdkufxkwf
armif;ESifypfEdkifzdk@ óud;pm;tm;xkwfae±HkeJ@ rvHkavmufawmhyJ/ tpdk;&&JŒ oabmxm;eJ@ ajz&Sif;r_udkyg
xkwfazmf&Sif;vif;r_ vkyfvm&ygw,f? OD;Eku tar&duefudk wdwdvif;vif; xkwfazmfuef@uGufwm
rvkyfyJ/ a0h0dkuf+yD; ajymqdkaecJhygw,f? tar&duefòidjiifrSmudk pdk;&GHŒaewJh oabm&Sdygw,f? 1961
ckESpf/ rwfv 23 &ufae@ jynfolŒv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;rSm w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_eJ@ ywfouf+yD;
OD ; Ek u &S i f ; vif ; ajymqd k w m vk y f y gw,f ? OD ; Ek & J Œ rd e f @ cG e f ; xJ r S m - “u|ef a wmf w d k @ &J Œ
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf[m azmfrdkqmtpdk;&u tultnDay;aewJh w±kwfjzLusL; ausmfa&;
orm;awG&JŒ xdyg;wdkufcdkufr_udk tvl;tvJcHae&wm[m (11) ESpfawmif&Sdaeyg+yD? w±kwfjzLawGoHk;
aewJh ppfypPnf;awG[m tar&duefuyJ&&/ b,fEdkifiHuyJ&&/ 'guawmh u|efawmfwdk@twGuf jy\
em}uD;jzpfw,fvdk@ rxifygbl;? u|efawmfwdk@twGuf ta&;}uD;qHk;uawmh u|efawmfwdk@ tvl;tvJ
cHae=u&wJh tajctaeqdk;udk &yfwef;u&yfvdkufcsifwJh tcsufyJjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh tar&duefjynf
axmifpk[m azmfrdkqmeJ@ qufqH&if;ESD;jcif;&SdwJh EdkifiHjzpfwJhtwGuf u|efawmfwdk@ tajctaeqdk;udk
&yfwef;u &yfay;Edkifvdrfhr,fvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@,Hk=unfygw,f” vdk@ ajymqdkoGm;ygw,f? 'Drdef@cGef;xJ
rSmyJ tar&duefoH±Hk;a&SŒ qENjyyGJ}uD;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; t=urf;zufr_&SdwJhtwGuf ±_wfcswJh oabmrsKd;
wm;jrpfcsifwJh oabmrsKd;vnf; ajymqdkoGm;ygw,f?
“'D qENjyyGJudk pnf;±Hk;aqmif&Guf=uwJh yk*~KdvfawG[m wdkif;cspfjynfcspfpdwf"mwfa=umifh
aqmif&u G cf =hJ uw,fqw kd mudk u|eaf wmfvufcyH gw,f? olw@kd &ŒJ wdik ;f cspjf ynfcsppf w d "f mwfukd u|eaf wmf
csD;rGrf;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh OuUÏ}uD;cifAsm æolwdk@&JŒ qENjyyHk jyenf;[mawmh ae&mrusvSbl;vdk@
u|efawmf ajymcsifygw,f?

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jzpfjzpf 'DEkdifiHawGtay:rSm pnf;vGwfurf;vGwf Oya'vGwfðyrlwmudkawmh u|efawmfwdk@tpdk;&[m
b,fenf;eJ@rS vufydkuf=unfh raeEdkifygbl;? wm;jrpf&rSmyJ” vdk@ OD;Eku ajymqdkcJhygw,f?
OD;Ek&JŒ w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_tay: ajz&Sif;yHk ajz&Sif;enf;eJ@ oabmxm;udk wdk;wufwJh EdkifiH
a&;tiftm;pkrsm;u b0ifrusjzpfcJh=uygw,f? OD;Ek&JŒ rdef@cGef;udkvnf; jyefvSefa0zef uef@uGufcJh=u
wmawG ay:aygufcJhygw,f? jynfolŒv$wfawmf trwfa[mif; AkdvfjraoG;u -
“u|efawmfwdk@ EdkifiH[m tar&duefacgif;aqmifwJh tm&SppftkyfpkjzpfwJh qD;wdk;xJrSm rygyg
bl;? ,d;k ',m;/ ygupPwef/ w±kwjf zL ponfrsm;udk pkpnf;+yD; AefaumufrmS XmecsKyfxm;+yD; 'Dppftyk pf k
udk t+rJv_yf&Sm; tm;arG;aeygw,f? tJ'Dawmh qD;wdk;xJrSmrygwJh jrefrmEdkifiHajray:rSm w±kwfjzLwyf
awGcsxm;jcif;jzifh um,uHajrmuf qD;wdk;ppfpcef;csxm;r_udk vufcH&wmygyJ” vdk@ axmufjy a0zef
wJhtjyif “0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_udpPudk olŒq&m tar&duefudk awmif;yefwdk;±_d;
vdkuf&if udpP+yD;Edkifw,fvdk@ jrifaew,f? 'gwGifruao;bl;? w&m;cHudk w&m;ol}uD; cef@+yD;awmif
tr_pD&ifcdkif;csifao;w,f?” vdk@ y,fy,fe,fe,f a0zefcJhygw,f?
w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_eJ@ e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;aumfrDwDuvnf; a0zef±Hkru w±kwfjzLusL;
ausmfr_udk wdkufxkwf=u/ tar&duefe,fcsJŒ pGufzufr_udk uef@uGuf=u/ trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;wnf
aqmuf =uqdw k ahJ ºuG;a=umfou H kd csrw S +f yD; rwfv (24) &ufae@rmS ‘tEkynm&Sirf sm;od@k yef=um;csu’f
udk xkwjf yefvu kd jf yefygw,f? w±kwjf zLwdu k xf w
k af &;/ tar&duefe,fcsŒJ pGuzf ufr_ qef@usiaf &;wdu k f
yGJrSm tEkynm&Sifrsm;yg yg0ifv_yf&Sm;ulnD=uzdk@ tqdkðyxm;wJh yef=um;csufjzpfygw,f?
yef=um;csuef @J tnD e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_xJ yg0ifvm=uwJh pma&;q&mawG xGuaf y:
vmovdk/ *Dwe,fu aw;a&;ol aw;qdkolawGvnf; xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? aw;oD;csif;awGvnf;
xGufay:vmcJhygw,f?
OD;Ekuawmh wnfrh wfwhJ =um;aea&;0g'udk usio hf ;kH vdu
k ef maew,fv@kd aºuG;a=umf&if; ta&SŒ
tkyfpkeJ@ taemuftkyfpk=um; b,ftkyfpk&JŒ rsufESmt!dkrS rcH&atmif &mZy&d,m,fudk tm;udk;+yD;
ajymqdkv_yf&Sm;&yfwnfcJhygw,f? w±kwfjzLjy\emudkvnf; ‘tar&duefudk wdkuf±dkufwdk@xd a0zefr_
rðyyJ arwWm&yfcHyef=um;wJh enf;rsKd;toHk;ðy+yD;’ ajz&Sif;zdk@ aZmif;ay;vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f?
1960 jynfh {+yDvrS 1961 ckESpf/ {+yDvtxd yxptpdk;& wESpfwmtwGif; 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek
OD;aqmifajz&Si;f &wJh jy\em}u;D 5 ck &Sw d ,fv@kd t=urf;zsi;f owfrw S Ef ikd yf gw,f? jy\em}u;D 5 ck
ay:aygufcJhw,fvdk@vnf; a,bk,sajymqdkEdkifygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh tm%m& yxp tzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ
OD;-Adkvf-ocif tuGJjy\em/ &cdkif-rGef-csif;jynfe,fzGJŒpnf;ay;a&;jy\em/ Ak'<bmom EdkifiHawmf
bmom jyÏmef;a&;jy\em/ tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;jy\emeJ@ w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfcH&r_jy\em
qdkwJh jy\em}uD; 5 ck yJjzpfygw,f?
OD;Adkvfocif tuJGjy\emu yxp wGif; ygwDwGif;jy\emjzpf+yD; ae&m&vdkr_ &mxl;
tm%m tvkrd jynfrh a_ wGuae *d% k ;f *%mtkypf yk JG òydiq f ikd =f u&if; ygww D iG ;f pnf;vH;k nD!w
G rf _ òydu&JG wJh
jy\emomjzpfygw,f? ygwDwGif;jy\emjzpfygw,f?

Ak'<bmomEdkifiHawmfbmom jyÏmef;a&;jy\emuawmh 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek&JŒ Ak'<bmomudk
,Hk=unfudkif;±_dif;&mu omoemh'g,um}uD; vkyfcsifvGef;vSwJh pdwfqENa=umihfa&m/ oG,f0dkuf+yD;
rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;&mrSm ay;cJh&bl;wJh uwda=umifhyg aygif;qHk+yD; jzpfay:vmcJh&wJh jy\emjzpfygw,f?
yk*~Kdvfa&;qdkif&m jy\emjzpfygw,f?
&cdkif-rGef-csif; jynfe,fzGJŒpnf;ay;a&; jy\emeJ@ tajccHOya'jyifqifa&; jy\emuawmh
jynfaxmifpkqdkif&m jy\emawGjzpfygw,f? zGJŒpnf;yHkqdkif&m jy\emvnf;jzpfygw,f? 'gvnf;
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek udk,fwdkif pwifvrf; zGihfay;vdkuf+yD;rS ydkrdktoHjrnfv_yf&Sm;vmcJhwJh jy\emjzpfyg
w,f? t&ifuwnf;u &cdkif eJ@ rGef[m jynfe,f&&Sda&; &nfrSef;csuftwGuf EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_
vufeufuikd v f y_ &f mS ;r_awG &Scd ahJ yr,f/h csi;f uawmhO;D Ek &JŒ &cdik ef @J rGejf ynfe,fay;a&; pHpk rf;a&;aumfr&D iS f
awG zGŒJ pnf;ay;cJ/h vrf;zGiahf y;cJ+h yD;wJah emufrS ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ jynfe,f&,lvrkd _ jy\emjzpfygw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf &cdik -f rGef eJ@ csi;f wd@k &ŒJ jynfe,fzŒJG pnf;ay;a&; jy\em wenf;tm;jzifh jynfe,f&,lvrkd _
jy\em[m OD;Ekudk,fwdkif vrf;zGifhay;r_a=umifh ydkrdktoHjrnfvm&wJh jy\emjzpfygw,f? Oya'
abmiftwGif; uae w&m;0ifay:aygufvmcJh&wJh jy\emom jzpfygw,f? oef@&Sif; wnfjrJ tuGJ
tEdik &f a&;eJ@ 60 jynfEh pS af &G;aumufyt JG Ekid &f &Sad &;awGtwGuf OD;Eka=unmajymqdck b hJ ;l wJh uwdu0wf/
rJqG,fpnf;±Hk; pum;awGeJ@vnf; ywfoufaecJh+yD;/ tJ'Duwdu0wfawGudk jznfhqnf;ay;zdk@ vkyfudkif
aqmif&Guf&muae ay:aygufvmcJhwJh jy\emawGomjzpfygw,f? jynfe,fawGbufu v_yf&Sm;r_
awG[mvnf; w&m;ojzifh v_yf&Sm;r_awGom jzpfygw,f?
tajccHOya'jyifqifa&; jy\em[mvnf; jynfe,fzGJŒpnf;xm;r_ jy\emtay:uae
t&if;cHaygufzGm;vm+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek udk,fwdkif jynfaxmifpkwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;twGuf jyifqifoifh
wmawG jyifqifEdkifzdk@ pwifvrf;zGifhay;&muae w&m;0ifay:aygufvmwJh jy\emomjzpfygw,f?
w&m;0iftqdkðy wifjya0zefv_yf&Sm;vm=uawmhomjzpfygw,f?
w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfcH&r_jy\emuawmh tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk txdyg;cH&wJh jy\em
jynfyusL;ausmfolawG&JŒ usL;ausmfr_udkcH&wJh jy\emjzpfygw,f? 1949 ckESpfuwnf;u pwifusL;
ausmfcHcJh&wmjzpf+yD;/ 1960-61 xJrSm jyefvnfxyfrH}uD;xGm;vm&wJh jy\emjzpfygw,f?
yxpwGif; ygwDwGif; tuJGjy\emudk OD;Eku olŒpdwfwdkif;us tdrfapmifhaumfrDwDzGJŒpnf;cGifh
&&Sjd cif;tm;jzifh ,m,D+idro f ufatmif xde;f odr;f vdu k Ef ikd +f yD; ,m,Dajz&Si;f xm;vdu k Ef idk yf gw,f? Ak'b
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omEdik if aH wmfbmom jyÏmef;a&; jy\emuawmh aomifrwif a&rusbJ jzpfaeao;wJh a&SŒwd;k vJ&
aemufqkwfvJ&? OD;Ektay: yJ t"duwnfaewJh jy\emjzpfygw,f?
jynfe,frsm;zGJ@pnf;a&;jy\emeJ@ tajccHOya'jyifqifa&; jy\emuawmh ‘jynfaxmifpk’
pepfjy\emeJ@ wEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mjy\emjzpfygw,f? jynfe,fzGJŒpnf;a&;jy\emrSm &cdkif/ rGefwdk@
twGuf jynfe,fzŒJG pnf;ay;a&;udk tpd;k &u tajccHtm;jzifh rltm;jzifh oabmwlxm;+yD; jzpfygw,f?
tqifh (3) qifhtm;jzifh zGJŒpnf;ay;r,fvdk@ w&m;0ifa=unmajymqdk+yD; ajz&Sif;xm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f?
csif;twGufvnf; pOf;pm;xm;+yD;+yD jzpfygw,f?
tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;jy\emtwGuf &Sr;f jynfu wifoiG ;f vmwJh ‘&Sr;f rl’ wenf;tm;jzifh
jynfaxmifpkppfrludkvnf; pwifpOf;pm; oHk;oyfae=u+yD; ajz&Sif;a&;ajcvSrf;awGudk pwifvkyfudkif
aqmif&Gufae=u+yDvdk@ owfrSwfajymqdkEdkifygw,f?
w±kwjf zLusL;ausmcf &H r_jy\emudak wmh OD;Ektpd;k &[m tar&duefukd arwWm&yfc&H if; oHcif;
wrefcif;enf;eJ@ ajz&Sif;Edkifzdk@ óud;pm;ae&qJomjzpfygw,f? wzufu ppfa&;enf;eJ@ jyefvnfwdkuf
xkwaf &;udv k nf; rv$rJ a&Smifom aqmif&u G af e&if;/ t+yD;tydik af jz&Si;f Edik af &;qD ar#mvf if&h nfa&mfaecJh
ygw,f? bufwzufu=unfh&if jzpfay:wnf&SdaewJh jy\emawGukd enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ &ifqdkifajz&Sif;
aeygw,f?
tjcm;bufwzufu =unfhr,fqdk&ifawmh bmjy\emudkrS +yD;jywfatmif atmifatmif
jrifjrif aqmif&Guf&jcif; aqmif&GufEkdifjcif; r&Sdao;yg?
vGwfvyfa&;eJ@twl ay:aygufvmcJh&wJh jynfwGif;ppf}uD;uvnf; qufvufawmufavmif
aeqJjzpf+yD;/ w&m;r#wwJh jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &; jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;[m tvSr;f a0;+rJ a0;ae&qJjzpf
ygw,f? jynfwGif;ppf}uD;udk w&m;ojzifh tqHk;rowfcsifolawG wyfwGif; wyfjyif tpdk;&tzJGŒwGif;
tzGJŒjyif &Sd+rJ&dSaeqJjzpfygw,f?
&Srf;jynfe,f udk,fpm;vS,fawGeJ@ ‘&yvz’ tzGJŒ0ifawGu tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;eJ@
ywfouf+yD; pmwrf;awGwif=u ‘rl’ awG azmfxkwf=ueJ@ v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufae=uwkef;rSm tpdk;&u
a'gufwmbOD;/ a'gufwmodef;armif/ OD;tHk;az/ OD;cspfaomif; wdk@yg0ifwJh EdkifiHawmft}uHay;tzGJŒudk
jynfaxmifpkrl (&Srf;rl) udkavhvm+yD; tpdk;&tzGJŒudk t}uH^m%fay;zdk@ {+yDv (27) &ufae@rSm wm0ef
ay;tyfygw,f? t}uHay;tzGJŒu &Srf;jynfe,fOuUÏ pyfcGefcsKd/ tjcm;jynfe,fOuUÏrsm;/ tpdk;&udk,f
pm;vS,frsm;/ jynfe,f jynfru EkdifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;toD;oD;u udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk zdwfac:awGŒ
qHkaqG;aEG; t=uH^m%f,lwmawG vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufygw,f?
1961 ckESpf/ arvwGif;rSmðyvkyfwJh jynfaxmifpktpkd;&0ef}uD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;uvnf;
‘csif;0daoowdkif;’ udk jynfe,fwe,ftqifh jr‡ifhwifzdk@eJ@ 1961-62 b¿ma&;ESpfup+yD; b¿ma&;
tm%m ydkay;zdk@ qHk;jzwfygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf t}uHay;aumfrDwDw&yfudkvnf; zGJŒpnf;ay;ygw,f?
aumfrDwDu oufqdkif&m csif;acgif;aqmifawGudk zdwfac:awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;wmawG pwifvkyfaqmif
ygw,f?
1961 ZGef (8) &ufuae (16) &ufae@txd awmif}uD;òrdŒrSm jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcH}uD;
usif;yygw,f? &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&u OD;aqmif+yD; usif;ywmjzpfygw,f? jynfe,ftoD;oD;u acgif;
aqmifawGudk zdwf=um;ygw,f? r=umrD jynfe,f&awmhr,fh &cdkifeJ@ rGef acgif;aqmifawGudkvnf;
zdwf=um;ygw,f? &yvzeJ@ Armudk,fpm;vS,fawGudkawmh rzdwf=um;bl;vdk@qdkygw,f? &yvz u
OD;xGe;f jr/ OD;cef;eJ@ OD;atmifoef;wd@k uykd J yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& zdw=f um;cJw h thJ wGuf &yvz uvnf; rwuf
a&mufyJaecJhw,f qdkygw,f? csif;acgif;aqmifawGudkvnf; zdwf=um;cJhygw,f?
tJ'Dawmif}uD;nDvmcH}uD;rSm &Srf;jynfe,fu wifoGif;cJhwJh tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;pmwrf;
tay: xyfraH qG;aEG;n‡Ed id_ ;f wmawGvyk =f uygw,f? tJ'n D vD mcH}uD;twGi;f rSm ‘jynfe,f &oif&h xdu k f
onfh t&nftcsif;ESifh jynfhpHkonfh rGef/ &cdkif/ csif; vlrsKd;rsm; qENjyif;jypGmjzifh vdkvm;awmif;qdkvsuf
&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;udk tjrefqHk; taumiftxnfazmfay;&ef jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmftpdk;&tm;
TnDvmcH}uD;u wdkufwGef;a=umif;’ qdkwJhtqdkudk ucsifjynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,fwOD;jzpfwJh OD;Zef
xm;qif u wifoiG ;f cJyh gw,f? OD;Zefxm;qif &JŒtqdu k kd nDvmcH}uD;u uef@uu G of rl &Sd wnDw!Gwf
wnf; twnfðycJhygw,f?
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wifoGif; twnfðycJh=uygw,f? t"dutusqHk; tqdkuawmh ‘&Srf;jynfe,frludk tajcðyI jynf
axmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH. zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk jyifqifa&;qGJyg&ef EdkifiHawmftpdk;&tm;
awmif;qdka=umif;’ qdkwmjzpfygw,f?
tajccHOya'udk vdktyfovdk jyifqif=uzdk@ tqdkrsm;wifoGif;=uygvdk@ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u
zdwfac: vrf;zGifhay;vdkufwJhtay: xGufay:vmcJhwJh tqdkjzpfygw,f? tcsKyftm;jzifh ajym&r,fqdk&if
awmif}uD;nDvmcH}uD;uae xGufay:vmcJhwJh tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;rl[m ‘z,f'&,frl’ qdkwm
jzpfygw,f? &Srf;jynfuae pwifcJhwmjzpfwJhtwGuf ‘&Srf;rl’ vdk@vnf;ac:cJh=uygw,f?
yxrqHk; &Srf;jynfe,fu wifoGif;cJhwJh &Srf;rl[m awmif}uD;jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcH}uD;udk
jzwfoef;+yD;wJt h cg jynfe,faygi;f pHu k vnf; tajccHtm;jzifh vufco H abmwlvu kd w
f hJ ‘rl’ tqifu h kd
wqifhwufoGm;ygw,f?
'Dvkd wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm; jynfe,frsm;&JŒ w&m;ojzifv h y_ &f mS ;r_awG awmif;qdw k ifjyr_awG
jzpfay:vmaecsed rf mS (13) ESpaf usmf =umjrifah e+yDjzpfwhJ jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;udk w&m;ojzifh &yfpyJ pfEikd af &;
jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;/ Akdvfrª;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm wdk@ acgif;
aqmifwhJ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ }uD;uvnf; jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;/ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;v_y&f mS ;r_
awGudk tm;óud;rmefwuf qufvufvkyfaqmifvm=uygw,f? &efukefc±dkif +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJŒudk zGJŒ
pnf;+yD;wJah emuf òrdŒe,f/ wdu k ef ,f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm; zGŒJ pnf;Edik zf @kd wjynfv;kH &Sd a'otoD;
oD;rSm c±dkifòrdŒe,f +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJŒcGJrsm; ay:aygufzdk@ vHk;yrf;tm;xkwf jyifqifvm=uygw,f?
e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &; trsK;d om;aumfrw D }D uD;u e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG &Guaf qmifae
ovdk jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJŒ}uD;uvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;udk OD;wnfaqmif&Guf&if; 'Drdkua&pDa&;
trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;udpaP wGukd oabmxm;azmfxw k f rD;armif;xd;k jywmawG vkyaf qmifae
cJhygw,f? vlrsKd;pkjy\emawGudk rSefrSefuefuef ajz&Sif;a&;udkyg rarhravsmh wifjycJhygw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku =o*kwfv (15) &ufae@rSm ygvDrefrdef@cGef;wck ay;cJhygw,f? ygvDref'Drkdu
a&pDwnfaqmufa&;/ trsKd;om;nDvmcHac:qdk usif;ya&;eJ@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;qdkif&m udpP&yfawG
xnfo h iG ;f ajymqdo k mG ;ygw,f? jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ }uD;u 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek &JŒ rde@f ceG ;f udk a0zefcyhJ g
w,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;oabmxm;[m tðywfwdkufa&; vufeufcsa&;enf;tay:rSmyJ
&yfwnfaeao;wJt h a=umif; axmufjyvdu k +f yD; Edik if w
H umjy\emawGuakd wmif aqG;aEG;ajz&Si;f wJh
enf;eJ@ ajyvnfEdkifw,fvdk@ 0ef}uD;csKyf&JŒpum;t& ,Hk=unfw,fqdk&if jynfwGif;jy\emawGudk
vnf; aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;=u&if rajyvnfEkdifp&mta=umif;r&SdwJhta=umif;/ 'ga=umifh aqG;aEG;=uzdk@
wdu k wf eG ;f Ed;k aqmfa=umif; azmfjycJyh gw,f? “jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ [m yGpJ m;r[kw/f ESpzf uf=um;u
aqmif&u G w f t hJ zGŒJ vJr[kw/f jynfov l x l tk usK;d eJ@ udu k n
f w
D hJ +idr;f csr;f a&;udk &&Sad pzd@k jynfov l xl uk kd
tajccH+yD; aqmif&u G o
f mG ;r,fh tzGŒJ jzpfw,f” vd@k vJ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ }uD;&JŒ &yfwnfcsuu f kd
w&m;0if xkwfazmfcJhygw,f?

1961 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f xJrmS ‘Ak'b < momEdik if aH wmfbmomjyÏmef;a&;’ udpt P ay:rSm rauseyf
Edkifoabm rwlEdkifwJh bmoma&;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_awGvnf; ay:xGufcJhygw,f? Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiH
awmfbmomtjzpf jyÏmef;oifh ovm;qdkwJh ar;cGef;tay: jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;=ur_awG axmufcH=ur_/
uef@uGuf=ur_awGvnf; ay:aygufjrifhwufvmcJhygw,f? =o*kwfv (11) &ufae@rSm jynfreJ@ jynf
e,frsm;u c&pf,mefbmom0ifawG tpPvmrfbmom0ifawG/ ewfu;kd uG,o f al wG (Ak'b < momr[kwf
wJh Arm/ csi;f / ucsi/f u&ifawG) pka0;wdik yf if=u+yD; wdik ;f &if;om;bmoma&; vlenf;pkaygi;f pHk r[mrdwf
tzGJŒ zGJŒpnf;wnfaxmif=uum qENjyuef@uGufyGJawG usif;yðyvkyfvm=uygw,f? Ak'<bmomudk
Edik if aH wmfbmomtjzpf rjyÏmef;apcsiw f hJ qENukd yGiyhf iG vhf if;vif; azmfjyuef@uu G cf =hJ uwm jzpfygw,f?
OD;Ekuawmh olŒ&JŒ pdwq f ENtwdik ;f Ak'b < momudk Edik if aH wmfbmomtjzpf jyÏmef;Edik zf @kd tpp
jyifpif+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? ygvrD efrmS Edik if aH wmfbmom jyÏmef;a&;udk &ckid ef @J rGew f @kd u uef@uu G rf ,fq&kd if
&cdik ef @J rGejf ynfe,fay;r,fqw kd hJ rdru
d wdukd jyefvnf±w k o f rd ;f &r,fv@kd OD;Eku ajymovdv k kd toHxu G f
vmcJo h vdk &Sr;f eJ@ u,m;awGu Edik if aH wmfbmomudpu P kd t=uyfuikd v f m&ifawmh olw@kd &ŒJ zuf'&,frl
udpu P v kd nf; rdrq d uf+yD; aqG;aEG;rSmr[kwv f @kd OD;Eku +cdr;f ajcmufovdv k v kd nf; ajymoH qdo k H aumv
[vawG xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? zuf'&,frludpPudk axmufcHxm;&wJh csif;/ ucsif/ u&ifwdk@uvnf;
&Srf;eJ@ u,m;[m ygvDrefrSm EdkifiHawmfbmom Oya'=urf;udk uef@uGuf&mrSm olwdk@eJ@twl yl;aygif;
vm=uvdrrhf ,fv@kd ar#mv f ifah e=uw,fqw kd hJ owif;ywif;rsK;d awGvnf; xGuaf y:cJyh gw,f? zuf'&,f
rle@J Edik if aH wmfbmomudpu P kd qufpyfajymqdk xifa=uay;=uwmawGvnf;&Scd yhJ gw,f? 'gayr,fh wdwd
usus vufqkyfvufudkifjyEdkifr_awmh wckrSr&SdcJhyg?
1961 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (26) &ufae@rSm vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfa&m jynfolŒv$wfawmfyg v$wf
awmfEpS &f yfpkH yg0ifwhJ ygvrD eftpnf;ta0; usi;f ycsed rf mS zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya' yk'rf 21 (1)
jyÏmef;csufudk jyifqif+yD; Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jyÏmef;vdkufygw,f?
Ak'<bmom0if &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;/ Ak'<bmom0if ouf}uD;&G,ftdk awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u
awmh OD;Ek&JŒ 'DvkyfaqmifjyÏmef;csufudk om"kac: =uygw,f? auseyftm;&jzpf=uygw,f? EkdifiHa&;
tajrmftjrif&SdwJh Ak'<bmom 0ifwcsKdŒeJ@ Ak'<bmom0if r[kwfolrsm;uawmh 'DjyÏmef;csuftay:
awmfawmfuoduatmuf jzpf=uygw,f? rausrvnfjzpf=uygw,f? Ak'<bmom0ifr[kwfwJh wdkif;
&if;om;vlrsKd;pkawG=um;rSm qef@usifuef@uGuf=uoHawG [kdu onfu e,fy,faygif;pHkuae xGuf
ay:vm&ygawmhw,f? tusKd;qufwckuawmh ucsifjynfe,frSm autdkifat (KIA) ucsiv f w G f
ajrmufa&;wyfrawmf v_y&f mS ;r_}uD; [ke;f ceJ ydrk }kd uD;rm;us,jf yef@ wd;k wufvm&jcif;yJjzpfygw,f? Ak'<
bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jyÏmef;r_eJ@wqufwnf; EkdifiHawmfbmom omoem csD;jr‡ifh
axmufyHha&; tufOya'eJ@ ausmif;rsm;/ wuUodkvfrsm;/ q&mtwwfoifaumvdyfrsm;rSm Ak'<w&m;
pmayrsm;udk oif=um;apjcif;/ Ak'<bmomw&m;awmfawGudk Oykofae@awGrSm toHv$ifhapjcif;awGudk
jyÏmef;vkyfaqmifapcJhygw,f? Oykofae@awGrSm tpdk;&eJ@ a'oE W&tm%mydkif±Hk;awG ydwf=uzdk@ t&uf
qdik af wG Oykoaf e@rmS ydwx f m;=uzd@k / om;owf±aHk wG tcg}uD;ae@}uD;awGrmS ydwx f m;=uzd@k qkw d mawG
udkvnf; jyÏmef;vkyfaqmifapcJhygw,f?
Ak'<bmom0ifr[kwfolawG&JŒ rauseyfr_/ pdk;&drfxdwfvef@r_awG }uD;xGm;vmygw,f? tJ'g

a=umifh Ak'<bmom0if r[kwfwJh jynfolawG&JŒ pdk;&drfxdwfvef@ rauseyfr_awG yaysmufoGm;&atmif

qdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ tpdk;&u ‘pwkwˆjyifqifcsufOya'’ qdkwmudk qufvufxkwfay;&ygw,f?
“ausmif;rsm;wGif rdbrsm;. óudwifoabmwlnDcsufr&bJ ausmif;om;oli,frsm;tm;
,if;wdk@. rdbudk;uG,faom/ bmomr[kwfaom bmomudk roif=um;&[k ydwfyifonf? bmom
omoem t&yf&yfudkvnf; tpdk;&u umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&rnf[k jyÏmef;onf?” qdkwmjzpfyg
w,f?
tJ'Dvdk pwkwˆjyifqifcsuf Oya' xyfrHxkwfjyefvmwmudk Ak'<bmombkef;awmf}uD;awGu
ra=ureyfjzpf=uygw,f? OD;Ek ±_HcsD ESyfcsD vkyfw,fqdk+yD; pufwifbm (17) &ufae@rSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek
tdrfudk0dkif;+yD; qENjy=uygw,f? pufwifbm (25) &ufrSmawmh &[ef;oHCmawG trsm;tjym;[m
v$waf wmfe@J twGi;f 0ef±;kH }uD;udk 0dik ;f +yD; tjyif;txefuef@uu G f qENjy=uygw,f? vufeufuikd &f o J m;
ESpfaxmifavmufcs+yD; umuG,fxdef;odrf;cJh&ygw,f?
tJ'DvdktjzpftysufawG wdkif;jynfrSm ay:aygufaecsdefrSm/ ppfwyfxdyfoD;}uD;wcsKdŒu ppfwyf
u tm%mjyeftyfcJh&wmtay: rcsifhr&J jzpfaecJh=uygw,f? txl;ojzifh tm%mar#mfrSef;csuf
}uD;vGe;f vSwhJ ud, k w f ikd v
f nf; 0ef}uD;csKyfvyk cf &hJ zl;+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfwa,muf&ŒJ t&om/ eHygww f pfEikd if hH
acgi;f aqmifwa,muf&ŒJ t&omudk jrnf;prf;pm;oH;k cGihf óuHczhJ ;l +yD;jzpfw/hJ umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyf
}uD;ae0if;tzdk@ ydk+yD; tdyfrufrufp&m/ ydk+yD; vGrf;armp&mawG jzpfaecJhygw,f? olom EdkifiH eHygwfwpf
acgif;aqmifjzpfw,fqkdwm jycsifvGef;aeovm; 'grSr[kwf 0ef}uD;csKyfqdkwJh t&Sdeftdyfruf rukefbJ
jzpfaevdk@vm; rajymwwfyg? 1960 jynfhESpf atmufwdkbmv (1) &ufae@ w±kwf jrefrme,f
edrdwfpmcsKyf vufrSwfa&;xdk;yGJtwGuf 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkeJ@twl w±kwfjynfudk oGm;a&mufcJh=u&&mrSm
tdr&f iS Ef ikd if u
H Armacgi;f aqmifawGtwGuf pD;zd@k armfawmfum;awG toifph pD Of jyifqifay;xm;&mrSm/
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EktwGuf vsmxm;jyifqifxm;wJh a&SŒqHk;u armfawmfum;udk AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u
t&ifwufp;D ypfvu kd w f ,fqydk gw,f? tdr&f iS Ef ikd if u
H acgi;f aqmifrsm;uawmif tHt h m;oifoh mG ;cJ=h u&
w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? OD;Ektygt0if twlvdkufygoGm;=uolawGvnf; rSifoufrdoGm;&+yD; tda¹ENrysuf
quf+yD; pD;eif;vdkufygoGm;cJh=u&w,fvdk@ tqdk&Sdygw,f?
1961 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mvxJrmS umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u wyfrawmf&ŒJ
ppfwdkif;XmecsKyfrsm;udk jyifqifzGJŒpnf;wmvkyfygw,f?
(u) taemufajrmufwdkif; ppfXmecsKyfudk t&ifajrmufydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyf/ trSwf (1)
wyfrXmecsKyf/ trSwf (1) eJ@ trSwf (10) ajcvsifwyfr[mXmecsKyfawG zsufodrf;+yD;
tJ'Dtiftm;awG tajccHum rE Wav;rSm zGJŒpnf;cJhygw,f?
(c) ta&SŒydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyftjzpf trSwf (4) (6) (9) ajcvsifwyfr[mawG zsufodrf;+yD;
tJ'Dtiftm;awGeJ@ awmif}uD;òrdŒrSm zGJŒpnf;cJhygw,f?
(*) ta&SŒawmifwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyftjzpf trSwf (3)(5)(13) wyfr[mawG zsuo f rd ;f +yD; tJ'D
tiftm;awGeJ@ armfvòrdifòrdŒrSm zGJŒpnf;cJhygw,f?
(C) taemufawmifwdkif; ppfXmecsKyftjzpf trSwf (8)(12) ajcvsifwyfr[mXmecsKyfawG
zsufodrf;+yD; tJ'Dtiftm;awGeJ@ ykodrfòrdŒrSm zGJŒpnf;ygw,f?

(i) tv,fyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyftjzpf t&if awmifyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyfe@J wyfr[m (2)udk
zsufodrf;+yD; tJ'Dtiftm;awGeJ@ r*Fvm'HkrSm zGJŒpnf;cJhygw,f?
(p) trSwf (7) ajcvsifwyfr[mudk jrpf}uD;em;rSm qufxm;+yD; trSwf (11) ajcvsifwyf
r[mudk zm;tHrSm qufvufxm;&SdcJhygw,f?
ppfwyf[m tiftm;t& cdkifrmawmifhwif;wJhtaetxm;udk a&muf&Sdae+yDjzpfovdk pD;yGm;
a&;t&vnf; awmifhwif;tm;&Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? wyfwGif;rSm&SdcJhwJh vuf0Jtiftm;pkawGudk z,f&Sm;
+yD;cJh+yD;jzpfovdk aemufqHk;usef&SdaewJh qdk&S,fvpfvufusefwyfrª;}uD;wcsKdŒudkvnf; (60) ckESpf/ a&G;
aumufyGJbufvdkufr_udk ta=umif;jy+yD; z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;ypfcJh+yD;+yD jzpfygw,f? Akdvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;/
Adkvfrª;csKyfwifaz wdk@avmufom usefygawmhw,f? wckvHk;taetxm;t&ajym&&if AkdvfcsKyf}uD;
ae0if; pdwóf uduf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; wvufuikd af rG;jrLxm;cJw h hJ ppfwyfoabm tjynft h 0 yHak y:ae+yD
jzpfygw,f?
tm%m&Edik if aH &;ygw}D uD;jzpfwhJ ‘yxp’ uvnf; OD;-Adv k -f ocif tkypf u k aJG eovdk zqyv/
yrnw pwJh ajray:EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pk tzGJŒtpnf;awGuvnf; pkpkpnf;pnf; nDnD!Gwf!Gwf
r&Sd=uwJhtjyif ppfwyf&JŒtE W&,fudk b,ftzGJŒtpnf;urS tav;teufrxm;cJh=uyg? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
ae0if; udv k nf; yxp/ zqyv/ yrnw awGtm;vH;k u tifrwef,=kH unfvyS ga=umif; toGit f rsK;d
rsKd;eJ@ azmfjy *k%fwifxm;cJh=uygw,f? OD;Ekudk,fwdkifuvnf; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk ,Hk=unfaecJhyg
w,f?
ppfbwf*sufuawmh wESpfxufwESpf xdk;wufvmaecJhwJhtwGuf bwf*sufvdkaiGudk umrd
atmif tpdk;&u tcGefaumufawG wdk;aumufvm&ygw,f? jynfwGif;ppftprSm jynfolawGtay:
wdkuf±dkufaumufcHcJhwJh tcGeftaumuf[m ( 53 ukaÉ ) ausmfyJ&Sd&mu/ 61- 62 b¾ma&;ESpf
twGuf (112 ukaÉ) txd wdk;+yD;aumufcHzdk@ vsmxm;vkyfaqmifvm&ygw,f? ESpfqausmfwdk;+yD;
aumufcv H m&wJh oabmjzpfygw,f? jynfwiG ;f tcGet f aumufawGw;kd +yD; aumufcv H m&wJt h wGuf
ukefaps;E_ef;awG ydk+yD;}uD;vm&ygw,f?
jynfwiG ;f vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkjzpfwhJ awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawG&ŒJ taetxm;uawmh
tzGJŒtpnf;wdkif;vdkvdk qHk;±_H;r_awG }uD;rm;cJh&+yD; t=uyftwnf;awGtoD;oD; óuHawGŒ&ifqdkifaecsdef
jzpfygw,f? tpkd;& tqufquf&JŒ tðywfwdkufa&; ppfqifacsr_ef;r_awG&JŒatmufrSm tqHk;t±_H;awG
}uD;cJ=h u&ovdk (58) ckEpS f vufeufe@J 'rD u kd a&pDvv
J , S af &; r_id ;f wdu
k rf a_ wGatmuf/ vufeufuikd v f rf;
pOfpeG @f +yD;/ Oya'abmiftwGi;f 0ifa&; trsK;d rsK;d aom vdrn f mr_id ;f wdu k rf a_ wGatmufrmS vnf; òyduq JG ;kH ±_;H
&r_}uD;awG ay:cJhygw,f? udk,fhtiftm;awGudk udk,fqufvufxdef;odrf;wnfaqmuf&if; t=uyf
twnf;aygi;f pH=k um;rSm ±ke;f uefwu kd yf 0JG ifae=u&wJh taetxm;om jzpfygw,f? b,fawmfveS af &;
vufeufudkiftiftm;pkurS EdkifiHawmftm%mudk odrf;ydkuf&,lEdkifr,fh taetxm; r&Sdyg?
wjynfvHk;rSm t}uD;qHk;aom vufeufudkiftiftm;pk}uD;uawmh AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;
OD;pD;arG;jrLudkifwG,fxm;wJh tpdk;&wyf}uD;yJ jzpfygw,f? vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; tzGJŒtpnf;
tm;vH;k aygi;f &JŒ pkpak ygi;f ta&twGut f iftm;xuf tqaygi;f rsm;pGm}uD;aewJh ppfwyftiftm;pk}uD;
jzpfaeygw,f? wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ bwf*sut f oH;k p&dwf pkpak ygi;f &JŒ &mcdik Ef e_ ;f trsm;qH;k udk ppfwyfu oH;k pGpJ m;

aomufypfaewJh tajctaejzpfygw,f? wjynfvHk;&JŒ b¿maiGtrsm;qHk;udk &,loHk;pGJae±Hkru tm;

vHk;&JŒ rsufESmomay;r_udkyg &&Sdae+yD; wae@wjcm; =oZmt&Sdeft0g }uD;rm;vmaeygw,f? tJ'Dvdk
jzpfaewJh ppfwyf}uD;&JŒtaetxm;udk rSefrSefuefuef ajz&Sif;Edkifzdk@ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;vkyfwJholu
ppfr_rxrf;rae& Oya' (National Service Act) w&yf ygvDrefrSm wifoGif;jyÏmef;Edkifzdk@ tpðyvkyf
aqmifw,fqdkygw,f? ppfwyfwGif;&Sd Adkvfrª;csKyfwifaz u rcHr&yfEdkifjzpf+yD; olŒwyfu t&m&SdawGudk
ac: +yD; “'d@k wyfrawmfukd zsuzf @kd vyk af e+yD/ 'd@k wyfrawmfawmh tzsurf cHEikd b f ;l / igw@kd awmh wckcak wmh
vky&f r,f” vd@k ajymwm qdw k mawG vkyw f ,fqykd gw,f? ‘umuG,af &;0ef}u;D u wyfrawmfuzkd su+f y”D
vdk@ ykodrfoGm;+yD; &ifbwfpnfwD; ajymqdkovdk vm±_d;/ awmif}uD; wdk@rSmvnf; vdkufvHajymqdkcJhw,f
qdyk gw,f? umuG,af &;0ef}uD;u wyfrawmfukd zsuzf @kd vyk w f mr[kww f t
hJ a=umif; vdu k vf H wke@f jyef
ajz&Sif;cJh&w,fqdkygw,f?
tJ'Dvdk tcsdefrSm EdkifiHwumtaetxm;uvnf; t&if;&Sif*dk%f;}uD;eJ@ qdk&S,fvpf*dk%f;}uD;
[m e,fy,faygif;pHk ae&maygif;pHkrSm olEdkifudk,fEkdif tòydif}uJ+yD; tjyif;txef óud;yrf;tm;xkwf
ae=ucsdefjzpfygw,f? t&if;&Sif*kd%f;}uD;u uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;tvHudkaxmif+yD; EkdifiHwdkif;u jywf
om;wJh uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;vkyEf ikd o f al wGukd tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðycJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifh Akv d cf sKyf}uD;
ae0if; eJ@ Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒ ppfwyftay:vnf; ausmaxmufaemufcðH yay;wmawG trsm;tjym;
vkyfcJhygw,f?
tjyeftvSet f m;jzifh qd&k ,S v
f pf*% kd ;f }uD;bufuvnf; “awmfveS af &;udk wify@kd z@kd óud;pm;ae
=uovdk a'otoD;oD;u uGefjrLepfygwDawGtay: axmufyHhtm;ay;zdk@ óud;pm;cJh=uygw,f? 'gay
r,fh qdk&S,fvpf*dk%f;}uD;twGif;rSmudk qdkAD,ufeJ@ w±kwf vdkif;ESpfvdkif;tjzpf òyduGJoGm;+yD;/ EdkifiHtoD;
oD;u uGefjrLepfygwDawGtay: qdk;0g;wJh tusKd;qufawG jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? t&if;&Sif*dk%f;}uD;eJ@
,SOfòydifwkdufcdkuf tm;prf;=u&mrSm qdk&S,fvpf*dk%f;}uD;[m rnDr!Gwf tòydòydtuGJuGJ jzpfcJhygw,f?
'DvkdtcsdefrSm tm&SrSm uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;orm; xdyfoD;ppfAkdvfcsKyf}uD;awG ay:xGufvmygw,f?
uGejf rLepfqef@usiahf &;udk vufawGŒ jywfjywfom;om;vky=f uwJh ppftm%m&Si}f u;D awGukd tar&duef
OD;aqmifwJh t&if;&Sif*dk%f;}uD;u vufckyf=obmwD;ay;cJh=uygw,f? 1960 ckESpfausmf umv[m
urBmrSm ppfAkdvfcsKyf}uD;awG&JŒ ppfwyfu tm%modrf;,lwm acwfpm;pðyvmcJhygw,f?
txl;ojzifh tm&SrSm ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG tm%modrf;yGJqifE$J=uwm/ tm%modrf;zdk@ wmpl
óud;yrf;=uwmawG acwfpm;ovdk jzpfvmaecJhygw,f? zdvpfydkifrSm rm;udk@(pf) awmifudk;&D;,m;rSm
ywfcsKH[D;wdk@ emrnfxGufvmygw,f?
Armjynfu Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; [mvnf; tm%mudv k aJ$ jymif;ay;&+yD;uwnf;u tm%mudk
jyefvnf&,lEikd af &;twGuf jynfwiG ;f tajctae Edik if w H umtajctaeawGukd rsujf cnfrjywf =unfh
aecJhygw,f? 1961 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmvxJavmufup+yD; ppfwyf[m jyefvnftm%modrf;ydkufEdkifzdk@
awmif v#KdŒ0SufjyifqifcJhw,fvdk@vnf; qdkygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dvdkjyifqifaewmudk AkdvfcsKyf}uD;
ae0if; uvGJvdk@ b,folrS wdwdususrodcJh=uyg?
Edk0ifbm (14) &ufae@rSm ajrmufOuUvm AvDausmif; t"du±k%f;}uD; jzpfay:vmygw,f?
AvDwnfaqmufz@kd tpd;k &uajrae&may;wmtay: oHCmawmfrsm;u ra=ureyfjzpf&muae pwif

jzpfay:vmwm jzpfygw,f? ajrae&mawGay;wJt h cgrmS bke;f }uD;ausmif;awGaqmufz@kd usawmh òrdŒjyif

uae&mawGay;w,f? AvDaqmufzdk@twGufusawmh òrdŒxJu tuGuftuGif;aumif;wJh ae&may;
w,f? 'Dvdkvkyfwmudk uef@uGufw,fqdk+yD; oHCmawmfawGu qENjyqef@usifuef@uGuf&muae
}u;D xGm;vmwmjzpfygw,f? oHCmawmfawGu AvDajruGuu f o kd rd ;f +y;D qENjyygw,f? &J eJ@ oHCmawmf
awG xdyfwdkufawGŒ&+yD; &J eJ@ oHCm/ vlxkyg yg0ifvmwJh t"du±k%f;}uD;jzpfyGm;ygw,f? owif;pm
wcsKdŒuvnf; yg0ifa&;om;vm=uygw,f? yk'fr (144) xkwf&±Hkru &J u aoewfeJ@ypf+yD; vlpkcGJwJh
twGuf aoa=u'%f&m&r_awG jzpfay:cJhygw,f? oHCmawmfawGtygt0if vlaygif; (200) ausmf
zrf;qD;wmcH&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh oHCma&m vlxyk g rausreyf xyfrjH zpfymG ;cJ=h u+yD;/ tiftm; (1500)
avmufe@J qENjy&if; OD;Ekukd “a=umifoal wmfA'k b < mom}uD;” vd@k jyif;jyif;xefxef atmf[pf±w _ cf swm
vkyfcJh=uygw,f?
rauseyfEikd wf hJ oHCmawmfawG[m uefawmfrifyef;+cHrmS oHCmxkqENjyyGJ usi;f y+yD; OD;Ekqef@
usifa&ydkpwmawGuyfum w&m;a[majymcJh=uygw,f?
OD;Eku oHCmawmfawG&ŒJ trsuaf 'goudk ac|;odyw f t hJ aeeJ@ ‘oHCmawmfrsm;tm; qGr;f qef
pdrf;avmif;vªyGJ’ udk vrf;rawmfrSmusif;ywJhtcg oHCmawmfawGu qGrf;qefpdrf;awmif;awG
arSmuf+yD; jiif;y,fqENjycJh=uygw,f?
1961 ckEpS tf wGi;f rSm Ekid if w H uma&;&meJ@ ywfouf+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek OD;aqmifwhJ jrefrmEdik if H
awmftpd;k & yg0ifaqmif&u G cf w
hJ hJ *k%w f ufp&mudpt P jzpf rSww f rf;wifxu kd w
f muawmh ‘bJv*f &dwf
nDvmcH}uD;’ rSm jrefrmEdkifiHvnf; ta&;ygwJhtcef;u yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? ,l*dkpvm;
AD;,m;Edik if H ‘bJv*f &dw’f òrdŒrSm ta&SŒtkypf ek @J taemuftyk pf q k w kd hJ tkypf }k uD;ESpcf t
k =um; b,ftyk pf rk S
ryg0ifwJh EdkifiHrsm;&JŒnDvmcH}uD;udk usif;ycJhygw,f?
qdAk ,D uf,el , D eH @J tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k @kd acgi;f aqmifwhJ ta&SŒtkypf ek @J taemuftyk pf k
=um; wif;rmr_awG jyif;xefaecsed rf mS usi;f ywJh =um;aeEkid if rH sm;&JŒ nDvmcH}uD;jzpfovd/k bufrvdu k f
v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;twGuf ordik ;f 0ifrw S wf ikd w
f ckjzpfcyhJ gw,f? bJv*f &dwn f v D mcH}uD;uae qdAk ,D uf,el , D H
eJ@ tar&duefw@kd ukd wif;rmr_awGavsmyh g;atmif óud;yrf;=uzd@k arwWm&yfcH yef=um;awmif;qdck yhJ gw,f?
tJ'DnDvmcHt+yD;rSm OD;Ek [m tD*spf eJ@ armf±dkudk EdkifiHwdk@&JŒ cspf=unfa&;tvnftywfc&D; zdwf=um;
jcif;cH&ygw,f?
1962 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (19) &ufae@rSm EdkifiHawmft}uHay;tzGJŒ&JŒ zuf'&,frleJ@ ywfouf
wJh t}uðH ycsut f pD&ifcpH m Edik if aH wmftpd;k &qD w&m;0ifwifoiG ;f ygw,f? aemufwae@ Zefe0g&D (20)
&ufae@rmS ‘jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzGŒJ ’ u ud, k pf m;vS,af wGjzpf=uwJh pyfceG cf sK/d a'guw f mapmvS
xGef;/ omrdkif;crf;apmfbGm; pyfxGef;at; OD;omxGef; (&cdkif)/ Edkifbapm (rGef)/ uy`wdefref;wHk;E_H; (csif;)/
OD;cspfarmif (u,m;)/ OD;vS+idrf; (u,m;) wdk@[m 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek eJ@awGŒqHk+yD; ‘zuf'&,frl’ wckudk
w&m;0if wifoGif;vdkuf=uygw,f? jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJŒu a&;qGJwifoGif;w,fqdkwJh 'Dzuf
'&,frl[m ‘&Srf;rl’ udk jyifqifjznfhpGuf+yD; tusOf;csKyfjyefvnfa&;qGJxm;wJh ‘rl’ vdk@qdkygw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek u 'Dzuf'&,fru l pd u
P kd trsK;d om;nDvmcHrmS aqG;aEG;rSmjzpfa=umif; jyefvnf
tajzay;cJhygw,f?

0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek u w&m;0ifvrf;zGiahf y;+yD;wJah emuf tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;

jyifqifvo kd l jynfe,frsm;bufu pmwrf; (4) apmif ay:xGuv f mcJw
h ,fv@kd t=urf;zsi;f owfrw S Ef ikd f
ygw,f? OD;xGef;jrifh (awmif}uD;) &JŒ ‘u|efawmfwdk@vdkvm;aomjynfaxmifpkpepf’ odk@r[kwf ‘jynf
axmifpw k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom&Sr;f jynf’ qdw k phJ mwrf;/ a'guw f mapmvSxeG ;f &JŒ ‘tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;
eJ@ywfoufwJhrl=urf;’ pmwrf;/ &Srf;jynfe,fqdkif&m óud;udkifaumfrDwDu wifoGif;cJhwJh ‘jynfaxmifpk
ppfppfr’l od@k r[kwf ‘&Sr;f rl’ qdw k phJ mwrf;eJ@ tckaemufq;kH wifoiG ;f vdu k =f uwJh &Sr;f jynfe,ftygt0if
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ ‘zuf'&,frl’ pmwrf;/ pkpkaygif;pmwrf; (4) apmif ay:xGufcJhyg
w,f? ‘zuf'&,frl’ pmwrf;[m jynfe,frsm;&JŒudk,fpm; aemufqHk;wifoGif;cJhwJh pmwrf;jzpfwJh
twGuf ta&;t}uD;qHk;eJ@ tcsKyfpmwrf;vdk@ qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f?
yxrpmwrf; (3) apmifvHk;[m tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;twGuf ‘zuf'&,frl’ udk vkdvm;
a=umif; toGiftrsKd;rsKd;eJ@ zGifhqdk &Sif;vif; &nf!¸ef;cJh=uovdk/ aemufqHk; w&m;0ifwifoGif;cJhwJh jynf
e,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ ‘zuf'&,frl’ pmwrf;rSmuawmh ‘zuf'&,frl’ qdkwmudk twd
tvif;udk acgif;pOfwyf+yD; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; azmfjyawmif;qdkxm;ygw,f?
1962 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (27) &ufae@rSm urBmat;ukef;ajrrSm tm%m& ‘yxp’tzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ
jynfv;kH u|wn f vD mcH}uD; pwifusi;f yygw,f? 'Dnv D mcH}uD;[m tm%m& yxp tzGŒJ }uD;twGi;f u
OD;-Advk -f ocif tkypf t k uGu J kd qG+J yD;&if=um;aphz@kd óud;pm;wJyh }JG uD;jzpfovdk OD;-Adv k -f ocif wd@k &ŒJ aemuf
qHk;AkdvfvkyGJ}uD;vnf; jzpfcJhygw,f? yxp tdrfapmifhaumfrDwD OuUÏ}uD;OD;Ek u wufa&mufzGifhvSpf
rdef@cGef;ac|cJhygw,f?
“b,fEh , S vf J udak &$O;D Akv d f eJ@ udak &$ocifw@kd wa,mufe@J wa,muf tjyeftvSef tkyaf e=u
wm rarmao;bl;vm;?æ OD;Akv d f eJ@ ocifawG&ŒJ yG[ J m tifrwef=unhaf umif;wJyh yJG ?J vufa0S@pum;eJ@
ajym&r,fq&kd ifawmh OD;Adv k af &m ocifa&m ESpzf ufpvH;k [m ajczsm;a&m zaemifah &m/ 'l;a&m/ wHawmif
a&m/ vufo;D a&m/ acgi;f a&m/ ar;apha&m/ vufoaJ &m &S&d o dS r# tukex f wk +f yD; cs=uwmbJ/ cs=uwmrS
t}udwt f e,fcs=uwmbJ? tJ'aD wmh udak &$O;D Adv k wf @kd udak &$ocifw@kd tawmarmoGm;=u+yDxifw,f?
rarm=uao;bl;vm;” vdk@ tpcsD ar;cGef;xkwfvdkuf+yD; yxptzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ ygwDwGif;tajctaeudk
xif[yfjy&if; OD;AdkvftkyfpkeJ@ ociftkyfpkwdk@&JŒ t±_H;tEdkifudk nDvmcH}uD;u tqHk;tjzwfðyoGm;rSm
jzpfa=umif;/ ±_;H wJt h yk pf ak &m Ekid w f t hJ yk pf yk g ESv;kH oGi;f wwfz@kd vw kd thJ a=umif; owday;qH;k rpum; ajym
=um;oGm;cJhygw,f?
“tJ'Dawmh EdkifiHa&;qufrvkyfcsifwJholawG[m EdkifiHa&;avmuxJu tomw=unfxGuf
=uyg? EdkifiHa&;avmuxJrSmae+yD; EkdifiHa&;óud;qGJcsaowJh romawGawmh tjzpfrcH=uygeJ@? ±_H;wJhol
awG[m rpm;&wJhtrJ oJeJ@yufwJhoabmrsKd;vdk EdkifwJholawGudk tvkyfrvkyfjzpfatmif wenf;eJ@
r[kwf wenf;eJ@ qlqlylyl&ifvnf; vkyfae=urSmyJ/ 'grSr[kwf vufeufudkif+yD; aomif;usef;=urSm
bJ?æ 'Dvo kd m ±_;H wdik ;f uysu, f ysuv f yk af e=ur,fq&kd if u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifpek @J tifrwefEek ,f
ao;wJh ygvDref'Drdkua&pD[m b,fenf;eJ@rS tudkif;tcuft&Guf tzl;tyGifh a0a0qmqmjzpfwJh
txd }uD;xGm;rvmEdkifyJ t!¸ef@rxGufcif zkwf=unf;oò*õvfvdkuf&rSmyJ/ 'Dzkwf=unf; o+*õKvfvdkuf&
wJhae@[m cifAsm;wdk@ u|efawmfwdk@ yxptzGJŒ0ifawG vl&ifhrm}uD;jzpf+yD; ezm;óud;txkd;cH&wJhae@

jzpfrSmbJ” vdk@vnf; zGifhqdk&Sif;jyoGm;cJhygw,f? nDvmcHtqHk;tjzwfudk ±_H;±_H;EdkifEkdif tomw=unf

vufcHoGm;=uzdk@ w&m;jy em;csoGm;cJhjcif;jzpfygw,f?
OD;Akv d tf yk ef @J ociftyk [
f m tòyditf qdik f nDvmcHrmS ,SOòf ydicf =hJ uygw,f? rJay;Edik of u l , kd pf m;
vS,fpkpkaygif; (722) OD;wufa&mufcJhwJh nDvmcH}uD;&JŒ aemufqHk; tqHk;owftajzuawmh ocifu
tompD;&oGm;cJhw,fvdk@yJ owfrSwf&rSmjzpfygw,f?
'D yxpnDvmcH}uD;uae ‘ocifwif’ udk yxp acgi;f aqmifopftjzpf a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufchJ
=uygw,f? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;u ociftkyfpkacgif;aqmif ocifausmfxGef; jzpfvmygw,f?
ESpfzuftkyfpk nDr#wJh XmecsKyftvkyftr_aqmif (16) OD;/ t&H (15) OD;udk a&G;aumufwif
ajr‡mufEikd cf =hJ u+yD; tzGŒJ }uD;rSm tpdwpf w
d t
f r$mr$mruGaJ wmhbJ nD!w G af &;udk ,m,Dtm;jzifx h ed ;f odr;f
Edkifvdkuf=uygw,f? Ek-wif aqG+idrf; tuGJwkef;uvdkawmh ESpfjcrf; ESpfr$muGJ roGm;awmhwJhtwGuf/
yxp}uD; wvHk;wpnf;wnf; qufvuf&yfwnfEdkifcJhygw,f? ‘yxp’ }uD;[m tm%m&tjzpfu
‘zqyv’ }uD;wkef;uvdk q,fESpfq,frdk;r=umao;yJ wESpfausmf ESpfESpfom;avmuf &Sdao;wJht
wGuf tuGJr}uD;ao;wm/ 'ga=umifh ,m,Djyef+yD; &if=um;aphaeEdkifwmvdk@ ,lqr,fqdk&ifvnf;
,lqEkdifygw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf ‘yxp’ }uD; tpdwfpdwftr$mr$muGJxGufroGm;wmudk rcsifhr&J jzpfoGm;&wm
uawmh t"dutwdu k t
f cH zqyv wnf+rJtyk pf ek @J tm%modr;f Edik zf @kd tuGuaf csmif;aewJh wyfwiG ;f
u ppftkyfpkyJjzpfw,fvdk@ owfrSwf&r,fjzpfygw,f?
1962 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D (13) &ufae@rSm jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJŒ 0ef}uD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;
usi;f yygw,f? 'Dtpnf;ta0;uae trsK;d om;nDvmcHac:,lz@kd qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd qH;k jzwfvukd yf gw,f?
jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzGŒJ u wifoiG ;f wJh ‘zuf'&,fr’l eJ@ jynfe,fOuUÏrsm; cef@xm;a&; (zGŒJ pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'jyifqifcsuf) Oya'=urf;udk azazmf0g&D (15) &ufae@rSm usif;yr,fh jynfolŒ
v$waf wmfnv D mcHrmS rwifoiG ;f ao;yJ/ tJ'u D pd t
P wGuf trsK;d om;nDvmcHac:,lz@kd qH;k jzwfvu kd w f m
jzpfygw,f? ‘zuf'&,frl’ udk trsKd;om;nDvmcHrSmwif+yD; aqG;aEG;zdk@jzpfygw,f? “'DudpP[m trsKd;
om;nDvmcHac: zdk@rvdkyJ 0ef}uD;tzGJŒqHk;jzwfydkifcGihf&SdwJhudpPjzpfvdk h0ef}uD;tzGJŒtwGuf raumif;wJh
tpOftvm}uD; jzpfoGm;rSmpdk;a=umif;” vdk@ 0ef}uD;pyfcGefcsKdeJ@ 0ef}uD;qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif wdk@u
uef@uGufajymqdkcJh=uao;w,fqdkygw,f?
aemufq;kH rSm jynfoŒl v$waf wmfnv D mcHukd 1962 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v D (15) &ufae@rmS vnf;
aumif;/ trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk azazmf0g&Dv (24) &ufae@rSmvnf;aumif;/ usif;yzdk@ ac:,lvdkufyg
awmhw,f?
jynfov l w $ af wmftpnf;ta0;}u;D usi;f yaepOfumvrSmyJ/ azazmf0g&v D (24) &ufae@ nae
(6) em&Dupwif+yD;/ &efukefòrdŒ jynfvrf;toHv$ifh±Hkcrf;raqmifrSm ‘zuf'&,frl’ aqG;aEG;yGJ}uD;
òrdifòrdifqdkifqdkif usif;yygw,f?
‘z,f'&,frl’udk w&m;0ifraqG;aEG;=ucifrSmyJ zuf'&,frltay: rwljcm;em;wJhtjrifawG
EdkifiHa&;avmurSm xGufay:vmcJhygw,f?

yrnw 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmifu “1961 ckEpS /f *|ev f wGif awmif}uD;òrdŒY vlrsK;d pHn k D uGezf &if}h uD;
udk wcJeufusi;f yum z,f'a&;&Si;f rlqo kd nfuw
kd ifjyI tjyif;tjyawmif;qdv k m=uonf? ,if;wd@k .
pmwrf;udk avhvmaomtcg trSefrSm z,f'a&;&Sif;rl r[kwf uGefzD'a&;&Sif;rl jzpfaeonfudk awGŒ
vm&ayonf? t"dy`g,frSm vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftcsmtm%mydkif jynfe,frsm;/ jrefrmjynfre,f
tygt0if jynfe,faygif;csKyfzGJŒ&ef jzpfaeavonf” vdk@ tjrif&SdcJhygw,f?
wnf+rJzqyv acgif;aqmif OD;ausmf+idrf; uawmh zuf'&,frltay: tjyif;txef qef@usif
uef@uGuf ajymqdkygw,f? 1962 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D (18) &ufae@ &efukefc±dkif zqyv vli,ftzGJŒ
OD;pD;nDvmcHrSm “&Srf; zuf'&,frlqdkwm awmifwef;om;awGu Armudkjyefcs&atmifqdkwJh t"dy`g,f
bJ&Sdw,f? 'Dta&;awGudk xdef;Edkif&if xdef;Edkif/ rxdef;Edkif&ifawmh wdkif;jynfòyduGJzdk@yJ &Sdawmhw,f”
vd k @ ajymqd k + yD ; tE W & ,f t jzpf j rif y gw,f ? óud w if e d r d w f z wf o vd k v nf ; “wd k i f ; jynf ò yd u G J z d k @ yJ
&dSawmhw,f” vdk@ajymqdkygw,f?
a'guw f mbOD;acgi;f aqmifwhJ Edik if aH wmft}uHay; aumfrw D u D vnf; a,bk,stm;jzifh qef@
usifuef@uGuf+yD; rvdkvm;wJhoabm tpD&ifcHwifjycJhygw,f?
ArmjynfrSm EdkifiHa&;tpOftvm}uD;rm;wJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuawmh vlrsKd;pkawG&JŒ
wef;wla&;eJ@ ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGiu
hf kd todtrSwðf yvufcw H ahJ y:vpDuo kd m qkyu f ikd x
f m;cJyh gw,f? 1944
ckEpS w f ek ;f uwnf;u uGejf rLepfygw[ D m vlrsK;d pkawGe@J ywfouf+yD; wef;wlpnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;/ cGx
J u
G f
vdku cGJxGufEdkifa&;awGudk rltm;jzifhudk qkyfudkifazmfxkwfcJhayr,fh/ (55) ckESpfup+yD; cGJxGufvdku
cGx
J u G cf iG u hf kd razmfxw k af wmhyJ aecJyh gw,f? vlrsK;d pkawG&ŒJ cGx J uG cf iG u hf kd ry,f&mS ;ayr,fh e,fcsŒJ orm;
awGu cGx J u G cf iG u
hf kd toH;k rcsEidk zf @kd q+kd yD; razmfxw k af wmhyaJ ecJw
h m zuf'&,frl v_y&f mS ;r_awG ay:ayguf
aecsdeftxdjzpfcJhygw,f? wu,fwef;wla&;eJ@ udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifhawGtay:rSmawmh wav#mufvHk;
&yfwnfxm;cJhygw,f?
vlrsKd;pk vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG tm;vHk;avmufuawmh zuf'&,frludk
vufcHoabmus=uw,fvdk@ a,bk,s owfrSwfEdkifygw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek udk,fwdkifuawhm jynfe,fawGu tvdk&SdwJh jynfe,frsm; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJŒu
w&m;0if wifoGif;vmwJh ‘zuf'&,frl’ qdkwm bmrSa=umufp&mr&Sdvdk@ wdwdvif;vif; cH,lxm;yg
w,f? oludk,fwdkifu pwifvrf;zGifhay;cJhvdk@ ay:aygufvmcJhwJhudpPjzpfwJhtjyif b,fjynfe,furS
w&m;0ifcGJxGufzdk@vnf; óud;pm;=urSmr[kwfvdk@/ 'Drludk OD;aqmifwifoGif;olawGudk,fwdkifeJ@ tjyeft
vSefem;vnfxm;+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf at;at;aq;aq;bJ oabmxm;ygw,f? wu,fvnf; zuf'
&,frludk wifoGif;=uwJhyk*~KdvfawG udk,fwdkifvnf; cGJxGufa&;oabmxm;r&SdcJh=uyg? wu,fwef;
wef;wlrr_ &Scd w hJ mawG wef;wlr&_ v dS ma&;eJ@ epfemcsuaf wGukd repfem&atmif zefw;D zd@k e@J / jynfaxmifpk
tppf tESpfom&aysmufae&wJh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk ‘jynfaxmifpkppfppf’ tjzpf
jyefvnfzGJŒpnf; wnfaqmufEdkifzdk@ ‘zuf'&,frl’ udk taumif;qHk;rltjzpf ,Hk=unf,lrSwf wifoGif;
azmfxkwfvmcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? 'Dtwdkif;jzpf&ifjzpf/ rjzpf&if b,fvdkrS vufrcHEdkifqdkwJh wif;wif;
rmrm qkyfudkifOD;wnfvmwmrsKd; r&SdcJh=uyg? óudwifcsrSwfudkifpGJxm;r_rsKd; r&SdcJh=uyg?

tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;twGuf tqdak wGwifoiG ;f =uygv@kd tpd;k &u w&m;0ifwm0eftyfEiS ;f

cJ+h yD;/ tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;eJ@ywfoufwhJ pnf;urf;csuf wenf;tm;jzifh ‘vdu k ef m&r,frh ’l qdwk mudk
csrw S af y;pOfuwnf;u tJ'D ‘rl’ awGu bmawGvq J wkd m &Si;f &Siv
f if;vif;od&atmif 0ef}u;D csKyfO;D Ekukd
ar;jref;cJh=uygw,f?
1947 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'&JŒ ‘rl’ tESpo f m&udk rysuaf pbJ jyif&rSmjzpfw,f
qdw k t hJ wGuf tJ'zD ŒJG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'&JŒ ‘rl’ qdw k mu ‘bmvJ’ qdw k mtay: &Si;f vif;atmif
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmcJh=uygw,f? ynm&SifwcsKdŒu “zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'’ &JŒ rl[m ‘qdk&S,fvpf
EkdifiHwnfaqmufa&;yJ’ vdk@ tajzay;ovdk/ wcsKdŒu ‘1947 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'’
&JŒ ‘ed'ge;f ’ [m rlyv J @kd ajymqd=k uwmvnf;&Scd yhJ gw,f? awmif}uD; OD;xGe;f jrifh wd@k vkd yk*Kd~ vfrsm;uawmh
‘1947 ckEpS /f ZGef (16) &ufae@ wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmfrmS Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; wifoiG ;f cJw h hJ ‘vrf;!¸ef
jyÏmef;csut f qdk tcsuf (7) csuo f nfom tajccHOya'&JŒ rl’ vd@k oabmxm;cJw h mvnf; &Syd gw,f?
tJ'gawGa=umifh taocsmqHk;jzpfatmifqdk+yD; omrdkif;crf;apmfbGm; pyfxGef;at;u acgif;aqmif+yD;
OD;Ekukd oGm;ar;=uwJt h cg OD;Eku tJ'w D ek ;f u tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;aumfrw D t D wGuf OuUÏcef@xm;
wJh OD;at;armifqD oGm;ar;=uzdk@ ajymcJhw,fqdkygw,f? OD;at;armifqD qufoGm;+yD; ar;=uwJhtcg
OD;at;armif u “usKyfw@kd csxm; wJh rlqw kd m[m 'Dwikd ;f jynfukd uGejf rLepfEikd if rH jzpf/ zufqpfEidk if rH jzpf/
tm%m&SiEf ikd if rH jzpf&ifawmf+yD/ óuduo f vdo k mjyifayawmh/ ed'ge;f uae ed*;kH txd’ vd@k ajymv$wv f u kd f
w,fqykd gw,f? tJ'v D kd tpd;k &&JŒ tvHprd ;f jyr_ taotcsm&+y;D rS zuf'&,fru l akd &;cJ=h uwmjzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh tajctaerSefawG odaecJh+yD;jzpfwJh OD;Ek [m ‘zuf'&,frl’ eJ@ ywfouf+yD; eJeJrS
pdk;&drfr_r&SdcJhwJhtjyif/ b,fvdkajz&Sif;=urvJqdkwmtwGufvnf; óudwifpOf;pm;xm;+yD; jzpfygw,f?
tajz&Sd+yD;ykp>mjzpfygw,f?
OD;Ek em;vnfxm;wmu 'D ‘zuf'&,frl’ [m a=umufp&maumif;wJh rlr[kwf? 'Drl[m
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&JŒ zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk rSD+yD;a&;qGJxm;wmjzpfw,f? 'DrlrSm
t=urf;zsif;tm;jzifh tcsuf}uD; (3) csuf&Sdw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh (1) Armjynfrudk wjcm;jynfe,f
awGvdk jynfe,fwcktjzpfowfrSwf&ef/ (2) vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfeJ@ jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk tm%mcsif;
wlw,fv@kd owfrw S af y;&ef/ (3) vlrsK;d pkvw $ af wmfrmS jynfe,fwidk ;f &JŒ trwfO;D a& nDwn l rD #jzpfap&ef
qdkwmyJjzpfw,fvdk@ oabmydkufxm;ygw,f?
'D ‘zuf'&,frl’pmwrf;udk jyef=unfhr,fqdk&ifawmh tajccHrl (4) csuf&Sdygw,f?
1? Armjynfe,fzGJ@pnf;a&;/
2? v$wfawmfESpf&yf (jynfolv$wfawmfeJ@ vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmf) tm%mwl ay;a&;/
3? vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfodk@ wlnDwJh udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& apv$wfa&;eJ@/
4? A[dktpdk;&udk v$Jtyfxm;wJh tm%mrsm;rSty useftm%mrsm;udk jynfe,frsm;u
&,la&;qdkwmudk awGŒ&ygw,f?
A[dktpdk;&udk v$Jtyfxm;r,fh tm%mrsm;uawmh-
1? EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;/
2? jynfaxmifpkumuG,fa&;/

3? jynfaxmifpkb¿ma&;/
4? aiG'*F g;eJ@ aiGpuULxkwfvkyfa&;/
5? pmwdkufeJ@ a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;/
6? rD;&xm;/ a&a=umif;/ ava=umif; qufoG,fa&;/
7? jynfaxmifpkw&m;pD&ifa&;eJ@
8? yifv,fqdyfurf;cGefaumufcHa&; wdk@yJjzpfygw,f?
ta&;t}uD;qH;k uawmh jynfe,frsm;&J@ ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGiehf @J ‘cGx
J u
G yf ikd cf iG ’hf udk todtrSwðf y
a&;jzpfygw,f? jynfe,fwikd ;f &JŒ ‘tkycf sKyfciG t hf m%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m/ Oya'ðya&;tm%mqdw k hJ
tm%m (3) &yfvHk;’ udkvnf; tjynfht0 todtrSwfðya&;jzpfygw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek u óudwifjyifqifpOf;pm;xm;wmuawmh vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG usi;f y/
zuf'&,frleJ@ywfoufwJhtqdkudk &Srf;jynfe,fOuUÏ pyfcGefcsKd u wifoGif;/ ucsifjynfe,fudk,fpm;
vS,f 'l;0g;aZmfvGef;/ csif;udk,fpm;vS,f uy`wdefref;wHk;E_H;/ &Srf;udk,fpm;vS,f awmif}uD;OD;xGef;jrifh/
u,m;ud, k pf m;vS,f OD;pdef wd@k u axmufcaH qG;aEG;+yD;/ tJ't D qdðk ycsuef @J axmufcaH qG;aEG;csuaf wG
udk yrnw/ zqyv/ yxp/ &yvz eJ@ udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;pDeJ@ tpdk;&twdkifyifcH tzGJŒudk,fpm;vS,f
wOD;wdk@u zuf'&,frleJ@ywfoufwJh oabmxm;awGudk jyefvnfwifjyaqG;aEG;=u&ef jzpfygw,f?
tJ'Daemuf jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJŒu udk,fpm;vS,f (6) OD; yrnw/ zqyv/ &yvz/ yxp
tzGŒJ csKyfw@kd u ud, k pf m;vS,f (3) OD;pDe@J twdik yf ifcH tzGŒJ vl}uD;awGyg yg0ifwhJ aumfrw D w D &yf zGŒJ pnf;/
tJ'DaumfrDwDrSm OD;Ekudk,fwdkif em,utjzpfaqmif&Guf+yD; zuf'&,frleJ@ywfouf+yD; aqG;aEG;n‡dE_dif;
aepOftwGi;f rSm oifah vsmw f t hJ csed w f ckrmS OD;Eku zuf'&,fe@J ywfoufwhJ 0ef}uD;csKyf&ŒJ oabmxm;
udkajym=um;r,fvdk@vnf; jyifqifxm;ygw,f? OD;Ekajym=um;r,fqdkwJh t"duoabmxm;uawmh
jynfe,fawGukd ‘cifAsm;wd@k vckd siw f t hJ m%mawGu bmawGv/J bmawGeJ aew,fxifovJ/ awmif;yg/
b,fXmeudkay;ygOD;/ b,fXmaeudk ay;ygOD;ajymyg? tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;=u+yD; ay;r,f? cGJxGufydkifcGifh
qdkwm}uD;udk ðzwfypfvdkufygawmh? cifAsm;wdk@vdkcsifaew,fqdkwJh Schedule qdkwJhtxJrSm List awG
xJrSm aemufxyf+yD;awmh tm%mwdk;ay;r,f” vdk@ajym+yD; n‡dE_dif;oabmwlnDr_ &,lzdk@jzpfygw,f?
tJ'Doabmxm;udk ajym=um;r,fqdk&if jynfe,fawGuvnf; vufcHEdkif=uzG,f&Sdw,fvdk@ OD;Eku
em;vnfxm;ygw,f? &Srf;jynfe,fOuUÏeJ@ jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJŒ OuUÏ pyfcGefcsKd udk,fwkdifu
vnf; vlrsKd;aygif;pHk ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrSm tqdkwifoGif;awmif;qdkr_awG[m pdk;&drfzG,f&mr&Sda=umif;/
'Dupd eP @J ywfouf+yD; OD;Ek eJ@ n‡Ed id_ ;f pDpOfxm;+yD;jzpfa=umif;/ zuf'&,fral wmif;qdjk cif;rSm rdrw d @kd tm%m
ydrk &kd &Sv
d matmif aqmif&u G jf cif;omjzpfa=umif;vd@k ajym=um;cJ+h yD;jzpfw,fqykd gw,f? 'ga=umifh OD;Eku
zuf'&,fudpPrSm a=umufp&mr[kwfvdk@ ,lq+yD;jzpfovdk/ eJeJav;rSvnf; pdk;&drfcJhr_r&SdcJhyg? tajz&Sd+yD;
udpPtjzpf &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;oabmxm;cJhygw,f? jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,fawG tm;vHk;tay:vnf;
vHk;0,Hk=unfxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f?
,H=k unf&wJt h a=umif;&if; tcsut f vufawGuvnf; OD;EkrmS &Sad eygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh
(OD;Ekudk,fwdkif tqdkt&) -
(1) tajccHOya'udk jyifqifzdk@/ vdktyfovdk tqdkawGwifoGif;=uzdk@ OD;Ek udk,fwdkifup+yD;

zdwfac:wm? jynfe,facgif;aqmifawG[m wa,mufcsif;taeeJ@a&m pkaygif;+yD;a&m

tajccHOya'jyifqifcsifw,fvdk@ wcgrS awmif;qdkcJhzl;jcif;r&Sd? jyif&&if aumif;r,fvdk@
awmif t}uHðyzl;wmawmifr&Sd?
(2) OD;Ek [m 'Djynfe,facgi;f aqmifawGe@J &if;&if;ES;D ES;D aygi;f vmcJ?h wOD;rS olŒtay: t=uyf
udkifcJh=uwmr&Sd/ t=uyfudkifcJholawG[m ArmawGcsnf;yJjzpf?
(3) OD;Ek udt k =uyfuikd cf si&f if vGwv f yfa&;&p/ a&mifpokH yl ek af wGxaeptcsed [ f m taumif;
qHk;jzpf/ wyfrwmf[mvnf; bmrStm;r&Sd? tJ'Dwkef;uawmif t=uyfrudkifcJhbl;cJh?
OD;Ek eJ@twl jynfaxmifpkudk zufxm;cJh=uolawGjzpf?
(4) Armacgif;aqmifawGxJrSm olykefeJ@ tpdk;& rsufESm}uD;csdef i,fcsdefvdkuf+yD; olykefeJ@
wdwfwdwfykef; vufurf;vdkuf/ tpdk;&qD jyef0ifvkdufvkyfwJh om&mpD;acgif;aqmifawG
&SdcJh? jynfe,facgif;aqmifawGxJrSm 'DvdkvlrsKd; wa,mufrSryg/ r&Sd?
(5) zuf'&,frl a&;qG=J uwJh jynfe,facgi;f aqmifawG[m Edik if aH &;avmurSm rodorl &Sw d hJ
vlrsKd;awGjzpf/ olykefxavmufatmif aoG;qmwJhvl wa,mufrSr&Sd?
qdkwmyJjzpfygw,f? aemufxyf OD;Ek tcdkiftrm ,Hk=unf,lqwm wckuawmh jynfe,f
acgi;f aqmifawG[m wa,mufrS jynfaxmifpx k u
J cGx
J uG v
f o
kd rl &Sqd w kd meJ@ olyek x f zd@k tqifo h ifjh yif
qifxm;wmr&Sd qdkwmyJjzpfygw,f? wu,fvdk@ cGJxGufcsifw,fqdk&if tcsdefukef vlyef;cH+yD; bmvdk@
‘zuf'&,fr’l udw k ifae awmif;aervJ? &Sr;f eJ@ u,m;[m tajccHOya'tcef; (10) t& cGx J u G cf si&f if
cGJxGufEkdifcGifht& ‘cGJxGufcGifh’ udk wdkuf±dkufawmif;+yD; cGJxGufa&;udkvkyf=urSmjzpfw,f? tck tJ'Dvdk
vkyf=uwmr&SdwJhtwGuf tajz[m&Sif;ae+yD;jzpfw,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfxm;ygw,f?
OD;Ek&ŒJ tJ'v D kd tcdik t
f rm pOf;pm;jyifqifcsuaf wGt& jynfe,facgi;f aqmifawGtay: wGuq f
,Hk=unfxm;r_awG[m vHk;0rSefuefcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh OD;Ek ,Hk=unfxm;ovdk rrSefuefcJhwm/ xif
rSwfwGufqxm;ovdk rrSefuefcJhwmuawmh wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;eJ@
AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh ppfwyfjzpfcJhygw,f? ppfwyf[m azazmf0g&D (24) &uf aemufydkif;u
p+yD; tm%modrf;a&;tpDtpOfawGudk wufokwf±dkuf+yD; jyifqifae+yDjzpfygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;
twGuf/ tm%modrf;a&;tpDtpOftwGuf ta=umif;jyp&m taumif; qHk;aom tcsuf}uD;wckudk
vnf; &&SdoGm;+yDjzpfygw,f? tJ'guawmh ‘zuf'&,frl’ qdkwJhudpPjzpfygw,f?
‘zuf'&,fr’l qdw k u hJ pd t P ay: ta=umif;ðy+yD; aumVm[VawG xGuaf y:vmcJw h ,f? ae;&Si;f /
taxmufawmf/ Armhacwf owif;pmawGay:rSmvnf; zuf'&,frleJ@ywfoufwJh azmfjy=uwmawG
xGufay:vmygw,f? OD;ausmf+idrf; acgif;aqmifwJh zqyv xJu xGufay:vmwJhtoHawGvnf;
us,favmifvmygw,f? ‘&Srf;jynf}uD;cGJxGufawmhr,f’ ‘jynfaxmifpk}uD;òyduGJawmhr,f’ qdkwJh
aumVm[VawG/ tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd v$ifhxkwfwJhae&muae tcsdefudkuf wpxufwp us,favmifvmyg
w,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek ud, k wf ikd ef @J um,uH&iS f jynfe,facgi;f aqmifawGu, kd wf ikd af wmif 'DaumVm[V
awG b,foq l uD ae tpDtpOf&&dS x dS u
G af y:vmwm/ bm&nf&, G cf suef @J xkwv f i$ ahf ew,fqw kd m rod
Edik af tmif em;rvnfEikd af tmifjzpfaecJ=h uygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek &JŒ tpDtpOft& vlrsK;d aygi;f pHEk ;DS aESm
zvS,fyGJ}uD; quf+yD;usif;ygyw,f?

1962 ckESpf/ rwfv (1) &ufae@rSm jrefrmhtoH toHv$ifh±Hkcef;r}uD;xJrSm ‘zuf'&,frl’ eJ@

ywfouf+yD; ud, k pf m;vS,af wmf}uD;awG wOD;+yD;wOD; tpDtpOftwdik ;f wifjyajymqdk aqG;aEG;wmawG
pepfwus aqmif&Gufae=uygw,f? wcsKdŒudk,fpm;vS,frsm; ajymqdkaqG;aEG;&r,fhtvSnfhawmif
ra&mufao;yJ tcsdefukefoGm;wJhtwGuf aemufae@udk tpnf;ta0; a&$Œqdkif;vdkuf&ygw,f? ESD;aESm
zvS,fyGJ}uD;&JŒ rwfv (1) &ufae@ tpnf;ta0;[m n (9) em&DavmufrSm &yfqdkif;vdkufygw,f?
aemufae@ rwfv (2) &ufae@rSm qufvufaqG;aEG;wifjy=uzdk@ csdef;qdkvdkufygw,f? udk,fpm;vS,f
awmf}uD;rsm;&JŒ y%mrrdef@cGef;awGawmif ajymvdk@r+yD;=uao;yJ nOfheufae+yDjzpfvdk@ tpnf;ta0;udk
&yfqdkif;vdkuf&wmjzpfygw,f?
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pyfcGefcsKdeJ@ u,m;jynfe,fOuUÏ pyf0Àm wdk@[m OD;Ek eJ@twl OD;Ek tdrfudkvdkufvm=uygw,f?
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pyfceG cf sKu d yGiyhf iG v
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t=uyfuikd Ef idk yf gw,f? tJ'w D ek ;f uvnf;rudik cf zhJ ;l bl;? aemufvnf; wcgrrS udik cf zhJ ;l bl;” qdw k m &Si;f jy
cJyh gw,f? pyfceG cf sKd taeeJ@ 0ef}uD;csKyf&ŒJ tqH;k tjzwftwdik ;f vdu k ef mr,fqw kd hJ uwduv dk nf; xyf+yD;
tcdkiftrmay;wJhtjyif/ tqdkðycsufwifoGif;&wm[m aemufxyfaqG;aEG;=uzdk@ udpPw&yfomjzpf
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csufeJ@ jzef@aeovJqdkwmudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;rodao;ayr,fh/ tuGufaumif;apmifhaeol/ t}uH}uD;
}uHxm;+yD;jzpfol/ pepfwus tao;pdwf pDpOf!¸ef=um;xm;+yD;jzpfol AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; uawmh
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qifa&;’ udk qifE$J=u&r,fh wm0efcHwyfrª;rsm;uawmh n (12) em&Dwdwdup+yD; pwifv_yf&Sm;
taumiftxnfazmfae=u+yD jzpfygw,f? (1958 ckESpfwkef;u ppfwyftm%modrf;a&;twGuf
ajrmufyikd ;f wkid ;f u pDpOfa&;qGx J m;cJw h hJ tm%modr;f tpDtpOf pDrcH sut f wdik ;f / tcsed af e&m tcsut f
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urBmat;bk&m;vrf;&Sd w&m;0ef}uD;csKyf OD;jrifhodrf; tdrftygt0if ta&;}uD;yk*~KdvfawGaexdkif&m
tdrfawG&Sd=uwJhvrf;eJ@ &yfuGufawGtm;vHk;udkvnf; 0dkif;&Hodrf;ydkufxm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f?
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ppfwyf&ŒJ tm%modr;f ppfqifa&;rSm ppfwyfuowfrw S af y;xm;cJw h hJ OD;Ek twGuf pum;0Suf
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a,mufuakd wmh ‘ykpeG w f yk }f uD;’ wJ?h wcsKŒd udak wmh vdy/f *%mef; pojzifeh mrnf0u S af wGay;+yD; zrf;qD;
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k yf gw,f? tm%modr;f ppfwyf&ŒJ vufcsuef @J orRwa[mif;}u;D pyfa&$ou kd &f ŒJ om;i,f pyfrrD o D ukd f
wa,muf OD;acgif;eJ@ ajcaxmuf usnfqHxdrSef+yD; yGJcsif;+yD;aoqHk;oGm;cJh&ygw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek tygt0if tzrf;tqD;cHc=hJ u&olawGuawmh Edik if aH wmforRw}uD; OD;0if;armif/
0ef}uD;awGjzpf=uwJh ocifwif/ a'guw f mat;armif/ OD;&m&Sp/f OD;bapm/ ocifwifarmif/ OD;oGi/f pyfceG f
csKd/ pyf0À/ a'gufwmapmvSxGef; wdk@tjyif OD;Zm&JvsH/ OD;bòrdif/ EdkifatmifxGef;/ w&m;0ef}uD;csKyf
OD;jrifhodef;/ jynfolŒv$wfawmf OuUÏ ref;bqkdif/ vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfOuUÏ pyfcGef=unf/ orRwa[mif;
pyfa&$odkuf/ pyfjynfh/ pyfEHG/ pyfxGef;at;/ pyfqdkif;vHk/ pyfcGefwdk;/ pyf=unf/ pyfa&$r_H/ pyfcGefatmif/
pyfrkd;ausmf/ pyf0if;=unf/ pyfcGef&D/ pyfa&$=unf/ pyfcGef!Gef@/ pyfrefvpf/ pyfrefz/ pyfcGefxD;/ pyfausmf
acgif/ OD;cspf (vG,fviftrwf)/ OD;&Da&mif; (usKdif;wHktrwf)/ OD;cGefaemf (usKdif;wHktaemuftrwf)/
OD;jzL (rdkif;yGeftrwf)/ OD;ausmfpdef (omrdkif;crf;trwf)/ OD;vGef; (pum;trwf)/ OD;trfaZmfv (uGwf
cdkiftrwf)/ OD;pdef (u,m;)/ awmif}uD;OD;xGef;jrifh/ OD;=umyk/ OD;jrwfzl;/ OD;pkd;armif/ OD;cspfOD;/ OD;oef;wif/
OD;wifatmif pwJyh *k K~ v d af wGjzpf=uygw,f? tzrf;rcH&yJ vGwo f mG ;wJyh *k K~ v
d Ef pS Of ;D uawmh iyDvaD &muf
aewJh Adkvfrª;atmif eJ@ aemifwufzdk@orRwtjzpf vsmxm;jcif;cH&wJh qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif jzpfyg
w,f? qif0g;aemifu jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif&Sd bdk;bGm;rsm;Zmwd&Gma&mufaevdk@ jzpfygw,f?

tzrf;cH&oltrsm;pkukd yxrqH;k rSm nOD;ydik ;f u zuf'&,fral qG;aEG;cJ=h uwJh toHvi$ ±hf ckH ef;rxJ
yd@k xm;cJyh gw,f? reuf (6) em&Davmufa&mufrS r*Fvm'Hu k kd avmf&u D m;awGay:wif+yD; vufeufuikd f
tapmifht=uyf xlxyfpGmeJ@ ydk@ygw,f?
tzrf;cHxm;&olawGxrJ mS OD;Ek/ OD;0if;armif/ OD;jrifo h ed ;f / ocifwif/ pyfceG cf sK/d pyf0À eJ@ OD;&m&Spf
wdk@udk tapmifht=uyf xlxyfpGmcs+yD; oD;jcm;cGJxm;cJhygw,f?
ref;bqdik /f pyfceG =f unf/ OD;bapm/ OD;bòrdi/f a'guw f mapmvSxeG ;f / OD;Zm&JvsH eJ@ pyfrefzwd@k ukd
&efukefjyefac:oGm;+yD; '*Hk&dyfomrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; u awGŒqHkum rSm;,Gif;zrf;qD;rda=umif; ajym
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rzrf;qD;cJo h vd/k ocifcspaf rmif (0d"&l )/ ocifviG f wd@k vkd yrnw acgi;f aqmifawGuv kd nf; rwd@k rxdcyhJ g?
tm%m& yxptzGJŒcsKyf}uD;twGif;u taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; ocifausmfxGef;/ ocifyef;òrdif pwJh
yk*~KdvfawGudkvnf; zrf;qD;jcif;rðycJhyg? ocifwif/ OD;&m&Spf wdk@udk zrf;qD;cJhwm[m tpdk;&tzGJŒ0if
0ef}uD;awGtjzpf zrf;qD;cJhwmjzpfygw,f?
OD;Ek uawmh tckvdktzrf;cHxm;&csdeftxd atmufajcwyfwGif; wyfrª;i,ftcsKdŒ tm%m
odr;f zd@k óud;yrf;wm tcsed w f ef&if Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; ud,
k w
f ikd vf m+yD; olw@kd ukd u,fwifac:xkwrf mS vd@k
xifaewkef;jzpfygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk ,Hk=unfaewkef;jzpfygw,f?
Akv
d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; uawmh ol@&ŒJ tm%modr;f a&;tpDtpOf txpftaigrh &Sd +yD;ajrmufomG ;+yD
jzpfwJhtwGuf auseyfae+yDjzpfygw,f?
“zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'}uD;udk toufay;umuG,foGm;ygr,f” vdk@ vlod&Sif=um;
uwdðycJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;[m/ olŒavoHawmif aumif;aumif;raysmufwwfao;cif (3) ESpf
ausmfausmfumvtwGif;rSmyJ zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'}uD;udk puULpkwfvkyfypfvdkufyg+yD?
ygvrD ef'rD ukd a&pDpepf w&yfv;kH udv k nf; t+yD;wdik f ajrjr‡Kyfoò*õvzf @kd tpp jyifqifazmfaqmif
+yD;yg+yD?
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tpOf xkwfv$ifhaewkef;/ ±kwfw&uf&yfqdkif;oGm;+yD; umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒ “EdkifiH
awmftm%mudk Armhwyfrawmfu wm0ef,lapmifha&Smufvdkuf+yDjzpfa=umif;” a=unmoH xGufay:
vmygawmhw,f?
tdrfapmifhtpdk;& wESpfcGJeD;yg;avmufrSty/ ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;a=unm+yD;csdefup+yD;
awmufavsmuf jzpfwnfvmcJw h hJ ygvrD ef'rD ukd a&pDacwf}uD;um; edXw d o
H mG ;cJ&h ygav+yD? tqk;H owf
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umcsz@kd jynfz;kH um;óud;udk OD;aqmifqaJG y;vdu k wf hJ óud;qGq J &m}uD;uawmh Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; ud,
k w f ikd f
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jzpfygw,f?
ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;a=unmEdkifcJhwJh 1948 Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufae@reufuae/ 1962 ckESpf/
rwfv (2) &ufae@reuftxd (14) ESpfausmfausmfumvwdkif/ ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwf}uD; ouf0if
v_yf&Sm;cJhw,fvdk@ t=urf;zsif; owfrSwfEdkifygw,f? 'D=um;xJrSm (1958) atmufwdkbmv (28)
&ufae@uae 1960 jynfh/ {+yDvtxd wESpfcGJausmfumv[m ppfwyftdrfapmifhtpdk;&jzpfwJhtwGuf
'Dumvudkz,f&Sm;+yD; a&wGuf=unfhcsifvnf; =unfhEdkifygw,f? ppfwyftkyfpD;wJh tdrfapmifh tpdk;&
acwfjzpfayr,fh ygvDrefudk zsufodrf;Ekdifjcif;r&dSbJ/ rzsufodrf;bJ tkyfpdk;cJhwmjzpfvdk@/ a,bk&tm;jzifh
umvwmwavsmufv;kH udk ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDacwftjzpfe@J bJ owfrw S rf ,fq&kd ifvnf; owfrw S v f @kd
&ygw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf rwfv (2) &ufae@rSmuawmh ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwf}uD; jynfzHk;um;tcscH
vdkuf&+yD; tqHk;owfoGm;cJh&+yDjzpfygw,f? 'D (14) ESpfausmfumtwGif;rSm wwdkif;jynfvHk;udk umv
&ufwmtrsm;qH;k tm%m&,ltyk pf ;kd oGm;cJw h muawmh ‘zqyv’ tzGŒJ }uD;eJ@ ‘zqyv’ tpd;k &yJjzpf
ygw,f? Armjynf&JŒ eHygwfwpfacgif;aqmif 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf wav#mufvdkvdk vkyfoGm;cJholuawmh
‘OD;Ek’ jzpfygw,f? zqyvtzGŒJ }uD;[m +Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ orm;qDuae aphpyfwehJ nf;eJ@ vGwv f yfa&;udk
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om }uD;xGm;cJh&ygw,f? udkvkdeDxrf;ydk;atmufu vGwfajrmufcgp udkvdkeDwydkif;ya'o&mZfwydkif;
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tm%m&Sed /f tm%mpufawGe@J yJ usio hf ;kH vdu k =f uwJt
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Aef;armfwifatmif[m pmaya&;om;r_twGuf axmifcscHcJh&ayrJh ‘olykef}uD;’ wdk@/ ‘jynfawmfom
cifcifOD;’wdk@vdk pmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;xkwfa0EdkifcJhygw,f? owif;pmrsm;uvnf; zqyv qdk&S,f
vpfrsm;&JŒ jcpm;r_/ tusifhysufr_/ rawmfrw&m;ðyrlr_awGudk a0zef±_wfcs azmfxkwfa&;om;EdkifcGifh
txdkuftav#muf&SdcJhygw,f? pme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifh wpHkw&mawmh&Sdao;w,fvdk@ owfrSwf&rSm
jzpfygw,f? xGe;f ae@pOf OD;xGe;f az [m 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek udk y,fy,fe,fe,fa0zefwhJ ‘b0&Sif rif;=wm;
}uD; OD;Ek’ qdkwmudk owif;pmrSm tcef;quf a&;om;EdkifcGifh &cJhovdk/ OD;Zefxm;qif&JŒ ‘'Drdkua&pD
ajymif;jyef’ vdpk mtkyrf sK;d vnf; xkwaf 0Edik cf iG &hf cJyh gw,f? (tdraf pmift h pd;k & vufxuftwGi;f rSmawmh
pme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifh twdkif;twmwcktxd xyfrH qHk;±H_; ,kwfav#mhcJh&ygw,f?)
v$wfawmfwGif;/ ygvDrefwGif;rSmvnf; tpdk;&&JŒ rl0g'oabmw&m;awGudk y,fy,fe,fe,f
wpfwpfcGcG a0zefEdkifcGifh twdkuftcHawGwdkif;rSm&SdcJhygw,f? Ak'<[l;ae@wdkif;udk trwfrsm;ae@tjzpf
owfrw S af y;+yD; a0zefwm/ ±_wcf swmawGukd yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; vkycf iG ahf y;cJyh gw,f? jynfov l xl t k wGuf
vnf; ajymcsif&majym/ a[mcsif&ma[mzdk@ AE<Kvyef;+cHa&SŒrSm vef'ef[dkufywf yef;+cHxJu t*Fvdyf
'Drdkua&pDyHkpHtwdkif;/ [pfwdkifae&mwck zefwD;cGifhðyay;xm;cJhygw,f?

&[ef;oHCmawmfawGutp qdkuUm;orm;/ acgif;&GufAsufxdk; aps;onftqHk; 0ef}uD;csKyf

tdro f mG ;0dik ;f +yD;/ qENjywm/ uef@uu G w
f m/ ±_wcf swmawG vkyEf ikd cf iG hf tawmftoif&h cJyh gw,f? +idr;f csr;f
a&;qENjyyGJ}uD;rsm;/ ausmif;om;or*~}uD;&JŒ uef@uGufqENjyyGJ}uD;rsm; pDwef;vSnfhvnf aºuG;a=umf
azmfxkwfyGJrsm; twdkif;twmwcktxd vkyfudkifEdkifcGifh&cJhygw,f? vGwfvyfpGmpDwef;vSnfhvnf qEN
jycGifhudk twdkif;twmtqifhwcktxd cGifhðyay;tyfxm;w,fvdk@ qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f?
toif;tyif; zGJŒpnf;cGifhawGudkvnf; a,bk,stm;jzifh cGifhðyxm;wJhtwGuf ukefonf}uD;
rsm;toif;/ pufydkifrsm;toif;/ ajr&Sif}uD;rsm;toif;/ yGJpm;}uD;rsm;toif;wdk@uae pma&;q&mrsm;
toif;/ uAsmq&mrsm;toif;/ owif;pmq&mrsm;toif;/ pwJph wJh toif;aygi;f pHv k nf; vGwv f w G f
uif;uif; wnf&SdcGifh&cJhygw,f? ukefwifukefcs tvkyform;rsm;toif;/ qdkuUm;orm;rsm;toif;/
armfawmf,mOfrsm; toif;rsK;d awGtxd toif;tyif;aygi;f pHk &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cGi&hf cJ=h uygw,f? tJ'v D kd
a[majymv_yf&Sm;cGifh/ oabmxm;xkwfazmfcGifh/ pDwef;vSnfhvnf qENjyydkifcGifh/ toif;tyif; zGJŒpnf;
pka0;cGifh/ pme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifhawGudk zqqdk&S,f vpftm%m&}uD;rsm;u uef@owfzdk@/ csKyfcs,fzdk@/
[ef@wm;ydwfyifzdk@/ tedrfhqHk; av#mhcswm;jrpfEdkifzdk@txd t}udrf}udrftm;xkwf vHk;yef;pdkif;jyif; pDpOfcJh
=uayr,fh a,bk,stm;jzifh twdik ;f twmwcktxd 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;rsm;[m wnf&&dS iS o f efEikd cf hJ
=uygw,f?
ygvDref'Drkdua&pDacwf}uD;twGif;rSm ‘'Drdkua&pD’ qdkwJhpum;&yfeJ@ avsmfnDpGm/ a,bk,s
"e&Sif'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;[m vHk;0aysmufuG,f qHk;yg;z,f&Sm;cH&wJhtxdawmh ra&mufcJh&bJ/
twdkif;twmwcktxdaom/ [efjyyJjzpfjzpf vufawGŒ ±_jrifqkyfudkifazmfjyEdkifaom/ ‘'Drdkua&pD’
eJ ‘h tcGit hf a&;’ t&dyt f a,miftaiGtoufrsm; wnf&v dS y_ &f mS ; &Sio
f efEikd cf yhJ gao;w,f? tcsKyftm;
jzifah jym&r,fq&kd if (14) ESpw f mausmf ygvrD ef'rD u
dk a&pDacwf}uD;twGi;f rSm vGwv f yfa&; a=unmpm
wrf;yg OD;wnfcsuaf wG/ &nfreS ;f csuaf wG/ aºuG;a=umfazmf!e¸ ;f cJw h mawG/ wpwp r_e0f gu, G af ysmufchJ
&+yD;/ trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_}uD; tawmrowfEdkifatmif qufvufòyduGJcJh&+yD;/ wdkif;jynf&JŒ
pD;yGm;a&;/ Edik if aH &;/ vlra_ &; bufaygi;f pHk t=uyftwnf;}uD;awGom ay:aygucf &hJ &if; jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;
om tzwfwifcJh&ygw,f?
wjcm;bufwbufu ajymr,fq&kd ifawmh ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pD&ŒJ qdik ;f bkwaf tmufrmS a,bk,s
"e&Sif'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;awG/ twdkif;twmwcktxd qufvufwnf&Sd &SifoefEdkifcJhygw,f?
tjynfht0 ayrSDa'gufrD r[kwfonfhwdkif/ wcsdKŒw0uf wpdwfwydkif; taiG@touf t&dyfta,mifyJ
jzpfap/ rwljcm;em;wJh 'D*&Dtedrfhtjrifh/ tenf;trsm;/ yrm%trsKd;rsdK;eJ@ vGwfvyfpGm oabmxm;
xkwaf zmfa[majymcGihf pnf;±H;k v_y&f mS ;cGi/hf toif;tyif; zGŒJ pnf;wnfaxmifciG /hf pme,fZif;vGwv f yfciG /hf
wef;pDqENjycGifhawG qufvuf&SifoefazmfjyEkdifcJhygw,f?
wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ zG@H òzd;wd;k wufa&;twGuf rdrw d @kd ,=kH unfuikd pf &JG m Edik if aH &;0g'vrf;pOf ay:vpDawG
twdkif;/ Oya'wGif; Oya'y EdkifiHa&;ygwDzGJŒpnf;toD;oD;uvnf; qufvuftm;xkwf óud;yrf; vkyf
aqmifae=ucsed /f ppfreS w f jhJ ynfaxmifp}k uD; jzpfwnfay:xGe;f vmEdik af &;twGuf vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk jynfe,f
aygi;f pHw k @kd uvnf; zuf'&,fru l kd aºuG;a=umfwifjy&if; óud;yrf;tm;xkwv f y_ &f mS ;ae=ucsed rf mS / Adv
k cf sKyf

}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh ppfwyf}uD;uae ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwf}uD;&JŒ tqHk;owf uef@vefumudk

vufeufudkifenf;eJ@ qGJcszHk;tkyf ed*Hk;csKyfay;vdkufygawmhw,f?
ygvrD ef'rD u
kd a&pDtiftm;pkawGtm;vH;k / jynfoŒl 'Dru
kd a&pDtiftm;pkawGtm;vH;k eJ@ rdrw
d @kd &ŒJ
w&m;ojzifh tcGifhta&;awGtwGuf v_yf&Sm;±kef;uef óud;yrf;azmfaqmifae=uwJh vlrsKd;pk tiftm;pk
awGtm;vHk;udk z,f&Sm;zsufausmfvdkuf+yD;/ ppfwyftiftm;pk}uD;u EdkifiHawmftm%mudk 0ifa&muf
odrf;ydkuf&,lvdkufwmjzpfygw,f? zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'}uD;udk toufeJ@&if;+yD; umuG,f
apmifhxdef;vdkufemyghr,fvdk@ vlod&Sif=um;uwdðyxm;cJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;OD;aqmifwJh wyfrawmf
}uD;uae tajccHOya'}uD;udkvnf; t+yD;tydkif ab;z,fypfvdkufawmhwmjzpfygw,f?

tm%modrf; awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftkyfpk
(1962 rS 1974 )
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmif}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfoef;az

umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf (a&)
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuUX awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if
AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifaz AdkvfrSL;csKyfwDuvpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfpef;,k

opfvkyfief;OuUX 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(av) taemufajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyw
f ikd ;f rSL;
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if
AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdef0if; AdkvfrSL;}uD;aomif;=unf AdkvfrSL;}uD;=unfarmif

tv,fyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyw
f ikd ;f rSL; ta&S
@ awmif wi
k d ;
f ppf
X mecsKyw
f i
k d ;
f rS
L ; taemuf
awmifwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyfwikd ;f rSL;
302
AdkvfrSL;}uD;armifa&$ AdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;pdef AdkvfrSL;}uD;ausmfpdk;
ta&S@ydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; ppfOD;pD;AdkvfrSL;}uD; ppf&mxl;cef@twGif;0ef
AdkvfrSL;}uD;apmjrifh AdkvfrSL;}uD;cspf+rdKif AdkvfrSL;}uD;cif!dk

e,fjcm;a'otkycf sKyfa&;t&m&Sd wGJzufppfaxmufcsKyf avhusifha&;!$ef=um;a&;rSL;
AdkvfrSL;}uD;vS[ef AdkvfrSL;}uD;wef,kqdkif
uuaq;!$ef=um;a&;rSL; 'kwyfrSL;csKyf/ jynfaxmifpk&Jwyf
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if
303
tydik ;f (3)
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwf
1962=1974
1962 ck E S p f ppf w yf t m%mod r f ; r+ E S i f h

Armjynf p pf t m%m&S i f p epf ed ' gef ;
1962 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &uf reuf (8) em&D (25) rdepfrSm/ wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf
Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u jrefrmhtoHuae Edik if aH wmftm%mudk Armhwyfrawmfu wm0ef,al pmifah &Smuf
vdkuf+yDjzpfa=umif; a=unmvdkufygw,f? umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&JŒ a=unmcsufxJrSm ‘jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHawmf. txl;,dk,Gif;vmaomtajctaeqdk;udk xdef;odrf;pdrfhaomiSm/ ArmhwyfrawmfrS
wm0ef,lapmifha&Smufvdkuf+yDjzpfa=umif;’ vdk@ azmfjyvdkufygw,f? ArmjynfwjynfvHk;uomru
wurBmvHk;uyg ppfwyfutm%modrf;vdkuf+yDqdkwm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odoGm;=uygw,f? reufydkif;
rSmyJ ‘awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzGJŒpnf;vdkuf+yD’ jzpfa=umif;owif; jrefrmhtoHu qufvufxkwfjyef
a=unmay;cJhygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDrSm yk*~dKvf (17) OD; yg0ifcJhygw,f?
1? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; - awmfvSefa&;aumifpD OuUÏ
2? Adkvfrª;csKyf atmif}uD; - tzGJŒ0if
3? Adkvfrª;csKyf oef;az - tzGJŒ0if
4? Adkvfrª;csKyf wDuvpf - tzGJŒ0if
5? Adkvfrª;csKyf wifaz - tzGJŒ0if
6? Adkvfrª;csKyf pef;,k - tzGJŒ0if
7? Adkvfrª;csKyf pdef0if; - tzGJŒ0if
8? Adkvfrª;}uD; aomif;=unf - tzGJŒ0if
9? Adkvfrª;}uD; =unfarmif - tzGJŒ0if
10? Adkvfrª;}uD; armifa&$ - tzGJŒ0if
11? Adkvfrª;}uD; oef;pdef - tzGJŒ0if

12? Adkvfrª;}uD; ausmfpdk; - tzGJŒ0if

13? Adkvfrª;}uD; apmjrifh - tzGJŒ0if
14? Adkvfrª;}uD; cspfòrdif - tzGJŒ0if
15? Adkvfrª;}uD; cif!dk - tzGJŒ0if
16? Adkvfrª;}uD; vS[ef - tzGJŒ0if
17? Adkvfrª;}uD; wef,kqdkif - tzGJŒ0if
wdk@ jzpfygw,f?
‘awmfvSefa&;aumifpD’ &JŒaemufrSm wqufwnf;ay:xGufvmwmu ‘tpdk;&tzGJŒ’ jzpfyg
w,f? 'gha=umifh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&vdk@ ac:ygw,f? tpdk;&tzGJŒudk 'DvdkzGJŒpnf;ygw,f?
1? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; - (awmfvSefa&;aumifpD OuUÏ/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme/
b¾ma&;ESihf tcGeaf wmf 0ef}uD;Xme/ w&m;a&;0ef}uD;
Xme/
2? Adkvfrª;csKyf atmif}uD; - (ukefoG,fr_ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme/
pufr_vufr_ 0ef}uD;Xme)
3? Adkvfrª;csKyf wifaz - (v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;ESifh opfawm0ef}uD;Xme/ or0g
,rESifh ukefpnfjzef@jzL;a&;0ef}uD;Xme)
4? Adkvfrª;csKyf oef;az - (ynma&; 0ef}uD;Xme/ usef;rma&;0ef}uD;Xme)
5? OD;oD[ef - (Edik if jH cm;a&; 0ef}uD;Xme/ tvkyo f rm;a&; 0ef}uD;Xme/
tdr, f maqmufvyk af &; 0ef}uD;Xme/ owˆKwGi;f 0ef}uD;
Xme)
6? Advk rf ª;}uD; ausmpf ;kd - (jynfxaJ &; 0ef}u;D Xme/ vl0ifr}_ u;D =uyfa&;0ef}u;D Xme)
7? Adkvfrª;}uD; apmjrifh - (jyef=um;a&; 0ef}uD;Xme/ ,Ofaus;r_0ef}uD;Xme)
8? 'kAdkvfrª;}uD; beD - (vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme) wdk@jzpfygw,f?
0ef}uD;XmeawGudk wm0ef,ludkifwG,fxm;=uayr,fh 0ef}uD;vdk@roHk;E_ef;bJ ‘wm0efcH’ qdkwJh
a0g[m&udk pwiftoHk;ðy ac:a0:xm;ygw,f? yxrOD;qHk; pwifzGJŒpnf;a=unmwm[m txufyg
twdkif; (8) OD;yJjzpf+yD;/ rwfv (5) &ufae@rS xyf+yD; 0ef}uD;XmeawGudk qufvufcGJa0 cGJwrf;csjyefyg
w,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf±;kH ESihf trsK;d om;pDru
H ed ;f 0ef}uD;Xmeudk Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;/ ypPn;f axmufyahH &;0ef}uD;
Xmeudk Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;/ v,f,majr EdkifiHydkifðyvkyfa&;Xmeudk Adkvfrª;csKyfwifaz/ jynfolŒvkyf
ief;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;XmeawGudk tdrf,maqmufvkyfa&;XmeeJ@ yl;aygif;oGm;zdk@u OD;oD[ef/
'Drdkua&pDa'oE W&tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh a'oE W&tzGJŒrsm;0ef}uD;Xme/ omoema&;0ef}uD;Xme/ trsKd;om;
rSwfyHkwifXmeawGudk yl;aygif;tkyfcsKyfoGm;zdk@u Adkvfrª;}uD;ausmfpdk;/ u,fq,fa&;/ jyefvnfae&mcs
xm;a&;ESifh trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;0ef}uD;Xme/ vlr_0efxrf;XmeawGudk yl;aygif;tkyfcsKyfoGm;
zdk@u Adkvfrª;}uD;apmjrifh/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;XmeawGudk vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmeeJ@ yl;aygif;
+yD; tkyfcsKyfoGm;zdk@u 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;beD qdk+yD; xyfaqmif; cGJa0 cGJwrf;cs a=unmcJhygw,f?

tJ'Dvdk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh wyfrawmfuae tm%modrf;,lvdkuf+yD; awmfvSef

a&;aumifpDqdkwmudk zGJŒpnf;/ tpdk;&tzGJŒqdkwmudk wdwdvif;vif; a=unmvdkufwmeJ@wòydifeuf/
tJ't D m%modr;f r_}uD;udk aAGaqmfO;D jywfjywfom;om; qef@usi±f w _ cf svu kd =f uwmuawmh ausmif;
om;xk&JŒ ‘Auo’ eJ@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDqdkwJh ‘Auy’ wdk@jzpfygw,f?
vli,hw f yfO;D eJ@ r[mrdwt
f zG@J (10) zG@J / &cdik o
f C H wyfO;D / &cdik f aomwkZetzGŒJ csKyfw@kd uvnf;
qef@usiu f ef@uu G af =umif; w&m;0ifpmxkwcf =hJ uygw,f? &efuek cf ±kid af usmif;om;rsm;or*~ (&uo)
eJ@ wuUodkvfwyfOD;opf wdk@uvnf;/ vufrcHa=umif; qef@usifuef@uGufa=umif; a=unmcJhygw,f?
tm%modrf;cHvdkuf&wJh um,uH&Sif tm%m&tzGJŒtpnf;}uD; yxpeJ@ OD;ausmf+idrf;/ OD;AaqGwdk@&JŒ
wnf+rJzqyv}uD;wdk@uawmh toHawmifrxGufcJhyg? wdk;wufygw,fqdkwJh ‘yrnw’ }uD;uvnf;
òrH+yD;aecJhygw,f?
rwfv (3) &ufae@vnfrmS awmfveS af &;aumifpu D yxptpd;k &vufxufu&Scd w hJ hJ &Sr;f jynf
e,faumifpD/ ucsifjynfe,faumifpD/ u&ifjynfe,faumifpD/ u,m;jynfe,faumifpD/ csif;a&;&m
aumifpDawGudk zsufodrf;vdkufa=umif; a=unmygw,f? wqufwnf;rSm ‘jynfe,fOD;pD;tzGJŒ’ qdkwJh
emrnftopfe@J topfjyefvnfzŒJG pnf;ay;vdu k yf gw,f? &Sr;f jynfe,fO;D pD;tzGŒJ qdw k mudk OuUÏ OD;xGe;f
at; (erfch rf;) tzGŒJ 0if OD;ausmaf Zm/ OD;tH;k az/ OD;wifuu kd /kd Adv
k rf ;ª }uD; armifa&$bkd eJ@ zGŒJ pnf;ay;ygw,f?
(tJ'Dwkef;u Adkvfrª;}uD;armifa&$ [m ta&SŒydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rª;jzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;
aumifpD0if pm&if;rSmygaeolvnf; jzpfygw,f?)
ucsifjynfe,fOD;pD;tzGJŒudkawmh OuUÏtjzpf OD;'def&wef/ tzGJŒ0if OD;xGef;&ifeJ@ Adkvfrª;}uD;
vGe;f wif wd@k e@J zGŒJ pnf;ay;ygw,f? u&ifjynfe,fO;D pD;tzGŒJ udak wmh OuUÏtjzpf a'guw f mapmvSxeG ;f /
tzGJŒ0if apmzdk;atmif/ OD;atpdk;jrifh/ apmcspfoef;/ Adkvfrª}uD;aomif;=unf wdk@eJ@ zGJŒpnf;ay;ygw,f?
(Adkvfrª;}uD;aomif;=unf [m tJ'Dwkef;u ta&SŒawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkifrª;jzpfygw,f? awmfvSef
a&;aumifpD0ifpm&if;rSm ygaeolvnf;jzpfygw,f?)
tJ'D rwfv (3) &ufae@rSmyJ/ zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya't& w&m;0ifa&G;aumufzGJŒpnf;
xm;cJw h hJ “jynfoŒl v$waf wmf” eJ@ “vlrsK;d pkvw G af wmf” udk zsuo f rd ;f a=umif; awmfveS af &;aumifpu D
a=unmvdu k yf gw,f? ygvrD ef[m vH;k 0 t+y;D tydik f &yfpo J mG ;&ygawmhw,f? 1962 ckEpS /f rwfv (2)
&ufae@ ppfwyftm%modr;f r_ukd pepfwusppD Of+yD; OD;aqmifco hJ [ l m/ wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; jzpfygw,f? tm%modrf;+yD; EdkifiHawmfudkOD;aqmifzdk@qdk+yD; yxrqHk;xGufay:vm
wmu “awmfvSefa&;aumifpD” jzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD[m tjrifhqHk;tm%mydkiftzGJŒ
tpnf;jzpfygw,f? tm;vHk; ppfwyfxdyfoD;}uD;awGcsnf;jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dvdk tjrifhqHk;tm
%mydik t f zGŒJ pnf;jzpfwhJ “awmfveS af &;aumifp”D qdw k mzGŒJ pnf;a=unmvdu k w f t hJ xd bmrS a&a&&m&m
rodvdkuf&wJh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifqdkolvnf; &dScJhw,fqdkygw,f? a&'D,dku w&m;0ifa=unmrS/
ud, k wf ikd vf nf; awmfveS af &;aumifp0D ifjzpfaewm odvu kd &f w,fqykd gw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh Adv k rf ;ª }uD;
=unfarmif? Adkvfrª;}uD;=unfarmif [m tJ'Dwkef;u taemufawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rª;tjzpf
ykodrfrSmyJ&SdaecJhygw,f? ykodrf&Sd wjcm;aomyk*~dKvfawGu ar;=ujref;=u ajym=uqdk=uawmhrS
“cif;Asm;wd@k =um;ovdk usaemfvnf; tckrb S =J um;&wmjzpfw,f/ ckrb S J ud, k [ hf mud,
k f awmfveS af &;

aumifp0D ifjzpfaewmod&w,f” vdk ah jym=um;cJw h ,fqykd gw,f? &efuek rf mS tm%modr;f +yD;rS wdik ;f rª;
awGtm;vHk;yg awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifpm&if;xJ xnfhay;+yD; a=unmvdkufwJhoabmjzpfygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDqdkwm t"dutm;jzifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ yg;pyfpm&if;eJ@ xGufay:vmcJh&wJh
taetxm;jzpfygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD tpdk;&tzGJŒqdkwmvnf;/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ tpDpOft&/ xGufay:
vm&wJh wm0efcH pm&if;wckoabmyJjzpfygw,f? tm%modr;f +yD;prSm ‘awmfveS af &;aumifp’D qdw k m
rSma&m/ tpd;k &tzGŒJ qdw k mrSmyg 'kw, d tm%mt&dq S ;kH jzpfvmwmu 'kw, d umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfjzpf
wJh Advk rf ;ª csKyfatmif}uD;yJ jzpfygw,f? ajymp&mqdpk &mawGukd a&SŒuxGu+f yD; wufwufºuGºuGvy_ &f mS ;
vm&ol[m Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; jzpfvmygw,f?
rwfv (4) &ufae@ reuf (10) em&DrmS tm%modr;f acgi;f aqmif awmfveS af &;aumifpD OuUÏ
Advk cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; u rzrf;qD;yJxm;cJw h hJ yxp/ zqyv eJ@ yrnw acgi;f aqmifawGukd '*H&k yd o f mrSm
ac:,lawGŒqHkygw,f? yxp/ zqyv/ yrnw tzGJŒ (3) zGJŒu udk,fpm;vS,f (5) OD;pDeJ@ awGŒqkHrSm
jzpfvdk@ óudwifta=umif;=um;xm;csuft&/ tzGJŒ}uD; (3) zGJŒudk udk,fpm;ðywJh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;[m
tpDpOftwdkif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;eJ@ vma&mufawGŒqHk=uygw,f?
yxp u yxpacgif;aqmifawGjzpfwJh ocifausmfxGef;/ Adkvfwifarmif}uD;/ OD;apmvl;vl/
Adkvfat; wdk@vnf; vma&muf=uygw,f? zqyv (wnf+rJ) bufu zqyv tzGJŒcsKyfacgif;aqmif
awGjzpf=uwJh OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f / Adv k cf ifarmifav;/ OD;cifarmifvwf/ OD;xGe;f wif wd@k vma&muf=u
ygw,f? yrnw bufu wufa&mufvm=uolawGuawmh 0d"l&ocifcspfarmif/ Adkvfzdk;uGef;/ Adkvfjr
aoG;/ AdkvfatmifEdkif eJ@ OD;atmifjrifh wdk@jzpfygw,f? 'Dacgif;aqmifawGudk awmfvSefa&;aumifpD OuUÏ
Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; u awGŒqHak qG;aEG;&Si;f vif;jyvdu k wf muawmh- wdik ;f jynfrmS ukeaf ps;Ele;f awGwuf
aewJhudpP/ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_ysufjym;aewJhudpPawGeJ@ zuf'&,fudpP tvGefwif;rmvmwma=umifh
rvGJra&Smifomvdk@ wdkif;jynfwm0efudk xdef;odrf;&jcif;jzpfygw,fvdk@qdkygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD[m qdk&S,fvpfyef;wdkifudk csDwufoGm;rSmjzpfa=umif;/ tJ'DvdkcsDwuf
oGm;&mrSm Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGe@J wdik yf if+yD; nD!w G pf mG csw
D ufomG ;rSmjzpfa=umif;/ vuf&t Sd ajccHOya'[m
vdktyfovdk qGJ,lEdkifwJh Oya'jzpfwJhtwGuf topfjyefvnfa&;qGJzdk@vdkwJhta=umif;eJ@ zGJŒpnf;tkyf
csKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mrSm yxptzGJŒcsKyf/ zqyvtzGJŒcsKyf/ yrnw wdk@eJ@ n‡dE_dif;a&;qGJrSmjzpf
a=umif;qd+k yD; aqG;aEG;ajymqdk &Si;f vif;jyvdu k w
f ,fqykd gw,f? qd&k , S vf pfyef;wdik f csw
D ufomG ;r,fqw kd hJ
teH@udkay;vdkuf&if; aoG;wdk;prf;=unfhvdkufjcif;jzpfovdk/ tzGJŒ (3) zGJŒpvHk;udk rufvHk;ay;+yD; +idrfaq;
au|;vdkufjcif;vnf;jzpfygw,f? +yD;awmhrS “twlwGJ+yD;rvkyfEdkif&ifvnf; taESmuft,Sufrðy=u
ygeJ@” qdkwJh pum;vHk;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;ajym=um;vdkuf&if; arwWm&yfcHovdkvdkeJ@ +cdrf;ajcmuf
vdkufygw,f? ae@vnfpmau|;+yD; a&SŒa[mif;aemufjzpfawGajym=um;&if; wcsdefu twlwlvGwfvyf
a&;twGuf toufay;+yD; nDnD!Gwf!Gwfaqmuf&GufcJh=uykH/ tm;vHk;wnfaqmufcJhwJh trsKd;om;
pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;}uD; òyduGJysufpD;oGm;cJh&jcif;twGuf oHa0*,loifhyHkawGvnf;/ a&mufwuf&m&m
qufvufajymqdk+yD; wcsdefu ar#mfrSef;cJh=uwJh qdk&S,fvpfpepf wnfaqmufa&;wm0ef}uD;udk nDnD
!Gwf!Gwfaqmif&GufoGm;=uygvdk@ qG,fw&m;a[mvdkufygw,f?

AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; ay;vdkufwJh qdk&S,fvpfteH@[m yrnw}uD;udk txl;ojzifh 0d"l&ocif

cspfarmif wdk@tkyfpkudk b0ifacGŒoGm;apcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh ‘yrnw’ tzGJŒ}uD;u “awmfvSefa&;
aumifpD. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;wGif yg0ifyl;aygif;rnfjzpfa=umif;” qdkwJh a=unmcsufudk xkwfjyef
vdkufygawmhw,f? 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv (4) &ufae@rSmyJ u,m;jynfe,fOD;pD;tzGJŒudk awmfvSefa&;
aumifpDu qufvufzGJŒpnf;a=unmygw,f? u,m;jynfe,fOD;pD;tzGJŒ OuUÏtjzpf OD;at;jrav;/
tzGJŒ0ifawGtjzpf OD;apmodef;/ OD;bl;&,f/ OD;odkif;oef;wif eJ@ Adkvfrª;}uD;armifa&$ wdk@jzpf=uygw,f?
rwfv (7) &ufae@rmS awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ yxrqH;k t}udrf owif;pm&Si;f vif;yG}J uD; '*H&k yd o f mrSm
ðyvkyfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; eJ@ jyef=um;a&;Xmewm0efcH Adkvfrª;}uD;
apmjrifh wdk@uae wm0ef,l &Sif;vif;ajymqdkwmvkyfygw,f? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrSm Adkvfrª;csKyf
atmif}uD; u “tm%modrf;&jcif;ta=umif;uawmh pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ bmoma&;/ aemufqHk;
zuf'&,fral &;udpaP =umifh odr;f &ygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd awmfveS af &;aumifp[ D m tm%mudv k ckd siv
f kd
t"rR,ljcif;r[kwfyg? b,fvdkodEdkifovJqdk&if vGefcJhaomESpfESpfavmufu vlxktpdk;&tm;
tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;cJhjcif;[m xif&Sm;ygw,f? ck 'kwd,t}udrfodrf;jcif;rSm zuf'&,frl&JŒ ta&;w
}uD;jzpfay:aeaomta=umif;a=umif;rsm;a=umifh/ ,ckvdk rvGJomra&SmifombJeJ@ wdkif;jynfudk xdef;
odr;f zd@k tm%modr;f ,l&jcif;jzpfygw,f?” vd@k awmfveS af &;aumifpu D , kd pf m; &Si;f vif;ajymqdyk gw,f?
jynfaxmifp}k uD;&J@ ,d, k iG ;f vmwJt h ajcaeawGukd xde;f odr;f pdrahf omiSm tm%modr;f ,lvu kd &f ygw,f
qdkwJh ppftkyfpk[m t"dutm;jzifh ‘zuf'&,frl’ a=umifh odrf;,lvdkuf&jcif;jzpfygw,fvdk@ xkwfazmf
ajymqdkvmwmjzpfygw,f?
'guawmh ajAmifvdrfajAmifpm; ajymqdkvdkufjcif;jzpfw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;u oabmayguf
vduk =f uygw,f? ‘zuf'&,fr’l aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG[m yxptpd;k &&JŒ tpDtpOfawGe@J w&m;0ifaqG;aEG;ae
=uwJh aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGomjzpf+yD; jynfaxmifp}k uD;twGi;f u cGx J uG zf @kd uvkd nf; b,fou l rS OD;wnfa[m
ajyae=uwmr&dSovdk/ cGJxGufzdk@udk b,folrSawmif owdr&=uwJh taexm;rsKd;jzpfygw,f? zuf'
&,fv_yf&Sm;r_/ jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcHcif;usif;+yD;/ awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;v_yf&Sm;ae=ur_awGtm;vHk;[m
w&m;Oya'abmiftwGif;uae ajymqdkaqG;aEG; v_yf&Sm;ae=uwmawGcsnf;yJjzpfygw,f// udk,fpm;
vS,af ygi;f pHak &SŒ/ owif;pmq&mawGa&SŒarSmufrmS w&m;0ifajymqdak qG;aEG;vkyu f ikd af e=uwJh v_y&f mS ;r_
awGcsnf;jzpfygw,f? 'DvdkjzpfygvsufeJ@ 'Dzuf'&,fv_yf&Sm;r_udk ta=umif;jywm/ zuf'&,frlqdkwm
udk wu,fhtE W&m,f}uD;tjzpf vuf!dk;xdk;+yD;/ 'gha=umifh tm%modrf;&ygw,fvdk@ ajymqdkwm[m
ajAmifvdrfajAmifpm; ajymqdkwmjzpfygw,f? ighpum;EGm;& ajymqdkenf;eJ@ ajymqdkoGm;wmjzpfygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; [m rv$Jra&Smifom udk,fhpum;eJ@udk,f ydwfrdae+yD; tajcaeuvnf;
t+yD;tydik t f m%modr;f vdu k v f @kd rjzpfao;wJh taexm;awGa=umifh a&G;aumufyv JG yk af y;um tm%m
udkjyeftyfcJh&ayr,f/ tm%mudk t+yD;tydkifodrf;Edkifzdk@ qif}uH}uH ta=umif;&Smaewkef; ‘zuf'&,f’
rludpP[m taumif;qHk;ta=umif;jyp&mudpP}uD;wcktjzpf ,lqcJhyHk&ygw,f? ‘zuf'&,frl’ udk
wifae=uolawGtm;vHk;[m jynfaxmifpk}uD;xJuae cGJxGufzdk@r[kwfbJ jynfaxmifpk}uD;tjzpf
b,fvakd ygi;f pnf;=urvJqw kd m wifjytqdðk yae=ujcif;omjzpfw,fqw kd mudak wmif *±krrlEikd af wmhbJ
‘usm;usm;rD;,yf’ vkyfypfvdkuf=uwmjzpfygw,f?

58 ckESpf yxrt}udrf ppfwyfu tm%modrf;pOfu tm%moGm;awmif;ol wOD;jzpfwJh
Adv
k rf ;ª csKyfatmif}uD;[m/ OD;Ek qDu tm%mudv k nf; vufc&H &daS &m “tm%modr;f w,fqw kd phJ um;
rajymygeJ@/ tm%mudkv$Jajymif;ay;tyfwmudk vufcH&,lwmyg” vdk@ cyfwnfwnf ajAmifvdrfcJh+yD;
‘tm%modr;f w,f’ qdw k mudk jiif;qdck ahJ yr,f/h 'Dwcgtm%modr;f wJt h cgrmS awmh “ck 'kw, d t}udrf
odrf;jcif;rSm” vdk@ vkyfcsvdkufjyefygw,f? a,mif,rf;ajymqdk&if; trSefwdkif; xGufvmcJhyHk&ygw,f?
a&SŒpum;eJ@ aemufpum; b,fawmhrrS nDbJ ajAmifvrd af jAmifpm;vkyw f wfwhJ ppftyk pf &k ŒJ tusi[ hf m
bGm;bGm;}uD;ay:aecJyh gw,f? tckvnf; “zuf'&,fr”l a=umifh “zuf'&,fr”l a=umifv h @kd }uH}uHzefzef
vuf!;kd xd;k tjypfwif&if; “rv$rJ a&Smifomvd@k ” tm%modr;f &wmyg? “tm%mudk vdck siv f @kd t"rR,l
jcif;r[kwfyg” vdk@ qdkvmjyefygw,f? tm%mudkrvdkcsifygbJeJ@ wdkif;jynf}uD;òyduGJrSmpdk;vGef;vSwJh
twGuf rv$Jomra&Smifomvdk@ tm%modrf;vdkuf&wJhoabm zGifhqdk&Sif;vif;jyygw,f? ppfwyfu
rv$Jra&Smifom tm%modrf;vdkuf&jcif;&JŒ t"duta=umif;t&if;[m “zuf'&,frl” a=umifhvdk@
w&m;0ifta=umif;jyvdkufygw,f? 'Dta=umif;jycsufudk azmfxkwfjzef@csdEdkifzdk@twGuf owif;pm&Sif;
vif;yGJudk usif;ycJhwmjzpfygw,f?
rwfv (8) &ufae@rSm a&G;aumufyGJ t+rJwef;aumfr&Sifudk zsufodrf;vdkufygw,f? rwfv
(9) &ufae@rSm rzGJŒpnf;&ao;wJh ‘csif;a&;&mOD;pD;tzGJŒ’ udkzGJŒpnf;ay;+yD; xkwfjyefa=unmygw,f?
OuUÏtjzpfu OD;qefcdkv#H/ tzGJŒ0iftjzpf OD;yGwfyg;/ OD;wifZrf;/ OD;0rf;ol[m&Sif eJ@ 'kwd,Adkvfrª;}uD;
apmarmifxGef; wdk@jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh rwfv (9) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpD[m ‘jynfe,fOD;pnf;tzGJŒ’ awGudk
tjynfhzGJŒpnf;+yD;+yD jzpfygw,f? &Srf;/ u&if/ u,m;/ csif; wdk@&JŒ OD;pD;tzGJŒawG AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;
pdwfóuduf zGJŒpnf;ay:aygufvmwmjzpfygw,f? csif; udkawmh csif;a&;&mOD;pD;tzGJŒvdk@ ac:a0:cJh+yD;
usef &Sr;f / ucsi/f u&if/ u,m;wd@k uakd wmh ‘jynfe,fO;D pD;tzGŒJ ’ vd@k emrnfay;cJyh gw,f? rGef eJ@ &cdik f
wd@k ukd jynfe,ftjzpf rowfrw S af o;wJo h abmjzpfygw,f? yxp tpd;k &vufxufuvnf; jynfe,f
tjzpfay;a&;udk oabmwl+yD;om;jzpfayr,f/h w&m;0ifjynfe,ftjzpf rzGŒJ pnf;&ao;ovdk awmfveS f
a&;aumifpDtpdk;&vufxufrSmvnf; qufvuf =um;csefxm;wJhoabmjzpfygw,f? 'Dt&if tpdk;&
tqufqufe@J rwlwmuawmh/ jynfe,fO;D pD;tzG@J awGwikd ;f xJrmS ppfwyfxyd o f ;D awGukd tzGŒJ 0iftjzpf
ajymifxnfh zGJŒpnf;ay;xm;wmjzpfygw,f? tJ'D ppfwyfxdyfoD;awG[mvnf; tJ'Doufqdkif&m
jynfe,fa'o&Sd ppfwyf/ ppfwikd ;f wd@k &ŒJ xdyo f ;D }uD;awGjzpfae=ujcif;jzpfygw,f? trsm;pk[m awmfveS f
a&;aumifp0D if}uD;awGawmifjzpfae=uygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpq D w kd m ppftpd;k &jzpfw,f? jynf
e,fawGwdkif;udkvnf; ppfwyfu wdkuf±dkufcsKyfudkifxm;w,fqdkwmudk ay:ay:xifxif azmfjyvdkufwJh
oabmjzpfygw,f?
rwfv (9) &ufae@rSmyJ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; eJ@ Adkvfrª;}uD;apmjrifh
wd@k [m owif;pmq&mawGe@J xyfraH wGŒqH+k yD; 'kw, d t}udrf owif;pm&Si;f vif;yG}J uD; vkyjf yefygw,f?
'Dwcgawmh Adv k rf ;ª csKyfatmif}u;D / Adv k rf ;ª }u;D apmjrihf wd@k EpS af ,mufwifruawmhbJ tiftm;jznfw h if;+y;D
ygvmwmuawmh ppfwyfaxmufvSrf;a&;ESifh ppfwyf pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;Xmeu yk*~dKvfawGyg yg0if
vmwmjzpfygw,f? 'kw, d Adv
k rf ;ª }uD;armifviG /f 'kw, d Adv k rf ;ª }uD;armifbkd eJ@ pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;Xme
'k!¸ef=um;a&;rª;OD;apmOD; wdk@ygwufa&mufvm=uygw,f?
owif;pmq&mawG&JŒtar;udk ajz=um;&mrSm Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;u “wdkif;jynfòyduGJr,fh

tajctaea&mufvmawmh xde;f odr;f &wmyJ/ toHvi$ ±hf rHk mS usi;f ycJw h hJ trsK;d om;ES;D aESmzvS,yf o JG m
+yD;&if jzpfcsifwmjzpfukef=urSmyJ/ &Srf;udpPu ya'o&mZfawG&JŒ aemufqHk;azmufjyefr_yJ? zuf'&,fqdk
wmu trsKd;oma&;0g' jynfe,fpdwf0g'awGudk ta&òcHxm;wmbJ? twGif;oabmu ya'o&mZf
awG&JŒ aemufqHk;azmufjyefr_yJvdk@,lqw,f” qdk+yD; ppfwyftm%modrf;&wm rSefw,fqdkwmjzpf
atmif }uHzefyHk}uD;csJŒajymqdkygw,f? wdkif;jynf}uD; uae@ reufzef òyduGJoGm;awmhravmuf ,kwWd
,kwmW r&Sad jymqd&k if “zuf'&,fr”l udyk J {&mrtE &W ,f}u;D tjzpf qufvufvuf!;kd xk;d +y;D ppftm%m
odrf;r_bufuae 0g'jzef@csdoGm;cJhygw,f? wu,fuawmh tm%m&rRuf ief;ief;wufaewJh ppfwyf
xdyo f ;D Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;[m olu, kd w
f ikd af cgi;f aqmif+yD; tm%mvdck siv f @kd tm%modr;f cJw h mjzpfyg
w,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ OD;aqmifra_ tmufu ppftyk pf t k EG,0f ifawG ppfwyfxyd o f ;D rsm;[mvnf;
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tvdkus aAmif;awmfndwf pdwfawmfodcJh=u+yD; }uH&mygawGtjzpf yg0ifcJh=uwm
jzpfygw,f? vufcsKd;a&wGufvdk@&avmufatmif tenf;wumhtenf;pk}uD;jzpfwJh yk*~dKvfrsm;om
aorxl;aerxl; Zmwfcif;=u&if; “acG;jzpfrSawmh csD;pm;&rSmbJqdk+yD; ygvmcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f?
tm%mvdck siv f @kd tm%modr;f cJwh mudk wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ ,d, k iG ;f vmwJt h ajctaea=umifh zuf'&,fa=umifh
tm%modrf;&wmygvdk@ }uHzefajymqdk ta=umif;jycJhwmjzpfygw,f? urBmrSm b,ftm%modrf;ppf
acgi;f aqmifurSvnf; “usKyfawmhtm%modr;f csiv f @kd tm%modr;f wmyJ/ wdik ;f jynfrmS usKyfeyH gwf (1)
vkycf siv f @kd tm%modr;f wmyJv@kd ” xkwaf zmfajymqdk 0efccH o hJ rl sm;r&So
d vd/k Adv
k af e0if;wd@k wawGvnf;
ppftm%m&Sifwdk@&JŒ xHk;enf;twdkif; rcdkifvHkwJhta=umif;jycsufawGudkom wdk;wdk;ajym&if; udk,hfudk
udk,f umuG,fzdk@ óud;pm;ae=uwmjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh qifaoudk qdwfa&eJ@zHk;zdk@ óud;pm;cJhayr,fh
rvHEk ikd cf yhJ g? Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;[m ppftm%m&Sipf epfux kd al xmif+yD; ppftyk pf }k uD;udak cgi;f aqmifum/
ppftm%m&Sif}uD;tjzpf wpxufwp yHkay:vm&awmhrSmjzpfygw,f?
1962 ckEpS /f rwfv (9) &ufae@rmS bJ awmfveS af &;aumifpaD =unmcsut f rSwf (10) xGuaf y:
vmygw,f? tJ'aD =unmcsut f rSwf (10) uawmh “awmfveS af &;aumifpo D nf awmfveS af &;aumifpD
OuUÏtm; Oya'ðytm%m/ tkyfcsKyfr_tm%mESifh w&m;pD&ifr_tm%m[lonfh tm%moHk;&yfudk
tyfESif;onf” qdkwJha=unmcsufyJjzpfygw,f?
rqv/ acwf a jymif ; awmf v S e f a &;eJ ‹ Armjynf E d k i f i H a &;tajctae
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwf[m ppfwyfutm%modrf;,l+yD; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDudk

a=unmum wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ tm%mt&yf&yfukd csKyfuikd f csK,fv,
S f tkypf ;kd csed u
f p+yD; ouf0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh g
w,f? 'ga=umifh 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae@up+yD; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwfqdkwm pwifjzpf
ay:vmygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD zGJŒpnf;+yD;aemuf wpf&uf rwfv (3) &ufae@rSm ygvDrefudk
t+yD;tydkif zsufodrf;ygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒatmufrSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ OD;aqmif
!¸ef=um;r_twdkif; taumiftxnfazmfzdk@ jynfe,fOD;pnf;tzGJŒawGudk zGJŒygw,f? jynfe,fOD;pD;tzGJŒ
awGukd awmfveS af &;aumifpu D wdu k ±f u

kd cf sKyfuikd xf m;±Hrk u jynfe,fO;D pD;tzGŒJ awGxrJ mS a'oqdik &f m
ppfwyft}uD;tuJawGudk tzGJŒ0iftjzpf ay:ay:xifxif xnfhoGif;zGJŒpnf;ay;ygw,f? zuf'&,frl
a=umifh wdik ;f jynf}uD; òyduEJG ikd w f t
hJ E &W ,fa=umifh ppfwyfu rv$rJ a&SmifomyJ tm%modr;f &jcif;jzpfyg
w,fvdk@ r,Hkcsifae ,Hkcsif,Hk ta=umif;jy aºuG;a=umf 0g'jzef@csdygw,f? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJawG
ac:,lusi;f y &Si;f vif;&mrSmvnf; zuf'&,fral =umifq h wkd mudk t"duxm;+yD; ta=umif;jyqifajcay;
cJhygw,f? tm%mtm;vHk;udk awmfvSefa&;aumifpDucsKyfudkifvdkuf+yD; tJ'Dtm%mtm;vHk;udk
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuUÏudk ESif;tyfvdkufw,fqdkwJh a=unmcsuf trSwf (10) udk xkwfjyefvdkuf
wJt h wGuf Oya'ðytm%m/ tkycf sKyfrt _ m%mESihf w&m;pD&ifrt _ m%m tm%moH;k &yfpvH;k udk csKyfuikd f
usio hf ;kH oH;k pGcJ iG &hf o dS [l m awmfveS af &;aumifpOD uUÏjzpfwhJ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;wa,mufxyJ J jzpfomG ;
ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; [m tm%moHk;&yfpvHk;udkydkifqdkifwJh/ óudufovdkpGJudkifusifhoHk;EdkifwJh tm
%m&Sif}uD;tjzpf twdtvif;yHkay:vmcJhygw,f? oludk,fwdkif OD;pD;OD;aqmifðy+yD; tm%modrf;cJh
wmjzpfwJhtwGuf atmifjrifpGmtm%modrf;Edkif+yD;wJhtcg tm%m&Sdaomyk*~dKvfjzpfvm&wm bmrS
rqef;bl;vdk@ qdk&rSmjzpfayr,fh/ tckvdk tm%moHk;&yfpvHk;udk tyfESif;vdkufw,fqdkwJh a=unmcsuf
uawmh awmfawmfudk ajymifajymifwif;wif;EdkifvSygw,f?
1960 jynfEh pS rf mS zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if u H ay;cJw h hJ “&mrGerf ufaq;aq;” qk}uD;udk Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;
jiif;y,fcJhygw,f? trsm;tm;jzifh emrnf}uD;uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;orm;}uD;awGom &&Sdonfhqk}uD;
rdk@rsm; jiif;y,fcJhwmvm;/ 'Drdkua&pDudk xdef;odrf;umuG,fapmifha&SmufolawGudk todtrSwfðyay;
tyfw,fqdkwJh 'Dqk}uD;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; bmvdk@ jiif;y,fcJhwmvJ/ pojzifhpojzifh trsKd;rsKd;wGuf
qrdc=hJ u xifa=u;ay; cef@reS ;f awG;awmcJ=h uolawGtwGuf tajz[m bGm;ceJay:vmcJ+h yD jzpfygw,f?
'Dru kd a&pDpepfe@J zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'}uD;udk toufe@J v+J yD; xde;f odr;f umuG,af pmifah &Smuf
ygr,fvdk@ vlod&Sif=um; uwday;ajymqdkcJh&mu uwdawGudk csKd;azmuf+yD; udk,fwdkiftm%modrf;+yD;
tm%m,lz@kd tcdik t f rm jyifqifwu G cf suf tuGuaf umif;apmifah eoljzpfwt hJ wGu/f 'Dq}k uD;udk jiif;
qefcJhjcif;jzpfw,fqdkwm bGm;bGm;}uD;ay:vmcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? ppfwyftm;udk; t=urf;zufenf;eJ@
twif;t"rR tm%mwuford ;f +yD; tm%m,lz@kd }udw+f yD;jyifqifae&olu/ 'Dru dk a&pDukd pGr;f pGr;f wrH
xdef;odrf;umuG,f apmifha&Smufoltjzpf yHkazmfay;tyfr,fh 'Dqk}uD;udk b,fvdkvkyf+yD; ,lxm;vdk@
jzpfyghrvJ? 'ga=umifh óudwifjiif;qefcJhwmjzpfovdk/ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;orm;}uD;tjzpf towf
trSwfrcHEdkifvdk@ r,lcJhwmaerSmjzpfr,fvdk@ txifcH&&ifvnf; eJovm;vdk@ óudwifwGufqcJhyHk&yg
w,f? *dk%f;}uD;ESpf*dk%f;&JŒwdkufyGJu jyif;xefaeqJjzpfovdk udkvdkeDxrf;ydk;atmufu vGwfajrmuf
ump tm&S/ tmz&du/ vufwiftar&du/ Edik if t H rsm;pk&ŒJ ar#mv f if&h nfp;l OD;wnfae=uwJv h rf;a=umif;
uvnf; qdk&S,fvpfvrf;a=umif;jzpfae+yD; qdk&S,fvpfpepf[m a&yef;pm;qJumvjzpfygw,f? txl;
ojzifh tm&SrSm qdk&S,fvpfpepfa&yef;pm;qJjzpfovdk/ ArmjynfrSmvnf; qdk&S,fvpfa&;toH qdk&S,f
vpfvrf;a=umif;tdrfruf }uD;us,fqJqdkwm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; aumif;aumif;wGufcsufrd+yD;jzpfyg
w,f? ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDpepfukd t+yD;z,fcsz@kd q&kd if bmudak tmf+yD; bmudyk akH zmf&r,fqw kd m tm%m
Edik if aH &;yg;0+y;D jzpfwhJ Adv k cf sKyf}u;D ae0if; [m óuw d ifwu G cf suf pOf;pm;xm;+y;D jzpfygw,f? wwdik ;f jynf
vH;k rSm t&Sed =f oZm}uD;vGe;f vSwhJ trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif}uD;ae&m &,lomG ;Edik cf w hJ hJ Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;

wd@k wawG ar#m&f nfvv kd m;cJzh ;l &mvnf;jzpf/ wdik ;f jynfvw G v f yfa&;a=unmuxJu vGwv f yfa&;a=u
nmpmwrf;yg ar#mv f ifch suv f rf;a=umif;wck jzpfcahJ yr,f/h tm%m& zqyvacgi;f aqmiftqufquf
taumiftxnfrazmfbJ ab;csypfxm;&mvnf;jzpfw/hJ qd&k , S v f pfa&;qdw k t
hJ oHukd jyefaumufuikd f
zd@k t}uH}uD;vSwhJ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;[m óudwifjyifqifppD Ofxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh tm%modr;f
+yD;ESpf&uft=um rwfv (4) &ufae@rSmyJ yxp/ zqyv/ yrnw u acgif;aqmifawGudk ac:,lawGŒ
qHk+yD; ‘qdk&S,fvpfeH@’ udk avóudŒ+yD;jyvdkufygw,f?
0d"l&ocifcspfarmifwdk@ yrnw/ wodkuf&JŒ ypf+yD; axmufcHa=unmvdkufoHudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
ae0if;[m vG,v f , G u f u
l el @J &&Sv
d u kd yf gw,f? ppfwyftm%modr;f yGeJ @J ywfouf+y;D 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmif
u “ppfwyfu tm%modrf;wma=umifh ppftm%m&Sifpepfomjzpfw,fvdk@,lq&if rSm;,Gif;r,f”
qdkwJh aumufcsufudk azmfxkwfajymqdkvmcJhygw,f? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufwkef;u zGJŒpnf;tkyf
csKyfyHktajccHOya'&JŒ yk'fr (116) udkjyifqifay;&rSmav;udkawmif ‘EdkifiHawmfol EdkifiHom;rsm;u
ygvDrefv$wfawmf}uD;udk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufygw,f? ygvDrefv$wfawmf}uD;u ygvDreftpdk;&udk
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufygw,f? tJ'g[m rljzpfygw,f’ vkd@ajymqdk+yD;/ tJ'Drludk jyifqifray;zdk@ uef@
uGufajymqdkcJhwJh ocifcspfarmif[m/ zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'}uD;wckvHk;udk puULpkwfvkyfypf
vdkuf+yD; xifovdktm%modrf;oGm;wmudkawmh qdk&S,fvpfavóudŒeH@a=umifh OD;OD;zsm;zsm; axmufcH
csuaf y;vdu k wf m[m th=H op&mjzpfygw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ zrf;pm;r_ukd cHvu dk &f wmjzpfygw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u tm%mudq k yk uf ikd +f yD; a&&Snt f yk pf ;kd oGm;Edik af &;twGuf qk&d , S v f pf teH@ay;xm;
wJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yfxlaxmifzdk@ qufvufjyifqifygw,f? ArmjynfrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwdk@
ajymqdkxkwfazmfaecJh=uzl;wJh qdk&S,fvpfpepfeJ@vnf;rwlwJh/ rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g'/ tajccHqdk&S,f
vpfpepfvnf;r[kwfwJh/ ArmjynfrSm zGJŒpnf;ay:aygufcJh+yD; Adkvfae0if; udk,fwdkif yg0ifcJhzl;wJh qdk&S,f
vpfygwD&JŒ qdk&S,fvpfqdkwmeJ@vnf; uGJjym;jcm;em;wJh/ urBmrSm ay:aygufwnf&SdcJhwJh wjcm;wjcm;
aom qkd&S,fvpfygwDrsm;&JŒ qkd&S,fvpfeJ@vnf; uGJjym;jcm;em;wJh qdk&S,fvpfygwDoabmw&m;wck/
vrf;pOfwcka&;om;ay;zdk@ jyef=um;a&;Xmewm0efcH Adkvfrª;}uD;apmjrifh/ pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;Xme
'kw, d !¸e=f um;a&;rª; OD;apmOD; eJ@ OD;cspv f id_ f (armifcspv f i_d f ac: udu k akd rmifac: wcsed u f ArmjynfueG f
jrLepfygw0D if Adv k pf aH iG) wd@k (3) OD;udk wm0eftyfEiS ;f w,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? useEf pS af ,mufu rtm;vyf
wJt h wGuf OD;cspv f id_ f (armifcspv f id_ )f wa,mufxu J wm0ef,al &om;um/ ESpyf wfe@J t+yD; a&;om;+yD;
Adkvfrª;}uD;apmjrifhxH tyfESH&w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? yxrqHk;ay;xm;wJh vrf;pOfoabmw&m; pmwef;
acgif;pOfuawmh “Armenf;usaom qdk&S,fvpf0g'” vdk@qdkygw,f? r[kwfwm [kwfwmtyxm;/
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;rSm rwfvaemufqHk;tywfrSm qdk&S,fvpfeH@ygwJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yfxlaxmifzdk@
olvdkcsifwJh EdkifiHa&;vrf;pOfoabmw&m;wck &&Sdydkifqdkifxm;+yDjzpfygw,f?
rwfv (30) &ufae@rmS w&m;v$waf wmfe@J w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyfw@kd uv kd nf; t+yD;tydik zf suf
odrf;um “EdkifiHawmfw&m;±Hk;csKyf” qdkwmudk zGJŒpnf;a=unmygw,f?
{+yDv (30) &ufae@rSm &wemyHka&wyfpcef;rSm wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcHudk ac:,lusif;yygw,f?
tJ'DnDvmcHrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u &&Sdxm;+yD;jzpfwJh EdkifiHa&;vrf;pOf oabmw&m;pmwrf;udk
csjyygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk,fwdkif pmwrf;udk wydk'fpDwydk'fpD &Sif;vif;ajymqdkwmvkyfygw,f?

vrf;pOfoabmw&m;pmwrf;}uD;&JŒ emrnfuawmh tJ'DnDvmcHrSm Adkvfrª;}uD;oef;!¸ef@&JŒ t}uHðy

csufudk rlwnf+yD; ajymif;vJvdkufwJhtwGuf “jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf” qdkwmudk twnfðyrSnfhac:
vdkufw,fqdkygw,f? 'ga=umifh 1962 ckESpf/ {+yDv (30) &ufae@rSm tydk'f (21) ydk'fyg0ifwJh “jrefrmh
qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf” qdkwm xGufay:vmygw,f? pwifa&;om;ol[m OD;cspfv_dif (armifcspfv_dif)
jzpfayr,fh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf pwifay:ayguf&m[m &wemyHka&wyfpcef; wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcH
uvdk@qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f?
tJ'Djrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudk wyfrª;tm;vHk;u vufcHoabmwl+yD;wJhtcg/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
ae0if; tyg nDvmcHuw kd ufa&mufvm=uol ppfAv kd xf yd of ;D tm;vH;k / wyfr;ª }uD;tm;vH;k u vufrw S f
a&;xd;k =u+yD; armfueG ;f wiftwnfðyvku d =f uygw,f? 'ga=umifh jrefrmhq&kd , S vf pfvrf;pOfqw kd m/ acgi;f
udik t f jzpf ppftm%m&Si}f uD; Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u OD;pD;um/ Zmwdtjzpf ppfwyftwGi;f rSm tajcwnf
arG;zGm;vmcJh&wJh ppfADZaoG;ygcJh+yD;om;/ vrf;pOfoabmw&m; w&yfjzpfw,fvdk@ qdk&ygvdrfhr,f?
'Dvrf;pOfoabmw&m;}uD;udk ,H=k unfygw,fv@kd pwifvufrw S af &;xd;k armfueG ;f wifc=hJ uwJh ppfwyf
xdyfoD; wyfrª;}uD;awGuawmh yxrqHk;aom jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf}uD;&JŒ Oyoum}uD;rsm;jzpf
w,fvdk@ owfrSwf&ygvdrfhr,f? 'Dvdkenf;tm;jzifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tvdkus AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u
OD;pD;um ppfwyftwGif;uae pwifxGufay:vmcJh+yD;/ ppfwyfxdyfoD; wyfrª;}uD;rsm;u yxrqHk;
vufco H abmwl ouf0if,=kH unfvu kd =f uwJh jrefrmhq&kd , S vf pfvrf;pOf oabmw&m;qdw k m}uD;[m
Armjynfordkif;rSm ay:xGef;jzpfwnfvmygawmhw,f?
arv (7) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuUÏ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; [m tzGJŒtpnf;}uD;
(3) cku Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmif}uD;awGe@J xyfraH wGŒqHu k m awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ 0g'oabmxm;jzpf
w,fqdkwJh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfqdkwmudk tao;pdwf &Sif;vif;ajymjywmvkyfygw,f? tJ'D0g'
oabmxm;tay:rSm t}uHðy a0zefcsufay;=uzdk@vnf; ajymqdkw,fqdkygw,f?
arv (17) &ufae@ wwd,t}udrfajrmuf awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;=uwJhtcgrSmawmh EdkifiHa&;ygwD
awGu rwluGJjym;wJh oabmxm;tjrifawGudk xkwfazmfwifjycJh=uw,fqdkygw,f? yrnw }uD;u
EdkifiHa&;ygwD wygwDjzpfa&;udk t&ifrvkyfbJ wyfaygif;pkomt&ifzGJŒoifha=umif;/ yrnw wGif;&Sd
ygwaD wGtcsi;f csi;f awmif tuGu J t JG jym;jym;jzpfae&m wygww D nf;jzpfa&;qdw k m rvG,v f aS =umif;/
'ga=umifh wyfaygif;pkudkt&ifzGJŒ+yD;/ wyfaygif;pktwGif; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_/ &if;ESD;cspfcifr_&+yD;rSom
wygww D nf;zGŒJ pnf;oGm;oifw h ,fv@kd wifjyw,fqykd gw,f? zqyv acgi;f aqmifawGuawmh jrefrmh
qd&k ,S vf pfvrf;pOfygwu D kd axmufcaH yr,fh wygww D nf;jzpfa&;udak wmh oabmrwlEikd af =umif;/ awmf
vSefa&;aumifpDu wdkif;jynfaumif;rGefvmwJhtxd qufvufxdrf;odrf;+yD; wcsdefcsdefrSm ygvDref'Drdk
ua&pDa&G;aumufyGJ}uD; usif;yay;zdk@udkom wifjycJhw,fqdkygw,f? yxp acgif;aqmifawGuawmh
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf taumiftxnfazmf&mrSm yxp u yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrSmjzpfa=umif;vdk@
&Sif;vif;wifjycJhw,fqdkygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; [m ac:,laqG;aEG;+yD; wifjycsufawGudk em;axmif=unfhjcif;omjzpfyg
w,f? tm%mudkqkyfudkif+yD; &&Sdxm;+yD; jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfoabmxm;qdkwmudk touf
oGi;f um/ jrefrmhq&kd , S vf pfygwD qdw k hJ wckwnf;aomygweD @J wdik ;f jynfukd a&&Snx f ed ;f csKyftyk pf ;kd oGm;zd@k

qH;k jzwf+y;D +yjD zpfygw,f? (62) ck/ rwfv (2) &uf tm%modr;f ,ljcif;[m (58) ckEpS f tm%modr;f ,ljcif;
vdk tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vkyfay;zdk@r[kwfyg? tm%mudk t+yD;tydkifodrf;cJhwmjzpf+yD; ppfwyfOD;aqmifr_eJ@
a&&Snftkyfpdk;oGm;zdk@ &nf&G,f+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? (58) ckESpf tm%modrf;+yD; ppfwyfu tkyfcsKyfvmcJh
r_[m ppfwyftaeeJ@ vufawGŒtkyfcsKyfa&;rSm avhusifhcef;,lcJhwJhoabm/ vufawGŒuGif;qif;
avhusifh=unfhcJhwJhoabm/ 0wfpHkjynfh Zmwfwdkuf=unfhvdkufwJhoabmomjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh
(58) ckESpf tm%modrf; tkyfcsKyf=unfhvmr_ESifh 0wfpHkjynfh Zmwfwdkuft+yD; (2) ESpftwGif;rSm (62)
ckESpf tm%modrf;yGJ}uD;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; acgif;aqmifwJh ppfwyfu t+yD;tydkif qifE$JcJhwmjzpfyg
w,f? ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay:rSm udk,fucsifwJhZmwf!¸ef;twdkif;/ ujyzdk@ wufvmcJhwmjzpfyg
w,f? wdik yf ifaqG;aEG;w,fqw kd m ud, k u f csiw
f ZhJ mwf!e¸ ;f twdik ;f ud, k af e&mcsxm;ay;wJah e&muae
yg0iftoHk;ðycH=uzdk@ xyf+yD; vlpk=unhfwJhoabmomjzpfygw,f? b,folŒudkrS b,ftzGJŒtpnf; ygwD
udkrS rif;om;}uD;tcef;ujzpfjzpf/ t"duZmwfaqmif tcef;ujzpfjzpf yg0ifujyEdkifcGifh/ cGifhðyvdrfhr,f
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ta=umif;ðyI zGŒJ pnf;jzpfay:vm&aom awmfveS af &;aumifpo D nf tESpo f m&tm;jzifh awmfveS af &;
vuQ%mudk aqmifvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; toGiftm;jzifh ppfaumifpDuJhodk@jzpfaeayonf? Todk@jzpfae
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wnfaxmif+yD;csed rf mS awmh acwfajymif;awmfveS af &;}uD;udk jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwD OD;aqmifr_
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zGJŒpnf; taumiftxnfazmfae+yDjzpfygw,f? ‘A[dkvHkòcHa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfr_aumfrDwD’ qdkwJh (Avu)
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wm0ef,l udkifwG,ftkyfcsKyfcJh=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh a'otoD;oD;rSmvnf; wvu/ cvu/ evu/
&vu qdw k mawG ay:ayguv f mygw,f? wvu/ cvu/ evu OuUÏ qdo k rl sm;[mvnf; a,bk,s
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5? ausmif;om;xk (aoG;pnf;=u) aoG;pnf;=u/
qdkwJh aºuG;a=umfoHawGeJ@ wuUodkvf0if;twGif;+idrf;csrf;pGmvSnfhvnfaºuG;a=umf+yD; wuo
taqmuftOD;a&SŒrSm qENjyyGJatmifjrifpGm ±kyfodrf;cJh=uw,f?
ppftpd;k &&JŒ tm%modr;f wufvmr_ukd pwifuef@uu G ±f w
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hJ m ausmif;om;xk&ŒJ Auo
jzpfovdk ppftpd;k &&JŒ vky&f yfawGukd yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; a0zefqef@usiq hf ENjycJw
h mvnf; ausmif;om;xk
yJjzpfygw,f? (58) ckESpf yxrt}udrf ppfwyftm%modrf;wkef;uvnf; wufwufºuGºuG a&SŒwef;
uae ppfwyftm%modrf;r_udk ±_wfcsqef@usifcJhwm ausmif;om;xkeJ@ ausmif;om;xk&JŒ Auo/
wuo/ &uoawG jzpfct hJ wGuf ppftpd;k &eJ@ausmif;om;[m ‘ausmif;awmfu&efp’ awGvkd jzpfaecJh
ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;yJ acgif;aqmifwJh tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufwkef;uvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
ae0if;tpd;k &[m +idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;pDrcH sut f rsK;d rsK;d eJ@ ausmif;om;xktay: ESyd u f yG cf zhJ ;l ygw,f? ausmif;
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wuUodkvftufOya'jyifqifcsufudk xkwfjyefcJhygw,f? tJ'Djyifqifcsuft& wuo&JŒ w&m;0if
udk,fpm;vS,fESpfOD;udk &efukefwuUodkvftkyfcsKyfr_aumifpDuae xkwfy,fypfcJhygw,f? &efukef
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&JŒ udk,fpm;vS,frygapbJ ajz&Sif;zdk@ óud;pm;wmrSefor#[m b,fvdkrSobm0rusayr,fh/ ppftpdk;
&[m tJ'Dobm0ruswJh Oya'jyifqifcsufudk xkwfjyef+yD; ausmif;om;xktay: csKd;ESdrfzdk@ vufawGŒ
taumiftxnfazmfcJhygw,f? wjcm;aom wdk;wufwJh EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkawGtay: tjyif;txef
ESdyfuGyfcJhovdk ausmif;om;xkeJ@ Auo/ wuo/ &uo awGtay:vnf; jyif;jyif;xefxef EdSyfuGyfcJh
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jzpf/ awmcdkolcdk&/ axmifusolus/ u|ef;tydk@cH&olcH&wJhtxd jzpfcJh&ygw,f? tck 'kwd,t}udrf
tm%modrf;+yD;wufvmawmh (58) ckESpfuvdkawmif tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vkyfzkd@ wufvmwmr[kwf
awmh/ ausmif;omxkeJ@ Auo/ wuo/ &uotay: ydk+yD;wif;rmwJhoabmxm; óudwifcsrSwfxm;
+yD;om; toifhygvmcJhyHk&ygw,f? tcdkiftrm azmfjyvmcsufuawmh &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;

xktay: zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fzdk@ tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd a&;qGJxm;wJh ‘taqmifpnf;urf;opf’ awGudk csrSwfjyÏmef;

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edrhfyg;atmif ESdrfhcsapmfum;vdkufovdkjzpfwJhtjyif/ b,fwkef;urS csrSwfjcif;rcH&bl;wJh jyif;xefwif;
=uyfvGef;vSwJh pnf;urf;Oya'awGyJjzpfygw,f? tpurS ppftpdk;&tay: rvdkvm;Edkif rESpfoufEdkif
jzpfae=u&wJhtxJ tckvdk pnf;urf;csufawGcsrSwfwJhtcg ausmif;om;xk}uD;[m rcH&yfatmif
jzpfomG ;&ygw,f? wuUov kd tf yk cf sKyfa&;aumifprD mS vnf; ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,f ‘wuoud, k f
pm;vS,’f zsuo f rd ;f cH&+yD; yg0ifciG rhf &jzpfaevd@k ra=urcsr;f p&mjzpfae&qJtcsed rf mS pnf;urf;opfawG
xyfrH jyÏmef;vmjcif;[m ausmif;om;xkudk apmfum;vmwmeJ@rjcm; tcH&cufapcJhygw,f?
Zlvdkif (6) &ufae@n (10) em&D a&$bdkaqmif pmzwftoif;tpnf;ta0;t+yD;rSm wif;=uyf
wJh taqmifpnf;urf;topfawGukd rcH&yfEikd o f al wGu atmf[pfajymqd}k uygw,f? tjcm;taqmif
awGuvnf; atmf[pfajymqdv k m}uwJt h wGuf taqmiftm;vH;k &JŒ atmf[pfqENjyyG}J uD;vdk jzpfvmcJh
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taqmifr;ª awGu zGirhf ay;vdk h wHcg;ud±k u kd cf sK;d zGi=hf uwmawG/ tJ'aD emuf rauseyfol ausmif;om;awG
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qENjywmay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? ausmif;om;awGe@J tqifajywJh ausmif;om;awGbufu&yfwhJ ygarmuQcsKyf
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csdefjzpfygw,f? OD;um[m Adkvfae0if;&JŒ tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufwkef;uvnf; ynma&;0ef}uD;
tjzpf tr_awmfxrf;cJo h jl zpfygw,f? wuUov kd tf yk cf sKyfa&;rª; OD;,kcifu ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ rauseyf
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}uD;udk ac:qdkusif;yygw,f? wuo OuUÏ udkAaqGav;/ Auo OuUÏ udkouf tyg ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifawG wa,muf+yD;wa,muf pum;ajym=uygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm Auo OuUÏ[m
udkouf jzpfae+yDjzpfygw,f? udkouf [m t&if 'kOuUÏomjzpfayr,fh OuUÏjzpfwJh udkcifarmiftHk;u
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDwufvmwmudk olŒoabmeJ@ol axmufcHoGm;wJhtwGuf ausmif;om;xku
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acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ wufa&mufvm=uwJh ausmif;om;xk[m jzpfay:vmaewJh vwfwavmtajc
taeawGudk wifjyaqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;=u+yD;wJhaemuf ppftpdk;&u csrSwfjyÏmef;vmwJh ‘w&m;rr#wwJh
taqmifpnf;urf;rsm; zsuo f rd ;f a&;awmif;qdzk kd ’h qH;k jzwfvu kd =f uygw,f? or*~}uD;twGi;f usi;f ywJh
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f xl ikd f at;at;aq;aq; yHrk eS t f aetxm;twkid ;f &Scd =hJ uygw,f?
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nae (4) em&DavmufrSm &efukefwuUodkvfe,fajrtwGif; vHkxdef;&Jum;awG 0ifvmcJhyg
w,f? urm&Guf*gwfwJuvdk@ ,lq&wJh &Jrsm;vnf; a&muf&Sdvm=uw,fqdkygw,f? wuUodkvfe,f
ajrxJtxd a&muf&v dS m=uwJ&h aJ wGu ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGukd vuf&ZJ uf&J twif;0ifzrf;yg
w,f? or*~xJtxd 0ifzrf;wm vkyfcJhygw,f// tcsKdŒudkqdk&if ±dkufESufzrf;qD;wmtxdawmif vkyfcJh
=uygw,f? wuo OuUÏ udkAaqGav;/ Auo OuUÏ udkouf/ &uotwGif;a&;rª; udk^m%f0if;
wdk@ tzrf;cHvdkuf&+yD; urm&Guf*gwfwJodk@ ac:aqmifoGm;w,fqdkygw,f? tJ'Dvdk rw&m;ojzifh
twif;0ifzrf;qD;wm cH=u&wma=umifha&m/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk apmfapmfum;um; zrf;
qD;ðyrlwma=umifyh g rcHr&yfEikd af tmifjzpfvm&wJh ausmif;om;awGu ‘wd@k acgi;f aqmifawGuzkd rf;ae+yD-
rcH=ueJ@a[h’ qdk+yD; jyefvnfpk±Hk; atmf[pf=uw,fqdkygw,f? atmif[pfqef@usifuef@uGuf&if;
&JawGudkvnf; *JeJ@jyefvnfypfayguf armif;xkwfwm/ wkef@jyefwdkufcdkufwmawGvkyfcJh=uygw,f?
tJ'Dvdkausmif;0if;xJtxd armufarmufrmrm 0ifa&muf+yD; rw&m;zrf;qDwmudk rcH&yfEdkifvdk@ wkef@
jyef&ifqdkif=uwma=umifh ±kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfyGm;cJh&ygw,f? ausmif;om;awGu tjyif;txef qef@
usicf =hJ uygw,f? &JawG xGucf mG oGm;+yDwahJ emuf r=umrD 0ifa&mufvmwmuawmh ppfum;awGjzpfyg
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toifhtaetxm; jyifqifae&mcsay;xm;wJh ppfom;awGudk wyfqifay;xm;wmuawmh
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pum;ajymwmjrifvdkuf=u&w,fqdkygw,f? (10) rdepfavmuft=umrSm Adkvfrª;}uDoef;pdef um;jyef
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wòydifwnf; rDyGifhoGm;cJhygw,f? atmfwdkrufwpf *sDo&D;armif;jyefaoewfoHawGeJ@twl tvJvJ
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taqmifawGxJtxd t!kd;}uD;pGm =ua&muf aygufuGJxdrSefcJhygw,f? vJòydusqHk;oGm;&wJh ausmif;
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taqmifxJ 0ifajy;cJh&olawG/ twdtus a&wGufvdk@r&EdkifatmifjzpfcJh&ygw,f? &efukefwuUodkvf
ausmif;om;xktwGuf urBmra=up&m aoG;pGef;wJhae@jzpfcJh&ovdk Armjynf ausmif;om;xktaygif;
twGuv f nf; O'ge;f ra=up&m aoG;aºuG;pm&if;zGichf &hJ wJah e jh zpfygw,f? (7) &ufZv l ikd /f Zlvikd f (7)&uf
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zd@k / twd;k udk oH;k ydik ;f wydik ;f &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ay;zd@k oabmwl+yD;/ t+yD;tydik 0f ,f,jl cif;oabmeJ@ jynfoyl ikd o f rd ;f
jyvdu k w f mjzpfygw,f? (tJ'v D b kd t D pkd uD kd jynfoyl ikd o
f rd ;f vdu k jf cif;udprP mS Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u wef&m
wefzdk;udk &uf&ufa&ma&m wGufcsufay;tyfoabmwlnDcJhwJhtwGuf yGJcawmif&cJhao;w,fvdk@
tqdk&Sdygw,f)? 1963 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (4) &uf (15) ESpfajrmuf ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;ae@rSm AdkvfcsKyf
}uD;ae0if;u a&'D,dkuae toHv$ifhrdef@cGef;}uD;ac|ygw,f? vl@usifh0wfawGysufvmae+yDvdk@ajym&if;
trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_awGudk apmifhxdef;vdkufem=uzdk@ rdom;pkpepfudk jrwfEdk;=uzdk@ ¹rGuf}um;ygw,f?
jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef pum;eJ@udkufnDatmif eDwdawG usifh0wfawGudk azmfxkwf+yD; wuJhrsKd;cspfArm
}uD;wa,muf[efeJ@ wjynfvHk;ukd a[majymygw,f? rdef@cGef;xJrSm -
“vlr_qufqHa&;/ ,Ofaus;r_rsm;ESifh ywfouf+yD; ajym&&ifvnf;/ rdbeJ@om;orD;/ q&meJ@
wynf/h vife@J r,m;/ toD;oD;apmifah &Smuf=u&r,fh usi0hf wfawG ysuaf e=uw,f? vlvcl si;f ±dik ;f yif;&
r,fqw kd muawmh vH;k vH;k r&So d avmuf&adS eyg+yD? wud, k af umif;pdwaf rG;olrsm;aeyg+yD? tJ't D jzpf&ŒJ
ta=umif;&if;udk &Smvdkuf&if u|efawmfwdk@rSm&Sd+yD;om;/ aumif;wJhtcsufawGjzpfwJh q&m0wfig;yg;/
wynf0h wfig;yg;/ vif0h wfig;yg;/ r,m;0wfig;yg; tp&Sw d u hJ si0hf wfawG/ teaE mW teE iW g;yg;udk ±dak o&
r,fqw kd hJ oif=um;r_awG[m arS;rSed v f mvd@k b?J 'Dtwdik ;f xm;&if arS;rSed ±f rkH [kw/f aysmufu, G of mG ;rSm
awmifp;kd &dr&f ygw,f? tckrsuaf rSmufacwfrmS òrdŒay:u u|eaf wmfw@kd tygt0if rdbrsm;&JŒ om;orD;
rsm;[m &Sifawmfa*gwrqdk&ifrodbl;? c±dkufqdk&ifodw,f/ taemf&xmqdk&ifrodbl;? uif;b±kwdk@
uif;t,fz&ufwdk@ eydkvD,Hwdk@qdk&if odw,f? 'Davmuftxd csKdŒ,Gif;aeygw,f” vdk@ajymqdkjrnf
wrf;oGm;ygw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; ud, k w f ikd u f awmh r,m;}uD; a':wifwifukd ypf+yD; a':cifaroef;udk ,lxm;
wJh=um;uae ajymaewm/ ausmif;om;awG &meJ@csDowfxm;wJh=um;uae ±dkif;yif;ulnD&r,fvdk@
ajymaewmjzpfcJhygw,f? 'Dvdk a&SŒaemufrnD ajymqdkaejcif;rsKd;jzpfaewmawmif AdkvfcsKyfae0if; &JŒ
qd&k , S vf pfavmuopf wnfaqmufa&;tay: ar#mv f ifch sux f m;olawGuawmh/ taumif;jrifae=u
qJjzpfygw,f? (7) Zlvdkif owfjzwfyGJ}uD;t+yD;/ 'Dta&;awmfyHk}uD;tay: b,fvdkoabmxm;=urvJ
aqG;aEG;=uawmh/ yrnw xJrSm rwlwJhtjrifawG ododomom ay:aygufcJhygw,f? 0d"l&ocif
cspfarmif u “'g qdk&S,fvpfoaE<om; om;avsmatmifvkyfwJhvkyf&yf” vkd@ajymqdkwJhtwGuf
yrnw xJ&Sd jynfolŒwdk;wufa&;ygwD twGif;a&;rª; OD;cifarmifjrifh u ‘'grSwfwrf;wifxm;yg uef@
uGufw,fvdk@’ ajymqdkcJhygw,f? tJ'DawmhrS ocifcspfarmifu ‘oabmajymwmyg’ vdk@ jyefjyifajym

wJhtwGuf/ ‘oabmajymwmqdk&ifvnf; oabmajymwmudk rSwfwrf;wifxm;yg’ vdk@ ajymqdkuef@

uGufcJh+yD; ta&;awmfyHk}uD;bufu &yfwnfoGm;cJhygw,f? (7) Zlvdkif ta&;awmfyHk aoG;ajruscJhr_
tay:rSmudk oabmxm;tjrifawG uGJjym;jcm;em;cJh=uygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfa&; rufvHk;udk ,Hk=unfcJh
=uolawGuawmh/ remEdik jf zpfc=hJ u+yD;/ taumif;jrifuykd J qufvufpu kd x f al e=uwJt h wGuf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;
ae0if; tzd@k qd&k , S v f pfqikd ;f bkwaf tmufrmS vkycf siw f mvkycf iG hf tumtuG,&f aeovdjk zpfcyhJ gw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; [m ppfwyfausmaxmufaemufceH @J tm%mudk jynfjh ynf0h 0 udik w f ,
G Ef ikd +f yD;wJt h cg
ol&JŒ ppfwyftkyfpdk;r_udk jyif;jyif;xefxef qef@usifuef@uGufcJhuswJh/ tcsdefra&G;vnf; xyfrHv_yf&Sm;r_
awG ay:ayguv f m+yD; ppftpd;k &tkypf ;kd r_ukd qef@usiu f ef@uu G f xd;k ESuw f u kd cf u
kd af e=ur,fh ausmif;om;
xk tiftm;pk}uD;tay: &uf&ufpufpuf ESdyfuGyfOD;csKd;ypfvdkuf+yD;wJhaemuf oleJ@ oabmxm;tjrif
uGJvGJolawGudkvnf; olŒudk cGm&mwdkif;rvmEdkifcif apmapmpD;pD; OD;csKd;xm;zdk@ jywfjywfom;om; jyif
qifygw,f? tjyiftiftm;pkawGxu J vuf00J g'wdr;f !Gwo f al wGukd qd&k , S v f pfteH@e@J rufv;kH ay;+yD;
+idrfaq;au|;/ +idrfEdkifzG,f&mr&Sdvdk@ ,lqxm;wJhausmif;omawGudkawmh taoypfowf+yD; ESdrfeif;/
acsmhjrLwJhenf;/ ESdyfuGyfwJhenf; ESpfenf;pvHk;udkokH;+yD; ajz&Sif;+yD;wJhtcg/ ppftpdk;&twGif;ydkif;u
tE W&m,fjzpfvmEdkifwmawGudkvnf; }uD;xGm;cGifhray;bJ udkifwG,fajz&Sif;cJhygw,f? 'guawmh ppf
wyfrSm 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfvnf;jzpf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDrSm eHygwfESpfyk*~dKvfvnf;jzpfwJh
Adkvfrª;csKyf atmif}uD;udk 63 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv (7) &ufae@rSm &mxl;u z,fcsvdkufjcif;yJjzpfygw,f?
aemuf rcsrf;abmtxd ydk@ypfxm;vdkufygw,f? bmta=umif;a=umifhqdkwm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
ta=umif;jycJjh cif;r&Syd g? (*syefppfavsmaf =u;udpaP =umifv h vkd /kd pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDqikd &f m vkycf siu f ikd cf sif
usifhoHk;csifwJh tjrifoabmxm; rwlnDwma=umifhvdkvdk toHxGufcJhygw,f) 'kwd,umuG,fa&;
OD;pD;csKyfjzpfwJh Adkvfatmif}uD; [m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒ wuJh taE W0godumtppfjzpfygw,f?
zufqpfawmfveS af &;rwdik cf ifavmufuwnf;u wyfwiG ;f &Sd qd&k , S v f pfppfAv kd t
f pkukd acgi;f aqmifz@kd
Adv k af e0if; udk q&mtjzpf arG;cJo h al wGxrJ mS Adv
k af tmif}uD;[m t"duyk*Kd~ vfwOD;jzpfygw,f? zufppf
awmfvSefa&;+yD;cgeD;rSmvnf; &efukefrSmr&SdwJh Adkvfae0if;udk &efukefodrf;acgif;aqmif}uD;jzpfatmif/
}uHzef&u G af qmif od'x d< yfay;cJo[l m Advk af tmif}uD; yJjzpfygw,f? Adv k af tmif}uD;[m wavsmufv;kH
Adkvfae0if; bufucsnf; &yfwnfcJhum 58 ckESpf tm%moGm;awmif;+yD; tm%m&vmawmhvnf;
Advk af e0if; udb k J ±d±k akd oao oGm;tyf+yD; usKd ;usK;d EGEH HG xrf;aqmifcyhJ gw,f? wjcm;olawGtay:rSmom
cyfxefxef cyfwif;wif;vkyfcJhayrJh/ Adkvfae0if;tay:rSmawmh wavsmufvHk; tudk}uD; tudk}uD;
ac:cJholjzpfygw,f? tm%modrf;+yD;wJhtcgrSmvnf; Adkvfae0if;ajymcsif&m vkyfcsif&mawGtwGuf
Adkvfae0if;bufuae bufaygif;pHk ajymqdkumuG,fay;&oljzpfcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;
uawmh olŒ&JŒ tm%myv†iftwGufqdk&if b,folŒudkrSrxm;bJ/ vufOD;r_,l z,f&Sm;ypfvdkufzdkŒ
oGufoGuf}uD; 0efrav;wrf; aqmif&GufusifhoHk;cJhygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD tm%modrf;wuf
vm+yD; wESpfrjynfhrSDtwGif; Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; udk z,f&Sm;vdkufygw,f? 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;
csKyf (av) Adkvfrª;csKyf wDuvpf vnf; t+idrf;pm;jzpfoGm;ygw,f? 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf (a&)
Adv k rf ;ª csKyfoef;azuawmh aoqH;k oGm;ygw,f? Adv k rf ;ª csKyfatmif}uD; z,f&mS ;cH&+yD; r=umrD/ azazmf0g&D
(12) &ufae@ jynfaxmifpak e@ukd (vGKd ifaumf) òrdŒrSmusi;f y+yD;/ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; wufa&mufred @f ceG ;f

¹rGuf=um;cJhygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu tm%modrf;&wm[m jynfaxmifpk}uD;òyduGJrSmjrifwJh

twGuf odrf;&wmvdk@ xyfrHajz&Sif;+yD;/ jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfeJ@tnD jynfaxmifpkom;tm;vHk;
pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_udk wnfaqmufoGm;=uzdk@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ vufwGJaqmif&GufoGm;=uzdk@
¹rGu=f um;ajymqdo k mG ;ygw,f? ajymqdo k mG ;yHu
k awmh “yifvt Hk pnf;ta0;rSm jynfaxmifpk pnf;±H;k nD
!Gwrf u _ kd pwifrsK;d aphcsc=hJ uygw,f? tJ'rD sKd ;aphav; twufayguf tan‡mufjyLptcsed rf mS Adv k cf sKyfw@kd
usq;kH cJ&h ygw,f? 'Daemufyikd ;f rSm qufqaH &;nHrh a_ vmif;&dy/f qufqaH &;nHrr_ S ayguzf mG ;vmwJh txif
tjrifvGJr_avmif;&dyf/ 'Dtjyif jynfaxmifpktm;enf;a&; òydysufa&;udk rem;raeaqmif&GufaewJh
twGi;f tjyif tiftm;pkw@kd &ŒJ tcGi&hf wdik ;f / tcGirhf &&ifvnf; &atmif}uHzef+yD; a&aEG;azsmr_w@kd a=umifh
tan‡mifhtwufxGufp jynfaxmifpkpnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&; opfyifav;[m vGefcJhwJhESpf azazmf0g&Dv
twGif;u vHk;vHk; ZD0defcsKyf&awmhrvdkjzpfcJh&ygw,f? 'Dpnf;vkH;r_tyifuav; ZD0defcsKyf&if jynf
axmifpv k nf; vH;k 0 òyduyJG supf ;D awmhrmS jzpfwt hJ wGuf awmfveS af &;udq
k ifE+J$ yD;/ awmfveS af &;aumifpD
u tajctaeudk 0ifxdef;cJh&jcif;jzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifpkpnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_udk a=unm+yD;jzpfwJh
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfeJ@tnD wjynfvHk; nDr#aom pD;yGm;a&;/ usef;rma&;/ ynma&;/ vlr_quf
qHa&;/ ,Ofaus;r_w@kd jzihf wnfaqmuf&mrSm jynfaxmifpo k m;tm;vH;k wd@k u awmfveS af &;aumifpeD @J
twl vufwGJ+yD;aqmuf&Guf=uygvdk wdkufwGef;&if; ed*kH;csKyfvdkufygw,f?” vdk@jzpfygw,f? òyduGJp&m
bmrS tajctaer&SdwJhtaetxm;udk òyduGJp&mjrifvdk@ vdk@ ajym+yD; tm%modrf;cJhwm[m b,folrS
vufrcHEikd w f hJ vdrn f mcsuo f mjzpfcyhJ gw,f? 'Dvrd n f mcsuu f ykd J qufvufwcH eG x f &l if;/ wdik ;f &if;om;
pnf;±H;k nD!w G rf _ òydysucf &hJ wmudk ta=umif;&if;&Smjyawmhvnf; jynfaxmifpòk yduaJG tmifvyk af e=uwJh
twGif;tjyiftiftm;pkawGa=umifhvdk@ vuf!dk;xdk;+yD; w&m;cH&Smjyygw,f? tkyfpdk;vmcJhwJh tpdk;&
tqufquf&JŒ azmufjyefqdk;0g;r_awGudkawmh 0efcHajymqdkcJhjcif;rvkyfyg? oludk,fwdkif tkyfpdk;olawG
txJ yg0ifcJhwJhtwGuf wrif0g;wm;wm;vkyf+yD; ajymqdkcJhygw,f? qufqHa&;nhHr_avmif;&dyf/ tJ'D
tay:u ay:aygufvmwJh txiftjrifvGJr_avmif;&dyfvdk@ }uHzefvSD;v$Jajymqdk&if; udk,ftjypfudk
olrsm;ay:yHkzdk@yJ tm;xkwfajymqdkcJhygw,f? wu,fuawmh tkyfpdk;oltqufquf&JŒ azmufjyefwm
0efrJhr_eJ@ ppfwyf&JŒ &uf&ufpufpuf ESdyfuGyfcJhr_ rawmfrw&m; tEdkifusifhðyrlcJhr_ azmufjyefwJh Armvl
rsKd;}uD;0g' usifhoHk;cJhr_awGa=umifh pnf;±Hk;nD!Gwfr_ òyduGJcJh&wmjzpfygw,f? w±kyfjzLusL;ausmfr_
ESrd Ef iS ;f a&;/ aomif;use;f olErdS Ef iS ;f a&; qdw k mawGukd ta=umif;ðy+yD; jynfe,fa'oawG vlrsK;d pkawG=um;
a&muf&o dS mG ;cJ=h uwJh ppfwyftoD;oD;[m a&muf&&dS ma'owdik ;f rSm Adv k uf sc=hJ u rawmfrw&m; vkycf hJ
=uygw,f? vlrsKd;pkawGtay: &rf;um;&ufpufcJh=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh tpuwnf;u ul;vl;quf
qHr_enf;yg;aecJh&vdk@ taepdrf;+yD; nDaemifom;csif;csif;jzpfygvsuf tjyeftvSef em;vnfcspfcifr_
a0;aecJh&wJhtajctae=um;xJrSm ArmvlrsKd;}uD; qef@usifa&;pdwf"mwf/ Armrkef;wD;a&; pdwf"mwf
tjrpfw, G f euf±id_ ;f vmcJ&h +yD; wdik ;f &if;om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf a_ wGvnf; tawmrowfEikd f òyduyJG suf
pD;cJh&wmjzpfygw,f? t"dutm;jzifh ppfwyf&JŒ usL;vGefr_awGudk azsmufuG,fypf+yD; ,kwWdrJh ajymqdkr_
awGudk ajymqdkaewmomjzpfcJhygw,f? ppfwyf&JŒ trSm;awGudk 0efcHajymqdkr,fqdk&if t"duwm0ef&Sd
ol[m umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfwJh oludk,fwdkifyJjzpfavawm/h udk,hfudkudk,f umuG,fajymqdkaejcif;
omjzpfcJhygw,f?

ppfwyfu tm%mvdck siv f @kd vufeuftm;ud;k tm%modr;f cJw h mudk w&m;oa,mif rSeo f
a,mif wdkif;jynf}uD;udk tE W&m,ftwGif;u u,fwifcJhoa,mif ,kwWdrJh ajymvHk;awGajymqdk&if;/
wvdrfESpfvdrfjzpfatmif óud;yrf;tm;xkwfaeovdkomjzpfcJhygw,f? 1963 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (23)
&ufae@rSm qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepf wnfaqmufzdk@qdk+yD; aemufxyf vSrf;vdkufwhJajcvSrf;uawmh/
b%fawGukd Edik if yH ikd o
f rd ;f vdu k jf cif;jzpfygw,f? Edik if jH cm;b%f (22) cktygt0if b%fvyk if ef; (31)ckukd
EdkifiHydkifodrf;,lvdkufygw,f? {+yDv (1) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ “vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh
trdef@” xkwfjyefa=unmygw,f? “w&m;Oya'uJhodk@ tm%mwnfap&rnf” vdk@azmfjyxm;wJh
vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdef@[m tydk'f (6) ydk'f&Sdygw,f? 'Dtrdef@rxkwfjyefcifutxd usL;vGefcJhwJh
&mZ0wfjypfra_ wGukd xdcu kd ef pfemcJ&h olu, kd w
f ikd uf wdik =f um;cJw h /hJ vlowfr/_ rk'rd ;f r_/ yk*v ~ u d ydik yf pPn;f
qH;k ±_;H epfemcJ&h r_awGuvG+J y;D / vk;H 0vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGiðhf yvdu k yf gw,f? jypf'%fp&D ifxm;jcif;cH&&ifvnf;
axmif'%f (10) ESpfxufrydk&vdk@ avsmhayghowfrSwfay;vdkuf+yD;/ wjcm; &mZ0wfjypfr_awGtwGuf
axmif'%f (3) ESpx f ufryd&k vd@k owfrw S af y;vdu k yf gw,f? vufeufpu JG ikd w
f u kd cf u
kd af e=uwJh aomif;
usef;olawGtm;vHk;udkvnf; Oya'abmiftwGif; 0ifa&mufvmr,fqdk&if vHk;0vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh
&r,fvdk@ azmfjy+yD; 'Dtrdef@aemufydkif; usL;vGefwJh jypfr_awGtwGuf vGwf+idrf;cGifhrðyvdk@ qdkygw,f?
tpd;k & tr_xrf;t&mxrf;rsm;twGuv f nf; 'Dtrde@f ra=unmcifumvu jzpfymG ;cJ=h uwJh Xmeqdik &f m
tr_tcif;awGtwGuf vH;k 0vGw+f idr;f cGiðhf yvdu k w f ,fv@kd qykd gw,f? t"dutm;jzifah wmh vufeufuikd f
ykefuefwdkufcdkufae=uwJh vufeufudkiftzGJŒtpnf;awG Oya'abmiftwGif; 0ifa&mufvmapa&;eJ@
'Dtrdef@a=unmcsuf rxkwfjyefcifu usL;vGefcJh=uwJh jypfr_awGtwGuf vGwf+idrf;cGifhðyvdkufwm/
vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh trdef@tusKd;udk cHpm;cGifhðyvdkufwmjzpfygw,f? 'DvdkvGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdef@
xkwfjyefvdkufwmudk twdwfu qdk;oGrf;rSm;,Gif;cJhwmawGudk arhaysmufcGifhvGwf=u+yD;/ tem*gwfrSm
pdwfopfvlopfeJ@ twlyl;aygif;um EdkifiHawmfopfxlaxmif=uzdk@vdk@vnf; r*Fvm,lajymqdkcJhygw,f?
{+yDv (5) &ufae@rmS Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; [m &efuek Af [dt k usO;f axmifxo J mG ;a&muf+yD; tusO;f om;
awGe@J awGŒygw,f? b0opfxal xmifz@kd tpd;k &u ulnrD ,f? tusO;f om;rsm;uvnf; aumif;aumif;
rGefrGefaexdkif=u+yD;/ aemif b,fawmhrS axmifxJjyefrvm&atmif ae=uyg xdkif=uygvdk@ =o0g'ay;
vdu k yf gw,f? vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGit hf rde@f t& tusO;f om;aygi;f (12000) ausmaf xmifxu J vGwcf =hJ u
&ygw,f? vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdef@a=umifh awmwGif;vufeufudkif tiftm;pkrsm;twGif;u
vufeufcsr_awGvnf; &SdcJhygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ppfacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfwJh Adkvf&JxGËf
[m arv (21) &ufae@rmS vufeufcsomG ;ygw,f? ppfacgi;f aqmifawGjzpfwhJ Adv k pf ed w
f if/ Adv
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rusL;vGefbl;ayr,fh/ ajymif;vJvmaewJh EdkifiHwumhtajctae jynfwGif;tajctaeawGeJ@ udkufnD
r,fh EdkifiHa&vrf;pOftopfw&yfudk csrSwfEdkifzdk@ vdktyfvm+yDvdk@ wGufqvmcJhygw,f?
vlrsKd;pkvufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawGxJrSm tiftm;t}uD;qHk;jzpfwJh attJef,l
tzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ taetxm;udk=unfhr,fqdk&ifvnf; tkyfpdk;oltpdk;&udk }uH›}uH›cH ,SOfòydiftefwk wdkufcdkuf
wdu k yf q JG ifaeayr,f/h ygww D iG ;f pnf;±H;k nD!w
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tqESpf&yf wdkufyGJawG jyif;jyif;xefxefjzpfay:aecJh+yD; wpnf;wvHk;xJaomtoGif ysuf,Gif;aecJhyg
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tusKd;ðy&r,fqdkwJh vrf;pOfudk w&m;0iftwnfðy+yD; udkifpGJ&yfwnfygw,f?
vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;[m bH&k efol tkypf ;kd oltpd;k &udk ,SOòf ydiw f u kd cf ukd zf @kd
twGuf EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk nDnD!Gwf!Gwf ylaygif;aqmif&GufEdkifzdk@twGuf

nD!Gwfa&;wyfOD; nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pkqdkwmawGudkvnf; zGJŒpnf;aqmif&GufcJh=uwJhtwGuf

awmfveS af &;aumifpD wufvmwJt h csed x f d xifxif&mS ;&Sm; wnf&adS e=uwJh tzGŒJ tpnf;awGuawmh/
trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pD nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pk (r'nw)/ 'Drdku&ufwpfvlrsKd;pkrsm; nD!Gwfa&;wyfOD;
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r'nw udk 1956 ckESpf/ arvuwnf;u zmyGefòrdŒe,f (rJ0dkif) rSm pwifzGJŒpnf;cJhwmjzpf+yD;/
zGJŒpu ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ autef,lygwDeJ@ rGefjynfopfygwD wdk@yg0ifcJhygw,f? aemufydkif;rSm
u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwDeJ@ csif;OD;pD;tzGJ@wdk@ yg0ifvmwJhtwGuf tzGJŒtpnf; (5) ck yg0ifwJh
wyfaygi;f pkjzpfygw,f? ('vnw) qdw k hJ 'Dru
dk &ufwpfvrl sKd ;pkn! D wG af &;wyfO;D uawmh vlrsK;d pktzGŒJ
tpnf; av;ckeJ@yJ zGJŒpnf;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? autJef,l/ autifyDyD/ yDtJiftdkeJ@ rGefjynfolŒwyfOD;wdk@
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rsm;[m tkyfpdk;oltpdk;&udk vufeufpGJudkif awmfvSefwdkufcdkufaewmrSefayr,fh vufeufudkifawmf
vSefa&;tiftm;pk}uD;wckvHk;[m wpnf;wvHk;wnf; pkpkpnf;pnf; nDnD!Gwf!Gwf wyfaygif;pk}uD;
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S vf pfvrf;pOfygwD
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awGuvnf; udk,fh&yfwnfcsufeJ@udk,f jzpfvm=u+yD;/ yrnw }uD;&JŒ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_[m odod
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b,fta&SŒ tkyfpkEdkifiHurS r±_wfcscJhovdk/ b,ftaemuftkyfpkEdkifiHurSvnf; ta&;,l uef@uGuf
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ta&SŒtkyfpka&m taemuftkyfpkyg udk,fhtusdK;udk A[dkðy+yD; tdajENrysuf tpdk;&csif;qufqH
a&;udk qufvuf xlaxmifvyk u f ikd o
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rmhupf vf eD if0g' avhvma&;tzGŒJ zGŒJ r,f/ rmhupf -f vDeif 0g' ysŒH yGm;atmifvyk rf ,fvkd t h csuf
wcsuftjzpf xnfhoGif;azmfjyrdvdk@ vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;rl/ Ek-rl (15) csufqdkwm a=unmrdpOfu/
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csrSwf&vdrfhr,fvdk@ csufcsif;wkef@jyefcJhzl;wJh Armjynf&JŒ udkvdkeDt&Sifa[mif;}uD; +Adwdo#uvnf;
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tar&duef}uD;uvnf; vl}uD;vlaumif;*dkuftjynfheJ@ ‘'g Armjynf&JŒ jynfwGif;a&;/ pGufzufp&m
ta=umif;r&Sd’ qdkwJh[efeJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&udk rdwf0wfrysuf quf
vufqufqHysLiSgcJhygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&u wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;udk &mcsD taoowfESdyfuGyfjycJh
wmudkvnf; b,fEdkifiHurS oabmxm; xkwfazmfuef@uGufcJh=ujcif;r&Sdyg? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;[m
olvkyfcsif&mawGudk qufvufvkyfudkifEdkifzdk hjynfwGif;jynfy tcGifhaumif;tcgaumif;/ tajctae
aumif;awG qufvuf&&SdcJhygw,f?
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD[m jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efeJ@ acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;udk
qifE$JrSmjzpf+yD; awmifolv,form;eJ@ tvkyform;[m tajccHvlwef;pm;}uD; (2) &yfvdk@ ajymqdk
xm;+yD;+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf awmifolv,form;rsm;twGuf ‘awmifolv,form;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
umuG,o f nfOh ya'’ eJ@ ‘oD;pm;csxm;a&;Oya'’ qdw k mudv k nf; 1963 ckEpS x
f rJ mS yJ xkwjf yefjyÏmef;
vdkufygw,f? v,form;awG&JŒ axmufcHr_udk &&Sdatmif 1963 ckESpf pdkufysdK;p&dwfacs;aiG trawmf
a=u; acs;aiGtjzpf usyaf iGuak É (70) ausmf xkwaf cs;ay;vdu k yf gw,f? b%fawGukd jynfoyl ikd o f rd ;f &m
u &&SdvdkufwJhaiGawGeJ@ xkwfacs;ay;cJhwmjzpfygw,f?

jynf w G i f ; _id r f ; csrf ; a&; awG Œ qk H a qG ; aEG ; yG J r sm;eJ ‹

Ed k i f i H a &;tif t m;pk r sm;&J Œ toH / awmf v S e f a umif p D & J Œ oabmxm;trS e f
1963 ckESpf/ ZGefv (11) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu “jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf

awmfvSefa&;aumifpD. urf;vSrf;csuf” qdkwmudk xkwfjyefa=unmvdkufygw,f?
awmwGif;vufeufudkif tzGJŒtpnf;tm;vkH;odk@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD. urf;vSrf;csufvdk@
xdyfpnf;wif+yD; tcsuf (6) csufyg a=unmcsufudk a&'D,dkuae xkwfjyefa=unmcJhygw,f?
“awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;udk v_dufvSJpGm
vdkvm;awmifhwvsuf&Sdonfhtavsmuf jynfaxmifpktwGif;Y EdkifiHa&;t&vnf;aumif;/ vlrsdK;a&;
t&vnf;aumif;/ vufeufuikd w f ukd cf u kd af e=uaom awmwGi;f tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;tm;vk;H od@k jynfwiG ;f
+idrf;csrf;a&;udk vufawGŒwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf atmufygurf;vSrf;csufw&yfudk xkwfjyefvdkufyg
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udkiftzGJŒtpnf;rsm;eJ@rqdk awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu toifh&Sda=umif;vdk@vnf; azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;&eftwGuf awmwGif;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;u udk,fpm;vS,frsm;&JŒ toGm;tjyefc&D;
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kd jf cif; vk;H 0vkyrf mS r[kwaf =umif;udvk nf;
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twGuf tm%m&tpdk;&u ajymifajymifwif;wif; xkwfjyefxm;&SdcJhwJh qkaiGa=unmcsufawGudk
w&m;0if jyefvnf±w k o
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±kwfodrf;ay;cJhwmvdk@ qdkygw,f? jyefvnf ±kwfodrf;ay;vdkufw,fqdkwJh a=unmcsufawGuawmh
(1/ 10/ 1956)ae@ ae@pGJyg jynfxJa&;XmerS xkwfjyefxm;cJhwJh qkawmfaiGa=unmcsuftrSwf (1) eJ@
(23/ 5/ 1961) &ufae@ ae@pGJyg jynfxJa&;Xme&JŒ b¾ma&;!¸ef=um;v$mtrSwf (2) wdk@jzpfygw,f?
qkawmfaiGa=unmcsut f rSwf (1) qdw k mu/ AuyOuUÏ ocifoef;xGe;f udk zrf;qD;ay;v#if (od@k r[kw)f
zrf;qD;&rdatmif owif;ay;v#if qkawmfaiG wode;f / ocifAode;f wif/ ocifwifxeG ;f / ocifoef;òrdi/f
ocifZif/ ocifcspf/ ocifaX; eJ@*dk&S,f (ac: ) &Jabmfbwif wdk@udk zrf;qD;ay;v#if (odk@r[kwf) zrf;
qD;&rdatmif owif;ay;v#if qkawmfaiG (5) aomif;pDqdkwJh a=unmcsufjzpfygw,f? b¾ma&;!¸ef
=um;v$mtrSwf (2) qdkwmuawmh awmwGif;vufeufudkif tzGJŒpnf;acgif;aqmiftm;vkH;eJ@ ouf
qdkifygw,f? b,ftzGJŒtpnf;urqdk A[dkaumfrDwD0ifeJ@ tvm;wltqifhudk zrf;rdv#if wOD;twGuf
qkawmfaiG waomif;/ c±kdifaumfrDwD0ifeJ@ tvm;wltqifhtwGufqdkv#if wOD;twGuf qkawmfaiG
usyfESpfaxmifpD qdkwJh a=unmcsufjzpfygw,f?

aps;t}uD;qkH;uawmh AuyOuUÏ ocifoef;xGef; jzpf+yD;/ 'kwd,aps;t}uD;qkH;awGuvnf;

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w,f? Edik if aH &;t& rwln=D u qef@usijf cm;em;=u&muae jzpfay:vmwJh Edik if aH &;tòid; Edik if aH &;trke;f
awGudk yk*~dKvfa&;t& b,fvdkenf;eJ@yJjzpfjzpf taoowfypfcsif/ tjywfwD;ypfvdkufcsifwJh onf;oef
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jrifEdkif=uygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u wzufu zqyvOuUÏ}uD; OD;Ek [m omoemh 'g,um}uD;bGJŒcH+yD;
qXoHCm,emwifyGJ}uD;usif;y/ qXoHCm,emwifatmifyGJeJ@ omoem (2500) jynfh txdrf;t
rSwfyGJawG usif;y&if;/ arwWm *±k%m rk'dwm awGta=umif; wazmifazmifajymqdkae&mrS avoHrpJ
ao;rDtwGif;/ wzufu taoowfEdkifa&; zrf;qD;&rda&;twGuf qkawmfaiGawGxkwfaewm[m
tjrifrawmf qifawmfeJ@cavmufozG,f jzpfaecJhygw,f? OD;Ek u zqyv OuUÏvkyf+yD; OD;AaqGudk
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wm}uD; xGufay:vmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? tJ'D 1956/ atmufwdkbmvuwnf;u wavsmufvkH;
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=uovdk Oya'wGif; Oya'y EdkifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;toD;oD;uvnf; acgif;axmif=unfhrd=uygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ a=unmcsuftay: yxrqkH;
xGufay:vmwJh axmufcHa=unmcsufuawmh ‘yoDtrsdK;om;uGef*&uf’ (Ayu) jzpfygw,f// +idrf;
csr;f a&;/ awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;r,fqv kd @kd +idr;f csr;f a&;&apcsiv f eG ;f &SmwJh q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f uvnf;
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ZGefv (12) &ufae@rSm tcsuf (5) csufyg a=unmcsufudk xkwfjyefa=unmcJhygw,f? a=unmcsufyg
(5) csufuawmh -
(1) rsufESmpkHnDaqG;aEG;aepOf twdkuftcdkufrsm; ESpfzufpvkH;rS &yfpJxm;&ef/
(2) awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&;udk &efukefòrdŒwGif usif;y&ef/
(3) A[dk ESifh A[dkcsif; aqG;aEG;&ef/
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(5) udk,fpm;vS,frsm;&JŒ vkHòcHvGwfvyfr_udk tmrcH&ef wdk@jzpfygw,f?
zqyv/ yxp wd@k uvnf; axmufcv H u
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uvnf; axmufcHa=umif; a=unmcJhygw,f? puf±kHtvkyf±kHtoD;oD;u tvkyform;rsm;/ tvkyf
orm;or*~/ tvkyform;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;/ 0efxrf;or*~0efxrf;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;uvnf; wcJeuf
axmufcHcJh=uygw,f?
wuo jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;ESifh ausmif;om;ta&; wnfaqmufr_aumfrDwD/ tpdk;&
ausmif;aygi;f pkH ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (&efuek cf ±kid )f wd@k uvnf; axmufcaH =umif; a=unmcJ=h uovdk
obifynm&Sif tEkynm&Sirf sm;uvnf; 0rf;yef;wom óudqakd xmufccH =hJ uygw,f? jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f
a&;tzGJŒrsm;uvnf; axmufcHcJh=uygw,f? te,fe,ft&yf&yf jynfoltaygif;&JŒ axmufcH=uoH/

qENðy azmfjy}uoHawGvnf; tqufrjywf xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;twGi;f cg;pnf;cHchJ

=u&wJh jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvkH;&JŒ iwfrGwfawmifhwae=uwJh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sdvdkr_qEN[m
ae&maygif;pkHuae xGufay:vmcJhygw,f?
awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&; urf;vSrf;csuftay: awmwGif;vufeufudkif tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;uvnf;
vdkvdkvm;vm; wkef@jyefoabmxm; a=unmcsufawG xkwfjyefa=unmvm=uygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;
twGuf aqG;aEG;&efqEN&adS =umif;/ ppfreS w f hJ +idr;f csr;f a&;udk wnfaqmufvakd =umif;/ awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&;
udk wav#mufv;Hk awmif;qdók ud;yrf;tm;xkwv f mcJ=h ua=umif;awG av;av;eufeuf tav;wif;azmf
jyvmcJh=uygw,f?
awmfveS af &;aumifpu D {+yv D (1) &ufae@u xkwjf yefxm;cJw h hJ taxGaxGvw G +f ird ;f csr;f omcGihf
trde@f ukd Zlvikd f (1) &ufae@txd rlv&ufowfrw S x f m;&muae tuef@towfr&Sd &ufw;kd csŒJ vdu k yf g
w,f?
Oya'wGi;f Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;u awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&; +idr;f csr;f a&; jzpfajrmufatmifjrifa&;
twGuf tzGJŒtpnf;aygif;pkH yg0ifwJh ‘jynfolŒaumfrDwD’ qdkwmudk zGJŒpnf;vdkuf=uygw,f? jynfolŒ
aumfrw D rD mS tzGŒJ tpnf;aygi;f (50) ausmf yg0ifygw,f? t"dutm;jzifh yrnw 0ifawG OD;pD;OD;aqmif
ðy+yD; yg0ifv_yf&Sm; taumiftxnfazmfcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ urf;vSrf;csuftay: yxrqkH; oabmxm;xkwfazmf jyef=um;cJhwJh
awmwGif;vufeufudkif tzGJŒtpnf;uawmh tvHeDygwDjzpfygw,f? ZGefv (14) &ufae@rSmyJ tvHeD
uGefjrLepfygwD Armjynf &JŒ jyef=um;csuf xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? ZGefv (15) &ufae@rSm autif,l
ygwD &JŒ oabmxm;jyef=um;csuf xGufay:vmcJh+yD;/ ZGefv (22) &ufae@ ae@pGJeJ hArmjynfuGefjrLepf
ygwD&JŒ jyef=um;csufvnf; xGufay:vmygw,f? jyef=um;csufudk ZGefv (22) &ufae@pGJeJ@ jyef=um;cJh
wmjzpfayr,fh q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f qDuwqifh ay;yd@k cw hJ mjzpfwt hJ wGuf q&m}uD;xH Zlvikd f
v (3) &ufae@rSm a&muf&Sd+yD; Zlvdkif (4) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu vufcH&&SdcJhw,fqdkyg
w,f? Zlvdkif (5) &ufae@rSm rGefjynfopfygwD &JŒ jyef=um;csufeJ@ u&ifeDtrsdK;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD
&JŒ a=unmcsufawG qufwdkuf xGufay:vmcJhygw,f?
jynfolŒaumfrDwDu Zlvdkif (2) &ufae@rSmuwnf;u jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;odk@ awGŒqkHaqG;
aEG;a&; atmifjrifa&;twGuf 0dkif;0ef;óud;yrf;=uyg&efqdkwJh Ed_;aqmfyef=um;a=umif; a=unmcsufudk
xkwjf yefco hJ vd/k Zlvikd f (6) &ufae@rmS jynfoŒl aumfrw D u
D }uD;rª;wJh +idr;f csr;f a&;urf;vSr;f axmufcyH JG
}uD;udk òrdŒawmfcrf;rrSm usi;f ycJyh gw,f? ae@vnf (1) em&DrmS usi;f ywJh tcrf;tem;yGu J kd tzGŒJ tpnf;
aygif; (50) ausmfu tdk;pnfAkHarmif;awGeJ@ wufa&mufvmcJh=uygw,f? wufa&mufvm=uolawG
òrdŒawmfcrf;rwckv;Hk ajccsp&mr&Sad wmhavmufatmif jynfEh u S o
f mG ;cJyh gw,f? obmywdtjzpf ytd0k hf
OD;vSazu aqmif&u G +f yD;/ tcrf;tem;rª;tjzpf Adv k jf raoG;u aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? jynfoŒl aumfrw D uD
xkwaf zmfxm;wJh tcsuf (5) csuu f kd xyfrw H ifjy+y;D tqdk (4) &yfukd wifoiG ;f qk;H jzwfcyhJ gw,f? tJ'D
tqdk (4) &yfuawmh -
(1) jynfwiG ;f ppfukd tqk;H owf+yD; +idr;f csr;f a&;wnfaqmuf=u&ef/ rsuEf mS pkn H D awGŒqkaH qG;
aEG;a&;urf;vSrf;csufudk óudqdk - qdkwJhtqdk (tJ'Dtqdkudk OD;wifarmif - vlxku

wifoGif;ygw,f//)
(2) jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ awmf
vSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;tm;/ awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&; wu,fjzpfajrmuf atmifjrifEdkif&ef
tedrfhqkH;vdktyfcsufrsm;udk wifjya=umif; - qdkwJhtqdk (tJ'Dtqdkudk vli,fhwyfOD;
OD;pdefvS u wifoGif;ygw,f?)
(3) e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; tqdk (tJ'Dtqdkudk u&iftrsdK;om;tzGJŒcsKyf
u ref;wif!Gef@ u wifoGif;ygw,f?)
(4) jynfolrsm;twGuf 'Drdkua&pDjynfh0a&;tqdk (tJ'Dtqdkudk jynfolŒwdk;wufa&;ygwD
u OD;cifarmifjrifh u wifoGif;ygw,f?)
tJ'Dtcrf;tem;rSm aºuG;a=umfoH (5) csufudkvnf; wcJeuf aºuG;a=umfcJh=uygw,f? tJ'D
aºuG;a=umfoH (5) csufuawmh -
(1) awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&; æ óudqdk=u óud;yrf;=u /
(2) jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; æ jynfoltm;jzifh wnfaqmuf=u /
(3) xdk;ppfeJ@ wdkufppf æ &yfpJypf &yfpJypf /
(4) typftcwfawG æ &yfpJ=u &yfpJ=u /
(5) A[dk A[dkcsif; æ awGŒqkH=u aqG;aEG;=u / - qdkwmawGyJ jzpfygw,f?
aemufydkif;rSm tòrdŒòrdŒte,fe,frSmvJ jynfolŒaumfrDwDawG zGJŒpnf;+yD; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yGJ
atmifjrifapa&;twGuf axmufcóH udqykd aJG wG qufwu kd f ðyvkyaf qmif&u G v
f m=uwm awGŒ&ygw,f?
q&m}uD;rdi_ ;f ud, k w
f ikd f +idr;f csr;f a&;udrk jrif&yJ aooGm;&if taoawmifajzmifrh mS r[kwyf gb;l
vd@k ajymcJ+h yD;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf xrf;aqmifEikd w f ahJ e&muae yg0ifxrf;aqmifay;cJyh gw,f? Armjynf
uGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ urf;vSrf;csuftay: jyef=um;pmudk q&m}uD;qDu
wqifh ay;yd@k wmvkycf yhJ gw,f? q&m}uD;OD;aqmifwhJ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ }uD;uawmh Adv k cf sKyf}uD;
ae0if;&JŒ tusifht}uH oabmobm0udk xdkufoifhoavmuf od&Sdxm;+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf/ r,kH&J&J
cHpm;&&if; a&SŒwef;uae xGurf &yfyJ rSerf eS o f m v_y&f mS ;&yfwnfcyhJ gw,f? awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&;jzpfajrmuf
atmifjrifa&;twGuf a&SŒwef;uaexGuf&yfvmwmuawmh ‘jynfolŒaumfrDwD’ yJjzpfygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ urf;vSrf;csuftay: tzGJŒtpnf;toD;oD;u jyef=um;wkef@jyef=u
wmawGtay: awmfveS af &;aumifpu D xyfqifjh yef}um;csuaf wGtjzpf a&'D,u kd ae a=unmygw,f?
q&m}uD;rd_if; uwqifh ay;ydk@wJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD &JŒ ZGef (22) &ufae@ jyef=um;csuftay:
Zlvdkif (8) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu jyefpmydk@vdkuf+yDjzpfa=umif; a=unmygw,f? Zlvdkif
(17) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ autif,lygwDodk@ jyef=um;csuf/ rGefjynfopfygwDodk hjyef
=um;csuf/ u&ifeDtrsdK;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwDodk@ jyef=um;csufawG qufvufxGufay:vmcJhygw,f?
tcsKyfoabmuawmh/ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;ygwDrsm;u awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&;udk vufcH
oabmwla=umif; azmfjycJ+h y;D / ppfreS w f +hJ ird ;f csr;f a&;wnfaqmufru _ kd vdv
k m;ar#mvf ifah =umif; xkwaf zmf
ajymqdck =hJ uovdk awmfveS af &;aumifpu D vnf; awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&;twGuf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om óudqkd
yga=umif; azmfjycJh=uwmjzpfygw,f?

awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;zd@k vdt k yfwjhJ yifqifra_ wG tjyeftvSef jyef=um;qufo, G rf a_ wG vkyaf qmif+yD;

=uwJhtcg awmwGif;vufeufudkif tzGJŒtpnf;awG&JŒ y%mrudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒawG wzGJŒ+yD;wzGJŒ
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;zdk@ ae&ma'otoD;oD;uae a&muf&Sdvm}uygw,f?
yxrqkH; a&muf&Sdvmwmuawmh tvHeDygwD jzpfygw,f? &JeDr,f a':aiGpH eJ@ &JeD ausmf0if;
acgi;f aqmifwhJ tvHeD a&SŒajy;ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ [m ZGev f (24) &ufae@ ppfawGuakd &muf&+dS y;D / (27)
&ufae@rmS &efuek u f kd a&muf&v dS mygw,f? =o*kwv f (10) &ufae@rmS awmh tvHeyD gwD twGi;f a&;rª;csKyf
ocifp;kd ud, k w f ikd f acgi;f aqmifwhJ tzGŒJ 0if (17) OD;yg ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ a&muf&v dS mygw,f? ocifp;kd u
q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;udk oGm;a&muf*g&0ðy uefawmhygw,f? vli,fhwyfOD; (ArmEdkifiH) Xme
csKyf tr_aqmifrsm;u yef;pnf;quf óudq=kd uovdk vuf0t J zGŒJ tpnf;rsm;uvnf; óudqakd wG q h EHk w _ f
quf=uygw,f?
tvHeyD gwD aemuf a&muf&v dS mwmuawmh &JeaD usmZf &H ;D$ acgi;f aqmifwhJ &cdik jf ynfueG jf rLepf
ygwD jzpfygw,f? Zlvdkif (16) &ufae@ ppfawGa&muf+yD;/ (18) &ufae@ &efukefudka&mufygw,f?
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJvnf; vkyfcJhygw,f? &JeDausmfZH&$D; u ‘vlrsdK;wdkif;&JŒ wef;wltcGifhta&;/ wenf;
qdk vlrsKd ;wdik ;f &JŒ ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGihf tjynft h 0t&/ cGx J uG v f ukd cGx J uG cf iG /hf yl;aygi;f vdu k yl;aygi;f cGiw hf @kd
jzifh &cdkiforwEdkifiHw&yf xlaxmifoGm;&efeJ@ &cdkiftrsdK;om;wyfaygif;pkyg0ifwJh jynfaxmifpkjrefrm
EdkifiHawmftjzpf wnfaqmufoGm;&ef’ qdkwmudk &Sif;vif;wifjycJhygw,f? Zlvdkif (28) &ufae@rSm
&JeDausmfZH&$D; wdk@tzGJŒ jyefvnfxGufcGmoGm;ygw,f?
=o*kwfv (10) &ufae@rSm a&muf&SdvmwJh ocifpdk;}uD; [m =o*kwf (14) &ufae@rSm owif;
pmuGezf &ifh usi;f yygw,f? owif;axmufaygi;f pkH wufa&muf=u+yD;/ t&Sn=f umqk;H aom owif;pm
&Sif;vif;yGJtjzpf rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;cH&ygw,f? ocifpdk; u tvHeD&JŒ cH,lcsufeJ@ EdkifiHa&;tbd"rRmawGudk
rdepf (230) wdwd &Sif;vif;ajym=um;or_ ðyygw,f? qdkAD,ufacgif;aqmif c±ka&Smh udk ±_wfcswma&m/
w±kwfjynfudk a0zefwma&m t*Fvdyfvdk &Gwfzwfudk;um;wmawGyg pum;vkH;ajymifajymif avoH
'dk;'dk;a'gufa'gufeJ@ zGifhqdk&Sif;vif;ajymqdkoGm;cJhygw,f? ygwDpkH ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD; usif;yzdk@ tqdkðy+yD;/
ppfudk tenf;qkH; (1) ESpf&yfpJxm;zdk@vnf; awmif;qdkygw,f?
ocifpdk;acgif;aqmifwJh tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD y%mrudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒeJ@ awmfvSefa&;
aumifp[ D m =o*kwv f (15) &ufw}urd /f (16) &ufae@w}urd /f (17) &ufae@w}urd f aygi;f (3) }urd f
aqG;aEG;cJh=uygw,f? (16) &ufae@rSm tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwDu awmfvSefa&;aumifpDodk@ wifjywJh
‘ppfwrf;’ wapmif wifoGif;cJhygw,f? rmhufpf-vDeif0g' usrf;}uD;usrf;i,f toG,foG,fudk tudk;
tum;ðyazmfjy&if;/ tvHeDygwD&JŒ &yfwnfcsufoabmxm;tjrifrsm;udk azmfjywifqufxm;wJh
‘tvHeDppfwrf;’ jzpfygw,f? ocifpdk;u ‘+idrf;csrf;a&;y%mrqifhppfwrf;’ vdk@azmfjyygw,f? ygwD
aygif;pkH ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJuGefz&ifh bma=umifhusif;yoifhovJ qdkwmuae tpcsD+yD; tcef; (3) cef;
u¾ (2) &yfyg ppfwrf;jzpfygw,f? (3) }udraf qG;aEG;t+yD; =o*kwv f (18) &ufae@rmS vma&mufawGŒ
qk=H uwJh &JeaD [mif;awGukd ocifp;kd }uD; ud, k wf ikd u
f ‘aqG;aEG;yGt J ajctaeaumif;w,f’ vd@k xkwaf zmf
ajymqdk zGifh[aewkef;&Sdao;/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&;udk
=o*kwv f (19) &ufae@up+yD; &yfpv J u kd +f yDv@kd a=unmvdu k yf gw,f? ocifp;kd }uD; ud, k w
f ikd f bmajym&

awmhrSef;rodatmif jzpfoGm;&ygawmhw,f?
(19) &ufae@n awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ a=unmcsufxJrSmuawmh “ tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD
(Armjynf) . 'Dae@txd ðyrlajymqdk aqmif&u G cf surf sm;onf jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; wnfaqmufonfh
udpw P iG f wu,f±;dk om;r_e@J ðyrlaqmif&u G jf cif;udk rawGŒjrif&ay? a&SŒquf+yD; aqG;aEG;&ef vk;H 0rjzpfEikd f
awmhonft h wGuf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf vSeaf &;aumifpED iS hf tvHeu D eG jf rLepfygwD (Armjynf)
wd@k . awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&;udk 1963 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f (19) &ufae@rS pwif+yD; tqk;H owf &yfqikd ;f vdu k yf g
onf?” [lowJh//
a=unmcsufxJrSm qufvufazmfjyxm;wmuawmh “awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf tvHeD
uGejf rLepfygwED iS hf awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;yGu
J kd &yfqikd ;f vdu
k &f ayr,fh useaf wmwGi;f vufeufuikd rf sm;u jynf
wGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef ±kd;om;pGm urf;vSrf;aqmif&Gufygu qufvuf+yD; aqG;
aEG;rnfjzpfa=umif;” vdk@qdkvdkufygw,f?
ocifp;kd }uD; u qufvufaqG;aEG;csiyf gao;w,f/ vuf&t dS ajctaeeJ@ raqG;aEG;Edik &f if/ awm
wGif;a&muf+yD;aemuf pmay;pm,l enf;wenf;enf;eJ@ qufvufaqG;aEG;cGifhðyzdk@ arwWm&yfcHygao;
w,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu bmtajzrSray;awmhyg? awmwGif;udkom jyefydk@ay;vdkufygw,f?
tvHeDygwD/ &cdkifjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwdk@ aqG;aEG;+yD;wJhaemuf aqG;aEG;zdk@ a&muf&SdvmwJhtzGJŒ
uawmh ‘u&ifawmfvSefa&;aumifpD’ jzpfygw,f?
autif,l u&ifawmfvSefa&;tzGJŒtpnf;}uD;xJrSm ref;bZH OD;aqmifwJh tiftm;pkeJ@
apm[efwmomar$; acgif;aqmifwJh tiftm;pk&,fvdk@ t"dutm;jzifh ESpfpkuGJae&mu apm[efwm
omar$; acgif;aqmifwJhtzGJŒ[m ‘u&ifawmfvSefa&;aumifpD’ qdkwJhemrnfeJ ha&muf&Sdvmwmjzpfyg
w,f?
apm0&Dausmf/ Adkvfx±l;rif;/ cGefbaqG/ apmbxGef; pwJh autif'Dtdk xdyfwef;acgif;aqmif
awGvnf; yg0ifygw,f? =o*kwfv (15) &ufae@rSm a&$usifausmuf}uD;udk a&muf&Sdvm+yD;/ tJ'Duae
r*Fvm'kHudk qdkufa&mufvmygw,f? u&ifawmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDwdk@ awGŒqkH
aqG;aEG;r_awG vkyf=uygw,f?
aemufxyfa&muf&SdvmwJh tzGJŒuawmh/ vlrsdK;pk (3) ygwDudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒjzpfygw,f?
autif,lygwD/ rGefjynfopfygwD eJ@ u&ifeDtrsdK;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD wdk@&JŒ (3) ygwD udk,fpm;vS,f
tzGJŒjzpfygw,f?
y%mrudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒtjzpf/ wu,fawGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&;twGuf óudwifjyifqifwJh
oabmjzpfygw,f? Adkvfusifaz eJ@ apmrsdK;aoG; udk (3) ygwD udk,fpm;vS,fcef@tyfpmay;+yD; apv$wf
wmjzpfygw,f? Adkvfusifaz acgif;aqmifwJh (3) ygwDudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒeJ@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD[m
Zlvdkif (30) &ufrSm y%mrawGŒqkHygw,f? (3) ygwD y%mrudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ&JŒ yxrqkH; wifjy
awmif;qdkcsufuawmh -
(1) wwdkif;jynfvkH; typftcwf&yfpJxm;&ef/ typftcwf&yfpJxm;csdef aqG;aEG;aecsdef
twGi;f / jynfov l x
l t k aejzifh vGwv f yfpmG a&;om;ajymqdck iG /hf ykEH ydS x
f w
k af 0cGiEhf iS hf pnf;
a0;qENjycGifhrsm;&Sdap&ef/

(2) vkHavmufaom tcsdef&&Sda&;ESifh oGm;vmqufoG,f ac:,la&;twGuf awmfvSefa&;

aumifpDrS vdktyfaomvkHòcHr_/ ulnDr_rsm;udk ay;&ef/
(3) ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk toHv$ifhay;&ef/ owif;pmuGefz&ifh
ðyvky&f iS ;f vif;cGi/hf pme,fZif;rsm;wGif tjynft h 0 a&;om;azmfjycGi&hf &Sad p&ef - wd@k jzpfyg
w,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ jyef=um;csufuawmh “wjynfvkH;twdkuftcdkuf&yfpJxm;a&;rSm
vufawGŒwGif rjzpfEikd yf g? ok;H ygwD vufeufuikd t f zGŒJ tpnf;rsm; ydik yf ikd Ef ikd Ef ikd f wm0ef,El ikd w
f hJ e,fajr
rsm;rSmom aqG;aEG;aepOftwGi;f twdu k tf cdu
k &f yfpx J m;v#if vkaH vmuf+yDv@kd ,q l a=umif;/ (3) ygwD
XmecsKyfwnf&&dS m a'ow0du k of m ok;H ygwD A[dak umfrw D t D pnf;ta0; vky=f u+yD; vdt k yfaomtul
tnDawmif;cHvmv#if tultnDay;&eftoif&h adS =umif;ESihf aqG;aEG;yGaJ tmifjrifaomtcgrS wdik ;f jynf
odk@ a=unmcsufrsm; xkwfjyefoGm;&ef qdkwmjzpfygw,f? ratmifjrifvdk@ aqG;aEG;yGJ&yfpJ&wJhtcg
aqG;aEG;yGJtay: oabmxm;a=unmcsufxkwfjyefcGifhay;r,fvdk@ azmfjyyg&Sdygw,f?
=o*kwfv (20) &ufae@rSm &Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;wyfrS udk,fpm;vS,f cGefpdkif;yefeJ@ cGeftkH;
acgiw f @kd a&muf&v dS m+y;D / =o*kwf (23) rSm &Sr;f jynfvw G af jrmufa&;wyfaygi;f pke@J &Sr;f jynfvw G af jrmufa&;
wyfrawmfwdk@&JŒ udk,fpm;vS,fawGtjzpf/ p0faq;pdkif/ p0faqxif/ p0foD[ eJ@ p0f0rf;[kHwdk@ (4) OD;
xyf+yD;a&mufvmygw,f? =o*kwf (25) rSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk,fwdkif awGŒqkH+yD;/ aqG;aEG;yGJ usif;y
ygw,f? tJ'DaqG;aEG;yGJrSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzufu Adkvfrª;}uD; apmjrifh/ Adkvfrª;}uD;vS[ef/ Adkvfrª;
}uD;aomif;'ef/ 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;cspfcif eJ@ ocifwifjr wdk@yg0ifygw,f? aemufydkif; qufvufaqG;aEG;=u
ygw,f?
&Srf;tzGJŒrsm;u olwdk@[m qD;wdk;tzGJŒeJ@ rywfoufa=umif;/ tultnDvnf; r,la=umif;/
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; azmfjyajymqdk=uovdk/ pufwifbm (1) &ufrSm p0fqdkif;yef/ p0faqxif/ cGeftkH;acgif/
p0f[kef wdk@u owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJvnf; vkyfygw,f? &Srf;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒu t"dutcsuf (3)
csuf wifjycJhygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh-
(1) &Sr;f jynfvx l o
k nf b¿ma&;/ Edik if aH &;/ tkycf sKyfa&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ paomjy\emrsm;udk
vGwv f yfpmG a&G;cs,v f yk af qmifciG &hf &dS rnf// A[dtk pd;k &u pGuzf ufjcif;rðy&ef? jynfru
tusdK;wlvkyfief;rsm; rvkyfv#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ vlxku vdkvm;v#ifaomfvnf;
aumif;/ jynfaxmifpkrS cGJxGufcGifhðy&rnf?
(2) vlenf;pk. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk todtrSwfðy&rnf?
(3) zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpktajccHrludk usifhokH;&rnf? vlrsdK;a&;nDr#r_oabmw&m; jynf
e,fwdkif; tqifhtwef;nDr#r_oabmw&m;/ A[dktm%mrSty useftm%mrsm;udk
jynfe,frsm;odk@ ay;tyf&rnf[laom oabmw&m;t& usifhokH;&rnf? - qdkwmawG
yJjzpfygw,f?
=o*kwfv (28) &ufae@rSm a&muf&Sdvmwmuawmh/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD jzpfygw,f?
y%mrud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ jzpfygw,f? A[dak umfrw D t D wGi;f a&;rª; &JabmfaX; acgi;f aqmif+y;D / Adv k af Z,s/
Adv
k yf /k Adv
k pf ;kd armif/ &Jabmfatmif}uD;/ &Jabmfoufwif wd@k yg0ifygw,f? ±k;H tzGŒJ 0iftjzpf &Jabmfcif}uD;

eJ@ &Jabmfrif;atmif yg0ifygw,f?

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD OuUÏ ocifoef;xGef; &JŒ q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;xHay;pm eJ@
Adkvfae0if; xHay;pmudkyg o,faqmifvm=uygw,f?
=o*kwfv (31) &ufae@rSm &JabmfaX; acgif;aqmifwJh y%mrudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ[m
q&m}uD;rd_if;tdrf oGm;a&muf=u+yD; vuftkyfcsD uefawmh=uygw,f? ocifoef;xGef; &JŒ ay;pmudk
&JabmfaX; u zwfjy+yD;/ ocifoef;xGef;&JŒ rSm=um;csuft& q&m}uD;&JŒ =o0g'udkcH,lzdk@ yef=um;yg
w,f? q&m}uD;u ‘qufóud;pm;=uyg +idrf;csrf;a&;&Edkifygw,f’ vdk@ajym=um;ovdk/ a&$wd*kHbk&m;}uD;
udk zl;oGm;=uzdk@vnf; rSm=um;ygw,f? wdkif;a&; jynfa&;qdkwm Oykofapmifhwmvdk r[kwfvdk@vnf;
owday;qk;H rygw,f? &JabmfaX; u jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf u|eaf wmfwkd zh ufu ruse&f atmif
jzpfEdkifor# aqmif&Gufyghr,fvdk@vnf; uwday;oGm;ygw,f?
pufwifbm (2) &ufae@rmS toHvi$ ±hf cHk ef;rrSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwtD zGŒJ &JŒ owif;pm&Si;f
vif;yGu J si;f yygw,f? &JabmfaX; u OD;aqmifaqG;aEG; &Si;f vif;ygw,f? y%mrud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ [m
jynfolvlxk}uD; vdkvm;awmifhwaewJh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udpPrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mrSm
óudwifjyifqif vrf;cif;ay;&r,fh y%mrtzGJŒomjzpfwJhta=umif;eJ@ udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ[m -
(1) aqG;aEG;yGJtwGuf tajccHawG ESpfOD;ESpfzuf nd‡Ed_if;csrSwfzdk@/
(2) wzufeJ@ wzuf r&Sif;vif;wmawG &Sif;vif;zdk@/
(3) aqG;aEG;yGJtwGuf aumif;jrwfwJh &moDOwkzefwD;a&;twGuf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;
oabmwlnDcsuf r&ao;rSDrSmyif ppf&yfpJxm;wJh +idrf;csrf;a&;tóudumvwck ESpfzuf
oabmwl zefwD;zdk@/
qdkwJh tcsuf (3) csufudk &Sif;vif;wifjy+yD;/ owif;pmq&mawG&JŒ ar;cGef;awGudkvnf;
jyefvnfajz=um;wmvkyfygw,f?
pufwifbm (2) &uf nae (5) em&DrSmawmh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD y%mrudk,fpm;vS,f
tzGJŒeJ@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒwdk@ y%mrjyifqifa&; aqG;aEG;yGJpwifygw,f? Arm
jynfuGefjrLepfygwDzufu udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒacgif;aqmif[m &JabmfaX; jzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;
aumifpDzufu tzGJŒacgif;aqmifu Adkvfrª;}uD;apmjrifh jzpfygw,f?
&JabmfaX; u y%mrudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ&JŒ wifjycsufpmwrf;udk zwf=um;wifoGif;ygw,f?
‘rsuEf mS pkn
H D awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;yGjJ zpfajrmuf&ef tqifajyaom tajctaersm; zefw;D a&;twGuf avm
avmq,f aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if; oabmwlnDcsuf&,l&efudpPrsm;’ qdkwmudk tav;xm; azmfjywifoGif;
oGm;ygw,f? aqG;aEG;n‡dEd_if;oabmwlnDcsuf&,lzdk@ udpP}uD; (9) ck&Sdw,fvdk@ azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
tJ'gawGuawmh -
(u) ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrDwDtpnf;ta0; usif;yEdkif&ef vdktyfaom tul
tnD ay;a&;udpP//
(c) ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD yg0ifaewJh r'nw tpnf;ta0;xdkifEdkifa&;udpP?
(*) twdkuftcdkuf&yfpJa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;tóudumv zefwD;a&;udpP?
(C) tcsdKŒaom wyfpcef;rsm; a&$Œajymif;ay;a&;udpP?

(i) vdktyfaom 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;udp?P
(p) &Sif;vif;ajz=um;ay:&ef tcsufw&yfudpP?
(q) oabmrwlao;aom udpPrsm;tay: oabmxm;&efudpP?
(Z) e,fcsJŒorm;eJ@ jynfwGif;azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;tE W&m,f umuG,fa&;udpP?
(n) y%mrtpnf;ta0;wGif vkyfoifhaomudpP?
qdwk mawG jzpfygw,f? udpw P ckcsi;f udk &Si;f vif;zGiqhf kd wifoiG ;f zwf=um;oGm;cJyh gw,f? awGŒqkH
aqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfajrmufEikd af &;twGuf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD zufu 'Dvjkd rifw,f/ 'Dvjkd zpfapcsiw f ,f
vd@k tqdðk ywifjyvdu k w
f mjzpfygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpzD ufu vufcEH ikd f vufrcHEikd /f aqmif&u G f
ay;Edkif aqmif&Gufray;EdkifawGudk w&m;0ifar;jref;vdkufwJhoabmjzpfygw,f?
(1) ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; xdef;odrf;a&;jy\em/ Armjynfonf e,fcsJŒorm;wdk@. usL;
ausmaf &;*d% k ;f xJ ryg0ify/J trsKd ;om;vGwv f yfa&;ESihf +idr;f csr;f pGmtwlaea&;ay:vpDukd
jywfom;pGmusifhokH;&ef/
(2) Armjynf. tkycf sKyfa&;pepf 'Dru kd a&pDusa&;udk tmrcH&ef/ wjynfv;Hk 'Dru kd a&pDtcGihf
ta&;rsm;ay;&ef tmrcH&ef/ yk'frtrsdK;rsdK;ESifh tzrf;cHae&aom uGefjrLepfygwD0ifrsm;
ESifh tjcm; wdk;wufaom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm; v$wfay;&ef/
(3) ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwED iS w hf uG 'Dru kd a&pDygwrD sm; vlxt k zGŒJ tpnf;rsm;. Oya'wGi;f
wnf&SdcGifhESifh vkyfudkifcGifhudk tmrcH&ef/
(4) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;tay: vufeufuikd w f u kd cf u
kd jf cif;udk &yfpI J w&m;ojzifh &oifh
&xdkufaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk 'Drdkua&pDusus ajz&Sif;ay;&ef/
(5) avmavmq,f vkyfay;&efvdktyfaom tjcm;jy\emrsm;udk vkyfaqmifay;&ef/
qdw k hJ avmavmq,f Edik if aH &;jy\em}uD; (5) ckukd aqG;aEG;yG&J ŒJ aqG;aEG;&r,fh tajccHtjzpf
t=urf;zsif; owfrSwfoGm;zdk@udkvnf; wifjyvrf;a=umif;oGm;cJhygw,f?
pufwifbm (7) &ufae@rmS aZmf'ef OD;pD;acgi;f aqmifwhJ ucsiv f w
G v f yfa&;aumifpD (autdik pf )D
udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ[m awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ awGŒqkHwmvkyfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD
udk,fpm; taemufajrmufwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rª;u vufcHawGŒqkHaqG;aEG;wm vkyfygw,f?
autdkifat (autdkifpD) udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ&JŒ wifjyawmif;qdk aqG;aEG;csufuawmh -
(1) jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f vlrsKd ;toD;oD;tm; vGwv f yfciG Ehf iS hf ud,
k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGiuhf kd ay;tyf
&ef/ rdrdwdk@ vlrsdK;rsm;&JŒ oabmt& cGJxGufvdkolrsm;udk cGJxGufcGifhay;&ef/
(2) ucsifjynfe,fESifhywfouf+yD;/ ucsifjynfoljynfom;rsm;. vufeufudkifawmfvSefae
jcif;. t"du&nf&G,fcsufyef;wdkifjzpfonfh vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftcsmtm%mydkif
oD;jcm;jynfe,fxlaxmifcGifhudk ay;&ef/
(3) jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f rS ucsijf ynfe,fcx JG u
G o f mG ;onfah e@rpS +yD; ucsijf ynfe,fEiS hf Arm
jynfonf xm0&+idrf;csrf;a&;rl (5) csufudk tajccHxm;+yD; qufqHa&;udk oabmwl
vufrSwfa&;xdk;=u&ef/
vdk@qdkygw,f? typftcwf&yfpJa&;jy\emrsm;udkvnf; tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;cJh=uw,f
qdkygw,f?
pufwifbm (8) &ufae@rSm &efukefòrdŒ tif;,m;vrf;{nfha*[mrSmyJ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD

udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒeJ@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒwdk@ 'kwd,ajrmuf y%mrjyifqif
a&;aqG;aEG;yGu J kd qufvufusi;f yygw,f? t"dutm;jzifh yxrqk;H t}udrf aqG;aEG;yGw J ek ;f u Armjynf
uGefjrLepfygwD udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒu wifjyxm;cJhwJh wifjycsufawGtay: awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzuf
u wcsufcsif; jyefvnfjyef=um;csufay;wJhoabmjzpfygw,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrDwD tpnf;ta0;usif;yEdkifa&;udk oabmwla=umif;/
vkdtyfwJh tultnDay;rSmjzpfa=umif; jyef=um;ygw,f? r'nw tpnf;ta0;xdkifEdkifa&;awmh
wjcm;ygwDrsm;&JŒ Mandate rygyJ raqG;aEG;csifa=umif;/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ hawmfvSefa&;
aumifpDwdk@ ppf&yfpJxm;+yD;wJhtcgusrS tJ'De,fajrxJrSmjzpfjzpf (3) ygwDe,fajrxJrSmjzpfjzpf usif;y
yg? em;vnfr_eJ@vkyf&if jzpfEdkifygw,fvdk@ jyef=um;tajzay;ygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzufu wjynfvkH;twdkif;twmeJ@ ppf&yfpJa&;udkawmh rjzpfEdkifvdk@
ta=umif;jyef=um;+yD;/ uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ (2) zufoabmwl ppf&yfpJa&;udkawmh jzpfEdkifygr,f? tao;
pdwf xyfrHaqG;aEG;=uzdk@ tajzay;ygw,f? wyfrsm;ajymif;a&$Œa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; wyfpGJxm;&muae
a&GS ah jymif;ay;zd@k oabmrwlEikd v
f @kd jyef=um;tajzay;ygw,f? e,fcsŒJ eJ@ jynfwiG ;f azmufjyefa&;orm;
rsm;tE &W m,f umuG,w f m;qD;a&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; oabmwla=umif; jyef=um;ygw,f? (tJ't D csed rf mS
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&; atmifjrifpGmjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf óudwifumuG,fwJh
taeeJ@ OD;AaqG/ OD;0if; wdk@tygt0if yk*~dKvfwcsdKŒudk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm;+yD;+yD jzpfygw,f?)
y%mrawGŒqkaH qG;aEG;yG}J uD; atmifjrifpmG +yD;ajrmufv@kd 'kw, d ydik ;f rsuEf mS pknH aD qG;aEG;yG}J uD;
rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwzD ufu wifjywJh Edik if aH &;qdik &f m tajccHtcsuf (5) csuu f kd aqG;aEG;oGm;zd@k
tajccH+yD; aqG;aEG;oGm;zdk@ oabmwla=umif; tajzay;ygw,f? tajccH (5) csufqdkwmrSmvnf;
yOPrtcsuf[m ‘avmavmq,f vdktyfaom tjcm;jy\emrsm;udk vkyfaqmif&ef’ vdk@om azmfjy
xm;wmjzpfwJhtwGuf rsufESmpkHnD aqG;aEG;yGJvkyfwJhtcgrSm EdkifiHa&;tm;jzifh t"dun‡dEd_if;aqG;aEG;
p&m[m tcsuf (4) csufyJjzpfygw,f? 'DtajccH (4) csufudkvnf; awmfvSefaumifpDu oabmwl
vdkuf+yDqdkwJhtwGuf/ y%mrjyifqifa&; aqG;aEG;yGJ atmifjrifatmif n‡dEd_if;&mrSm tzktxpf
oabmrsdK;jzpfaeao;wmu ‘wyfpcef;rsm;a&$Œajymif;a&;’ eJ@ ‘ppf&yfpJa&;jy\em’ omjzpfygw,f?
pufwifbm (11) &ufae@ naeydik ;f rSm wwd,t}udraf jrmuf aqG;aEG;yGðJ yvkyyf gw,f? 'kw, d
t}udrf aqG;aEG;yGJwkef;u[mawGudk òcHikHokH;oyf+yD;/ &JabmfaX; u ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumf
rDwDtpnf;ta0;vkyfa&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; wifjyygw,f? A[dkaumfrDwDtpnf;ta0; usif;yr,fhae&m
udk t=urf;zsi;f tm;jzifh ayguaf cgi;f eJ@ atmifvt H pyf/ t&Htm;jzifh om,m0wD/ ewWvif;eJ ah ygi;f wnf
tpyfudk vsmxm;a=umif; xifjyygw,f?
pufwifbm (13) &ufrmS pwkwt W }udraf jrmuf aqG;aEG;yGu
J si;f yygw,f// Adv k rf KS ;}uD;apmjrifu h
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDzufu wifjyxm;csufawGudk twnfðyajym=um;&if; A[dkaumfrDwDtpnf;
ta0;yGJvkyfzdk@ yxrae&mudkyJ a&G;cs,fzdk@ t}uHðyygw,f? Auy zufu A[dkaumfrDwDtpnf;ta0;
vkyrf ,fah 'oeJ@ teD;qk;H a'oawGjzpfaewJh a&$avmif;/ pGeaf csmif;/ a&$awmifaiGawmif/ ukwifig;qif/h
pG,fwkef;a'orsm;u tpdk;&wyfrsm; qkwfcGmay;apvdka=umif; wifjyygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD;apmjrifh u

oabmwla=umif; ajym+yD;/ pufwifbm (25) &ufae@ aemufqkH;xm; a&$Œajymif;ay;&efeJ@ qufoG,f

a&;twGuf qufoG,fa&;t&m&Sdrsm; ESpfzufpvkH;rS xm;&Sd&efudk aqG;aEG;oabmwlnDcJh=uygw,f?
pufwifbm (23) &ufae@rSm yOPrt}udrfajrmuf aqG;aEG;yGJ qufusif;yygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD;
apmjrifhu t&iftywfu oabmwlnDxm;cJhwJh a&$Œajymif;ay;zdk@ ae&m (5) ckrSm ukwifig;qifheJ@
a&$avmif;[m opfxw k v f yk af &;vkyif ef;awG ta&;w}uD;&Sad ewJt h wGuf b,fvakd qmif&u G of ifw h ,f
t}uH ay;zdk@ ajym=um;ygw,f? &JabmfaX; u wyfpcef;rsm;a&$Œajymifay;zdk h oabmwl+yD;jzpfwJh
twGuf opfxw k v
f yk af &;vkyif ef;awGvyk zf @kd e@J taESmuft,Suaf y;rSmr[kwaf =umif; ajymqdyk gw,f?
tpnf;ta0;vkyfzdk@ t&Ha'o aygif;wnfudk y,fzsufvdkuf+yD;/ awmifilc±kdif ‘pdrfa&’ eJ h‘oajy0’
a'oudk a&G;cs,fxm;a=umif; wifjy&if;/ tJ'ga=umifh bkef;&Gm/ oajy0/ pdrfa&0/ =uuf&Sm/ vufyHckHwdk
hrSmcsxm;wJh wyfpcef;rsm;a&$ajymif;ay;a&;udk wifjyygw,f?
yOPrt}udrfajrmuftxd awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;=ur_awGudk òcHikH=unfhr,fqdk&if acsmacsmarGŒarGŒyJ
&SdaecJhygw,f? tjyeftvSef vdkufavsmr_awG jyocJhygw,f?
pufwifbm (29) &ufae@rSm autif,lOuUÏ ref;bZH udk,fwdkifacgif;aqmifwJh ‘(3) ygwD
ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ ’ awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;=uzd@k &efuek u f kd qdu k af &mufvmygw,f? ref;bZH (autif,yl gwD
OuUÏ)/ EdkifbvGif (rGefjynfopfygwD OuUÏ)/ apmarmf&,f (u&ifeDtrsdK;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD twGif;
a&;rª;csKyf) paumv,fawm (autif,ltaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;)/ Adkvfusifaz (autif,l
aygvpfAsL±kd tzGŒJ 0if)/ Adv k o f ef;atmif (autif,Al [dak umfrw D 0D if)/ Adv
k pf vH if; (u&ifet D rsKd ;om;wd;k
wufa&;ygwD A[dak umfrw D 0D if) wd@k e@J twl ±k;H tzGŒJ om;rsm;yg yg0ifwhJ ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGJ }h u;D jzpfygw,f?
jynfolvlxku vd_ufvd_ufvSJvSJ óudqdk=uygw,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;ar#mfvifhcsufeJ
hóudqdkE_wfquf=uwmawG ae&mwdkif;rSm ay:aygufcJhygw,f? atmufwdkbm (3) &ufae@rSm AuyeJ@
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDwdk@&JŒ qXrt}udrfajrmuf awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yGJ qufvufusif;yygw,f? awmf
vSeaf &;aumifpzD ufu ud, k pf m;vS,t f ajymif;tvJ&v dS mygw,f? Adv k rf ;ª }u;D apmjrif/h Adv
k rf ;ª }u;D ausmpf ;kd /
Adv
k rf ;ª }uD;vS[ef/ Adv k rf ;ª }uD;aomif;'efe@J 'kAv kd rf ;ª }uD;rsKd ;atmif wd@k jzpfvmygw,f? ocifwifjr rygvm
awmhyg? Adv k rf ;ª }uD;apmjrifh u Edik if jH cm;oGm;p&m&Sw d thJ wGuf aemifvmr,fh aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGrmS Adv k rf ;ª }uD;
vS[ef u acgif;aqmifaqG;aEG;rSmjzpfa=umif;/ ocifwifjrtpm; 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;rsdK;atmif wufa&muf
vmwmjzpfa=umif; &Si;f vif;ajymqd+k yD;/ r+yD;jywfao;wmawG qufvufaqG;aEG;=uzd@k ajymqdyk gw,f?
Adkvfrª;}uD;apmjrifhuyJ wifjyxm;wJh uif;pcef; (5) ckae&mrSm vrf;azmufvkyfa&;/ opfxkwfvkyfa&;
twGuf &dumQ rsm;pufypPn;f rsm; awmfawmfpak qmif;rdae+yD;jzpfwt hJ jyif/ òrdŒ&GmawGe@J vnf; eD;uyfwhJ
twGuf ra&$Œvdka=umif;/ &Gmw&Gm ESpf&Gm taeeJ@ trSefwu,fvdktyfae&if pOf;pm;&efjzpfa=umif;
ajymygw,f?
Advk af Z,s u uif;pcef; (2) cka&$Œay;Edik &f if oifah wmfr,fxifa=umif;eJ o h pfxw k v f yk f a&;udk
t&ifem;vnfr_twdkif; qufvkyfudkif&efjzpfEdkifa=umif; jyefvnfvdkufavsmaqG;aEG;ygw,f?
Adkvfrª;}uD;apmjrifh u uif;pcef; (2) cka&$Œay;zdk@ oabmwl+yD;/ (Grid Line) owfrSwfzdk@ wifjyvmyg
w,f? uGefjrLepfygwDu opfxkwfvkyfa&;eJ@ vrf;azmufvkyfa&;twGuf oabmwlay;vdkufygw,f?
twdkuftcdkuf&yfpJa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; r'nw eJ@aqG;aEG;+yD;rS aqmif&Guf=uzdk@ oabmwlnDvdkuf=u

ygw,f? owif;xkwjf yefoifw h uhJ pd P owif;xkwjf yefa&;twGuf ‘owif;xkwjf yefa&;tzGŒJ i,f’ wck
zGŒJ pnf;zd@k oabmwlnv D ukd =f uygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpzD ufu Adv k rf ;ª }u;D aomif;'ef eJ@ ESpaf ,muf/
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDzufrS &Jabmfatmif}uD; eJ@ ESpfa,muf zGJŒpnf;zdk@jzpfygw,f? owif;pmuGef
z&ifhvkyfa&;udkvnf; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzufu ðyvkyfcGifhay;+yD;/ owif;xkwfjyef+yD;aemufrS
ðyvkyf=uzdk@ oabmwlnDcJh=uygw,f?
atmufwdkbm (4) &ufae@rSm trSwf (14) tif;,m;vrf; {nfha*[mrSmyJ awmfvSefa&;
aumifpeD @J (3) ygwu D , kd pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ wd@k y%mraqG;aEG;yGJ pwifusi;f yygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpD
zuf r S Ad k v f c sKyf } uD ; ae0if ; ud k , f w d k i f wuf a &muf y gw,f ? yg0if w uf a &muf o l a wG u awmh /
Adkvfrª;}uD;vS[ef/ Adkvfrª;}uD;ausmfpdk;/ Adkvfrª;}uD;aomif;'ef eJ@ 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;cspfcif wdk@jzpfygw,f?
(3) ygwD udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒzufuawmh/ ref;bZHacgif;aqmif+yD; EdkifbvGif/ apmarmf&,f/ paum
v,fawm/ Adkvfusifaz/ Adkvfoef;atmif/ AdkvfpHvif;/ EdkifwufxGef; eJ@ Edkifxif wdk@jzpf=uygw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u awmif;qdv k w kd t
hJ csuaf wGukd awmif;qdEk ikd af =umif; ed'ge;f pum;ajym+yD;/
ref;bZH u aqG;aEG;yGJtpDtpOfudk zwf=um;ygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzufu wjynfvkH; typftcwf&yfpJxm;a&;udk rltm;jzifh oabmwl
ayr,fh tzGJŒtpnf;trsm;tjym;&SdwJhtwGuf vufawGŒaqmif&Guf&ef cufcJw,fvdk@ oabmxm;
um/ aqG;aEG;aewJh tzGŒJ tpnf; (3) cke@J wdu k ±f udk o
f ufqikd wf hJ e,fajra'oawGrmS om typftcwf&yf
xm;a&;twGuf aqG;aEG;=uzdk@ vdkvm;ygw,f? wjynfvkH;typftcwf&yfpJxm;a&; rjzpfEdkifvdk@qdkyg
w,f? ref;bZHu typftcwf&yfpJa&;udpPudk r'nw taeeJ@ vkyfEdkifwJhtajctae&SdwJhtwGuf
‘r'nw’ taeeJ@ aqmif&u G vf ykd gw,fv@kd ajym=um;wifjyygw,f? Adv k rf ;ª }uD;vS[efu typftcwf
&yfpJxm;a&;jy\emudk wzGJŒwpnf;eJ@r[kwfyJ ‘r'nw’ taeeJ@ qufvufajymqdkoGm;r,fvdk
hajym=um;+yD; ref;bZH wdk@zufu useftcsufawGudk typftcwf&yfpJa&; aqG;aEG;+yD;rS aqG;aEG;=uzdk@
wifjyajymqdkygw,f?
atmufwdkbm (4) &ufae@rSm jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf twdkuftcwf&yfpJa&;udpPudk
wzGJŒcsif;aqG;aEG;r,fhtpm; ‘r'nw’ udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒeJ@ aqG;aEG;oGm;zdk@ oabmwlvdkuf+yDjzpf
a=umif; ta=umif;=um;pmudk awmfvSefa&;aumifpDrS w&m;0ifxkwfjyefay;ovdk/ r'nw uvnf;
y%mrudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒudk w&m;0ifzGJŒpnf;+yD; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;zdk@ toifh&Sda=umif;/ atmufwdkbm
(6) &ufae@rmS jyefvnfwek @f jyef ta=umif;=um;cJyh gw,f? zGŒJ pnf;vdu k wf hJ ‘r'nw A[du k , kd pf m;vS,f
tzGŒJ ’ uawmh/ (1)ref;bZH/ (2) paumv,fawm/ (3) Adv k uf siaf z/ (4) Advk o f ef;atmif/ (5) Edik b f vGi/f
(6) Edik x
f if/ (7) Edik w f ufxeG ;f / (8) apmarmf&,f/ (9) Adv k pd v
H if;/ (10) qvdik ;f pHatmif/ (11) qvdik ;f omOD;/
(12) &JabmfaX;/ (13) &JabmfZif (ocifZif)/ (14) &JabmfwifxGef; (ocifwifxGef;)/ (15) &Jabmf
atmif}uD;/ (16) &JabmfAdkvfaZ,s wdk@jzpfygw,f? ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;taeeJ@uawmh autif,l/
rGefjynfopfygwD/ u&ifeDtrsdK;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD/ csif;OD;pD;tzGJŒ eJ@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwdk
hjzpfygw,f?
atmufwb kd m (8) &ufae@rmS r'nw eJ@ awmfveS af &;aumifpw D @kd pwifaqG;aEG;=uygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzuf tzGJŒacgif;aqmif Adkvfrª;}uD;vS[ef u ‘r'nw taeeJ@ typftcwf&yf

pJa&;udpPwckudkyJ aqG;aEG;+yD;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ ywfoufwJh usefjy\emawGudkawmh rlvu

awmfveS af &;aumifpeD @J ygwt D vdu k f oD;jcm;pDaqG;aEG;aewJyh pHk t
H wdik ;f qufvufaqG;aEG;oGm;rSmvm;/
ygwDtvdkufaqG;aEG;aewmudk &yfqdkif;vdkuf+yD; (5) ygwDvkH;yg0ifwJh r'nw tzGJŒtpnf;wckwnf;
taeeJ@yJ aqG;aEG;rSmvm;qdkwmudk a&G;cs,foGm;=uzdk@ ajymqdkwifjyygw,f? r'nw zufu aemuf
w}udraf qG;aEG;yGrJ mS jyefvnfajz=um;zd@k / typftcwf&yfpaJ &;udpu P vkd nf; aemufw}udraf qG;aEG;yGu J s
rS wifjyawmhr,fvdk@ tajzay;+yD; yxrt}udrf awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yGJudk ±kwfodrf;cJh=uygw,f?
atmufwb kd m (10) &ufae@rmS 'kwt d }udrf aqG;aEG;yGu J kd qufvufusi;f yygw,f? aqG;aEG;yGJ
&JŒ tcsKyfoabmuawmh twdu k tf cdu
k &f yfpaJ &;udk r'nw taeeJ@ aqG;aEG;+yD; useu f pd rP sm;twGuf
aqG;aEG;yGJudk ygwDtvdkuf rlvaqG;aEG;aewJh rlvykHpHtwdkif; qufvufaqG;aEG;oGm;=uzdk@ r'nw
zufu wifjyoabmxm;ay;cJyh gw,f? r'nw &JŒ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;eJ@ ywfoufwhJ wifjycsuu f kd
zwf=um;wifoGif;ygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufzdk@ +idrf;csrf;a&;tóudumvwck azmfaqmifzdk@
wzufeJ@wzuf typftcwf vkH;0r&Sda&;[m vdktyfw,fvdk@azmf!¸ef;+yD;/ tcsuf (12) csufyg wifjy
csufudk wifjycJhygw,f? trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDnD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pk (r'nw) uae wifjywJh typf
tcwf&yfpJa&;qdkif&m tcsuf (12) csufuawmh -
(1) ppfrSefaom+idrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmuf&mwGif wjynfvkH; typftcwf&yfpJa&;onf
a,bk,soabmt& vdktyfaeonfhtwGuf wjynfvkH; typftcwf&yfpJa&;udk
aqmif&Guf&ef/
(2) tu,fI ±kyftajctaet& wjynfvkH; typftcwf&yfpJa&; rjzpfEdkifao;yJ quf
vufóud;yrf;aeqJumvwGif vma&mufawGŒqkaH qG;aEG;I typftcwf&yfpv J akd =umif;
wifjyonfh vufeufudkiftzGJŒtpnf;tm;vkH;udk xdk;ppf}uD;i,frsm; qifE$Jjcif;rðy&ef/
(3) r'nw ESiq hf ikd af om ygwt D zGŒJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf a'otm;vk;H wGif typftcwf&yfpx J m;
&ef/ r'nw tzGJŒ0ifygwD wyfESifh a'orsm;twGif; xkwfqifhxm;aom ppfqifa&;
trdef@rsm;udk y,fzsuf&ef/ vufawGŒtm;jzifh ppfqifv_yf&Sm;jcif;/ wdkufuif;vSnfhjcif;
axmufvSrf;a&;uif;xGufjcif; ponfwdk@udkyg &yfqdkif;&ef/
(4) wbufEiS w hf buf rSm;,Gi;f r_jzpfapEdik af om wenf;tm;jzifh wdu k ±f u
dk tf E &W m,fay;Edik f
aom awmfveS af &;aumifp. D wyfpcef;rsm;udk ±kwo f rd ;f ay;&ef/ (vdt k yfaompcef;rsm;
udk ESpfbufn‡daqmif&Guf&ef/
(5) typftcwf&yfpJxm;pOfumvtwGif; r'nw tzGJŒ0ifrsm;. vkyf±kd;vkyfpOf vkyfief;
rsm;udk vkyfaqmifEdkifcGifh&Sdap&ef/
(6) +idrf;csrf;a&;tóudumvtwGif; typftcwf&yfpJa&;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk
taumiftxnfazmf&ef/ ay:aygufvmaom jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkif&eftwGuf
A[dkESifh a'otvdkuf yl;wGJajz&Sif;a&;tzGJŒrsm; tqifhqifhzGJŒpnf;&ef/
(7) typf&yfxm;pOfumvtwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&;tzsuform;rsm;u rD;ar$; xdk;qGay;jcif;
ajcmif;ajrmif;vkyf}uHjcif;/ aESmuf,SufzsufqD;jcif;/ =um;0ifwdkufcdkufjcif;rsm; rjzpfay:

ap&ef vdktyfaom óudwifumuG,fr_rsm;vkyfaqmif&ef/ ay:aygufvmaom jy\em

rsm;udk pDpOfn‡dEd_if; ajz&Sif;oGm;&ef/
(8) typftcwf&yfpaJ &;umvtwGi;f vlxv k òHk caH &;twGuf vlq;kd / "m;jy/ jyefay; jy\em
rsm;ay:aygufygu tjyeftvSef ta=umif;=um; ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef/ Todk@aqmif
&Guf&mwGif a'otvdkuf yl;wGJaqmif&Gufa&;tzGJŒrsm;u aqmif&GufoGm;&ef/
(9) r'nw ESifh typftcwf&yfpJ&ef oabmwlnDa=umif; owif;tjzpf owif;pmESifh
toHv$ifhXmerS a=unmay;&ef/
(10) oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk ESpfOD;ESpfzuf oufqdkif&mwyfrsm;odk@ wdkif;odjynfod
!¸ef=um;ay;&ef/
(11) tao;pdwfvkyfief;ESifh !¸ef=um;csufrsm;udk vdktyfovdk xyfrH n‡dEd_if;vkyfaqmif
xkwfjyefoGm;=u&ef/
(12) typftcwf&yfpJa&;umvudk +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;r_udpPrsm; +yD;jywfonfhtcsdeftxd
xm;&Sd&ef/ - qdkwmwdk@yJjzpfygw,f?
atmufwdkbm (15) &ufae@rSm wwd,t}udrfajrmuf aqG;aEG;yGJ qufvufusif;yygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzufrS Adkvfrª;}uD; vS[ef u typftcwf&yfpJa&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; r'nw &JŒ
wifjycsuaf wGtay: ajz=um;jcif;vkyw f mu t"dujzpfygw,f? ajz=um;&Si;f vif;csut f csKyfuawmh-
(1) wjynfvkH; typftcwf&yfpJa&;jy\emudk pOf;pm;&mrSm vufawGŒvkyfaqmif&ef
rjzpfEdkif?
(2) ±kd;om;pGm vma&mufaqG;aEG;=uwJh tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;eJ@ n‡dEd_if;oabmwlxm;wJh a'o
rsm;rSm xd;k ppfqifjcif;rðycJ/h rlvuyif 'Doabmxm;udck , H +l yD; vufawGŒvnf; usio hf ;Hk
ae+yD;jzpf?
(3) r'nwzufuvnf; xd;k ppfqifjcif;/ wdu k cf u kd jf cif;/ uif;vSnjhf cif;/ axmufvrS ;f jcif;rðy
ygqdkwJh tjyeftvSefuwdðyrSom jzpfEdkifygr,f/ 'gayr,fh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD[m
jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;&zd@k óud;pm;aeqJrmS yJ vlx&k ŒJ touft;kd tdrf pnf;pdrf vkòH cHa&;udk
umuG,af pmifx h ed ;f ay;zd@k wm0ef&w
dS t
hJ avsmuf vdt k yfwhJ vkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif&u G &f
r,fjzpfa=umif; od&Sdxm;apcsif?
(4) wyfpcef;rsm; ±kwo f rd ;f ay;a&; oabmrwlnED ikd yf g? jy\emrsm;ay:ayguv f mEdik w
f ,f
vdk@ ,lqcJhv#if jy\emtvdkuf tqifajyatmif pDpOfay;Edkif/?
(5) ‘typftcwf&yfpJxm;pOfumvtwGif; r'nwtzGJŒ. vkyf±kd;vkyfpOf vkyfief;rsm;
vkycf iG &hf adS p&ef’ qdw k hJ wifjycsut f ay: ‘vky±f ;dk vkypf Of vkyif ef;rsm;’ qdw k m&JŒ t"dyg` ,f
tus,ft0ef;udk tzGJŒacgif;aqmif ref;bZHudk ar;jref;&m ‘vkyf±kd;vkyfpOfvkyfief;rsm;’
&JŒt"dy`g,f[m pnf;±kH;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&; eJ@ ywfoufygw,fvdk@ ajz=um;cJh/ 'ga=umifh
pnf;±kH;a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ typftcwf&yfpJxm;pOfumvtwGif; &yfqdkif;xm;oifh/ tkyf
csKyfa&;vkyif ef;rsm;[mvnf; awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pd;k & &JŒ wm0efomjzpf/ awmwGi;f
tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;eJ@ wef;wl&nfwl aqG;aEG;aewm[m EdkifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;taeeJ@

om todtrSwfðyjcif;jzpf/ pifòydiftpdk;&tjzpf todtrSwfðyaqG;aEG;aewmr[kwf/

xd@k a=umifh pifòydit
f pd;k &oabmoufa&mufapwJh awmwGi;f tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;&JŒ tkycf sKyf
a&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;udk cGifhrðyEdkif?
(6) yl;wGJajz&Sif;a&;tzGJŒrsm; zGJŒpnf;&ef udk vdktyfovdk wdkifyifzGJŒpnf;oGm;&ef oabmwl?
(7) +idrf;csrf;a&;tzsuform;rsm;&JŒ tE W&m,fudk umuG,foGm;&ef t"duwm0ef&Sdol[m
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDjzpfwmeJ@tnD umuG,fwm;qD;oGm;r,f/tultnDawmif;cH
vmv#if r'nw rsm;u tultnDay;apvdk?
(8) jynfolvlxkeJ@ wdkif;jynf&JŒ vkHòcHa&;udpPt00udk awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&[m
wm0ef&SdwJhtavsmuf vdktyfwJh umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_rsm;vkyfoGm;r,f/ tultnD
awmifcHv#if r'nw rsm;u tultnDay;apvdk?
(9) owif;pmeJ@toHv$ifhXmersm;u a=unmay;a&;udpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; r'nw eJ@ vdktyf
ovdk wdkifyifaqmif&GufoGm;rSmjzpf?
(10) r'nw eJ@ vdktyfovdk wdkifyifaqmif&GufoGm;rSmjzpf?
(11) r'nw eJ@ vdktyfu wdkifyifaqmif&GufoGm;rSmjzpf?
(12) typftcwf&yfpJxm;a&;umvudk +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;r_udpPrsm; +yD;jywfonfhtcsdef
txd xm;&Sd&efudk rltm;jzifh oabmwl/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; vsifjrefpGm&&Sdap&ef
&nfrSef;aqmif&Gufoifh [k ,lq? - qdk+yD; wcsufcsif; jyefvnfajz=um;ygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDbufu tzGJŒacgif;aqmif Adkvfrª;}uD;vS[ef &JŒ jyefvnfajz=um;csuf
awGudk òcHikH=unfhr,fqdk&if r'nwtzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ wifjycsuf (12) csufxJu eHywf (5) tcsufjzpfwJh
‘typftcwf&yfpJxm;pOfumvtwGif; r'nw tzGJŒ0ifrsm;&JŒ vkyf±kd;vkyfpOf vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyf
aqmifcGifh&Sdap&ef’ qdkwJh tcsuftay: vkH;0vufrcHEdkifa=umif; azmfjyvmwmawGŒ&ygw,f? vkyf±kd;
vkyfpOfvkyfief;qdkwm ‘pnf;±kH;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;’ eJ@qdkifwJhudpPawGygvdk@ &Sif;jywJhtcgrSmvnf; pnf;±kH;
a&;udk &yfqikd ;f xm;oifah =umif;eJ@ tkycf sKyfa&;qdw
k mudvk nf; cGirhf ðyEdik af =umif;vd@k ajz=um;cJw
h m awGŒ
&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh eHywf (5) tcsuf[m t"dujy\em}uD;tjzpf pwifay:aygufvmygw,f?
useftcsufawGtay:rSmawmh }uD;}uD;rm;rm; uGJjym;wmrawGŒ&yJ/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonfom
t"du pDrHcef@cGJcGifh&Sdol/ w&m;0iftpdk;&qdkwJh tqifhae&mudk pum;vkH;t&a&m vufawGŒt&yg
zdzdpD;pD;tay:pD;uae ae&m,lxm;wm awGŒ&ygw,f?
atmufwdkbm (16) &ufae@rSmawmh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwdk@&JŒ
owWrt}udrfajrmufaqG;aEG;yGJudk usif;yygw,f?
Adv
k rf ;ª }uD;vS[ef u ‘A[dak umfrw D t
D pnf;ta0;vkyrf ,fh a'ow0du k rf S wyfpcef;rsm; qkwf
cGmay;wJhae&mawGrSmvnf; (Grid Line) owfrSwfzdk@qdk+yD; wifjyygw,f? &JabmfaX;u *&pf'fvdkif;
owfrSwf&mrSm tcuftcJ&Sd+yD; owfrSwfvdk@r&wmawG&Sda=umif;/ vdkif;qGJjcif;tm;jzifh ygwD&JŒ
pcef;rsm;eJ@ rlvpnf;±kH;a&;e,fajrrsm; vdkif;tjyifzufa&mufaewmrsdK;&SdwJhtwGuf ajcusKHŒoGm;&
a=umif;/ vdkif;owfrSwfrSmudk rltm;jzifhoabmr=ua=umif; wifjycJhygw,f? aemufqkH;rSmawmh Arm
jynfuGefjrLepfygwDzufu vdkif;owfrSwfa&;udk oabmwlay;cJhygw,f?

atmufwdkbm (21) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ r'nw wdk@&JŒ pwkwWt}udrfaqG;

aEG;yGJ usif;yygw,f? (15) &ufae@ aqG;aEG;yGJwkef;u awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ ajz=um;csuftay:
r'nw &JŒ jyefvnfwifjycsufpmwrf;udk ref;bZH u zwf=um;wifoGif;ygw,f? t"dujy\emo
zG,fjzpfvmcJhwJh ‘r'nw&JŒ vkyf±kd;vkyfpOfvkyfief;rsm;’ qdkwmeJ@ywfouf+yD; r'nw&JŒ wifjycsuf
[m pifòydit f pd;k &oabmrsKd ; azmfxw k af wmif;qdw k mr[kwaf =umif;/ typftcwf&yfpx J m;wJh umv
twGif;rSm r'nw 0if tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;u jzpfay:wnf&SdaewJh taetxm;t& ‘ydkae+rJ usm;aejrJ’
twdkif; qufvufaqmif&GufoGm;vdkwJhoabmudkom qdkvdk&if;jzpfyga=umif;eJ@ pnf;±kH;a&;/
tk y f c sKyf a &; qd k w J h rl j y\em}uD ; rsm;rS m r'nw 0if ygwD t zG J Œ tpnf ; rsm;&J Œ
tm%mydkifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;eJ@om oufqdkifapoifhygw,fvdk@ ajymqdkazmfjycJhygw,f? r'nw
taeeJ@ tcGifhaumif;,l tjrwfxkwf&ef &nf&G,f&if;r&Sda}umif;udkvnf; xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhygw,f?
tcGeftaumuf aumufcHjcif;awGudkvnf; vuf&Sdydkae+rJ usm;ae+rJ tajctaexufausmfvGef+yD;
wdk;csJŒaumufcHjcif;udk a&Smif=uOfrSmjzpfa=umif; &Sif;vif;wifjyygw,f?
awmfveS af &;aumifpzD ufuawmh typftcwf&yfpx J m;pOfumvtwGi;f pnf;±k;H a&;vkyif ef;
rSeo f r# &yfqikd ;f xm;oifah =umif;/ pifòydit f yk cf sKyfa&;oabmrsKd ; oufa&mufapEdik w f t hJ wGuf tkycf sKyf
a&;vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; aqmif&GufcGifhrðyEdkifa=umif; xyfrHtwnfðy azmfjyoGm;ygw,f?
atmufwdkbm (29) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ r'nw wdk@ yOPrt}udrfaqG;aEG;yGJ
qufvufusi;f yygw,f? aqG;aEG;yGJ ppcsi;f rSm Adv k rf ;ª }uD;vS[ef u r'nw eJ@ awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;cJch suf
rsm;tay: ‘jyefvnfqef;ppfcsurf sm;’ qdw k m zwf=um;wifjyygw,f? n‡Ed i_d ;f cJw h m tjyeftvSeaf qmif
&Guaf y;cJw h mawGtay: wcsucf si;f jyefvnfqx JG w k jf y+yD;/ oabmwlncD su&f +yD; eJ abmwlncD su&f +yD
vdk@ qdk&rSmawGudk pk±kH;azmfjyygw,f? +yD;rS ESpfzufoabmwlnDcsuf r&ao;aomtcsuf (2) csuf
qdkwmudk qGJxkwfjyygw,f? tJ'DoabmwlnDcsufr&ao;aomtcsuf (2) csufqdkwmuawmh -
(1) tcsufeHywf (5) jzpfwJh ‘pnf;±kH;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;udpP’/
(2) qufa=u;/ axmufyahH =u;rsm; raumufcaH &;udpP - qdw k mjzpfygw,f? +yD;rS ‘oabmwl
nDcsurf &ao;aom tcsuf (2) csut f ay: awmfveS af &;aumifpD ud, k pf m;vS,tf zGŒJ . oabmxm;’
qdkwmudk zwf=um;wifoGif;ygw,f?
oabmrwlao;wJh tcsuf (2) csufqdkwmtay: awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ oabmxm;
tcsKyfuawmh ‘rnfonfhpnf;±kH;a&;udkrqkd oabmrwlEdkif’ qdkwmeJ@ ‘qufa=u;eJ haxmufyHha=u;
aiGrsm;udk rnfonfyh pHk rH sKd ;jzifrh S cGirhf ðyEdik ’f qdwk myJjzpfygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpzD ufrS tok;H tE_e;f
awGxJrSm ‘r'nw udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ. jyefvnfwifjycsufonf ‘rl’ vnf;rrSefyg? vufvnf;rcH
Edkifaom oabmxm;jzpfonf[k awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu ,lqygonf?’ qdkwJh jyif;xefwJh tokH;
tE_ef;eJ@ aumufcsufqGJr_awG yg0ifvmcJhygw,f? wqufwnf;rSmyJ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzufu
“typftcwf&yfpJa&;udk taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf r'nw tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;u vdkufem
aqmif&Guf&rnfh pnf;urf;rsm;” qdkwmudk wifoGif;csrSwfvmygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh -
(1) r'nw vufeufudkifwyfrsm;tygt0if tzGJŒ0iftm;vkH;. aexdkif&ma'oudk awmf
vSefa&;aumifpD. udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒodk@ today;&ef/

(2) r'nw . vufeufudkifwyfrsm;ESifhtzGJŒ0ifrsm;onf ae&ma'otESH@tjym;wGif&Sd&m

Todk@&Sdaejcif;jzifh qufoG,fa&;wGifvnf;aumif;/ =uyfrwfa&;wGifvnf;aumif;/ rkcs
tcuftcJ&ydS grnf? TcufcrJ o _ nf typftcwf&yfpaJ &;wGif rvdv k m;tyfonfh jy\em
rsm; ay:aygufvmrnfjzpfygI pepfwus aqmif&GufEdkifa&;twGuf òrdŒe,ftvdkuf/
c±kdiftvdkuf a'orsm;wGif pkpnf;aeap&ef/ pkpnf;ae&efa'orsm;udk awmfvSefa&;
aumifpDrS owfrSwfay;ygrnf?
(3) Todk@ oabmwlnDcsufjzifh pka0;&ef owfrSwfxm;aom a'otwGif;odk@ r'nw
tzGŒJ 0ifrsm;onf owfrw S xf m;aomtcsed t f wGi;f a&muf&&dS efEiS hf tcsed o f wfrw S cf suf
udk udk,fpm;vS,frsm; n‡dEd_if;owfrSwfygrnf?
(4) r'nwtzGŒJ 0ifrsm;onf owfrw S x f m;aoma'otwGi;f rS tjcm;owfrw S x f m;aom
a'owckodk@ oGm;a&mufvdkygu/ tpdk;&wyf a'oqdkif&m wm0efcHrsm;. cGifhðycsufudk
&,l+yD;rS tpdk;&wyf. tultnDjzifh oGm;a&muf&ef?
(5) r'nw tzGJŒ0ifrsm;onf typftcwf&yfpJxm;onfhumvtwGif; owfrSwfxm;
aom a'oYyifv#if tpd;k &vkyif ef;t00ESihf jynfov l x l t
k m; aESmuf,u S jf cif;udk vk;H 0
a&Smif=uOfyg&ef?
qdkwJh pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufawGyJ jzpfygw,f? óudwifpnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufr&SdyJ rxm;yJ
aqG;aEG;n‡dEd_if;ae=u&muae/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDbufu pwifwifoGif;vmcJhwJh pnf;urf;owf
rSwfcsufawGjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dqef;ppfcsufpmwrf;tay: r'nw udk,fpm;vS,frsm; oD;oef@aqG;aEG;
vdku aqG;aEG;Edkifa=umif; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDbufu ajym=um;+yD;/ r'nw bufu jyefvnft
a=umif;jyef=um;ygr,fvdk@ ajz=um;um yOPrt}udrfajrmufaqG;aEG;yGJudk ±kwfodrf;vdkufygw,f?
tJ'Dvdk typftcwf&yfpJa&; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;ae=uqJumvrSm jynfolvlxk}uD;&JŒ +idrf;csrf;
a&;qEN azmfjyv_yf&Sm;r_awG/ +idrf;csrf;a&; ar#mfvifhvdkvm; awmifhwoHawG[m tqufrjywf xGuf
ay:vmaecJhygw,f? te,fe,ft&yf&yfu +idrf;csrf;a&;azmfjyoHowif;awG[m owif;pmeJ hpme,f
Zif;awGay:rSm tqufrjywf xif[yfay:vGifaecJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh jynfolŒaumfrDwD &JŒ +idrf;csrf;
a&;v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&[m w&dyf&dyfjrifhwufvmaecJhygw,f?
‘(6) c±kdif+idrf;csrf;a&; qENjyyGJ}uD;’ usif;yzdk@ jyifqifv_yf&Sm;cJh=uygw,f? (6) c±kdifqdkwmu
awmh &efukef/ tif;pdef/ om,m0wD/ yJcl;/ [Hom0wD/ rtlyifc±kdif awGjzpfygw,f? tJ'D (6) c±kdifu
+idr;f csr;f a&;vdv k m;wJh jynfov l x
l }k uD;udk pkpnf;+yD; ppfa=umif;vdu k jf zef@cu
JG m/ +idr;f csr;f a&;aºuG;a=umf
oHawGeJ@twl &efukefta&muf csDwufjyo=uzdk@jzpfygw,f? (6) c±kdifwGif;&Sd aus;vufawm&GmawG
tESH@ oGm;a&mufpnf;±kH;=u+yD;/ (6) c±kdifqENjyyGJ}uD;udk atmifatmifjrifjrif azmfjyEdkifatmif
v_y&f mS ;óud;yrf;cJ=h uygw,f? Oya'abmiftwGi;f uae jynfov l xl &k ŒJ tmomief;ief;jzpfaewJq h ENukd
taumif;qk;H t}uD;us,q f ;Hk jzpfatmif azmfxw k jf yoEdik zf @kd óud;yrf;v_y&f mS ;cJ=h uwmjzpfygw,f? jynf
olŒaumfrDwDu OD;aqmifv_yf&Sm;wJh (6) c±kdif+idrf;csrf;a&; qENjyyGJ}uD;twGuf owif;pmeJ hpme,fZif;
toD;oD;uvnf; 0dkif;&Htm;jznfh ulnDazmfjycJh=uygw,f? txufArmjynfrSmvnf; c±kdiftvdkuf
qENjyyGJawG ay:aygufcJhygw,f?

ppftpd;k &&JŒ +idr;f csr;f a&;ac:vdu k rf a_ =umifah &m/ +idr;f csr;f a&;ac:cge;D xkwjf yefcw hJ hJ vGw+f idr;f csr;f
omcGifhtrdef@a=umifhyg zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cHxm;&&mu vGwfajrmufcGifh&vm=uwJh ausmif;om;or*~
acgif;aqmifwcsdKŒeJ@ &efukefrSm enf;rsdK;pkHeJ@ qufvuf&Sdae=uwJh ausmif;om;or*~acgif;aqmifwcsdKŒ
[m ppftpdk;&&JŒ tzsuftqD;cHvdkuf&wJh ausmif;om;or*~ (wuo taqmuftOD}uD;) udk jyef
vnfwnfaqmufEdkifzdk@ vkH;yrf;tm;xkwfcJh=uygw,f? tzsuftqD;cHvdkuf&wJh or*~taqmuftOD
}u;D tpm; xnfxnf0g0g taqmuftODopf}u;D jyefvnftpm;xd;k wnfaqmufEikd jf cif;r&Sad o;rDrmS
,m,Dor*~taqmuftODtjzpf or*~jrufcif;jyifay:rSm ,m,DwJ}uD;xdk;+yD; jyefvnfv_yf&Sm;Edkifzdk@
óud;pm;cJ=h uygw,f? or*~taqmuftOD}uD; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf aiGa=u; vª'ge;f rwnf
ay;olawGvnf; xGufay:vmcJhygw,f?
atmufwdkbm (31) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD wdk@&JŒ tXr
t}udrfajrmuf awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yGJ/ tif;,m;vrf;{nfha*[mrSmyJ usif;yygw,f? *&pf'fvdkif;owfrSwf
a&;udpu P kd qufvufaqG;aEG;=uygw,f? &JabmfaX;u *&pf'v f ikd ;f owfrw
S af &;udk rltm;jzifh oabm
rwla=umif; azmfjycJ+h yD;/ aemufq;Hk rSm vdu k af vsmr_ukd jyowJt h aeeJ@ *&pf'v f ikd ;f udk ESpzf ufoabmwl
owfrSwfa&;qGJtwnfðycJh=uygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwdk@ &JŒ (8) }udrf (8) cg aqG;aEG;cJh=ur_udk
jyef=unfrh ,fq&kd if/ +idr;f csr;f a&;wnfaqmufa&;twGuf vdt k yfwhJ wu,fEh ikd if aH &;t& aqG;aEG;r_awG
udk ðyvkyEf ikd zf @kd óudwifjyifqifa&;tqifh n‡Ed i_d ;f vkyaf qmifae=ur_awG[m tajccHtm;jzifh oabmwl
nDr_awG &&Sdxm;+yD;+yD jzpfw,fvdk@awmif ajymr,fqdk ajymqdkEdkifwJhtaetxm;jzpfygw,f? tck
aqG;aEG;aewmawG[m wu,fhaqG;aEG;yGJtwGuf y%mrjyifqifa&;aqG;aEG;yGJawGom jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh vmr,fh aqG;aEG;yGJ (tm%mydik u f , kd pf m;vS,rf sm; aqG;aEG;a&;tqif)h twGuf tajccHaqG;
aEG;=ur,fh tajccHtcsurf sm;udak wmif awmfveS af &;aumifpzD ufu oabmwlxm;+yD;+yD jzpfygw,f?
Edk0ifbmvqef;rSm jynfolŒaumfrDwDu OD;aqmifusif;ywJh (6) c±kdif +idrf;csrf;a&;qENjyyGJ}uD;
atmifjrifpGmxGufay:vmcJhygw,f? Edk0ifbm (3) &ufae@reuf/ rif;vS-o&ufwyif wmqkHuae/
rdik w
f &mausm&f n S f c&D;udk ajcvsicf sw
D ufvmcJ=h uwJh +idr;f csr;f a&;qENjy vlx}k uD;[m (7) &uft=um/
Edk0ifbm (9) &ufae@rSm &efukefòrdŒtwGif; 0ifa&mufvmEdkifcJh=uygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;qENjy
vlxk}uD;[m &efukefòrdŒawmfcef;ra&SŒrSm odef;eJ@csDwJhvlxk}uD;tjzpf pka0;rdcJh=uygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;
aºuG;a=umfoHawG yJhwifxyfoGm;apcJhygw,f//
awmfveS af &;aumifppD pftpd;k &u 'D (6) c±kid +f idr;f csr;f a&;qENjyyG}J uD;tay: tjrifr=unfrvif
jzpfcJhygw,f? tpdk;&udk EdkifiHa&;t=uyfudkifzdk@twGuf twdkuftcHrsm;u &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd azmfxkwf
vmwmvdk@jrifovdk/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD eJ@ r'nw wdk@u rjzpfjzpfatmif azmfxkwfapcJhwmvdk@
vnf; oHo,&SdcJhygw,f? tpdk;&ðywfusa&;udk raºuG;a=umfyJ +idrf;csrf;a&;/ jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;awG
aºuG;a=umfae=uwmudkawmif vufrcHEdkifjzpfcJhygw,f?
Edk0ifbm (11) &ufae@naerSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ r'nw wdk@&JŒ qXrt}udrfajrmuf
aqG;aEG;yGJ}uD; usif;yygw,f?

awmfveS af &;aumifpzD ufu ra=uvnfr/_ oHo,&Srd /_ vufrcHEikd rf a_ wGukd xkwaf zmfajymqdk

vmygw,f? vlxkqENjyyGJawG azmfxkwf+yD; wzufutpdk;&tay: EdkifiHa&;t=uyfudkif/ wzufu
udk,fhtzGJŒtpnf;udk udk,f=oZmwufatmifvkyf&if; pnf;±kH;a&;t& b¿ma&;t&yg tjrwfxGuf
atmif vkyaf e=uwJo h abmrsKd ; ,lqp&mawG&adS =umif;/ 'ga}umifh a&SŒqufaqG;aEG;Edik zf @kd twGuf tedrhf
qk;H vdt k yfcsu/f ±k;d om;r_&adS =umif; ,k=H unfEikd zf @kd twGuf tedrq hf ;Hk azmfjyvkyaf qmifay;&r,ft h csuaf wG
&Sdvma=umif;/ 'gawGudkrS vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufazmfjyray;&if/ a&SŒqufaqG;aEG;vdk@vnf; tusdK;&SdrSm
r[kwfvdk@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu qkH;jzwf+yD;+yDjzpfa=umif; wdwdvif;vif; ajymqdkvmygw,f?
r'nw zufu awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ oHo,eJ@ xifjrif,lqcsufawGtay: jiif;qdkwm
acszsufwm/ wkef@jyefajz&Sif; &Sif;vif;jywmawG vkyfygw,f? &&Sdxm;+yD; oabmwlnDcsufawGtay:
uae +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yG}J uD; atmifatmifjrifjrifjzpfwt hJ xd pdw&f n S &f n
S ef @J qufvufo,faqmif
aqG;aEG;n‡dEd_if;oGm;=uzdk@ arwWm&yfcH yef=um;wma&m/ &Sif;vif;ajymjywmawGyg vkyfcJhygw,f?
wu,fh tajccHtcsufawGudk aqG;aEG;=uwJh EdkifiHa&;t& aqG;aEG;yGJtqifh wufvSrf;EdkifwJhtcg
wcsdKŒjy\em rsm;eJ@ udpPrsm;[m tvdkvdk ajyvnfr_jzpfoGm;Edkifwm tjyeftvSef ajz&Sif;+yD;om;
jzpfoGm;Edkifwmudk vnf; wifjyaqG;aEG;ygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzufuawmh ‘awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ESifh r'nw A[dkudk,fpm;vS,f
tzGJŒwdk@. vuf&Sd typftcwf&yfpJa&;aqG;aEG;yGJudk qufvufaqG;aEG;Edkifrnfhvrf;ESifhywfoufI
awmfveS af &;aumifp. D wifjycsu’f qdw k phJ mwapmifuo kd m wifoiG ;f zwf=um;vmcJyh gw,f? tyd'k (f 5)
yd'k cf +JG y;D wifjyxm;ygw,f? t"dutcsKyf tyd'k f (5) uawmh ‘awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&;udk atmifjrifpmG quf
vufðyvkyfoGm;vdkv#if r'nw tzGJŒ0ifygwDrsm;u vufcHaqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonfhtcsufrsm;’
qdw k myJjzpfygw,f? r'nw udk pnf;urf;csuaf wGcsay;+yD;/ pnf;urf;udk tvdu k ef mcdik ;f vduk f wmjzpf
ygw,f? vdkufem&r,fh pnf;urf;csuf (vdktyfcsuf) qdkwmawGuawmh -
(u) rnfonfhpnf;±kH;a&;udkrS rvkyf&ef? EdkifiHa&;t& vlxkenf;t& t=uyfudkifr_rsm;jzpfwJh
ajray:ajratmuf vlxkpnf;±kH;a&; 0g'jzef@csda&;rsm;udkyg csufcsif;&yfqdkif;&ef?
(c) qufa=u;rsm;raumuf&ef?
(*) vlxktm; +cdrf;ajcmuf aESmuf,Suf zrf;qD;owfjzwfjcif;rsm;udk csufcsif;&yfqdkif;&ef?
(C) txufyg (u/ c/ *) rsm;udk vufcHonfESifhwòydifeuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh
(3) ygwDwdk@[m rdrdwdk@. vufatmufcHtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;udk tjrefqkH; !¸ef=um;csuf
xkwfjyef+yD; &yfqdkif;ay;&ef?
(i) 19-10-63 ae@u awmfveS af &;aumifpD wifjycJah om tcsuf (5) csupf vk;H udk oabm
wlvufcH&ef?
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awmfveS af &;aumifpD ppftpd;k &u em;csvu kd Ef ikd +f yD;/ autmpD eJ@ awmfveS af &;aumifpD oabmwlnrD _
&&SdcJhygw,f?
(apm[efwmomar$acgif;aqmifwJh u&ifhawmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD
ppftpd;k &wd@k [m 1964 ckEpS /f rwfv (12) &ufae@rmS oabmwlpmcsKyfcsKyfq+kd yD; vufrw S af &;xd;k vduk f

=uygw,f? apm[efwmomar$;eJ@twl vufeufpGef@vm=uolawGxJrSm autif'Dtdkacgif;aqmif

awGjzpfcJh=uwJh apmatmifpdef/ apmtkef;az pwJhyk*~dKvfawGvnf; yg0ifcJhygw,f? apmatmifpdef [m
1949 ckESpf/ {+yDvwkef;u yxrqHk;aom autif'DtdkeJ@ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&wdk@&JŒ ppfajy+idrf;a&;/
+idrf;csrf;a&; aphppfaqG;aEG;r_tysufrSm/ apmbOD;}uD&JŒ ±dk;om;pGm oabmwlnDvmr_udk y,fzsuf+yD;
vufrcHEdkifa=umif; w&m;0ifay;pmydk@&mrSm apm[efwmomar$;eJ@twl yl;wGJvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhwJh
autJe'f t D dk acgi;f aqmifjzpfygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifppD pftpd;k &u olw@kd e@J oabmwlnrD &_ ,l+yD;
w&m;0if vufeufpGef@vmcJhwJh u&ifawmfvSefa&;aumifpD tzGJŒacgif;aqmif apm[efwmomar$;udk
olaumif;ðywJhtaeeJ@ aemufydkif;rSm tpPa&;EdkifiHqdkif&m oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf cef@tyfcJhygw,f?)
vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; tzGJŒtpnf;awG vufeufcsvma&;twGuf EdkifiHa&;usKH;oGif;r_
tjzpf vkyfcJhwmvnf;jzpf/ jynfolvlxk&JŒ tm±kHudk wzufodk@v$Jay;+yD; vdrfnmvSnfhzsm;zdk@twGuf
tpDpOf&Sd&Sd }uHpnfðyvkyfcJhwJh/ tpuwnf;u oabmxm;rrSefcJhwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;yGJawG
[m obm0uspGmyJ ppftpdk;&&JŒ wzufowf zsufodrf;vdkufr_/ &yfqdkif;a=umif; a=unmvdkufr_eJ@
ed*Hk;csKyfcJh&ygw,f?
_id r f ; csrf ; a&;aqG ; aEG ; yG J r sm;ysuf j ym;_yD ; aemuf ppf t pd k ; &&J Œ ajcvS r f ; rsm;eJ ‹
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf a tmuf u Armjynf
+idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG ysujf ym;cJ&h +yD;aemuf awmfveS af &;aumifppD pftpd;k &[m yxrqH;k
tòid;w}uD; pwifðyvkyw f muawmh tpkvu kd t f òyHvu kd f vlzrf;yG}J uD; usi;f ywmyJjzpfygw,f? +idr;f csr;f
a&;aqG;aEG;yGJawG usif;yaepOfumvu +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf a&SŒwef;tcef;uae wufwufºuGºuG
yg0ifaqmif&u G f v_y&f mS ;cJ=h uwJh jynfoŒl aumfrw D 0D if yk*Kd~ vfaygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGmeJ@ +idr;f csr;f a&;vdv k m;
ol wdk;wufwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmudk vdkufvHzrf;qD;+yD; axmifoGif;tusOf;csxm;
vdkufygw,f?
AHk;eJ@cGJ+yD; jymcscHvdkuf&wJh wuo taqmuftOD;}uD;tpm; ,m,Dor*~taqmuftOD;
tjzpf jyefvnfóud;yrf; azmfxkwfvdkufwJh or*~wJ}uD;udkvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;ysufysm;+yD; aemufwae@
rSmyJ ppfwyfu zsufqD;ypfvdkufygw,f? taxGaxGra=ueyfr_aygif;pHka=umifh Edk0ifbmvxJrSm ay:
aygufvmwJh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awGudkvnf; zrf;qD;ESdyfuGyfypfvdkufjyefygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;v_yf
&Sm;r_/ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awGa=umifh zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;jcif;cH&wJh ausmif;om;awG trsm;tjym;&Sd
cJyh gw,f? tdraf pmift h pd;k &tjzpf ppftpd;k &wufvmwke;f u vlzrf;yG}J uD;vkycf o hJ vd/k +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;
aEG;yGJawG tysufrSmvnf; tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf vlzrf;yGJ}uD;vkyfcJhygw,f? wcsKdŒausmif;om;acgif;
aqmifawG awmcdk=u& vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;xJ qif;cJh=u& wmawGjzpfay:cJh&ygw,f?
awmfvSefaumifpDppftpdk;&[m xlaxmifxm;+yD; qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfqdkif;bkwfudk e,fy,f
tES@H rmS qufvufjzef@a0 xlaxmifygw,f? jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef qd&k , S v f pfvrf;a=umif;udk csw D uf
zd@k q+kd yD; jynfoyl ikd o f rd ;f wmawG qufvufvyk u f ikd yf gw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGrysucf if jynfol
ydik o f rd ;f r_awG qufvyk cf yhJ gw,f? 1963 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mv (23) &ufae@rmS odr;f jycJw h muawmh
bDtD;'DpD eJ@ ppfzufukefpnfjzef@csda&;Xmevkyfief;aygif; (46) ckudkjzpfygw,f? udk,fhvkyfief;awGudk
udk,fhacgif;pOfajymif;+yD; odrf;jycJhwmjzpfygw,f? bDtD;'DpD udk acgif;aqmifOD;pD;vkyfudkifcJhwJh Adkvfrª;csKyf
atmif}uD;u Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; wa,mufwnf; csr;f oma&;vdjk zpfaewmudk odyrf vdv k m;bJ ppfAv kd f
}uD;i,fawGpm;&atmif vkyfudkifcJhwJhoabmjzpfwJhtwGuf bDtD;'DpD udk aemufydkif;rSm rsufrkef;usKd;
vmcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;udk z,f&Sm;ypf+yD;wJhaemufydkif; bDtD;'DpD udkyg
jynfoyl ikd o f rd ;f jycJw h mvd@k q=kd uygw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yJaG wG usi;f yaewke;f awmwGi;f vufeuf
udik t f zGŒJ tpnf;awGxu J qd&k ,S vf pfa&;vdv k m;ol tzGŒJ tpnf;awGukd qd&k , S v f pfvrf;a=umif;twdik ;f
oGm;r,fqdkwm ,Hk=unfatmif wcsufckwf ESpfcsufjywf vkyfjycJhwJh oabmvJygygw,f?
aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGysujf ym;+yD;aemuf 1964 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v D (12) &uf jynfaxmifpak e@ tcrf;
tem;udk rE Wav;òrdŒrSmusif;y+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; wufa&mufrdef@cGef;ajym=um;ygw,f? wdkif;&if;
om;ta&;vlrsK;d rsm;ta&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ cH,cl suq f w kd mudk a=unmygw,f?
“wdik &f if;om;vlrsK;d wd@k . at;twlyt l r# OruGo J u kd rf ysujf zifh &moufyef yl;aygi;f aexdik =f u
rnf[k oEMÏd mefcsxm;zd@k vkd tyfvyS gw,f? od@k ro S m wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d tcsi;f csi;f ,H, k =kH unf=unfEiS hf
jynfaxmifpk.tusKd;udk twlwuG vufwGJvkyfudkifoGm;Edkifygrnf? Ttcsufonf tvGefvdkvm;
tyfaom ta&;ygonfhtcsufjzpfa=umif;” vdk@ ajymqdkoGm;ygw,f?
OruGJvdkufrysuf twlaexdkifoGm;=u+yD; jynfaxmifpk}uD;twGif; &moufyef twlyl;aygif;
aexdik o f mG ;=uzd@k v@kd pum;vH;k a&G;oH;k pGo J mG ;cJah yr,fh qdv k ckd siw f mu jynfe,frsm;cGx J u
G af &;udk vufrcH/
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J u G yf ikd cf iG uhf vkd nf; todtrSwrf ðyEkid v f @kd ajymqdv k &kd if;jzpfygw,f? cGrJ xGub f J twlae=ur,fq&kd if
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;u rdrdwdk@jrwfEkd;wJh jynfe,frsm; qufvufxm;vdk=u&ifvnf; xm;=uygvdk@
ajymqdo k mG ;cJyh gw,f? wdik ;f &if;om;tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm; tvd&k adS e=uwJh ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGiu hf akd wmh b,f
vdkenfeJ@rS rpOf;pm;Edkifa=umif; ajymqdkvdkufwmjzpfygw,f?
rwfv (19) &ufae@rSmawmh &efukefe,fedrdwftwGif;u vufum;qdkif}uD;rsm;/ yGJ±Hkrsm;/
ukefwdkuf}uD;rsm;/ ukefypPnf;*dka'gif}uD;rsm;/ or0g,r qdkifrsm;eJ@ taxGaxG pwdk;qdkif}uD;awGrSefo
r#udk awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu t+yD;tydkif jynfolydkifodrf;vdkufygw,f?
1964 ckESpf/ rwfv (20) &ufae@rSmawmh “1964 ckESpf trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf
a&;udk umuG,o f nfOh ya'” qdw k mudk xkwjf yefjyÏmef;vdu k yf gw,f? ppftpd;k & wufa&mufvm+yD;
'Dru kd a&pDreS o f r# tarSmifusae&wJh taetxm;uae 'Dru kd a&pDreS o f r# wpruse&f atmif w&m;0if
zsufodrf;jcif;cHvdkuf&wJhae@tjzpf Armjynfordkif;rSm rSwfwrf;wif&r,fhae@jzpfygw,f? trsKd;om;
pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk umuG,fwJh Oya'vdk@ emrnfwyf+yD; EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGeJ@ tzGJŒtpnf; toif;
tyif;awGrSefor#udk wckrS wnf&SdcGifhray;awmhbJ zsufodrf;ypfvdkufwJh Oya'jzpfygw,f? ordkif;w
av#muf wnf&SdvmcJh=uwJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;}uD;awGtygt0if &Sd&Sdor# EdkifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;
awGtm;vH;k udk rzsurf ae& tzsuo f rd ;f cdik ;f cJyh gw,f? aoewfe@J uikd +f yD; rw&m;ojzifh twif;t=uyf
zsufodrf;cdkif;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvdk rzG,fr&m tzsufodrf;cdkif;cJh±Hkru/ zsufodrf;+yD;pD;yga=umif;/
zsuo f rd ;f vku d &f wJh Edik if aH &;ygwtD zGŒJ tpnf; toif;tyif;awG&ŒJ acgi;f aqmifawG/ tr_aqmifawGu, kd f

wdik f vufrw S af &;xd;k +yD;/ awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pd;k &eJ@ jynfxaJ &;Ïmeudk wifjy ta=umif;=um;apcJh
ygw,f? oufqdkif&mygwD tzGJ@pnf;awG&JŒ qdkif;bkwfawGudkyg ðzwfcsay;&+yD; oufqdkif&mygwD tzGJŒ
tpnf;awG&JŒtvH/ wHqdyfwHk;/ txdrf;trSwf/ trSwftom;/ pm&Gufpmwrf;awGygrusef awmfvSef
a&;aumifpDtpdk;&xH tyfESHcdkif;cJhygw,f? udk,fhygwD udk,fhtzGJŒtpnf;udk udk,fwdkifzsufodrf;+yD;pD;yg
a=umif; a=unmwifjyay;&±Hrk u/ tukev f ;kH udk ppftpd;k &xHtyfE=HS u&ygw,f? ud, k yhf gwq
D idk ;f bkwuf kd
udk,fh[mudk,fðzwfcsray;bJ/ olwdk@zmomolwdk@ ppfwyfeJ@ vma&mufðzwfcsoGm;wmcH&wJh ygwDrsKd;
vnf;&SdcJhygw,f? (Oyrmtm;jzifh jynfolŒwdk;wufa&;ygwDrsKd;/ ygwDtr_aqmifaumfrwD0if awGtm;
vHk; axmifxJa&mufae=u&+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf ygwDqdkif;bkwfudk ppfwyfu vma&mufðzwfcsoGm;cJh&
ygw,f?)
yxp/ zqyv/ yrnw wdk@vdk EdkifiHa&;ygwD}uD;awGeJ@wuG &Sd&Sdor# EdkifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;
tm;vH;k w&m;0if&yfwnfciG rhf &awmhbJ uG,af ysmufomG ;&ygw,f? Edik if aH &;ygwt D zGŒJ tpnf;}uD;awG
omru toif;tyif;tzGJŒtpnf;rSefor#vnf; EdkifiHa&;ygwD}uD;awGenf;wl tukefzsufodrf;ypf
wmcHcJh&ygw,f? tukefzsufodrf;+yD;a=umif; a=unm+yD; tukeftyfESHcJh&ygw,f? a&$wd*HkapwDawmf
a&=unfawmf0wftoif;vdv k akd vmufuv$+J yD; bmtoif;tyif; tzGŒJ tpnf;udrk S w&m;0if&yfwnf
cGifhray;awmhbJ rw&m;ojzifh zsufodrf;cJhygw,f? pma&;q&mtoif;/ pmayuvyf/ uavmif&Sif
rsm;toif;/ vli,frsm;}u;D yGm;a&;toif;wd@k vkd pmaytEkynm,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m/ vlra_ &;qdik &f m toif;
tyif; tzGŒJ tpnf;awGuakd wmifrS csr;f omray;cJyh g? tukezf su/f tukeòf z/d tuket f yf vkyaf pcJyh gw,f?
w&m;0if ajray:Oya'abmiftwGif;rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDudk,fwdkif wnfaxmifzefwD;
vdkufwJh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDac: (rqv) ygwD}uD;udkom òydifzufr&Sd wckwnf;aom
OD;aqmifygw}D uD;tjzpf iGg;iGg;pGiphf iG hf wnf&&dS iS o f ef zGŒH òzd;cGiðhf yvdu k +f yD; wygwtD m%m&Sipf epfukd rsuEf mS
ajymifajymifeJ@ pwifazmfaqmifvdkufygawmhw,f?
tJh'Dtcsdefup+yD; awmfvSefa&;aumifpD OuUÏ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;OD;aqmifwJh rqv wygwD
tm%m&Sifpepfac: ppftm%m&Sifpepf[mvnf; Armjynf jynfolawGtay: xifovdk Adkvfuszdk@
Armjynf jynfoltm;vHk;udk aoewfeJ@awhxm;+yD tkyfpdk;zdk@ rsufESmajymifajymifeJ@yJ pwifay:xGef;vm
ygawmhw,f? Armjynfordkif;rSm wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf tkyfpdk;r_ordkif;[m tarSmifacwf&JŒ idknnf;
oH&Snfaw;oGm;eJ@twl pwifvl;vGef@ v_yf&Sm;vmygawmhw,f?
1964 ckESpf/ {+yD (9) &ufae@rSm &efukeftygt0if wEdkifiHvHk;u vufvDvufum; qdkif}uD;
aygif; (12764) qdkifudk xyfrH jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufvdkufygw,f? uGrf;,mqdkifomomutp qdkif}uD;
qdkifi,frSefor# rw&m;ojzifh tpdk;&u odrf;ydkufwmcHvdkuf=u&jcif;jzpfygw,f? e,fcsJŒydkif EdkifiHjcm;
t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;ydkifb%fawG/ ukr`%D}uD;awG jynfolydkifodrf;w,fqdkwkef;u rwefwq avsmfa=u;
trsK;d rsK;d ay;+yD; odr;f cJah yr,fh wdik ;f &if;om;ydik /f wdik ;f &if;om;"e&Sirf sm;ydik f vkyif ef;rsK;d pHek @J trsK;d om;pD;
yGm;a&; zGHŒòzd;wdk;wufa&;twGuf rjzpfrae tm;ay;tm;ajrmufðy&r,fh tajccHpufr_vufr_qdkif&m
wdik ;f &if;om; vkycf if;udik cf if;toD;oD;udak wmh wjym;wcsyrf S avsmaf =u;ray;bJ xifovdk Adv k u
f s+yD;
rawmfrw&m; odr;f ydu k cf w
hJ mjzpfygw,f? qd&k , S vf pfqikd ;f bkwaf xmif+yD; qd&k , S vf pfvŒl abmifopfqD
csw
D ufz@kd qw kd hJ rd;k wvH;k avwvH;k aºuG;a=umfoeH @J rdu k rf ukd ±f ikd ;f ±dik ;f vk,ufcwhJ mjzpfygw,f? wrsK;d om;

vHk;&JŒ trsKd;om;pD;yGm; wdk;wufxGef;um;vma&;ukdvnf; evHrxlEdkifatmif eif;acszsufqD;ypfvdkuf

wmjzpfygw,f?
&efuek af &me,fyg tpd;k &u jynfoyl ikd o f rd ;f yG}J uD; usi;f ywJt h cg/ vkyif ef;t}uD;tao; t&G,f
tpm;udkvdkuf+yD; Adkvfrª;}uD;/ Adkvfrª;vwf/ Adkvf}uD;/ Adkvfi,f uae wyf=uyf}uD;/ wyf=uyfi,ftxd
ppfwyfuyJ OD;pD;OD;udkifðy a&SŒaqmifum pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGudk odrf;ydkufcJh=uygw,f? vkyfief;awG
qdik af wGukd odr;f ydu
k ±f rkH u tJ'v D yk if ef;awG qdik af wG&ŒJ vkyif ef;aomh qdik af omh aiGa=u;tpkpu k o kd mru
armfawmf,mOfawGyg tyfcJh=u&ygw,f? jynfolydkifodrf;yGJudk e,fajrodrf; ppfqifyGJ}uD;wckvdk usif;y
oGm;cJh=uygw,f?
owif;pmwdu k af wGvnf; jynfoyl ikd f todr;f cHc=hJ u&ygw,f? ausmif;awG/ aq;±Hak wG/ ±ky&f iS ±f kH
awG/ yHkESdyfwdkufawGvnf; jynfolydkiftodrf;cH&ygw,f? omoemðy rpf&Sifausmif;awGtygt0if
yk*v~ u d ausmif;aygi;f (824) ausmif;/ omoemðyaq;±Hk (9) ±H/k ±ky&f iS ±f kH (182) ±H/k yHEk ySd v f yk if ef; (17) ck/
ta&mif;t0,furk % ` D (24) cke@J ausmufrsu&f wem a&mif;0,fa&;vkyif ef;awGyg jynfoyl ikd o f rd ;f ydu
k f
cH&ygw,f? tao;pm; pufrv _ ufrt _ vky±f akH ygi;f (112) ±Hv k nf; jynfoyl ikd o f rd ;f cH&ygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;
qdik &f m vkyif ef;awGom uyfoifch cH &hJ wmr[kw/f pmayeJ@pme,fZif;qdik &f mvkyif ef;awGa&m/ ynma&;/
use;f rma&;/ bmoma&;qdik &f mvkyif ef;awGtm;vH;k yg uyfoifch cH &hJ +yD; rawmfrw&m;ðywm cHvu kd =f u
&wmjzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dxufqdk;+yD; wjynfvHk; awma&mòrdŒygrusef uyfoifhcHvdkuf&wmuawmh 1964 ckESpf/
arv (17) &ufae@jzpfygw,f? arv (17) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&u wjynfvHk;rSm
w&m;0if vSnhfvnfoHk;pGJaewJh w&musyfwef/ ig;q,fusyfwefaiGpuULawGudk w&m;r0ifa=unm
vdkufygw,f? wjynfvHk; vSnhfvnfoHk;pGJaewJh aiGawGtm;vHk;&JŒ (22) &mcdkifE_ef;&SdwJh pkpkaygif;aiGusyf
(915²8) oef;ausmf tpdk;&tzdk@ tjrwfxGufoGm;+yD; jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tzdk@awmh tpdk;&udk,f
wdkif&JŒ "m;jywdkufr_udk ausmaumhatmifcHvdkuf=u&ygw,f?
“qdk&S,fvpfvlŒabmifopfodk@ jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efESifh csDwuf=uygpdk@” vdk@ aºuG;a=umf+yD;
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftpdk;&[m wjcm;EdkifiHa&;ygwD tzGJŒtpnf;rSefor#udk zsufodrf;+yD; rqv
wygwDxJòydifzufr&Sd&yfwnfum/ wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfvrf;a=umif;udk cdkifrmatmif tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd
vkyaf qmifygw,f? wygwt D %m&Sipf epfe@J tpd;k &&JŒ vkyaf qmifcsuaf wGukd qef@usiu f ef@uu G =f ur,fh
vly*k Kd~ vftv$mtoD;oD;eJ@ Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkawGuv kd nf; ESyd u f yG zf rf;qD; xdr;f odr;f +yD; axmifxx J nfh
xm;wm/ rv_yfEkdifatmifpDrHwmawG tuGufusus azmfaqmifcJhygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;tysufrSm v_yf
&Sm;vmcJhwJh ausmif;om;tiftm;pkeJ@ &[ef;oHCmtiftm;pkudkvnf; zrf;qD;ESdyfuGyf+yD; axmifxJ
xnfhwmvkyfcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh+idrf;csrf;a&;tysufaemufydkif; axmifxJa&muf=uolawGxJrSm +idrf;
csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh axmifxJa&muf=u&olawGomru ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh/ &[ef;
oHCmv_y&f mS ;r_a=umifh axmifxaJ &muf=u&olawGyg wk;d yGm;rsm;jym;vmcJyh gw,f? 1963 ckEpS /f {+yDv
xJuyJ vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdefeJ@ axmifcgovdk vkyfaqmifcJhayr,fh/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk,fwdkif
axmifxJoGm;+yD; tusOf;om;awGudk aemufaemif axmifxJa&mufatmifrvm=uawmhzdk@ =o0g'u
xm cyfwnfwnf ¹rGu=f um;+yD; &efuek af xmif}uD;udk wywftwGi;f zsuyf pfcahJ yr,f/h wESpt f wGi;f rSm

yJ wjynfvHk; te,fe,ft&yf&yf&Sd axmifawGtm;vHk; tusOf;om;tjynfh axmifjynfh wef;jynfhjzpf

oGm;cJhygw,f? EdkifiHa&;orm;awGeJ@ ppftpdk;&twGuf taESuft,Suf&SdEdkifolawGudk odrf;óuH;xnfh
Edik zf @kd omref&mZ0wform; jypfrj_ ypf'%f tusO;f om;rsm;udk v$wyf pf+yD; axmifcgxm;ESiahf &mhovm;
vd@k awmif xifrw S , f q
l bG,&f wdS muawmh 'Dwcg axmifawGxJ tpkvu kd tf òyHvu kd f toGi;f cH&olawG
[m omref&mZ0wfro _ rm;awGr[kwyf J Edik if aH &;orm;/ ausmif;om;/ &[ef;oHCmawmfawGe@J pma&;
q&m/ uAsmq&m/ owif;pmq&m tEkynmonfawGomru ukefonf}uD;awG vkyfief;udkifief;&Sif
}uD;awGygrusef tv$mpHk trsKd;pHkjzpfaeygw,f? ukefonf}uD;awG vkyfief;udkifief;&Sif}uD;awGeJ@ wcsKdŒ
aom pme,fZif;orm}uD;awGuawmh ‘jynfoyl ikd ’f qdw k m odr;f +yD;aemufyikd ;f vlygaxmifxaJ &mufchJ
=u&wmawGjzpfygw,f?
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOftwGuf tE W&m,f&SdEdkifwJh pme,fZif;avmuudkvnf; =uyf=uyf
rwfrwf xdef;odrf;Edkifzdk@ pme,fZif;qdkif&m rl0g' ay:vpDopfawGudk csrSwf+yD; pme,fZif;qdkif&m
vGwfvyfcGifhawGudk wqifh+yD;wqifh ydwfyifwm;qD;wmawGvkyfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDwuf
vm+yD; r=umrD 1962 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f uwnf;u yHEk ydS o f /l xkwaf 0ol rSwyf w kH iftufOya' Oya'opf
udk jyÏmef;cJhygw,f? tJ'DOya't& ykHESdyfol/ xkwfa0oltm;vHk;udk &ufaygif; (90) twGif; topf
xyfrH rSwfyHkwifcdkif;cJhygw,f? pufwifbmvxJrSm owif;ESifhjyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;Ïme !¸ef=um;a&;rª;
uae owif;pm/ *sme,f/ r*~Zif;awGtm;vHk; rSwfyHkwif cGifhðycsuf&&Sd+yD;rSom xkwfa0jzef@csd&r,fvdk@
trdef@xkwfcJhygw,f? owif;axmufeJ@ owif;pmq&mawGudkvnf; rSwfyHkwifcGifhðycsuf&&Sd+yD;rSom
c&D;oGm;cGifh/ tpdk;&±Hk;eJ@ 0ef}uD;ÏmeawGtwGif; oGm;a&mufowif;,l cGifhðycJhygawmhw,f? jynfolydkif
odrf;wJhtcgrSmawmh owif;pmwdkufawGawmfawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; todrf;cH&+yD; tpdk;&udk,fwdkif }uD;
=uyfxkwfa0wJh owif;pmawGtjzpf ajymif;vJypfwmcH=u&ygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&&JŒ
yxrqH;k aom owif;pmuawmh 1963 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd m (1) &ufae@xw k f “vkyo f m;jynfoŒl ae@
pOfowif;pm” jzpf+yD; t*FvdyfbmomeJ@awmh ( Working People's Daily ) qdk+yD; 1964 ckESpf/ Zefe
0g&DvxJrSm xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? owif;pmwdkufawGawmfawmfrsm;rsm; jynfolydkifodrf;cH&+yD;wJh
tcgrSmawmh tpdk;&ay:vpDudkuf owif;pmawGtjzpf b0ajymif;=u&ygawmhw,f? trsdK;rsKd;aom
wif;=uyfwJh rl0g'ay:vpDqdkwmawGatmufrSm pme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifh[m wae@wjcm; vHk;yg;yg;+yD;
vH;k 0aysmufq;kH awmhrwwfjzpf&ygawmhw,f? pme,fZif;vGwv f yfciG u
hf kd tav;xm;ygw,fv@kd yg;pyf
uajymao;ayr,fh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfeJ@ t[ef@twm; taESmuft,SufrjzpfwJh abmift
wGif;uom cGifhðyEdkifygr,fvdk@ajymqdk+yD; tm;vHk;udk uef@owfcsKyfcs,f+yD; ‘vdkif;’ csay;xm;ygw,f?
tJ'Dawmh +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJawG ysufjym;+yD;aemufydkif; teD;qHk;umvawGudk jyef+yD;csKyf
=unfhr,fqdk&if awmfvSefa&;aumifpDppftpdk;&[m awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&twGuf taESmuf
t,SufjzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ ,lqwJh vlyk*~dKvfawGtm;vHk;udkvnf; vlzrf;yGJ}uD;usif;y+yD; axmifoGif;
tusO;f csxm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? Edik if aH &;ygwD tzGŒJ tpnf;}uD;awGtygt0if toif;tyif; tpkt±k;H rSef
or#udkvnf; zsufodrf;z,f&Sm;ypf+yD; ‘rqv’ wygwDxJwnf&SdwJh wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfudkvnf;
pwifazmfaqmif+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? pme,fZif;awGtm;vH;k tay: csKyfcs,u f ef@owf+yD; pme,fZif;vGwf
vyfcGifhawGrSefor#udkvnf; vHk;yg;yg;atmif ðyvkyfaqmif&Guf+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? wjynfvHk;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;

vkyfief;rSefor#udkvnf; jynfolydkifodrf;+yD; wrsKd;om;vHk;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;udk ppfwyf&JŒ csKyfudkifr_eJ@ xif

ovdktaumiftxnfazmfzdk@ jyifqif+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f?
qdk&S,fvpfvlŒabmifopfudk csDwufzdk@ “jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efjzifh qdk&S,fvpfvlŒabmifopf
odk@ cDswuf=uygpdk@” qdkwJh aºuG;a=umfoHqdkif;bkwfudkvnf; txifu& ae&maygif;pHkomru tusOf;
axmiftwGi;f u Al;0ygrusef jzef@=uufpu kd x
f +l y;D +yjD zpfygw,f? “jrefrmhq&kd , S v
f pfvrf;pOfygw”D qdw k hJ
qdik ;f bkwef @J ygw, D el pf±;kH qdw k mawGvnf; wwdik ;f jynfv;kH &Sd òrdŒe,fwikd ;f rSm rda_ yguo f vdk ay:vmcJ+h yD;+yD
jzpfygw,f? jrefrhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD&JŒ vrf;!¸efoabmw&m;jzpfwJh “vlESifhywf0ef;usifwdk@.
tnrnoabmw&m;” qdkwJhpmtkyfudkvnf; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@jzef@a0+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? 1957
ckESpfavmufu ppfwyfwGif;rSm ay:aygufcJh+yD;/ ppfwyfydkif jr0wDr*~Zif;uae xkwfazmf azmfjycJhbl;wJh
‘emr±ly 0g'oabmw&m;’ eJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;óuduf tcsuftvuf twdktpawGudk OD;cspfv_dif/
OD;apmOD;/ Akv d rf ;ª }uD;apmjrifh wd@k u vl=um;aumif;atmif aygi;f pyfcsŒJ xGif azmf=uL;ay;vdu k w f hJ oabm
w&m;jzpfygw,f? emr±lyoabmw&m;0g'qdkwmuawmh “±kyfomy"me[k,laom ±kyf0g'ESifhvnf;
aumif;/ pdw0f n d mOfom&So d nf[, k al om ±kyrf &S0d g'ESiv hf nf;aumif;/ aumifpmG jcm;em;tyfaom emr±ly
0g'oabmw&m; (The Law of Interaction of Mind and Matter) onfomv#if jrefrmEdkifiHESifh
oifah v#maf om tajccHawG;ac:yHk oabmw&m;jzpfayonf?” vd@k azmf!e¸ ;f xm;ygw,f? vlEiS yhf wf0ef;
usifwdk@. tnrnoabmw&m;u tJ'DtajccHay:aumuf,l+yD; wDxGifxm;wmjzpfygw,f?
‘tnrn’ tjyeftvSet f a=umif;ðy aus;Zl;ðyaew,fqw kd hJ w&m;udk aumuf,t l oH;k csvu kd ±f rkH u
vuf0JpGef; vuf,mpGef;qdkwJh tpGef;ESpfyg;uvGwfwJh “rpÇdryÉdy'gvrf;pOf” rpÇdryÉdy'goabm
w&m;tjzpfeJ@yg tr$rf;wiftoGifaqmifwm vkyfcJhygw,f? jrefrmqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD[m tJ'D
tnrn oabmw&m;udk udik pf +JG y;D jrefrmhjrefrmh[efe@J qd&k , S v f pfavmuopfukd csw D ufr,ft h a=umif;
zufaygif;pHkuae 0g'jzef@csdcJhayr,fh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD[m acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;udk OD;aqmif
qifE$Jaeygw,fvdk@ wzGzGajymaeayr,fh/ wu,fuawmh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDqdkwm Adkvfae0if;u
aoqdak o &Siq f &kd iS f vuf!;kd xd;k a&G;cs,af y;xm;wJh trnfcpH m&if;wckomjzpfovdk jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pf
vrf;pOfygwq D w kd mvnf; Adv k af e0if; pdwu f ;l xGuo f vdk zefw;D azmfaqmif jzpfwnfapcJw h hJ Adv
k af e0if;
tvdkus rdk;usa&$udk,f ygwDwckomjzpfygw,f?
rlvawmfveS af &;aumifp0D if (17) OD;&Sw d t hJ euf (2) ESpt f wGi;f rSmwif oH;k yHw
k yHk aysmufu, G f
òydysufoGm;&wJh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD[m b,fvdkawmfvSefa&;aumifpDrsKd;jzpfrvJqdkwm tajzay:
ae+yD;jzpfygw,f? yxrOD;qH;k Adv k af e0if;uefxw k yf pfvu kd w
f hJ yk*Kd~ vfu awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ eHygwf
(2) yk*~dKvf Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;jzpfygw,f? ðywf±Hkru tcsKyfygcHcJh&ygw,f? aoqHk;oGm;vdk@ tao
xGufjzpfoGm;&olu Adkvfrª;csKyfoef;az jzpfygw,f? Adkvfrª;csKyfwDuvpf uawmh udk,fh[mudk E_wf
xGuo f mG ;wmjzpfv@kd t&Six f u G jf zpfygw,f? aemufxyfaxmifxx J ad tmifa&mufomG ;cJ&h wJh awmfveS f
a&;aumifpD0ef}uD; (3) OD;uawmh Adkvfrª;}uD;=unfarmif/ Adkvfrª;}uD;cspfòrdif eJ@ Adkvfr_;}uD;apmjrifhwdk@
jzpfygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD;=unfarmifu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;eJ@ rwnfhvdk@jzpfygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD;apmjrifh
uawmh w&mwef/ ig;q,fusyfwef zsufodrf;wJh aiGpuULudpPrSm +idpGef;usL;vGefcJhvdk@ vdk@qdkygw,f?
Adv
k rf ;ª }uD;apmjrifh [m +idr;f csr;f a&;aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGaJ wGwek ;f u awmfveS af &;aumifpzD ufu ud, k pf m;

vS,ftzGJŒacgif;aqmifjzpfwJhtjyif jyef=uma&;0ef}uD;vnf;jzpf rqv eJ@ tnrn ay:aygufa&;rSm

ta&;}uD;Zmwfaumifwaumifvnf;jzpfygw,f? zGŒJ pnf;ump jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwD qdw k m
}uD;&JŒ twGif;a&;rª;}uD;vnf;jzpfygw,f? aiGpuULawG w&m;r0ifa=unm+yD;wmeJ@ ra&S;raESmif;rSmyJ
axmifxJtydk@cHvdkuf&ygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; [m awmfvSefa&;aumifpDrSm OuUÏ/ jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDrSm
OuUÏ jzpf±Hkru wyfrawmfwckvHk;&JŒ OD;pD;csKyfvnf;jzpfygw,f? tm%m (3) &yfpvHk;udk ydkifqdkifwJh
tm%m&Sif}uD;jzpf±Hkru olŒ&JŒtm%mudk xdyg;vmr,fh twGif;tjyiftE W&m,fawGudkvnf; jywf
jywfom;om; ESrd ef if; umuG,t f Edik ,
f El idk zf @kd ppfwyfaxmufvrS ;f a&;tzGŒJ (MIS) udv k nf; pdwóf uduf
zGŒJ pnf; udik w
f ,G x f m;ygw,f? E_wcf rf;ar$;armifviG f ac: 'kAv kd rf ;ª }uD;armifviG f [m Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;
pdwfóuduf arG;jrLxm;wJh emrnfqdk;eJ@ausmf=um;wJh axmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJjzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf
}uD;ae0if; &JŒ ppftm%m&Sifpepf tkyfpdk;r_atmufrSm ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJŒ}uD;jzpfvmygw,f?
vufoaH jymifwahJ e&m emrnf}uD;ovdk Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒ tm%mwnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;twGuf cvkwf
uefoif;awGukd &Si;f vif;z,f&mS ;wJah e&mrSmvnf; twufºuGq;kH tcef;u toH;k awmfcH jznfph rG ;f tay;
EkdifqHk; tzGJŒtpnf;}uD;jzpfvmygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;[m tm%mudk &moufyef rvGwfwrf; qkyfudkifxm;Ekdifa&;twGuf wyg
wDtm%m&Sifpepfudk wnfaxmif+yD;/ qdk&S,fvpfvlŒabmifopf}uD;udk wnfaxmifzdk@ qufvufjyif
qifygw,f? jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef qdk&S,fvpf0g'qdkwmudk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ 0g'jzeJ@csdEkdifzdk@ vkyf
om;jynfolŒae@pOfowif;pm/ a&SŒodk@pmapmifqdkwmawGudk ukd,fydkif xkwfa0jzef@csd±Hkru/ owif;pm
wdkufawGawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udkyg tpdk;&ydkiftjzpf ajymif;vJxkwfa0 azmfaqmif±Hkru/ jrefrmhqdk&S,f
vpfvrf;pOfudk taxmuftulðyzdk@ rvdkufemrae& pme,fZif;qdkif&m rl0g'ay:vpDawGudkyg csrSwf
jyÏmef;+yD; t=uyfudkifaqmif&Gufygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; [m ppfwyfOD;aqmifwJh wygwDtm%m
&Sipf epfukd azmfaqmif+yD; tm%mudk raorcsi;f udik w f , G o
f mG ;Edik zf @kd a&&Sno f abm jyifxm;wJh tcif;
tusi;f uawmh awmfveS af &;aumifp[ D m tm%mydik t f zGŒJ tpnf;/ Edik if aH wmftpd;k &[m awmfveS af &;
aumifpDtpdk;&? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu qifE$JoGm;rSmu acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;/ wenf;tm;jzifh
jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efeJ@ qdk&S,fvpfavmuopfqD csDwufa&;? tJ'Dacwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;}uD;udk
ODaqmifE$JoGm;&r,fh EdkifiHa&;ygwD}uD;uawmh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDqdkwJh wckwnf;aom
tm%m&ygwD ppfwyftajccHe@J pwifzŒJG pnf;vdu k wf hJ ygwq D w kd mudk awGŒ&vdrrhf ,fjzpfygw,f? qd&k , S f
vpfvrf;a=umif;twGuf uGrf;,mqdkifomomup+yD; jynfolydkifodrf;+yD;wJhtcg tJ'Dodrf;ydkufxm;+yD;
om;vkyfief;}uD; vkyfief;i,fawGtm;vHk;udk pDrHtkyfcsKyfcef@cGJzdk@ cGJwrf;&oGm;olawGuawmh ppfwyf
twGi;f u Adv k rf ;ª / Adv
k }f uD;/ Adv
k af v;awG jzpfygw,f? pDymG ;a&;vkyif ef;/ tkycf sKyfa&;vkyif ef; pDrcH ef@caJG &;
vkyfief;awGudk bmwckrS rwwfru|rf;ol em;rvnfolawGu pDrHtkyfcsKyfuGyfuJ=uygawmhw,f?
tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufwkef;u wrGef;wnfhavmuf vkyfudkifcJhbl;wmudk {&mrtawGŒtóuH}uD;
xif/ ppfwyf[m bmrqdk vkyw f wfuikd w f wfw,fxif+yD; e,fy,faygi;f pHu k kd csKyfuikd u
f yG u f J pDrcH ef@cyJG g
awmhw,f?

A[dkvHkòcHa&;eJ@ tkyfcsKyfr_aumfrDwD wdkif;§jynfe,f vHkòcHa&;eJ@ tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrDwD/ c±dkifvHk

òcHa&;eJ@ tkycf sKyfra_ umfrw D /D òrdŒe,fvòkH cHa&;eJ@ tkycf sKyfra_ umfrw D qD wkd hJ vkyif ef;awGrmS vnf; Adv k rf ;ª }uD;/
Adv k rf ;ª / Adv
k }f uD; qdo
k al wGuyJ wdu k ±f u kd uf ikd w
f ,G f tkycf sKyfae=uovdk pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; puf±t kH vky±f kH
bkwaf umfy;kd a&;&Si;f qdw k mawGrmS vnf; ppfwyfu Adv k }f uD; Akv
d af v;awGuyJ ae&m,l tkypf ;D wm0efcH
xm;=uwJhtwGuf ppftpdk;&qdkwJh vuQ%m[m ae&mwdkif;rSm ay:vGifxif&Sm;aecJhygw,f? ppfwyf
[m wrdk;vHk; azsmufqdyfjzpfaeygw,f?
'Dvdk tppt&m&mudk 0ifa&mufcsKyfudkif ae&m,lxm;&wmawmif tm;r&ao;wJhtwGuf
wdkif;jynfwckvHk;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDrsm;udkyg csKyfudkifcsrSwfzdk@ qufvufazmfaqmifvmygw,f?
1964 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (17) &ufae@rSm ukefypPnf;trsKd;aygif; (60) ausmfudk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u
om 0,f,ljzef@csdcGifh&SdwJh uef@owfukefawGtjzpf xkwfjyefa=unmvdkufygw,f? qefpyg;/ yJ/ ESrf;u
tp/ =uufoGefjzL/ =uufoGefeD/ i±kwfoD;/ iyd/ iHjym&nf/ uGrf;aq;/ vufzuf/ eEGif;wuftqHk;
tajccHtpm;aomufuek yf pPn;f tm;vH;k avmufe;D yg; tpd;k &uom a&mif;cGi&hf w dS hJ uef@owfuek yf pPn;f
awG jzpfomG ;&ygawmhw,f? pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;/ xkwv f yk af &;vkyif ef; ukepf nfjzef@jzL;a&;vkyif ef;awGukd
‘jynfolydkif’ qdkif;bkwfwyf+yD; tukefodrf;ydkuf vk,uf,liifvdkuf±Hkru/ r&dSrjzpf rD;zdkacsmifoHk;
vloHk;ypPnf;awGudk a&mif;0,fazmufum;ae=uwJh vufvDvufum;ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;awGudkyg
tukefcsKyfudkifypfzdk@ tm;xkwfóud;yrf;vdkufwmjzpfygw,f?
awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pd;k &u tJ'v D kd udik wf ,G cf sKyfuikd vf u kd wf t
hJ cgusr/S ukeyf pPn;f aps;E_e;f
awGvnf; [kef;ueJxdk;wufum/ wcsdKŒypPnf;awG[m aps;uGufxJuyg =uufaysmuf iSufaysmuf
aysmufomG ;&ygawmhw,f? ‘arSmifc’kd pD;yGm;a&;qdw k m&JŒ uvva&=unf[m tJ't D csed u
f p+yD; oaE<
wnfc&hJ ygawmhw,f? jynfov l x l w k &yfv;kH &JŒ ae@pOfae@wikd ;f pm;aomufr_ t=uyftwnf;[mvnf;
ydrk }kd u;D rm; rsm;jym;vmcJ&h wJt h jyif tcuftcJaygi;f pHk 'kuaQ ygi;f pHk óuo H xuf óujH zpfvm&ygawmhw,f?
aiGa=u;rSeo f r# puULpkwjf zpfomG ;&wJt h wGuf 'kurQ sKd ;pHak &muf=u&wJt h xJ ae@pOfae@wikd ;f pm;aomuf
a&;twGuf r&Sdrjzpf/ rD;zdkacsmifoHk;ypPnf;awGyg uef@owfukefjzpfoGm;& arSmifcdkjzpfoGm;&vdk@ &Sm;yg;
jywfvyfoGm;wmeJ@yg óuHawGŒ&wJhtcg rdat;ESpfcgemb0 ae@csif;ncsif; a&muf=u&ygawmhw,f?
jynfolvlxk}uD;&JŒ b0'kuQaygif;pHk ezl;awGŒ'l;awGŒ óuH&wJhtcsdefrSm tJ'D'kuQaygif;pHku uif;
vGw±f rkH u/ aumif;aumif; pm;Edik af omufEikd f Adv k u f sEikd +f yD;/wae@wjcm; qlòzd;vmwJh tcGix hf ;l cHvw l ef;
pm;w&yf ododomomay:xGufvmygw,f? tJ'Dvlwef;pm;topfuawmh ppfwyfAsL±dku&uft&if;
&Siv f wl ef;pm;opfjzpfygw,f? ppfwyf/ ppftyk pf /k ppftpd;k &/ ppftm%m&Sif pepfuae arG;zGm;ay;vdu k f
wmjzpfygw,f?
awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pd;k &[m qd&k , S v f pfqikd ;f bkwcf sw d +f yD; wygwt D m%m&Sipf epf usio hf ;kH
um acwfajymif;awmfvSefqdkwm}uD;udk aºuG;a=umfqifE$JaewmeJ@wòydifeufwnf;rSm ppftpdk;&yDyD
ppfa&;udk tav;xm;+yD; ppfqifa&;awGudkvnf; tqufrjywf azmfaqmifaecJhygw,f?
ajray:&Sd Oya'abmiftwGi;f u Edik if aH &;ygwD tzGŒJ tpnf;rSeo f r#ukd tukeu f ,
G af ysmufomG ;
&atmif òzdcszsuo f rd ;f ypfvu kd Ef ikd af yr,f/h awmwGi;f vufeufuikd f tzGŒJ tpnf;tiftm;pkawGuakd wmh
t+yD;owf csKyf+idr;f atmifrvkyEf ikd w f thJ wGuf awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pd;k &[m rausEikd rf csr;f Edik f jzpfae

cJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJrSm xifoavmuf tjrwfrxGufcJhwJhtwGuf aqG;aEG;yGJ

awG zsuo f rd ;f +yD;wJah emufrmS / awmwGi;f vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkawGtay: tjywftowf acsre_ ;f ypf
csifpdwfawG ydkrdkonf;oef jyif;xefvmcJhygw,f? ppfa&;t& tðywfwkdufa&;udk oJoJrJrJ tm;xkwf
óud;yrf;vmcJhygw,f? ydkrdkjyif;xef=urf;wrf;vmchJovdk ydkrdk *rl;±_;xdk;EdkifvmcJhygw,f?
1964 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ ppfqifa&;}uD;awG tjyif;txefqifEcJ$ jhJ yefygw,f? ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXme
csKyfu pdefaA'g/ cgawmfrSD/ u,fwifa&;/ uHhaumf/ atmifajr pwJh ppfqifa&;awG qifE$JcJhovdk/
ta&SŒajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyfu eDvm/ xdyaf cgi/f pnfo}l uD;/ &J'if;/ wHceG /f pdeaf tmifEikd /f pdeo f ;kH vH;k
qdkwJh ppfqifa&;awG qifE$JcJhygw,f? ta&SŒydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfu wdkufatmif/ qif[dkif;/ qifayguf/
&efrsK;d atmif/ oD[/ rd;k óud;eJ@ qifjzLawmfppfqifa&;/ ta&SŒawmifwikd ;f u a[ref/ wmql;nm;/ awm
euf/ &efykHcGif;/ rkwfokef/ rdk;óud; pwJh ppfqifa&;/ taemufydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfu aygufusKdif;/ rkefwdkif;/
jrwfol ppfqifa&;rsm;/ taemufydkif;wdkif;u ydkufuGef/ pGef!dk/ pdefaA'g/ *krBef/ aumufoif;aumuf/
*VKef/ *gr%d/ usm;euf pwJph pfqifa&;rsm;/ tv,fyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyfu caygi;f / r[m/ atmifoajy/
wdkif;ausmf/ Edkifatmif/ ydwkef;/ rkd;oD;/ wdrf!¸ef@/ ydkufusKH;/ rif;atmif/ ±dk;r/ rif;&efatmif/ &ef&Sif;/
Av/ aA'g eJ@ rmefatmif pwJh ppfqifa&;}uD;i,f qifE$J+yD; wjynfvHk;tESH@ aoewfoHawG zHk;vGrf;nHpD
apcJhygw,f? jynfwGif;ppf}uD;um; ydkrkdjyif;xef euf±_dif;vmcJhygw,f?
tpdk;&bufu tJ'Dvdk tðywfwdkufa&;ay:vpDusifhoHk;+yD; bufaygif;pHk ppfqifa&;}uD;awG
qifE$Jum tEkdif&a&;udk vHk;yrf;tm;xkwfvmovdk/ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;buf
uvnf; tjyeftvSef ckcHwdkufyGJqif&if; awmfvSefa&;atmifjrifzdk@twGuf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfvm=u
ygw,f?
ArmjynfuGefðrepfygwDu ppfEdkifa&;twGuf (64 vrf;pOf) udk pwifcsrSwfvmygw,f? 1964
ckEpS xf rJ mS pwifcsrw S v f u kd w
f mjzpfwt hJ wGuf (64 vrf;pOf) vd@k ac:a0:ayr,fh vrf;pOf wpHv k ;kH udak wmh
64 ckESpf wESpfwnf;twGif;rSm t+yD;tjywf csrSwf+yD;pD;cJhjcif;r&dSyg? (Oyrmtm;jzifh tm%meJ@
ywfoufwJh yDbD (PB) &JŒqHk;jzwfcsuf[m 67 ckESpfusrS +yD;jywfygw,f?) (64) vrf;pOf[m ppfEdkifa&;
tm%modrf;a&;vrf;pOfjzpf+yD; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;vrf;pOfenf;eJ@ atmifyGJcHa&;jzpfygw,f?
(55) vrf;pOfwek ;f uvdk “ppfa&;csKd -Edik if aH &;yd”k r[kwaf wmhyJ jywfjywfom;om; wku d yf q GJ if
a&;jzpfvmygw,f? Adkvfae0if;&JŒ ppftpdk;&udkvnf; ppftpdk;&vdk@ jywfjywfom;om; owfrSwf±Hkru/
ppftpd;k &JŒ vuQ%mudv k nf; “e,fcsŒJ aygi;f pHu k kd rScD /kd ya'o&mZfajr&Sipf epfukd qufvufxed ;f odr;f um
uG,f/ AsL±dku&uft&if;&Sifpepfudk udk,fwdkifvufcHusifhoHk;aeaom azmufjyefwJh ppftm%m&Sif
tpdk;&” vdk@ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; owfrSwfvdkufygw,f?
'ga=umifh tjyif;txef jyefvnfwkef@jyef wdkufyGJqif+yD; atmifyGJudk t&,la&;qD/ vufeuf
udik ef nf;eJ@ atmifycJG aH &;qD OD;vSnt hf av;wifvu kd yf gw,f? vlrsL;d pkvufeufuikd t f if;tm;pkawGxrJ mS
0g&ihq f ;kH tiftm;t}uD;qH;k jzpfwhJ autif,l tzGŒJ tpnf;}uD;udk =unfv h ukd rf ,fq&kd ifvnf; ppftpd;k &
udk jyefvnfweG ;f vSew f ukd cf ukd +f yD; atmifyu JG tkd &,lEikd zf @kd ygwu
D kd wyfukd topfjyefvnfwnfaqmuf
Edkifzdk@ óud;yrf;tm;xkwfwmawGŒ&ygw,f? apm[efwmomar$; vufeufpGef@+yD; ppftpdk;&eJ@aygif;oGm;
+yD;wJhaemuf wpkwpnf;wnf;jzpfaom autif,ltzGJŒtpnf;}uD;&JŒ OuUÏtjzpf ref;bZHudk wif

ajr‡mufvdkuf=uygw,f? ppftpdk;&udk ppfa&;t& EdkifiHa&;t& jywfjywfom;om; jyefvnfwdkufcdkuf

Edkifzdk@ wck+yD;wck jyifqifygw,f?
1961 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (5) &ufae@rSm pwifay:aygufvmcJhwJh ucsifvufeufudkifawmf
vSefa&;}uD;&JŒ OD;pD;acgif;aqmif autdkifattzGJŒ}uD;[mvnf; oufwrf;tm;jzifh (3) ESpfausmfom
&Sad o;ayr,f/h ppftpd;k &&JŒ xd;k ppfqifacsre_ ;f r_awGukd wke@f jyefwu kd yf q
JG if&if;/ wpwp }uD;xGm;vmcJyh g
w,f? &Sr;f jynfe,f&dS &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd f tzGŒJ tpnf;aygi;f pH[ k mvnf; ppftpd;k &&JŒ xd;k ppf
awGudk &ifqdkif&if; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk qufvufqifE$Jae=uygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftpdk;&[m +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJawG zsuft+yD;rSm vufeufudkif
awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawGtay: tòid;}uD;}uD;eJ@ xdk;ppfqifacsr_ef;r_awG wqifhwdk;ðyvkyfcJhayr,fh
vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawGbufuvnf; }uH›}uH›cH wkef@jyef&ifqdkif wdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uwJht
wGuf/ tjywfacsr_ef;a&; tðywfwdkufa&;qdkwmudk atmifjrifpGmtaumiftxnf razmfEdkif±kHru/
vlrsdK;pkvufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkopfawG/ vlrsdK;pkEdkifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;topfawGawmif
xyfrHay:xGef;vmwm óuHawGŒ&ygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh 1964 ckESpf/ ZGefv (4) &ufae@rSm “u,ef;
jynfopfygwD” OD;aqmifwJh u,ef;trsdK;om;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; ay:aygufvmygw,f?
jynfwGif;ppf}uD;[m euf±_dif;oxuf euf±_dif;vm±kHru us,fjyef@oxuf us,fjyef@vmwJh
oabmjzpfygw,f? 1958 ckESpfwkef;u yxrqHk;t}udrf ppftm%modrf;+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;
OD;aqmifwhJ tdraf pmift h pd;k &vufxufrmS wke;f u/ jynfov l x l k ar#mv f ifah wmif;wwJh +idr;f csr;f a&;oH
awGaysmuf+yD;/ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;toHawG a&mufcJh&ovdk/ 1962 ckESpf 'kwd,t}udrf ppftm%m
odrf;r_t+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&&JŒ atmufrSmvnf; +idrf;csrf;
a&;toHawGaysmuf+yD; acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;qdkwJh toHawGyJ a&mufvm&ygawmhw,f?
rwljcm;em;wmuawmh tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufrSm ygvDrefv$wfawmfusefygao;w,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&vufxufrSm bmygvDrefrSrusefawmhyg? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufrSm
ajray:EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkawG tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf axmifoGif;tusOf;cscH&ayr,fh/ EdkifiHa&;ygwD EdkifiH
a&;tzGJŒtpnf;awG qufvuf &yfwnf&SifoefEdkifcGifh&=uygao;w,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&
vufxufrmS bmEdik if aH &;ygwt D zGŒJ tpnf;rS wnf&&Sd iS o
f efEikd cf iG rhf &awmh±rkH u bmvlra_ &; bmtoif;
tyif;rSvnf; qufvufwnf&SdEdkifcGifh r&awmhbJ vHk;0O\Hk tukefzsufodrf;cH&+yD;/ tpdk;&udk,fwdkif
wnfaxmifvu kd w
f hJ rqvwygwx D o
J m òydib
f ufr&Sd wnf&adS y:ayguv f mygawmhw,f? twdu k tf cH
EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pk0ifawG tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf axmifoGif;tusOf;uscH&wJhtjyif pD;yGm;a&;orm;
vkyfief;udkifief;&Sif}uD;rsm;yg axmifxJ0if=u&ygawmhw,f?
1947 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'[mvnf; w&m;0ifzsufodrf;cHvdkuf&+yD;+yDjzpfwJh
twGuf bmzGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'rSr&Sdao;wJh EdkifiHtjzpf/ ‘awmfvSefa&;aumifpD’ qdkwJh
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh ppfAdkvfxdyfoD;}uD;wodkuf&JŒ xifovdk óudufovdk jyÏmef;xkwfjyef
vdu k w f hJ trde@f a=unmcsuf xkwjf yefa=unmcsuaf wGe@J yJ tkycf sKyfcsio f vdk tkycf sKyfaewmudk wwdik ;f
jynfvHk;cH=u&ygawmhw,f?

awmfveS af &;aumifpu D ae tm%m (3) &yfv;kH udk aumifpOD uUÏ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;xH w&m;
0iftyfEiS ;f ay;vdu k wf ,fv@kd a=unmcJah wmh ‘awmfveS af &;aumifp’D qdw k mudk xyfcsKyf=unfv h ukd &f if
‘Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;’ qdw k mjzpfomG ;+yD;/ awmfveS af &;aumifpu D trde@f a=unmcsu/f xkwjf yefa=unm
csufawGeJ@ tkyfcsKyfaewm[mvnf; wu,fawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; pdwfóuduf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;
xifovdk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tvdkawmftwdkif; tkyfcsKyfrif;rlaewmyJjzpfygw,f?
awmfveS af &;aumifp[ D m acwfajymif;awmfveS af &;}uD;udk qifE+J$ yD; qd&k , S v f pfvrf;a=umif;udk
csDwufrSmjzpfwJhtwGuf Armjynf&JŒ vlOD;a&trsm;qHk;eJ@ tajccHvlwef;pm;}uD; (2) &yfvnf;jzpfwJh
v,form;/ tvkyform;awGudk tav;xm;a=umif; azmfjyzdk@twGuf ‘awmifolv,form;ESD;aESm
zvS,fyGJ’ ‘tvkyform;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ’ qdkwmawGudkvnf; azmfxkwfusif;ycJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh
awmifov l ,form;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG qdw k mudk tm%modr;f +y;D wufvmvmcsi;f 1962 ckEpS f uwnf;u
pwifusif;ycJhygw,f? 1962 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmrSm ppfudkif;c±dkif ‘tkef;awm’ rSm pwifusif;ycJhwmjzpfyg
w,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm [oFmwc±dik f ‘'l;,m;’/ awmificl ±kid f ‘caygi;f ’/ jrif;+cHc±dik f ‘ykym` ;’ wd@k rmS vnf;
ESpfpOf qufwdkuf azmfxkwfusif;ycJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk,fwdkif wufa&muf+yD; rdef@cGef;ac|
wm/ awmifolv,form;}uD;rsm;eJ@ 'l;wdkufaqG;aEG;w,fqdkwmawGudkvnf; vkyfjycJhygw,f? (tJ'D
tkef;awm/ 'l;,m;/ caygif;/ yky`m;wdk@[m tpdk;&puf±HkawGu *k%fðyxkwfvkyfvdkufwJh pD;u&ufawG&JŒ
emrnfawGjzpfoGm;ygw,f?)
tvkyo f rm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf q JG wkd mudak wmh/ 1300 jynft h a&;awmfy}kH uD;&JŒ pwif&m ‘acsmuf’
òrdŒrSm 1964 ckESpfxJrSm pwifazmfxkwfusif;ycJhygw,f? tvkyform;}uD;rsm;eJ@ 'l;wdkufawGŒqHk aqG;
aEG;yG/J a&eHajroydww f yfom;a[mif;}uD;rsm;eJ@ &if;&if;ES;D ES;D awGŒqHyk q JG wkd mawGuv kd nf; vkyjf yoGm;cJh
ygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifp[ D m v,form;awG tvkyo f rm;awGukd wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ tajccHvw l ef;pm;
}uD;ESpf&yftjzpf *k%fwif av;pm;jyaeayr,fh ukefaps;E_ef; w&dyf&dyfjrifhwufvmr_'%feJ@ ukefypPnf;
&Sm;yg;r_t=uyftwnf;awG=um; cg;aumhatmif rcsdrqef@cH=u&wmvnf; tJ'Dtvkyform;eJ@ v,f
orm;xk}uD;bJjzpfygw,f?
ynma&;avmuudkyg wygwDtm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm yHkavmif;Edkifa&;twGuf pepfopf
ynma&;udkyg pwifygw,f? (2-11-64) ae@rSm pepfopfwuUodkvfrsm; zGifhyGJtcrf;tem; usif;yyg
w,f? orkdif;0if ausmif;om;or*~}uD;tpm; ausmif;aumifpDeJ@ tpm;xdk;zdk@jyifygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&[m 1964 ckESpfup+yD; aomif;usef;ol tjrpfjywfacsr_ef;a&;
qdw k mudk t&Sed jf r‡i+hf yD; jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;udk wd;k +yD;qifEyJ$ gw,f? wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfukd twdtvif;
xlaxmifvdkuf+yD; wdkif;jynf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;toufaoG;a=um vkyfief;rSefor#udkvnf; jynfolydkifqdkif;
bkwfeJ@ ppfwyf ppftkyfpkuae vuf0g;}uD;tkyf odrf;ydkufvdkufygw,f? &mwef/ ig;q,fwef aiGpuUL
awGuv kd nf; w&m;r0ifa=unmvdu k +f yD; tpd;k &twGuf tjrwftpGe;f xGuaf tmif zefw;D um ppfwyf
t&if;tES;D udk "m;jywdu k wf ehJ nf;eJ@ pkaqmif;vdu k yf gw,f? pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;tm;vH;k aiGa=u;vnfywf
r_vkyfief;tm;vHk; ppftkyfpk&JŒ vuftwGif; ydkifydkifEdkifEdkifa&muf&SdoGm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? wjynfvHk;rSm
jynfoŒl qdik q f w
kd mawG tES@H tjym;ay:ayguv f mcJ+h yD; wef;pDw;kd pm; vlwef;pm;eJ@ arSmifcv kd wl ef;pm;awG
vnf; ay:aygufvm&ygw,f?

EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfief;rSefor# ppfwyfuyJ csKyfudkifodrf;ydkufxm;wmjzpfcJh

+yD;/ ppfwyf&JŒ pDrHcef@cGJr_atmufrSm wjynfvHk; usa&mufae&ygw,f?
ppftpdk;&yDyD ppfa&;udk tav;wif+yD; awmwGif;vufeufudkiftiftm;pkawGtay: tEdkif,l
a&;twGuf jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvHk;udkyg toHk;cszdk@ jyifqifygw,f? 1964 ckESpf wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcH
uae ‘jynfoŒl ppf’ pDrcH suu f kd csrw S v f ukd yf gw,f? tcGiohf if&h if oifo
h vdk ‘jynfoŒl ppf’ qdw k mawGukd
zGJŒpnf;+yD; ppfwyfu ppfqifa&;awG qifE$J&mrSm ppfwyfeJ@ yl;aygif;yg0ifapcJhygw,f? ‘jynfolŒppf’
qdkwm&JŒ t&if&SdaeESifhwmuawmh “umuG,fa&;” qdkwmawGjzpfygw,f? txl;ojzifh &Srf;jynfe,f
rSm &Srf;vufeufudkif tiftm;pkawGeJŒ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;zdk@ a'oqdkif&m
umuG,fa&;tzGJŒawGudk 60 ckESpf 0ef;usifuwnf;u ppfwyfu OD;aqmifzGJŒpnf;ay;cJhygw,f? 62
ckEpS f tm%modr;f r_t+yD;rSmawmh &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG ;f &Sd tJ'u D muG,af &;awGukd ppfwyfu wd;k +yD; toH;k
cscJhygw,f? ppftpdk;& ppfwyf&JŒ tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðy arG;jrLr_a=umifh ‘cGefqm’ acgif;aqmifwJh
umuG,af &;wyfzŒJG 0ifawG[m axmifcs&D v dS mcJo
h vdk “avmfppf[ef” acgi;f aqmifwhJ ud;k uef@umuG,f
a&;wyf[mvnf; axmifcsDrsm;jym;aecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? ppfwyf&JŒtultnDeJ@ “udk;uef@umuG,fa&;”
udk ‘*sifrD,ef;’ eJ@ ‘atmvpf,ef;’ armifESrawGu pwifzGJŒpnf;acgif;aqmifcJhwmjzpfayrJh/ 62 ckESpf
ppfwyfutm%modr;f +y;D wJah emufyikd ;f rSm ud;k uef@umuG,af &; t"duacgi;f aqmif[m ‘avmfppf[ef’
jzpfaecJ+h yDjzpfygw,f? tqrwef }uD;xGm;rsm;jym;vmwJh umuG,af &;wyfzŒJG 0ifawG&ŒJ pm;0wfaea&;
tcuftcJukd ajz&Si;f zd@k q+kd yD; “cGeq f m” &JŒ umuG,af &;ua&m/ “avmfppf[ef” &JŒ ud;k uef@ umuG,f
a&;uyg bdef;vkyfief;udk t}uD;tus,fvkyfudkifcJh=uygw,f? tJ'Dvdk bdef;vkyfief; a&mif;0,fazmuf
um; vkyfudkifae=uwmawGudk ppfwyfu oabmwlcGifhðyxm;cJhygw,f? &Srf;jynfwGif;&Sd &Srf;vufeuf
udik af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawGe@J ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D o
kd m qef@usiwf u kd cf u
kd /f bmrqdk vkycf sif
&mvkyq f wkd ohJ abmrsK;d tvdw k t l vdyk g cGiðhf yxm;cJwh m jzpfygw,f? cGeq f meJ@ ppfwyf aygi;f zufvufwJG
rdcJh=uovdk/ avmfppf[ef eJ@ ppfwyf[mvnf; tusdK;wl ESpfudk,fhwpdwf jzpfcJh=uygw,f?
cGeqf m [m xdik ;f Edik if x H t J xd bde;f awGukd oGm;a&mufa&mif;cs+yD;/ a&mif;cs&&Sw d hJ aiGa=u;awGe@J
acwfrDvufeufrsKd;pHkudk xdkif;EdkifiHxJu jyefvnf0,f,l+yD; olŒ&JŒumuG,fa&;wyfzGJŒ}uD;udk acwfrD
vufeufudkifwyfzGJŒ}uD;tjzpf zGJŒpnf;cJhygw,f?
1963 ckESpfxJrSm cGefqm&JŒ acwfrDvufeufwyfqifumuG,fa&;wyfzGJŒ}uD;[m tiftm;
axmifcsD&Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? 1964 ckESpfxJrSm ‘cGefqm’ [m vm;±d_;eJ@ wef@,ef;pcef;awGudk pGef@cGm+yD;
ppfwyfe@J ,m,DtquftoG,jf zwfwmvkyyf gw,f? bde;f vkyif ef;udk wd;k csŒJ vkyu f ikd yf gw,f? avmfppf
[ef&JŒ udk;uef@umuG,fa&;rsm;uvJ ppfwyf&JŒ ajrawmifajr‡mufay;r_tay:uae bdef;vkyfief;udk
}uD;}uD;us,u f s,f vkyu f ikd cf iG &hf cJ+h yD; pD;yGm;a&; pm;usuaf umif;awGŒcJ=h uygw,f? ppfwyf&ŒJ Auyqef@
usifa&;/ &Srf;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG acsr_ef;ESdrfeif;a&;ay:vpDatmufrSm &Srf;jynf
rSm ‘umuG,fa&;’ qdkwmawG zGJŒpnf;ay;wJhtwGuf “umuG,fa&;wyfzGJŒ” qdkwmawG rd_aygufovdk
tESH@tjym; ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? trsm;pku bdef;vkyfief;udkyg vkyfudkifcGifh&vm=uwJhtwGuf
ae@csif;ncsif; }uD;xGm;vm=uygw,f? “0 e,f umuG,fa&;” / “usKdif;wHkumuG,fa&;” qdkwmawG
vnf; bde;f eJ@ywfoufv@kd emrnf}uD;vm=uygw,f? tJ'u D muG,af &;awGtm;vH;k [m ppfwyfuarG;

xkwfay;vdkufwmcsnf;jzpfygw,f? ‘avmfppf[ef’/ ‘cGefqm’ wdk@[mvnf; ppfwyfu arG;xkwfay;

vdkufwJh umuG,fa&;acgif;aqmifawGjzpfygw,f? (aemufydkif;rSm wurBmvHk;od=uwJh bdef;bk&if}uD;
awGtjzpf emrnfqdk;eJ@ ausmf=um;cJhygw,f?)
jynfrrSm ‘jynfolŒppf’/ &Srf;jynfe,frSm “umuG,fa&;” qdkwmawGudk ppfwyf&JŒ t&Htif
tm;tjzpf toHk;cs+yD;/ ppfwyf&JŒ ppfqifa&;awGrSm twlyl;aygif;yg0ifap+yD; “aomif;usef;ol tjrpf
jywfacsr_ef;a&;” udk }uHpnftm;xkwfcJhygw,f?
1965 ckESpftwGif;rSmvnf; wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfawGtvdkuf ppfqifa&; }uD;i,frsKd;pHk csrSwf+yD;
jynfwGif;ppfudk rD;ukef ,rf;ukef wdk;csJŒqifE$JcJhygw,f?
“1965 ckEpS f oD;pm;csxm;a&; Oya'tm; jyifqifonfh Oya'” udk xkwjf yefa=unmygw,f?
(63 ckEpS w f ek ;f u “awmifov l ,form;tcGit hf a&;rsm; umuG,o f nfh Oya'” eJ@ “oD;pm;csxm;a&;
Oya'” udk xkwjf yefc+hJ yD;jzpfygw,f?) 'DOya'awGtm;vH;k [m v,form;awGtusK;d twGuf xkwjf yef
jyÏmef;cJhwmvdk@ qdkayr,fh/ wu,fu pyg;txGufwdk;a&;twGuf &nfrSef;xkwfjyefcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
'DOya'awGeJ@ v,form;awGudk Oya't& tumtuG,fay;w,f/ oD;pm;cpepfudk zsufodrf;ypf+yD;
v,fvyk o f u l kd v,fyikd cf iG &hf adS pw,f/ ajr&Sppf epfukd zsuo f rd ;f vdu
k wf m jzpfw,fv@kd 0g'jzef@cscd ahJ yr,fh
wu,fuajr,mudk ppftpd;k &u vuf0g;}uD;tkyv f ukd w
f momjzpfovd/k ajr,mt&if;tES;D acs;iSm;r_
udvk nf; tpd;k &rSwyg; tjcm;olawGrvky&f vd@k trde@f xw k +f y;D ajr,mt&if;udyk g vuf0g;}u;D tkyv f u
kd f
wmomjzpfygw,f? “v,fvkyfol v,fydkifcGifh” qdkwmvnf; trSefwu,fr[kwfyJ ‘v,fvkyfol
v,fvkyfydkifcGifh’ qdkwmom ay;cJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? ppftpdk;&u ajr&Sifjzpfvm+yD; v,form;xk}uD;u
jcm;em; oD;pm;cyHkpHeJ@ aoG;pkyfcH=u&wJh oabmjzpfygw,f? ajr&Sifpepf ysufokOf;oGm;wmr[kwfyg?
tvkyform;awGtwGufvnf; tvkyform;tcGifhta&; umuG,fwJhOya'qdkwm xkwfjyef
ay;cJ+h yD;jzpfayr,fh tvkyo f rm;xk&ŒJ b0uawmh 'H&k if;'H&k if;yJjzpfwt hJ jyif ukeyf pPn;f &Sm;yg;jywfvyfr_
'%f/ ukefaps;E_ef; jrifhwufvmr_'%f tcH&qHk; vlwef;pm;w&yfom jzpfcJhygw,f?
òrdŒay:rSm ‘yyu’ qdkifawGay:vmcJh+yD;/ awmvufaus;&GmawGrSmawmh ‘vvoo’ (v,f
,mESifh vkyfief;aygif;pHk or0g,rtoif;) qdkwmawG ay:vmcJhygw,f?
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; }uD;i,frSefor#ukd jynfolykdifodrf;+yD; ppfwyfu csKyfukdifOD;pD;um/ ukefpnf
jzef@jzL;a&;vkyfief;awGa&m/ ukefxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;yg tpkd;&vkyfief;awGjzpfvmygw,f? yk*~vdu
ukefpnfa&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;awGeJ@ yk*~vduykdif ukefxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;awG pnfyifzGHŒòzd;cGifhr&
awmhyJ jyif;xefwif;=uyfwJh tuef@towfawGeJ@ wae@wjcm; óuHawGŒ&ifqkdif=u&ygw,f?
v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;u¾rSmvnf; ppftpkd;&ukd,fwkdif ajr&Sifjzpfvm¶kHru ajr,mt&if;ukd
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf csKyfukdif¶kHru/ ajr,mwGuf oD;ESHaps;uGufukdyg vuf0g;}uD;tkyfzkd@ wqifh+yD;wqifh
ajcvSrf;jyifvmygw,f?
1966 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (6) &ufae@rSm ukefoG,fa&;trdef@ (5) eJ@ (6) ukd xyfqifhxkwfjyef+yD;
v,f,m/ a&xGuyf pPn;f trsK;d aygi;f (460) ausmu f kd tpk;d &uom a&mif;0,fazmufum;wifoiG ;f cGihf
jzef@csdcGifh&SdwJh uef@owfypPnf;awGtjzpf owfrSwfvkdufjyefygw,f? tifrwef}uD;rm;us,fjyef@vSwJh
ukefoG,fr_vkyfief;}uD;wckvkH;ukd tpkd;&u csKyfukdiftkyfpD;ypfvkdufwmjzpfygw,f?

ukex f w k vf yk rf v_ yk if ef;/ ukepf nfjzef@jzL;r_vyk if ef;rSeo f r#udk tpk;d &u csKyfuidk o f rd ;f yku
d f tkypf ;D
vkdufayr,fh ukefxkwfvkyfr_tawGŒtóuH twwfynm/ ukefoG,fr_vkyfief;tawGŒtóuH twwf
ynm/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;qkdif&mtkyfcsKyfr_twwfynm/ bmwckrS pepfwus wwfu|rf;em;vnfr_
r&Sw d hJ ppfwyfu Akv d }f uD;Adv
k if ,f toG,o f ,G u f OD;pD;OD;aqmifðy+yD; trde@f ay;pepfe@J pDrcH ef@cJG aqmif
&Gufae=uwmjzpfwJhtwGuf ukefxkwfvkyfr_awG tawmrowf usqif;vm&ovkd/ aps;uGuf}uD;
wckv;Hk [mvnf; uarmufurjzpfvm&ygawmhw,f? ukepf nf&mS ;yg;jywfvyfra_ wG wkid ;f jynfb¾m
avvGifhysufpD;ðyef;wD;&r_awG/ ukefypPnf;t&nftaoG; pHcsdefpH!¸ef; rjynfhrD&r_awG tqufrjywf
jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? tJ'Dvkd ysufpD;r_rsKd;pkHeJ@ vdktyfvpf[maewJh aps;uGufxJ/ vpf[maer_awGukd
jznfq h nf;ay;zk@d aps;uGu&f ŒJ oabmobm0t& arSmifcu dk ek af wG tpm;xk;d 0ifa&mufvm=uygw,f?
tpk;d &&JŒ rw&m;ojzifh owfrw S cf sKyfuidk rf a_ =umifh “arSmifcadk ps;uGu”f qkw d m ay:ayguv f mcJ&h wmjzpf
ovkd/ tpkd;&&JŒ vkdtyfcsuf rjznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifr_/ vkdtyfwJh t&nftcsif; ta&twGuftwkdif; xkwf
vkyjf zef@csad y;Ekid rf r_ &Sjd cif;wk@d a=umifh “arSmifcadk ps;uGu”f qkw d m ay:ayguv f mcJ&h wmjzpfygw,f? tpk;d &
u Oya'xkwf+yD; wif;wif;=uyf=uyf rukdifwG,fcifu/ wm;jrpfydwfyifr_awG rvkyfcifu vGwfvyfwJh
aps;uGufrSm aps;uGufòydifqkdif a&mif;csr_pepfwkdif; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf a&mif;0,fazmufum;cGifh &wJh
twGuf ukefaps;E_ef;eJ@ aps;uGuf}uD;[m A&rf;Awm twuftusrjzpfcJhayr,fh/ Oya'rJhtjzpf arSmif
ckdtjzpf a&mif;0,fazmufum;=u&wJhtcgrSm/ ukefaps;E_ef;awG[m wufcsifovkd wufjzpfvmcJhyg
w,f? tm%mykdifrsm;eJ@ ywfoufaewJh arSmifckdvkyfief;&Sif}uD;awG ay:aygufvmovkd/ w0rf;wcg;
twGuf wykid w f Ekid f ck;d o,fc;dk a&mif; pD;yGm;a&;vkyaf e=u&wJh arSmifcu dk ek of nfav;rsm;vnf; ay:ayguf
vmcJhygw,f?
tpkd;&ukd,fwkdifu ukefxkwfvkyfr_vkyfief;awGukd atmifjrifzGHŒòzd;atmif/ wkd;wufaumif;
rGeaf tmif pepfwusvyk af qmifEidk rf r_ &Sw d t hJ jyif ukepf nfwifoiG ;f a&mif;0,fazmufum;r_awGuv dk nf;
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aqmifvu dk wf t hJ cg ukepf nf&mS ;yg;r_awG ay:ayguv f mygw,f? ukepf nf&mS ;yg;jywfvyfwt hJ cg tpk;d &
u “&m&Si”f pepf “ukw d m” pepfawGe@J a&mif;csjzef@jzL;wm vkyaf qmifvmygw,f? tJ'h aD wmh wef;pDw;dk
pm;pepfe@J vufajymif;vufvJ$ a&mif;0,fazmufum;r_pepf ay:ayguv f m&jyefygw,f? wef;pDw;dk pm;
vkyfukdifpm;aomuf&olawG/ ukd,fhukef0,fpmtkyfukd wyg;olxHtyfESH+yD; aygifESH a&mif;cs pm;aomuf
&olawG ay:aygufvm&ygw,f?
t&if;ppf=unfhvkdufr,fqkd&if/ arSmifckdaps;uGuf/ arSmifckdpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;/ arSmifckdukefonf
qkdwmawGay:aygufvm&wm[m ppftpkd;&&JŒ azmufjyefqkd;0g;vSwJh pD;yGm;a&;vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_eJ@
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r_awG ay:vm&wmuvnf; vlx}k uD;&JŒ vkt d yfcsut f wkid ;f ukepf nfawG xkwv f yk wf ifoiG ;f jzef@csad y;
Ekid rf r_ &Sjd cif;a=umifjh zpfygw,f? tJ'v D dk aps;uGuv f t dk yfcsuu f dk rjznfah y;Ekid w f muvnf; puf¶t Hk vky¶f Hk
tvkyf¶kHawGrSmyJjzpfjzpf/ ukefypPnf;a&mif;0,fjzef@csd ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;awGrSmyJjzpfjzpf/ pD;yGm;a&;
vkyif ef;eJ@ qufqidk w f hJ ae&mXmewkid ;f rSm/ bmwckrS a&a&&m&m aumif;aumif;rGerf eG f wwfu|r;f em;
vnfrr_ &Sw d phJ pfwyfu ppfAv dk }f uD;i,f toG,o f , G u f OD;pD;OD;ukid ðf y+yD; pk;d rk;d tkycf sKyf Akv
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ppftpkd;&uawmh wu,fht&if;tjrpf tjzpftysufrSefor#awGukd rsufuG,fðy+yD;/ ukd,fh

rsufacs; ukd,frjrifbJ olrsm;rsufacs;ukdcsnf; vuf!kd;xkd;jyzkd@ óud;pm;ygw,f? 0doravmborm;
awGa=umif/h arSmifcpdk ;D yGm;a&;aomif;use;f olawGa=umif/h ukeo f nfypJG m;tjrwf}uD;pm;awGa=umifv h @dk
jypfwif¶_wfcsw&m;cH&Smjyygw,f? wcgw&H bmrqkdifnmrqkdif ukefaps;E_ef;wuf&wmukd 0J,m
tzsuform;awGa=umifhvkd@ vkyfcsvkdufwmawmif&Sdygw,f?
tpkd;&u jynfolykdifodrf;+yD; vkyfief;}uD;toG,foG,fukd ppfwyfucsKyfukdifvkdufwJhtcg ukef
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ukefypPnf;awGukd uef@owfukefpnfawGtjzpf owfrSwfjyÏef;+yD; tpkd;&uyJ a&mif;0,f
azmufum;zkd@ csKyfukdifvkdufwJhtcg/ ukefpnfjzef@jzL;a&;ukd 0ifa&mufukdifwG,fvkdufwJhtcg ukefpnf
ypPn;f &Sm;yg;jywfvyfomG ;&+y;D / arSmifcadk ps;uGu}f u;D jzpfay:vm&+y;D ukeaf ps;E_e;f awG wufc&hJ jyefygw,f?
ukefoG,fr_vkyfief;wckvkH;ukdyg csKyfukdif+yD; tajccHpm;aomufukef vlokH; tdrfokH;ukefawG
tm;vk;H avmufe;D eD;ukd xyfrx H ed ;f csKyfuidk w
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awmaejynfov l x l }k uD;w&yfv;Hk ukd wku d ¶f u dk xf cdk u
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vufaus;&GmawG&dS ‘vvoo’ qkw d hJ or0g,rqkid af wGuvnf; awmaevlx&k ŒJ vkt d yfcsuaf wGudk
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awma&mòrdŒyg ESpzf ufem=u&+yD; rwefwqwufvmwJh ukeaf ps;E_e;f awGatmufrmS awmae
vlxka&m òrdŒaevlxkyg cg;aumhatmifcHcJh=u&ygw,f? =um;xJuae tjrwfxGuf+yD; pD;yGm;wufvm
=u&olawGuawmh tm%mykdift0ef;t0kdif;rSm yg0ifcGifh&olawG/ tqifhqifhaom vkyfykdifcGifhabmif
twGi;f vkycf iG uhf idk cf iG &hf olawGe@J tm%mykid t f qift h qifeh @J tay;t,lwnfw h hJ arSmifcpdk ;D yGm;a&;orm;
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awmh 'kuQyifv,fa0vm&ygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftpkd;&[m ppftpkd;&&JŒ tm%m&ygwD}uD;tjzpf jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpf
vrf;pOfygwDukd us,fjyef@onfxufus,fjyef@atmif wkd;csJŒzGJŒpnf;wmvkyf+yD;/ ygwD&JŒtcef;ukd
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f pf
vrf;pOfygwDukd ppfwyftajccHeJ@ ppfwyfygwDtjzpf pwifzGJŒpnf;um tðrawygwDtqifh pwifwnf

aqmufjzpfay:apcJw h mjzpfayr,f/h ‘jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfygw’D ukd wjynfv;Hk tES@H tjym; pwifzŒJG

pnf;wnfaxmifvmcJhwmuawmh 64 ckESpfxJrSmjzpfygw,f? tJvkd wwkdif;jynfvkH; vuQ%maqmif
atmif rqvygwD ukd ae&mtESH@ wnfaxmif+yD;wJhtcg/ rqvygwD&JŒ vrf;!¸efoabmw&m;jzpfwJh
“vlESifh ywf0ef;usifwkd@. tnrnoabmw&m;” pmwrf;eJ@ “jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD&JŒ
rl0g'oabmw&m;” qkdwmawG us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ xkwfa0jzef@csd+yD;wJhtcg/ ygwD0ifodrf;oGif;r_awG
ukd tifwu dk t f m;wku d f aqmif&u G yf gw,f? tm%m&ygwjD zpfvmwJt h wGuf ppfwyftrmcHygwjD zpfwhJ
twGuf qkd&S,fvpfvrf;a=umif;twkdif; csDwufr,fvkd@ aºuG;a=umfwmukd ,kHrSwfvufcHwJhtwGuf
pojzifh pojzifh ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;ukd ta=umif;ðy+yD; 0ifa&mufvmolawGuawmh txkduft
avsmuf&Sd+yD;jzpfayr,fh auseyfavmufwJh tiftm;ta&twGuftxd r&Sdao;wma=umifh rqv
ygwDukd enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ qufvufwnfaqmufwmvkyfygw,f?
rqvygwD wnfaxmifzŒJG pnf;+yD;puwnf;u OD;OD;zsm;zsm; 0ifa&mufvm=uwJh +cHcek u f ;l vm
olawG/ zsmae&mOD;atmif vmcif;olawG/ awmjyefvufeufcsa[mif;awG/ vuf0JEG,fEkdifiHa&;orm;
a[mif;}uD;awGukdvnf; ppftpkd;&u ae&mcsxm;ay;+yD; rqvygwD&JŒ au'g}uD;awGtjzpf arG;jrLyg
w,f?
tajccHvlwef;pm;}uD;ESpf&yfvkd@ aºuG;a=umfxm;wJh v,form;eJ@ tvkyform;awGtwGuf
awmifov l ,form; ES;D aESmzvS,yf eJG @J tvkyo f rm;ED;S aESmzvS,yf q JG w dk mawG ESppf Of usi;f yðyvkyaf y;
ovk/d rqvygw0D ifrsm;twGuf “vrf;pOfygwD ES;D aESmzvS,yf ”JG qkw d mudv k nf; xkwaf zmfusi;f yvm
cJhygw,f? vrf;pOfygwD OuUÏ}uD; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; ukd,fwkdif wufa&mufrdef@cGef;¹rGuf=um;jcif;/
vrf;!¸efaqG;aEG;jcif;qkdwmawGukdvnf; rysufruGuf ðyvkyfjyygw,f?
1967 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae@rSm “A[kdawmifolv,form;aumifpD” qkdwmukd pwifzGJŒ
pnf;ygw,f? OuUÏtjzpf Akv d rf ;ª }uD;aomif;=unf/ twGi;f a&;rª;tjzpf 'kAv kd rf ;ª }uD;ausmaf ZmeJ@ tvkyf
tr_aqmiftzGJŒ0if (31) OD;&Sdygw,f?
tJ'D A[kdawmifolv,form;aumifpDqkdwm pwifay:aygufvmwJhESpfrSmyJ ArmjynfrSm
qefjy\em pjzpfvmygw,f? 1966 ckEpS f pku d yf sK;d &moDwek ;f u &moDOwkq;dk &Gm;azmufjyefcrhJ a_ =umifh
pyg;pkdufysKd;{u (11) odef;ausmf ysufpD;cJh&+yD; pyg;wif; odef;aygif; (500) ausmfavmuf ysufpD;cJh&ay
r,fh pyg;txGuf ,kwaf vsmu h sqif;cJ&h ayr,f/h awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pk;d &[m jynfwiG ;f jynfov l x l k
vkt d yfcsuu f dk *¶krxm;yJ Ekid if jH cm;ukd qefwefcsed f (1³1)oef;ausmf wify@dk a&mif;cscw hJ t
hJ wGuf jynfwiG ;f
pm;oHk;r_twGuf qefrvkHravmufjzpfcJh&&mu qefjy\em pwifay:aygufcJh&wmjzpfygw,f?
qefudk vGwv f yfpmG a&mif;0,fciG rhf ay;yJ tpk;d &u wif;wif;=uyf=uyf csKyfuikd x f m;wJt h wGuf qef&mS ;
yg;jywfvyfr_jy\em[m ykdrkd}uD;rm;rsm;jym;vmcJh&ygw,f? tpkd;&&JŒ jynfolvlxkvkdtyfcsufukd
tav;rxm;yJ EkdifiHjcm;aiGtwGuf jynfyukd twif;wifykd@a&mif;csr_/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rSefor#ukd
vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;csifwJh azmufjyefwif;=uyfwJh rl0g'ay:vpDawGcsrSwf+yD; rawmfrw&m; ydwfyif
uef@owfxm;r_awGa=umifh qefjy\emay:cJh&wmjzpfygw,f? pyg;topfawG xGuf+yD;vkd@rS vykdif;
omomavmufyJ&Sdao;wJhtcsdefrSm qefjywfvyfr_awG pwifjzpfay:cJh+yD; qefaps;awG w[kefxkd; xkd;
wufvmcJhygw,f? tJ'Dvkd qef&Sm;yg;jywfvyfr_jy\emawG jzpfay:vmcJh&+yD; qefaps;awG xkd;wuf

vmwJh jy\emukd a&SmifuiG ;f Ekid zf @dk vlx=k um; u|upf nf u|upf nfjzpfvmwJh vlxrk auseyfoaH wGudk
ypfuGif;vGJypfEkdifzkd@twGuf qefjy\emukd vlrsKd;a&;t"du¶k%f;qD r#m;OD;v$Jypfvkdufygw,f? 1967
ckESpf/ ZGefvxJrSm w¶kwf-Arm t"du¶k%f; ay:aygufvmygw,f?
tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u EkdifiHwumtaetxm;/ txl;ojzifh tm&Staexm;ukd=unfhr,fqkd&if/
ppfat;wku d yf }JG uD;u t}uD;tus,jf zpfaeqJjzpfygw,f? tar&dueforw *|eq f ifvufxuf/ 1964
ckEpS f /=o*kwv f (4) &uf “wku H if y,fv,fauGŒqk;H jzwfcsu”f xGuv f m+yD;aemufyidk ;f AD,uferftay:
Ak;H rk;d &GmwmawG tqufrjywfvyk yf gw,f? (5) ode;f avmuf&w dS hJ ppftiftm;ukd apv$w+f yD; AD,uferf
ppftwGif; tar&duefu wkduf¶kdufyg0ifaeygw,f? uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; t}uD;tus,fqifE$Jyg
w,f? 1965 ckEpS x f rJ mS tif'edk ;D &Sm;Ekid if rH mS Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;ql[mwkd ppftiftm;eJ@ tm%modr;f wufvm
+yD;aemufykdif; uGefjrLepf acsr_ef;okwfoifa&;awG t}uD;tus,f qifE$Jygw,f? uGefjrLepfacsr_ef;a&;
vkyf&if; w¶kwf-tif'kdeD;&Sm; t"du¶k%f;awG qufwkdufxGufay:vmcJhygw,f? ArmjynfeJ@ e,fedrdwf
csi;f qufpyfaewJh tdref ;D em;csi;f w¶kwEf idk if }H uD;rSmvnf; “,Ofaus;r_awmfveS af &;}uD;” t&Sed t f [kef
wuf ay:xGufaeqJjzpfygw,f? 'D,Ofaus;r_awmfvSef;a&;}uD;*,uf[m w¶kwfjynf jynfwGif;om
ru/ tm&Su EkdifiHawGtwGif;yg t}uD;tus,f *,uf¶kdufcwfcJhygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
twGi;f rSmvnf; *,uf¶u dk rf _ t}uD;tus,&f cdS o hJ vk/d yifv,f&yfjcm;a&muf w¶kwv f rl sK;d awGtwGi;f
rSvnf; 'D*,uf[m&SdcJhygw,f? Armjynf w¶kwfausmif;wcsKdŒtwGif;rSm armfpDwkef;&ifxkd;wHqdyf
wyfqifwmawG (1967 ckESpftwGif;) &SdvmwJhtcg tJh'Dtcsufukdukdif+yD; ppftpkd;&u w¶kwf-Arm
t"du¶k%;f ukd azmfcw hJ mjzpfygw,f? tif'edk ;D &Sm;Ekid if u H ppftm%m&Sif ql[mwk&d ŒJ vrf;a=umif; erlem
twkdif; Armjynfu ppftm%m&Sif AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; uvnf; uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;vnf; vkyf+yD;
om;vnf;jzpf/ xdyfwkdufwkd;&awmhr,fh qefjy\emtay: vlxktm¶kHukdvnf; v$Jajymif;+yD;om;jzpf
atmif w¶kwf-Arm vlrsKd;a&;t"du¶k%f;ukd azmfvkdufwmjzpfygw,f? wcsufckwf ESpfcsufjywfenf;
okH;+yD; tpkd;&ukd,fwkdifu azmfvkdufwmjzpfygw,f? wjynfvkH; ae&mtESH@jzpfyGm;cJh+yD; òrdŒawmfjzpfwJh
&efukefuawmh tjyif;xefqkH;jzpfcJhygw,f? ,leDazmifc|wf+yD; t&yfom;tjzpf yg0ifqifE$JcJh=uwJh
ppfom;awG/ axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJŒ0ifawG trsm;tjym;&SdcJhygw,f? vkHðcHa&;twGufqkd+yD; csxm;wJh
ppfom;awGuvnf; t"du¶k%f;ukd xdef;odrf;oa,mifðy+yD; rsufpypfjyvkdufwJhtcg t=urf;zufr_
awGyg t&Sdeft[kef}uD;pGmay:aygufcJhygw,f? w¶kwfoH¶kH;ukd oGm;0kdif;wm/ w¶kwfwef;u w¶kwftdrf
awGukd 0kdif;0ef;zsufqD;wm/ w¶kwfqkdifawGudk ¶kdufcsKd;zsufqD;ypfwmawG ay:aygufcJhygw,f? w¶kwf-
Arm t"du¶k%f;rSm aoa=u'%f&m&=uol w¶kwfawGvnf; trsm;tjym;&SdcJhygw,f? ysufqD;qkH;¶_H;
&r_awGvnf; ae&mtESH@jzpfcJhygw,f?
tJ'Dvkd w¶kwf-Arm t"du¶k%f;enf;eJ@ qefjy\emukd vrf;a=umif;v$Jypfvkdufayr,fh/
qefjy\em[m vkH;0uG,faysmufoGm;cJhwmr[kwfcJhyg? 1967 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (13) &ufae@rSmyJ
&ckdifwkdif; ppfawGòrdŒrSm “ppfawGqefvkyGJ}uD;” ay:aygufcJhygw,f? tJ'D “ppfawGqefvkyGJ}uD;” rSm
ppftpkd;&[m ppftm%m&SifZmwd¶kyfukd t&Sif;vif;qkH; jyovkdufwmuawmh qefvkdcsifwJhvlxkukd
usnfqHawGay;vkdufjcif;yJjzpfygw,f? &uf&ufpufpuf ypfcwfòzdcGif;cJhygw,f? aoa=u'%f&m&ol
aygi;f (200) ausmw f hJ tpkvu dk t
f òyHvu dk f vlowfy}JG uD;jzpfc&hJ ygw,f? &ckid jf ynforkid ;f rSm b,fawmhrS

rarhEidk pf &m orkid ;f 0if aoG;ajrusc&hJ r_}uD;jzpfygw,f? ppftpk;d &wufvmvmcsi;f aoG;acsmif;pD;atmif

owfjzwfErdS Ef iS ;f jycJw h /hJ 62 ckEpS /f (7) &uf Zlvidk f ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHk aoG;ajrusc&hJ r_aemufyidk ;f
(5) ESpaf usmt f =umrSm/ xyfraH y:aygucf &hJ wJh t}u;D qk;H tpkvu dk tf òyvH u dk f aoG;ajrusc&hJ r_jzpfygw,f?
62 ckESpf ppftpkd;&wufvmpu qefwjynf jym; (60) om&Sd&mu/ 67 ckESpf qefjy\emay:
&csed rf mS qefwjynf (7) usyf (8) usyt f xd jzpfymG ;cJ&h ygw,f? qef&mS ;yg;r_a=umifh xrif;rpm;Ekid af wmh
wJholawG/ qef eJ@ yJ/ ajymif;/ vl;qwf a&mpm;&olawG/ aºuG;O wl;pm;&olawG wjynfvkH; tESH@tjym;
ay:cJhygw,f? qeftwGuf pyg;ukdpkdufysKd;ay;&wJh awmifolv,form;}uD;awGudk,fwkdif xrif;rpm;
EkdifawmhwJhb0 usa&mufcJh&ygw,f//
w±kwf-Arm ta&;tcif;t+yD;rSm/ w±kwftpdk;&u Armjynfppftpdk;&&JŒ vkyfaqmifazmfjycJh
csufawGtay: t}uD;tus,f rausreyfjzpfcJhygw,f? &v'ftjzpfuawmh/ w±kwfjynftwGif;
ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGma&muf&adS ecJ=h uwJh Adv k af emfqikd ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ aygiaf ,mifwyfzŒJG (ac: ) aygiaf ,mif
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDwyfOD; (yDtJef'Dtufzf) wyfzGJŒ0ifa[mif;rsm;eJ@ ta0;a&muf ArmjynfuGefjrL
epfygwD0ifawGudk pkpnf;aygif;qufay;vdkuf+yD; rD;pdrf;jyvdkufjcif;yJjzpfygw,f//
¡w¶kwjf ynftwGi;f ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGma&muf&adS e=uwJh Akv d af emfqikd ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ucsit f rsKd ;
om;wyfzŒJG [m/ jynfwiG ;f ppftpydik ;f rSm - OD;Ektpk;d & ukd ykeu f efjcm;em;+yD; vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;
ukd qifEJ$&if;/ u&ifhvufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;eJ@ aygif;qufrdcJh=uygw,f? Akdvf}uD;aemfqkdif;
acgif;aqmifwJh ucsifvufeufukdifwyfzGJŒ[m autif'DtkdwyfzGJŒrsm;eJ@twl yl;aygif;wkdufyGJqif&if;/
aemufq;Hk rSm zqyv tpk;d &wyfrsm;&JŒ jyefveS w f udk cf u
dk af csre_ ;f r_a=umifh uGwcf idk b f uftxd qkwcf mG
vmcJh&ygw,f? 1949 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvrSm jyef@usJaewJh olŒwyfzJGŒawGtm;vkH;ukd pk¶kH;,lvkduf+yD;
yxrqkH; PNDF (Pong Yong National Democracy Front) ukd zGJŒpnf;wnfaxmifvkdufygw,f?
“aygiaf ,mif” qkw d mu *si;f azmtygt0if ucsirf sK;d EG,pf t k m;vk;H ukd ac:qkw d mjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh
Adkvfaemfqkdif;&JŒ wyfzGJŒxJrSm autif'DtkdeJ@ yl;aygif;wkdufyGJqifvmwJhtwGuf qufoG,fa&;twGuf
yk@d xm;wJh qufo, G af &;pufuidk f u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;a&m/ wjcm; u&if&aJ bmfrsm;yg a&maESmyg0ifaecJh
ygw,f? ucsit f rsK;d om;rsm;uawmh trsm;pkjzpfygw,f? tJ'D aygiaf ,mifwyfzŒJG tiftm;eJ@ “vm;¶_;d ”
uko d mG ;wku d yf gw,f? vm¶_;d wku d yf rJG mS ta&;edr+hf yD;wJah emufyidk ;f rSmawmh wqif+h yD;wqifh qkwcf mG vm
cJ&h +yD;/ 1950 jynfEh pS /f {+yDvxJrmS w¶kwjf ynfxt J xd ajy;0ifc&hJ ygw,f? Akv d af emfqidk ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ
tJ'w D yfzŒJG 0iftm;vk;H ukd w¶kwu f armif;xkwjf cif;rvkyyf J xde;f odr;f xm;vku d yf gw,f? yxr ,leefjynf
refpDaygufpef; pwJha'oawGrSm aecGifhay;xm;&mu Armjynf OD;Ektpkd;&eJ@ w¶kwfjynftpkd;& ESpfEkdifiH
tpk;d &csi;f qufqaH &; aumif;rGejf rifrh m;vmwJt h ajctaea=umifh Adv k af emfqidk ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ wyfzŒJG
0ifawGtm;vk;H ukd w¶kwt f pk;d &u ,leefjynfe,fxrJ mS rxm;awmhyJ Armjynfe@J ykrd adk 0;vHwhJ twGi;f
ykid ;f a'o “auGŒóud;” jynfe,fxJ ajymif;a&$Œae&mcsxm;vku d yf gw,f? tJ'w D yfzŒJG awG[m w¶kwjf ynf
xJrSm rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g'eJ@ EkdifiHa&;oabmw&m;awGukd 1951/ 52 uwnf;u pwifavhvmrdcJh
=u+yD;/ wjznf;jznf;eJ@ vuf0J0g',kH=unfvufcHolrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJvmcJhygw,f?
1958 eJ@ 1967 ckESpftwGif;rSm tJh'DwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;[m w¶kwfjynf auGŒóud;jynfe,fxJu
a'ocH w¶kwftrsKd;orD;rsm;eJ@ tdrfaxmifuswmawGvnf; jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f?¢

¡Akv
d af emfqidk ;f wd@k vdk trsK;d om;a&;qkid &f m vufeufuidk w f yfzŒJG 0ifrsm; w¶kwjf ynfxaJ &muf&dS
ae=uwJhtcsdefrSm uGefjrLepfygwDcsif; nDaemifygwDqufqHa&;t& w¶kwfjynfxJa&muf&SdaecJh=uwJh
wjcm;Ekid if aH &;tif;tm;pkwpk[mvnf; ra&S;raESmif; &Sad e+yDjzpfygw,f? tJ'guawmh ocifAode;f wif
acgi;f aqmifwhJ ta0;a&muf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwt D iftm;pkjzpfygw,f? trs;pk[m “Zdc|r;f ” jynf
e,fxJrSmjzpfygw,f? ocifAodef;wif acgif;aqmifwJh vlrsKd;tm;jzifh ArmvlrsKd;awGjzpfwJh 'Dtpku
awmh tpuwnf;u rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g'ukd ouf0if,kH=unf+yD;om; uGefjrLepfawG uGefjrLepfygwD
wyfzŒJG 0ifawGjzpf=uygw,f? w¶kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygweD @J nDaemifygwcD si;f qufqaH &;t&/ Ekid if w H um
uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;eJ@ qufqHa&;/ qufoG,fa&;qkdif&mudpPawGt& a&muf&Sdae=uwmjzpfygw,f?
1965 ckEpS x f rJ mS Zdc|r;f jynfe,fxrJ mS &Sw d hJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwt D pku wm0ef&o dS al wG[m/
auGŒóud;jynfe,fxJ&Sd Adkvfaemfqkdif;&JŒ wyfzJGŒ0iftpkqD a&muf&Sdvm+yD; tquftoG,fðyygw,f?
zqyv tpk;d &vufxuf tpk;d &&JŒ ppfwyfwwyftjzpf&adS ewke;f u/ Akv d af emfqidk ;f &JŒwyfzŒJG ukd t"du
tm;jzifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDukdacsr_ef;a&;/ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;twGuf OD;Ektpkd;&u tokH;ðycJh
wJw h yfjzpfwt hJ wGuf Akv d af emfqidk ;f wyfzŒGJ [m uGejf rLepfawGe@J tjyif;txefwu dk cf u
dk cf zhJ ;l wJh uGejf rLepf
qef@usifa&; emrnf}uD;wyfjzpfcJhayr,fh Adkvfaemfqkdif;wkd@ukd,fwkdif vuf0J0g'ukd vufcH,kH=unfol
awGtjzpf ajymif;vJvmcJh+yDjzpfwJhtcsdefrSm w¶kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ atmifoG,fr_eJ@ vma&muf
awGŒqkH aqG;aEG;wJhoabmjzpfygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ vrf;pOfrl0g' oabmxm;ukdcsjy+yD;
Akv
d af emfqidk ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ auGŒóud;a&mu Ef idk if aH &;tiftm;pkudk ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygweD @J yl;aygi;f zk@d /
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDokd@ ul;ajymif;zkd@ aqG;aEG;ygw,f?¢
1967 ckESpfxJrSm Adkvfaemfqkdif;wyfzGJŒ auGŒóud;tkyfpk[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtiftm;pk
Zdc|rf;tkyfpkeJ@ w¶kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ atmifoG,fay;r_a=umifh yl;aygif;rd=u+yDjzpfygw,f? 67
ckEpS f w¶kw-f Arm vlrsK;d a&;t"du¶k%;f t+y;D rSm w¶kwjf ynftpk;d &&JŒ rD;pdr;f jyr_a=umifh ArmjynftwGi;f
jyef0ifzkd@ tppjyifqif+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f?
1967 ckEpS [ f m awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;tzk@d vnf; ppftpk;d &eJ@ tòyid t f qkid f t}uw d tf e,f
wkdufyJGqifae&wJh ESpfwESpfjzpfygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m (64) vrf;pOfukd wpkHvkH;csrSwf+yD;
+yDjzpfwt hJ wGuf ppfEikd af &;tm%modr;f a&;ukd aºuG;a=umf+yD; tm%meDwnfaqmufa&;ukd vkyo f vk/d
“&efoŒl xk;d ppfudk igw@dk x;dk ppfjzifah csre_ ;f &rnf” qkw d hJ ppfa&;vrf;!¸ecf suu f vdk nf; OuUÏ ocifoef;xGe;f
u csrSwfusifhokH;apcJhygw,f? “&efolŒxkd;ppfukd igwkd@xkd;ppfjzifhacsr_ef;&rnf” qkdwJh aºuG;a=umfoH[m
pdw"f mwfa&;&mt& aumif;rGejf rifrh m;ayr,fh vufawGŒtm;jzifh tajccHaysmuf=um;ppfaoe*FAsL[m
eJ@ enf;y&d,m,fawGukd pGef@ypfvkduf+yD; twif;taocHckdif;wJh vuf0JpGef;uswJh ppfa&;vrf;!¸efcsuf
ozG,fjzpfaecJhygw,f?
w¶kwfjynf ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;}uD;&JŒ*,uf[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtwGif;vnf;
t}uD;tus,f ¶ku d cf wfcyhJ gw,f? ygww D iG ;f rSm “ðzwf-xkw-f owf” vrf;pOf 0ifvmcJyh gw,f? ¡ðzwf-
xkw-f owf vrf;pOfatmufrmS *k&d , S f ac: &Jabmfbwif/ &JabmfaX;/ Akv d &f efatmif wk@d towfc=H u&yg
w,f?¢ ‘wyfev D il ,f’ qkw d meJ@ ‘b0[pfwidk v f y_ &f mS ;r_’ qkw
d hJ tvGet
f u|v H y_ &f mS ;r_awG/ o¾mefuswhJ

wnfaqmufr_awGvnf; jzpfay:vmcJh&+yD; ausmfraumif;=um;raumif;wmawGyg jzpfay:cJh&ygw,f?

(Oyrmtm;jzifh om;u tazukdowfwmrsKd;)
ðzwf-xkwf-owf vrf;pOfrSm;a=umifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m tifrwef }uD;us,feuf
¶_id ;f wJh qk;H ¶_;H r_}uD;awG óuHawGŒ&ifqidk &f ygw,f? Ekid if aH &;t&/ pnf;¶k;H a&;t&/ ygww D nfaqmufa&;t&/
ppfa&;t& bufaygif;pkHt=uyftwnf;awG ay:aygufcJh&ygw,f?
ppftpkd;&u 1967 ckESpfxJrSm ajcjrefwyfrXmecsKyf topfwckygxyfzGJŒ+yD;ESpfpuwnf;u
ppfqifa&;awG t}uD;tus,fqifE$JcJhygw,f? xyfzGJŒcJhwJh ajcjrefwyfrXmecsKyftopfuawmh wyfr
(88) jzpfygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftpkd;&[m t&if&Sd+yD; wyfr (77) eJ@ topfzGJŒpnf;vkdufwJh wyfr
(88)/ wyfrXmecsKyf (2) ckaygif;tm;eJ@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ autif,lygwDeJ@ r'nw wkd@&JŒ
v_yf&Sm;r_ukd t"duOD;pm;ay;tqifhowfrSwfum tjywfacsr_ef;Ekdifzkd@ xkd;ppf}uD;awG qifE$JcJhygw,f?
rwfv (1) &ufae@up+yD; “a&$jynfom” ppfqifa&;}uD;ukd csrSwftaumiftxnfazmfcJhygw,f?
wyfr (77) u “}uHwidk ;f atmif” “atmifppfonf” ppfqifa&;rsm;ukv d nf; csrwS v
f yk af qmifco
hJ vk/d
wyfr (88) u o,m0wDc¶kdifeJ@ jynfc¶kdifukd t"du*GifowfrSwf+yD; “armfEkdif” ppfqifa&;qkdwmukd
=o*kwfv (2) &ufae@up+yD; xkd;ppfqifygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtwGif; ðzwf-xkwf-owf
vrf;pOfrSm; jzpfay:ae&csdefrSm ppftpkd;&u tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; xkd;ppfqifcJhwmjzpfygw,f? Armjynf
uGefjrLepfygwDu “xkd;ppfukd xkd;ppfeJ@¶kdufcsKd;” qkd+yD; wkef@jyef&ifqkdifcJhygw,f? “wkdufwkdif;atmif”
wyfawGzŒJG +yD; jyefvnfwu dk cf u
dk cf yhJ gw,f? tustqk;H awG qk;H ¶_;H epfem&r_awGvnf; tifrwefrsm;jym;
cJh=uygw,f?
Armjynfvufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawGxrJ mS ta&;}uD;qk;H tzGŒJ tpnf;wckjzpfwhJ
“autif,l” ukd=unfhr,fqkd&ifvnf; 1965 ckESpfrSm OuUÏ ref;bZHacgif;aqmifwJhtzGJŒeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfjr
acgif;aqmifwJ@tzGJŒqkd+yD; uGJjym;aecJhayr,fh/ 1967 rSm ppftpkd;&u autif,leJ@ autif'Dtkdtay:
vnf; tjyif;txefxkd;ppfqif wkdufckdufr_awG vkyfvmwJhtcg ppftpkd;&&JŒ a&$jynfomppfqifa&;ukd
jyefvnfwkef@jyef¶kdufcsKd;zkd@ óud;yrf;tm;xkwfcJh=uygw,f? autif'Dtkd wyfr[m (2) u tiftm;pk
rsm;/ auyD*st D uf (zf) wyfr[m (4) u tiftm;pkrsm;/ auyDt,fatwyf&if; (3) u tiftm;pkrsm;/
auyD*sDtuf (zf) wyf&if; (4) u tiftm;pkrsm;[m ppftpkd;&&JŒ ppfwyfrsm;eJ@ tjyif;txef wkdufyJG
jzpfcJh=uygw,f?
tJ'h v D dk jynfrrSm ppftpk;d &&JŒ ppfqifa&;}uD;awG trsK;d rsK;d atmufrmS vufeufuidk af wmfveS f
a&;tiftm;pkawGu wkef@jyef &ifqkdif wkdufyGJ0ifae=u&csdefrSm &Srf;jynfe,frSm ppftpkd;&u todt
rSwfðy zGJŒpnf;ay;xm;wJh “umuG,fa&;” rsm;uawmh bdef;vkyfief;ukd wkd;csJŒvkyfukdifae=uygw,f?
ppftpk;d &&JŒvl ‘cGeq f m’ acgi;f aqmifwhJ umuG,af &;tzJŒG [m ArmjynfrmS omru urBmuygo&d wJh
“bdef;ppfyGJ” }uD;rSm t"dutcef;u yg0ifywfoufae+yD; “cGefqm” ukd urBmuygodvm&ygw,f?
1964 ckESpfu tpkd;&&JŒppfwyfeJ@ ,m,DtquftoG,fjzwfawmufoGm;cJhwJh ‘cGefqm’ [m
1966 ckESpfrSm ppftpkd;&&JŒ ppfwyfeJ@ jyefvnfyl;aygif;+yD;/ 1967 ckESpfxJrSm t}uD;tus,fqkH;aom
“bdef;csr_}uD;” ukd taumiftxnfazmfcJhygw,f? 1967 ckESpf/ ZGefvrSm a':vm (5) odef;avmuf
wefz;dk &Sw d hJ bde;f (16) wefudk vm;taumif (300) eJ@ o,f,+l yD; avmEkid if t H wGi;f oGm; bde;f a&mif;yg
w,f? xkdif;-jrefrm-avm okH;EkdifiHe,fpyftwGif; (15) ESpfavmuf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf vkyfukdifvmcJhwJh

“bdef;pm;usuf” }uD; qkH;¶_H;&awmhrSm rcHEkdifwJh ‘autrfwD’ AkdvfcsKyfrmu cGefqm&JŒbdef;wef;ukd
tiftm; (1000) ausmfeJ@ usKdif;wkHta&SŒbuf rJacgif;jrpfurf;yg;rSm csKHckdwkdufckdufygw,f? 'gayr,fh
cGefqm&JŒ bdef;wef;[m vGwfajrmufoGm;+yD; Zlvkdif (14) (15) rSm rJacgifjrpfukd jzwfausmfum/ avm
Ekid if H AefueG ;f &Gmukd atmifjrifpmG a&muf&o dS mG ;ygw,f? AefueG ;f &GmrSm cGeq f m[m avmAkv d cf sKyf tke;f &uf
wDukef; ukd bdef;awGa&mif;+yD; vufeufawGjyef0,fzkd@ csdef;qkdxm;csdefrSm rauseyfwJh autrfwDrsm;
[m AefuGef;&Gmtxd vkdufvm+yD; 1967 ckESpf/ Zlvkdif (26) &ufae@rSm wkdufyGJtjyif;txef jzpf=uyg
awmhw,f? avmAkv d cf sKyfu cGeqf m&JŒwyfzŒJG a&m autrfww D yfzŒGJ ukyd g avme,fajrtwGi;f u xGuf
cGmoGm;=uzkd@ armif;xkwfygw,f? ESpfzGJŒpvkH;u remcH=uwJhtwGuf avmEkdifiHavwyfyg yg0ifvm+yD;
AkH;}uJwkdufckduf&ygw,f? wD-28 av,mOf (6) pD;eJ@ Zlvkdif (30) &ufrSm AkH;}uJwkdufckduf&ovkd/
avm0ef}uD;csKyfu, dk w f idk f avxD;wyf&if; w&if;v$waf y;+yD; wku d cf udk af rmif;xkwwf mvkycf &hJ ygw,f?
cGefqmbufu (82) OD;aoqkH;+yD; t}uD;tus,f qkH;¶_H;cJh&ovkd/ autrfwDbufuvnf; vl (70)
ausmf aoqk;H cJ&h +yD; vufeuftajrmuftrsm;vnf; qk;H ¶_;H cJ&h ygw,f? cGeq f mwyfzŒJG / autrfww D yfzŒJG
eJ@ avmwyfrawmf (vuf,mtkyfpk) wkd@&JŒ 1967 ckESpfrSm jzpfyGm;cJhwJh tJh'DwkdufyGJukd “bdef;ppfyGJ”
vkd@ urBmuyg od&Sdem;vnfcJh&wJhtxd ausmf=um;cJhygw,f? cGefqm[m Armjynfbufjyef0ifvmyg
w,f? cGeq f m&JŒ pkpak ygi;f wyfzŒJG 0ifO;D a&[m waxmifavmufy&J adS wmhw,fv@dk qydk gw,f? ppftpk;d &u
vufcHygw,f?
cGeqf m[m olŒumuG,af &;wyfzŒJG tiftm;ukd qufvufcsŒJ xGi+f yD; autrfwaD wGudk ajymuf
=um;ppfeJ@ wkdufckdufoGm;zkd@/ bdef;vkyfief;ukdqufvkyfzkd@ }uHpnftm;xkwfygw,f? ¡1969 usawmhrS
xdef;rEkdifodrf;r&eJ@ urBmodjzpfvm&wJh bdef;acgif;aqmif/ olwkd@arG;cJhwJhvl cGefqm eJ@ umuG,fa&;
acgif;aqmifwcsKdŒukd ppftpkd;&u zrf;qD;wmvkyfygw,f? tJ'DrSm cGefqmtzrf;cH&ayr,fh tzrf;rcH&
wJh cGeq f mhumuG,af &;wyfzŒJG 0ifrsm;[m awmcko d mG ;=u+yD; “vG,af rmf” tzGŒJ qkw d m jzpfay: ay:ayguf
vmcJhygw,f? awmckd vG,farmf tzGJŒvkd@ ppftpkd;&u owfrSwfygw,f?¢
1967 ckESpfukd òcH=unfhr,fqkd&if ppftpkd;&[m jynfwGif;ppfukd wqifhwkd;wkdufzkd@ wyfrawmf
topf (88) zGJŒygw,f? wu,fvnf; wkd;+yD; jynfwGif;ppfukd qifE$Jygw,f?
t"dutwkduftcH vufeufukdiftiftm;pkrsm;jzpfwJh Auy [m (64) vrf;pOfukdukdif+yD;
xk;d ppfudk xk;d ppfe@J ¶u dk cf sK;d a&;vkyyf gw,f? ðzwf-xkw-f owf ygww D nfaqmufa&;trSm;ukd usL;vGerf d
&if; EkdifiHa&;t&/ pnf;¶kH;a&;t&/ ppfa&;t& qkH;¶_H;epfem&r_awG jzpfay:cJhygw,f?
wjynfvkH;rSm qefjy\emay:cJh&+yD; qefaps;awG róuHpzl;atmif jzpfcJh&w,f? ppftpkd;&u
qefjy\emukd vrf;a=umif;ajymif;+yD; vlxk&JŒrauseyfr_awGudk vlrsKd;a&;t"du¶k%f;rsm;qD r#m;OD;
vSnfhay;cJhygw,f? w¶kwf-Arm t"du¶k%f;}uD; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ay:aygufcJhygw,f? ppfawGqef
vkyGJ}uD; ay:aygufcJh&+yD; tpkvkduftòyHvkduf aoewfeJ@ypfowfwmcHcJh=u&ygw,f? w¶kwf-Arm
ta&;tcif;a=umifh ArmjynfwGif;&Sd w¶kwftrsKd;om;tcsKdŒ awmckd=uwmjzpfay:cJhygw,f? w¶kwf-
Armta&;tcif;rSm ppftpkd;&ukd,fwkdif yg0ifywfouf ukd,fwG,fajz&Sif;cJhwmawGtay: w¶kwfjynf
tpkd;&u rausreyfjzpfcJhygw,f? &v'ftjzpf Armjynfae0if;tpkd;&ukd qef@usifwGef;vSefwkdufckduf

=uzk@d w¶kwjf ynfwiG ;f ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGmuwnf;u a&muf&adS ewJh Akv d af emfqikd ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ auGŒóud;
tkyfpkeJ@ ta0;a&muf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD acgif;aqmifwJh Zdc|rf;tkyfpkudk atmifoG,fvkyf aygif;
pnf;qufpyfay;vkdufygw,f? rD;pdrf;jyay;vkdufygw,f?
1968 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (1) &ufae@ reuf (1) em&DtcsdefrSm Akdvfaemfqkdif; acgif;aqmifwJh
wyfzŒJG u wyfzŒJG 0ifrsm;[m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D ŒJ tpke@J twl jynfoŒl vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfrawmf
wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;tjzpfcH,lum Armjynfta&SŒajrmufa'o e,fpyfu “rkH;udk;” ukd 0ifa&mufwkdufckduf
odrf;ykdufvkdufygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ wlwHpOftvH[m rkHukd;rSm pwifv$ifhxlvkduf+yD;/
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o vGwfajrmufe,fajr pwifay:xGef;vmygw,f?
rkHukd;eJ@ a&SŒqifhaemufqihf wòydifeufwnf;vkdvkd wkdufckdufodrf;ykduf+yD; wlwHpOftvHv$ifhxl
vkdufwmuawmh “a[rkd;vkH” jzpfygw,f?
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D ŒJ A[kd yJc;l ¶k;d rrSm ppftpk;d &&J@ ppfqifa&; }uD;i,frsK;d pkH vuf,u S x f ;dk
aeqJumv/ wjynfv;Hk rSm&Sw d hJ Auyvufeufuidk t f iftm;pkrsm;[m tustqk;H }uD;rm;pGmeJ@ ckcw H eG ;f
vSef wku d yf q JG ifae&qJumv/ ‘xk;d ppfudk xk;d ppfe@J ¶ku d cf sK;d ’ vk@d om aºuG;a=umfwu dk yf qGJ ifae&ayr,f/h
wu,fu t}uD;tus,cf pH pfqifae&wJu h mvrSm/ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D ŒJ ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o
vGwfajrmufe,fajr}uD; xGufay:vmcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
yJc;l ¶k;d rA[ku
d wjznf;jznf; e,fajrusKŒH usKŒH vmcJ&h ayr,fh ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o vGwaf jrmuf
e,fajruawmh wjznf;jznf;us,fvmcJhygw,f?
yJc;l ¶k;d r A[ked @J ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o vGwaf jrmufe,fajrt=um; tckid t f rm qufo, G af ygi;f
ul;ay;r_ rvkyEf idk cf ifrmS ppftpk;d &uyJ yJc;l ¶k;d r Auy A[ku d dk wk;d +yD; xk;d ppfqifacsre_ ;f zk@d óud;pm;ygw,f?
1968 ckESpf/ {+yDv (16) &ufae@reuf tm¶k%fOD;rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kdaumfrwD0if/
&Jabmf okH;usdyf0if AkdvfaZ,s usqkH;&ygw,f? A[kdXmecsKyfukd 0kdif;xkd;wJh t¶k%fOD;xkd;ppfrSm
usqkH;cJhwmjzpfyg w,f?
ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o Auy v_y&f mS ;r_udk OD;wnfwu dk yf q
JG ifz@dk awmfveS af &;aumifpD ppftpk;d
&u ajcjrefwyfr[mXmecsKyf topfwck xyfzGJŒpnf;ygw,f? wyfr (99) jzpfygw,f?
(77) (88) (99) ajcjrefwyfr[mXmecsKyf (3) ckeJ@ ppfqifa&;awGukd wkd;+yD;qifovkd/ wkdif;ppf
XmecsKyf (7) ck&ŒJ e,fajra'oawGtwGi;f wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyfawGtvku d f ppfa&;pDrcH suaf wGcs+yD;/ aomif;
usef;ol tjywfacsr_ef;a&;qkdwmukd t&Sdeft[kefeJ@vkyfygw,f? 1968 ckESpf wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcHuae
“jynfolŒppfrsm; pepfwus wkd;csJŒzGJŒpnf;ay;&ef” qkdwmukd qkH;jzwf+yD; wkdif;ppfXmecsKyfawGtvkduf
wk;d csŒJ zGŒJ pnf;ygw,f? wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyfawGuae vufeufwyfqifay;yGaJ wGvyk yf gw,f? òrdŒe,f (212)
òrŒd e,f&dS aus;&Gmaygi;f (1831) &Gmu “jynfoŒl ppf” tzGŒJ 0ifaygi;f (67736) a,mufudk ¶kid zf ,f/ pwif;/
ESpfvkH;jyL; pwJh vufeufrsKd;pkH (15227) vuf wyfqifzGJŒpnf;ay;+yD; ppfwyf&JŒ ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGrSm
tokH;csygw,f? ae&mtm;vHk;rSm ‘umuG,fa&;’ eJ@ ‘jynfolŒppf’ awGukd wkd;+yD;tokH;cs&if; wkd;+yD;
xk;d ppfqifwmawG vkycf ahJ yr,fh t"dutm;jzifh Auy/ autif,/l r'nw eJ@ autkid af tukd OD;wnf
xkd;ppfqifygw,f?

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtwGif;rSm ðzwf-xkwf-owfawG quf+yD;jzpfay:ygw,f? wckvkH;t

aeeJ@ ðzwf-xkwf-owf rSm &m*%mef;jynfhatmif owfjzwfta&;,lcJhwmr&Sdayr,fh EkdifiHa&;t&/
pnf; ¶k;H a&;t& tifrwef xdcu dk ef pfemr_awG jzpfcyhJ gw,f? jrpf0u|e;f ay:wkid ;f wm0efcH A[kad umfrwD0if
&Jabmfp;dk oef;/ Adv
k x f eG ;f +ird ;f / Akv
d x f eG ;f &Sed f wk@d ðzwf-xkw-f owf xJrmS ygomG ;ovkd ausmif;om;or*~u
vmwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif ukdpkd;0if;/ ukdatmifodef;Ekdif/ ukdodef;xGef;/ ukdcif0if;/ ukdausmfcif
wkd@wawGvnf; towfcHoGm;=u&ygw,f?
ppftpkd;&&JŒ xkd;ppfawGtwGif;rSm 1968 ckESpftwGif;rSm &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd ArmjynfuGef
jrLepfygwD aygvpfAsL¶kd0ifeJ@ r'nw twGif;a&;rª;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhol ocifwifxGef;/ A[kdaumfr
wD0if a'gufwmewf (of) ac: &JabmfxGef;armif wkd@ usqkH;oGm;&ygw,f? jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owGif;&Sd
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ autif,l/ r'nw wkd@ vufeufukdifwyfzGJŒrsm;eJ@ tajccHa'oawG tjyif;
txef xkd;ppfqifwkdufckdufjcif;cH&ovkd/ yJcl;¶kd;r&Sd ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kdXmecsKyf/ A[kdaq;
ausmif;/ A[kd rmufhpfvDeif0g' oifwef;ausmif;wkd@vnf; t}udrf}udrf xkd;ppfqifwkdufcdkufwm cH&yg
w,f? A[kdXmecsKyf[m t}udrf}udrf ae&ma&$Œajymif;cJh&ygw,f?
Akv
d af e0if; ppftpk;d &&JŒ uGejf rLepfow k o
f ifa&;/ uGejf rLepfygwAD [kXd mcsKyf acsre_ ;f a&;/ t}udrf
}udrfaom jyif;jyif;xefxef }uHpnfóud;yrf; xkd;ppfqifaer_awGtwGif;rSm/ ocifoef;xGef;u
“*syefacwf u usaemfw@dk u,fc&hJ wJh Akv d af e0if;[m tckawmh usaemfw@dk udk taoowfz@dk tjyif;t
xefóud;yrf;aevku d yf rHk sm;” vdk h rSwrf w S x f ifxif zGi[
hf ajymqko d mG ;ygw,f? 1968 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv
(24) &ufae@ nae (5) em&D rdepf (20) avmufrmS / awmificl ¶kid f u|yJ òJG rŒd taemufawmifaxmifh (5)
rkdifavmuftuGm yJcl;¶kd;r A[kdtajccHpcef;wcktwGif;rSm tpkd;&&JŒppfwyfu awmvmckdw,fqkdwJh
óuHwdwf (ac: ) vkHwdwf (ac: ) ijr qkdol&JŒ vkyf}uHowfjzwfr_a=umifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDOuUÏ
ocifoef;xGe;f usq;Hk oGm;&ygw,f? ArmhEidk if aH &;orkid ;f rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwo D rkid ;f rSm tifrwef
}u;D us,x f if&mS ;cJw
h /hJ a&SŒwef;ta&mufq;Hk tcef;uae yg0if&u G af qmif acgi;f aqmifcw hJ hJ ocifoef;xGe;f
[m yJcl;¶kd;rtwGif; usqkH;&csdefrSm touf (57) ESpfom &Sdygao;w,f?
ocifoef;xGe;f usq;Hk +yD;aemuf ArmjyefueG jf rLepfygwu D dk OuUÏtjzpf ocifZifu qufccH yhJ g
w,f? twGif;a&;rª;tjzpf ocifcspfu qufvufwm0ef,lygw,f? ppftpkd;&u ArmjynfuGefjrLepf
ygwDukd tjywfacsr_ef;ypfEkdifzkd@ ppfqifa&;awGudk wck+yD;wckvkyfygw,f? OuUÏ ocifZifeJ@ twGif;a&;
rª; ocifcspf wk@d u (64) vrf;pOfudk qufvufuidk pf +JG yD; awmfveS af &;tvHudk qufvufvi$ x hf yl gw,f?
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD yJc;l ¶k;d rA[ked @J ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD ta&SŒajrmufppfa'ot=um;
wqufwpyfwnf;aom awmfveS af &;vrf;r}uD;ukad wmh atmifatmifjrifjrif ckid cf idk rf mrmjzpfatmif
aygif;ul;wHwm; xkd;ray;EdkifcJh=uyg? wckwnf;aom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtvHawmfukd twlwuG
ukid af qmifxm;=uayr,fh yJc;l ¶k;d rA[k[ d m ppftpk;d &&JŒ xk;d ppfqifra_ wGudk tqufrjywf ckc&H ifqidk af e
&+yD; cHppftaetxm; &ifqkdifae&ygw,f? ta&SŒajrmufppfa'ouawmh wlwHpOftvHukd v$ifhxl
csdefup+yD; (w¶kwfjynf&JŒ tultnDtjynfht0eJ@) wpxufwp e,fajrcsJŒxGif odrf;ykdufEkdifcJh+yD;
xkd;ppftaetxm;eJ@ vGwfajrmufe,fajr}uD; tqufrjywf us,fjyef@vmcJhygw,f? 1968 xJrSm
autif,luvnf; w¶kwfjynfukd y%mrukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ apv$wfcJhygw,f?

ppftpk;d &[m ppftpk;d &yDyD ppfa&;ukt d av;wif+y;D aomif;use;f oltðywfwu dk af &;ukd OD;wnf
vkyfaqmifaewmeJ@ wòydifeufwnf;rSm EkdifiHa&;t&/ pD;yGm;a&;t&/ tkyfcsKyfa&;t& e,fy,faygif;
pkHukd tjynfht0 csKyfukdifv$rf;rkd;xm;a&;ukdvnf; tqufrjywf vkyfaqmifygw,f?
67 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae@rSm A[kdawmifolv,form;aumifpDqkdwmukd zGJŒpnf;cJhovkd/
1968 ckEpS /f arv (1) &ufae@rmS A[kt d vkyo f rm;aumifpq D w dk mukd zGŒJ pnf;cJjh yefygw,f? OuUÏtjzpf
Akdvfrª;}uD;armifa&$/ twGif;a&;rª;tjzpf Adkvfrª;ukd}uD; wkd@ acgif;aqmifyg0ifcJhygw,f//
tm%mtm;vk;H ukd ukid x f m;wmu awmfveS af &;aumifp/D awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ atmufrmS
awmifov l ,form;aumifpeD @J tvkyo f rm;aumifp/D ygwt D aeeJ@uawmh jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOf
ygwDqkdwJh tcif;tusif;jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrfpOfygwu D dk OD;aqmifygw}D uD;tjzpf a&SŒwef;xkwzf @dk trsK;d rsK;d od'w d< if&if;
tvkyform;aumifpDeJ@ v,form;aumifpDukd rqvygwD&JŒ b,fawmifyHESifh nmawmifyHtjzpf
wyfqifykHazmfygw,f? ygwD,lepf¶kH;qkdwmawGwkdif;rSm v,form;aumifpDqkdif;bkwfeJ@ tvkyform;
aumifpDqkdif;bkwfawG b,fnm pkdufxlzGifhvkdufygw,f?
b,favmufyJ toGif,l,l ppftpkd;&qkdwJh twGif;o¶kyfukd zkH;tkyfxm;vkd@r&atmif azmfjy
aewmuawmh awmfveS af &;aumifpq D w dk mrSmvnf; ppfAv dk x f yd of ;D }uD;awG/ rqvygwAD [kad umfrwD
qkw d mrSmvnf; ppfAv dk x f yd o
f ;D }uD;awG/ A[kad wmifov l ,f orm;aumifpq D w dk meJ@ A[kt d vkyo f rm;
aumifpDqkdwmrSmvnf; ppfAkdvfxdyfoD;}uD;awGcsnf;jzpfygw,f? a'gufawG aAsmufawG tyGifhawG
bm;awGucsnf; ae&mwum ae&m,lxm;wm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;jrifEkdifygw,f?
v,form;aumifp/D tvkyo f rm;aumifpaD wGuadk zmfovkd pmoifausmif;rSmvnf; ‘ausmif;
aumifp’D qkw d mukd azmfz@dk óud;pm;ygw,f? pepfopfynma&;qkw d mukd azmfxw k +f yD; ynma&;avmu
ukv d nf; xde;f csKyfEidk zf @dk óu;d yrf;ygw,f? ‘ausmif;aumifp’D qkw d mu ppftpk;d &rsurf ek ;f usK;d vSwhJ ausmif;
om;or*~}uD;ukd &moufyefz,f&Sm;ypf+yD;/ ausmif;om;or*~}uD;tpm; ausmif;om;or*~&JŒae&m
tpm;xkd;zkd@ zGJŒpnf;ay;wmjzpfygw,f? pepfopfynma&;qkdwmuawmh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpkd;
&u aºuG;a=umfxm;wJh qkd&S,fvpfvrf;a=umif;}uD;eJ@ ukdufnDatmif/ jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOf rl0g'
oabmxm;awGeJ@ vkdufzufatmif oif¶kd;awGutp topfjyefa&;+yD; wzufuvnf; toufarG;
0rf;ausmif;ynma&;ukd OD;pm;ay;wJh ynma&;pepfjzpfygw,f?
1968 ckESpfukefykdif;avmufrSm AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;[m wkdif;jynf&JŒ t&yf&yftajctaeukd
wGufcsuf+yD;/ EkdifiHa&;upm;uGufwckukd zefwD;vkdufjyefygw,f? tJ'guawmh “jynfwGif;nD!¸wfa&;
tzGŒJ ” qkwd mukd zGŒJ pnf;zk@d Ek0d ifbmv (29) &ufae@rmS Ekid if aH &;orm;a[mif; }uD; (33) OD;ukd zdwaf c:+yD;
t=uHay;tzGJŒ zGJŒpnf;aqmif&Gufvkda=umif; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u tqkdðyvkdufjcif;yJjzpfygw,f?
'DZifbm (4) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpD a=unmcsuftrSwf (72) eJ@ “jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEkdifiH jynfwGif;nD!Gwfa&;t}uHay;tzGJŒ” ukd tJh'D (33) OD;eJ@ zGJŒpnf;vkdufygw,f? “(33) OD;
aumfrwD” vkd@ vlodrsm;cJhygw,f? (33) OD;aumfrwDrSm yxp/ zqyv/ yrnw acgif;aqmifa[mif;
}uD;awGomru &Sr;f / csi;f / ucsi/f u&if/ u,m;/ rGe/f &ckid f pwJh wkid ;f &if;om;aygi;f pkyH gatmif xnfo h iG ;f
zGJŒpnf;xm;ygw,f?

62 ckEpS f awmfveS af &;aumifpD tm%modr;f pOfu tzrf;cHvu dk &f +yD; axmifxJ av;ig;ESpaf e
vkduf&+yD; jyefvGwfvmwJh 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;EkeJ@ orwa[mif; ref;0if;armifwkd@vnf; ygygw,f?
trsm;pkuawmh vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D aemufyidk ;f acwfwavsmufrmS 0ef}u;D 0efuav;eJ@ jynfe,faumifpD
jynfe,ftpk;d &awGrmS yg0ifczhJ ;l olawGjzpfygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpu D tpk;d &&JŒvkyif ef;aqmifwm
awGxJrSm xnfhoGif;tokH;ðy+yD; &mxl;XmeE W& wkduf¶kdufay;tyf+yD;om; yk*~KdvfawGawmh ryg0ifawmh
yg? ¡Oyrmtm;jzifh OD;odef;azjrifh/ ocifwifjr/ ocifausmfxGef; wkd@vkdyg?¢
(33) OD;aumfrDwDrSm yg0ifolawGuawmh æ
(1) OD;ausm+f idr;f / (2) OD;ausmrf if;/ (3) Akv
d cf ifarmifav;/ (4) Akv d cf ifarmif/ (5) ocifcspaf rmif
(0d"&l )/ (6) ocifcspaf rmif (jrefatmif)/ (7) p0fpidk ;f vk/H (8) ocifpjH rif/h (9) 'l0gaZmf&pf/ (10) 'l0gaZmfveG ;f /
(11) ocifwif/ (12) OD;wif!eG @f / (13) OD;xyfvid_ ;f / (14) OD;xGe;f jrifh (vif;ac;)/ (15) OD;Ek/ (16) p0fjynf/h
(17) rGefzkd;csKd/ (18) OD;AaqG/ (19) Akdvfrif;acgif/ (20) OD;a&$óudif/ (21) ocifvGif/ (22) ocifvSau|/
(23) ocifav;armif/ (24) OD;vGryf /Hk (25) p0f0À/ (26) ref;0if;armif/ (27) z'kad 0aomf/ (28) ocifoif/
(29) ocifomcif/ (30) q&momxdk/ (31) OD;omxGef;/ (32) Akdvfrª;atmif/ (33) EkdifatmifxGef;
wkd@jzpfygw,f?
Akv
d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u ‘t=uHay;tzGŒJ ’ ukzd ŒJG pnf;+yD; tJ'h D (33) OD;aumfrw D uD dk t}uH^m%fay;
=uzkd@ arwWm&yfcHwmvkyfygw,f? EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ vlenf;pkta&; tukefvkH;òcH+yD;awmh
aqG;aEG;t=uHay;zk@d awmif;ygw,f? jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &;ukd b,fvdk wnfaqmufoifo h vJqw dk mukd
t}uH^m%fay;=uzkd@vnf; awmif;cHygw,f? nD!Gwfa&;wGifru “zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'”
wck ay:xGef;vma&;txd &nf&G,fxm;w,fvkd@vnf; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u ajymqkdcJhygw,f?
“zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'” wck ay:xGef;a&;qkdwmeJ@ywfouf+yD; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;uæ
“usaemftckokH;aewJh pum;xJrSm zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wckvkd@ usaemfajymw,f?
wckqadk wmh ta[mif;yJjzpfrvm;/ topfv;Hk vk;H yJjzpfrvm;/ ta[mif;ukyd J jyifoihjf yif&mjyif+yD; vkyf
=urvm;qkdwJh tpdwftykdif;xdatmif usaemfwkd@oGm;=u&r,f” vkd@ ajymqkdoGm;cJhygw,f?
'D (33) OD;wifru/ wwkid ;f jynfv;Hk u ajymEkid q f Edk idk w
f hJ vltm;vk;H ajymEkid af tmif wkid ;f jynfudk
a=unm+yD;awmhvnf; awmif;ygO;D r,fv@dk ajymqko d mG ;cJyh gw,f? (aemufyidk ;f rSm/ jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &;
udpPESifhywfouf+yD; t}uH^m%frsm; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ &&SdEkdif&efqkd+yD; EkdifiHw0Srf;u jynfolawGqD
a=unmcsufxkwfjyefawmif;cHcJhwm&Sdygw,f?)
t}uHay;tzGJŒ[m aqG;aEG;yGJeJ@ywfoufwJh vkyfief;tpDtpOfawGukd rdrdwkd@óudufESpfoufo
vkd pDpOfEkdifw,fvkd@ cGifhðy+yD; t}uHay;pmwrf;awG wifoGif;=uzkd@ awmif;qkdzdwfac:ygw,f?
t}uaH y;tzGŒJ &JŒ vkyif ef;oufwrf;ukv d nf; 1969 ckEpS /f arv (31) &ufae@txd owfrw S af y;cJyh gw,f?
jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &;twGuf wwkid ;f jynfv;Hk &JŒ Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;/ wkid ;f &if;om;vl
rsKd;pkrsm;ta&;wifru/ aemifay:vmvwWHaom zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'a&;twGufxdyg ar#mf
rSe;f +yD;/ jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &;t}uHay;tzGŒJ ‘(33) OD;aumfrw D ’D }uD;ukd awmfveS af &;aumifpu D zGŒJ pnf;
ay;vku d w f ,fqakd wmh jynfov l x l }k uD;twGi;f rSm xl;jcm;vmOD;rvm;qk+d yD; ar#mv f ifch sux f m;csipf &m/
apmifhvifh=unfhp&mjzpfcJh&jyefygw,f?

(33) OD;aumfrw D x D rJ mS yg0ifwo hJ al wGuvnf; OD;Ek/ OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f / ref;0if;armifw@dk vdk
yk*K~ v
d af wGomru 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmif/ ocifviG /f ocifvaS u|/ ocifav;armifw@dk vdk yk*K~ v d af wGvnf;
yg0ifaeawmh/ 0JawGa&m ,mawGa&m =um;awGa&m pkaH eawmh wu,fudk nDn! D w G ! f w G ef @J wkid wf idk f
yifyifrsm; vkyu f idk af qmif&u G of mG ;csiv f @dk rsm;vm;vk@d awG;csipf &m ar#mv f ifch sipf &mtaetxm; zefw;D
ay;xm;ygw,f?
'Dvedk nf;eJ@ tcsed f (6) vausmaf vmuf rufv;Hk ay;xm;vku d yf gw,f? awmwGi;f vufeufuidk f
tiftm;pkawGtay:rJ+yD; xkd;ppfqif&if; rqvygwDckdifcHha&;ukdvnf; enf;rsKd;pkHeJ@ wnfaqmufaecJh
ygw,f? zqyvacwfu “Auy ukd tjywfòzEd idk &f if qk&d , S v f pfygwD tvkv d }dk u;D xGm;vmrSmyJ” vk@d
OD;ausmf+idrf; OD;AaqG wkd@wGufqcJh=uovkd/ tckvnf; “Auy ukdtðywfacsr_ef;Ekdif&if rqv
tvkv d }dk uD;xGm;ckid cf hH vmrSmyJ” vk@d ,q l +y;D Akv d cf sKyf}u;D ae0if; [m Auy wk@d &ŒJ yJc;l ¶k;d rA[kd òyyd suaf &;ukd
ppfa&;t& tav; wif+yD; óud;yrf;tm;xkwfaecJhygw,f? wòydifeufwnf;rSm jrpf0u|ef;ay:&Sd Auy/
autif,leJ@ r'nw tiftm;pkawG a=uðyef;a&;ukdvnf; a&$vif;,kefppfqifa&;eJ@ rkd;[def;
ppfqifa&;awG csrSwf+yD; tjyif;txef; xkd;ppfqifcJhygw,f? a&$vif;,kefppfqifa&; tqifh (1) uae
tqifh (6) txd/ rkd;[def; ppfqifa&; tqifh (1) uae tqifh (3) txd owfrSwf+yD; jrpf0u|ef;ay:
ykodrf/ ajrmif;jr/ bkduav;/ armfu|ef;/ usKHaysmf/ tdrfrJ/ yef;waemf/ ausmif;ukef;/ "EkjzL/ vyGwWm/
iykawm a'oawGtwGif; tjyif;txef ppfqifa&; awGvkyfcJhygw,f? tJ'Dppfqifa&;twGif;rSm
‘jynfo@l ppf’qkw d mawGudk us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ azmfxw k t
f ok;H csc¶hJ rHk u/ “aomif;use;f r_ qef@usiaf &;
tzGJ@” qkdwmawGukdyg xyfqifhazmfxkwf+yD; vlxk}uD;ukdyg ppfwyf&JŒ ppfqifa&;awGtwGif; twif;
t"rR yg0ifaqmif&GufapcJhygw,f?
ta&SŒajrmufa'o Auy wkd@&JŒ v_yf&Sm;r_awG wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmwJhtwGuf ajcjrefwyfr
XmecsKyf (2) ckeJ@ qkdifay;xm;&+yD;/ ¶kd;reJ@ jrpf0u|ef;ay:rSmvnf; wyfawGtrsm;tjym; okH;pGJae&wJh
twGu/f aemufxyf ppftiftm;xyfw;dk csŒJ zk@d vkw d ,fo;Hk oyf+yD;/ aemufxyf “ajcvsiw f yf&if;” (6)
&if;ukd xyf+yD; jznfhwif;zGJŒpnf;ygw,f?
&Sr;f jynfrmS &Sw d hJ ppftpk;d &u zGŒJ pnf;ay;xm;wJh “umuG,af &;wyf” awGuv kd nf; “ppfwyfe@J
yl;aygif;+yD; aomif;usef;ol olykefawGukdomwkduf/ txl;ojzifh Auyukdom OD;wnfwkduf” usefwm
vkycf siw f mvkycf iG hf ðyxm;cJyh gw,f? em;vnfre_ @J bde;f vkycf iG u hf dk vkycf iG ðhf yxm;cJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifh ‘cGeq f m’
enf;wl bde;f ukd t}u;D tus,v f yk =f uwJh ppftpk;d &todtrSwðf y “umuG,af &;wyfzŒJG ” awG &Sr;f jynf
xJrmS trsm;tjym;jzpfay:aeygw,f? uk;d uef@umuG,af &;acgi;f aqmif ‘avmfppf[ef’/ ‘0’ e,fum
uG,af &;acgi;f aqmif Akv d v f , G Of ;D / usKid ;f wku H muG,af &;acgi;f aqmif ‘,efxeG ’f wk@d [m bde;f ukt d }uD;
tus,v f yk o f al wGtjzpf emrnf}uD;cJyh gw,f? 1967 ckEpS u f urBmuodwhJ bde;f ppfyu JG dk qifEcJ$ w hJ hJ
cGeqf m ukad wmh/ 68 ckEpS rf mS wef@,ef;e,frmS aecGiðhf yxm+y;D / 69 xJusrS rvGo J mra&Smifom tzrf;jy
xde;f odr;f vku d &f ayr,f/h avmfppf[ef wk@d wawGuawmh bde;f ukt d }uD;tus,f qufvufvyk u f idk &f if;/
ppftpkd;&todtrSwfðy umuG,fa&;wyfawGtjzpf wpxufwp }uD;xGm;vmcJhygw,f?
1969 ckEpS /f ZGev f (2) &ufae@rmS ‘jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &;tzGŒJ ’ (33) OD;aumfrw D &D ŒJ vkyif ef;rsm;
+yD;qkH;oGm;+yDjzpfygw,f?

(33) OD;aumfrDwD[m 68 'DZifbmuae/ 69 ZGefvtxd (6) vtwGif;rSm tpnf;ta0;

(93) }udrw f idk f aqG;aEG;wkid yf ifc=hJ uygw,f? &v'ftjzpf t}uHay;csuef @J t}uHay;pmwrf;awG xGuaf y:
vmygw,f?
(33) OD;xJu xGuaf y:vmwJh oabmxm;tjrifawGudk aygi;f ¶k;H +y;D / tkypf v k u dk f cGu J ef@+y;D ok;H oyf
=unfhr,fqkd&if t=urf;zsif;tm;jzifh tkyfpk (3) ck xGufay:vmygw,f? tkyfpk (3) ck&JŒ oabmxm;
tjrifay:u xGufay:vmwJh t}uHðy qENay;r_[mvnf; (3) rsKd; (3) pm;&Sdw,fvkd@ qdkEkdifygw,f?
trsm;qkH;tpkjzpfwJh (18) OD;yg yxrtkyfpk&JŒ t}uHðywifjycsufuawmh 'Drkdua&pDpepfukdxl
axmifyg/ ygwpD pHk epfuu dk sio hf ;Hk yg/ pD;yGm;a&;rSm tpk;d &/ or0g,r/ zufpyf/ yk*v ~ u
d qkw d hJ ajcav;acsmif;
axmufpD;yGm;a&;ukd oGm;ygqkdwmjzpfygw,f? EkdifiHzGJŒpnf;r_ukdawmh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkykHpHukd
awmif;qkdt}uHðyxm;ygw,f? 'DtkyfpkrSm wnf+rJa&m oef@&Sif;a&m yg¶kHru wkdif;&if;om;rsm;vnf;
yg0ifygw,f? yg0ifolawGuawmh æ
OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmrf if;/ Akv d cf ifarmifav;/ Akv d rf if;acgi/f ocifwif/ p0f0À/ ref;0if;armif/ q&m
omwk/d Ekid af tmifxeG ;f / Akv d rf ;ª atmif/ OD;xyfvid_ ;f / p0fjynf/h p0fpidk ;f vk/H OD;a&$óudi/f OD;vGryf /Hk Akv d cf ifarmif/
'l0gaZmf&pf/ 'l0gaZmfvGef; wkd@jzpfygw,f? 'Drkdua&pD qkd&S,fvpfvrf;a=umif;eJ@ 'Drkdua&pDqkd&S,fEkdifiH
xlaxmifzkd@jzpfygw,f?
'kwd,tkyfpkuawmh (11) OD;yg0ifygw,f? vuf0Jtkyfpkvkd@ ajymr,fqkd&ifvnf; ajymqkdEkdifyg
w,f? qkd&S,fvpf'Drkdua&pDvrf;a=umif;uae qkd&S,fvpfEkdifiHxlaxmifa&;ukd t}uHðyygw,f? EkdifiH
a&;pepfu wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfjzpfayr,fh qkd&S,fvpf'Drkdua&pDpepfukd xlaxmifzkd@ “trsKd;om;
nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk” zGŒJ zk@d t}uHðyygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;ukd pDru H ed ;f pD;yGm;a&;pepf/ Ekid if H zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyf
yko H ¿mefudk qkAd , D ufjynfaxmifpyk pHk H vkv d m;ygw,f? uk, d yf idk t
f yk cf sKyfjyÏmef;cGi&hf wdS hJ jynfe,frsm;eJ@
&moufyef rcGJwrf; jynfaxmifpkykHo¿mefukd t}uHðyygw,f? 'DtkyfpkrSm yg0ifolawGuawmh æ
ocifcspaf rmif (0d"&l )/ ocifav;armif/ ocifviG /f ocifvaS u|/ ocifpjH rif/h ocifoif/ OD;om
xGef;/ OD;wif!Gef@/ rGefzkd;csKd/ OD;xGef;jrifh (vif;ac;)/ z'kda0aomf wkd@jzpf=uygw,f?
wwd,tkyfpkuawmh OD;ausmf+idrf;/ ocifcspfarmif (jrefatmif) eJ@ ocifomcifwkd@ (3) OD;
tkyfpkjzpfygw,f? a,bk,s tm;jzifh (18) OD;yg yxrtkyfpkeJ@ twlwlvkdjzpf+yD;/ wkdif;&if;om;a&;&meJ@
Ekid if aH wmfzŒJG pnf;yku H pd rP mS om uGjJ ym;jcm;em;ygw,f? Ekid if aH wmfudk zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk rzJŒG pnf;bJ
xkdif;/ AD,uferf wkd@vkdrsKd; wjynfaxmifpepfukd usifhokH;+yD; cGJxGufcGihfukd vkH;0vufrcHvkdolawGjzpfyg
w,f?
0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Ekuawmh “trsKd;om;tpkd;&w&yf csufjcif;zGJŒpnf;+yD;/ ta&;}uD;wJh
jy\emawG ajz&Si;f a&;eJ@ywfoufwhJ t}uaH y;pmwrf;wapmif a&;om;wifjycJyh gw,f?” OD;Ek uawmh
“EkdifiHawmf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;/ aiG;a&;a=u;a&;/ vlr_zlvkHa&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;jy\emawG[m jynf
axmifpk&JŒ vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ wnfwHhckdif+rJa&;awGukd òyduGJusqkH;wJhb0 ra&mufa&mufatmif wae@
wjcm; ykdrkdwkd;wufjyif;xefpGm ykd@vsuf&Sdw,fvkd@ usaemf rrSdwfrokef,kH=unfw,f” vkd@tpcsD+yD;
tJ'DvkdtajctaeawGa=umifh AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh trsKd;om;tpkd;&w&yf csufcsif; ta&;
w}uD;zGJŒpnf;zkd@ vkdtyfa=umif;/ tJ'Dvkd zGJŒpnf;r,fhtpkd;&ukd vlxku =unf=unfjzLjzLvufcHatmif

awmfvSefa&;tpkd;&u EkdifiHawmftm%mukd OD;Ek qD yxrOD;pGm jyefvnftyfESHzkd@/ tJh'Daemuf OD;Eku

v$wfawmfac: +yD; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; ukd orwcef@zkd@/ tpkd;&tzGJŒukd zGJŒpnf;apzkd@eJ@ (33) OD; t}uHay;
tzGJŒ0ifawGukd tpkd;&tzGJŒ0if 0ef}uD;rsm;eJ@ EkdifiHawmforw&JŒ t}uHay;yk*~KdvfawGtjzpf qufvuf
aqmif&GufoGm;apzkd@qkd+yD; t}uHðywifjyygw,f? OD;Ek &JŒt=uHay;csufukd ref;0if;armif/ ocifwifeJ@
Akdvfcifarmifav; wkd@u jznfhpGuft}uHðy wifjy=uygw,f?
OD;Ek [m ygvDref'Drkdua&pDpepfukd jyefvnfazmfxkwfzkd@ t=uHðywmjzpfygw,f? wenf;tm;
jzifh ygvDref'Drkdua&pDpepfukd twwfEkdifqkH; xdrf;odrf;xm;+yD; tpGrf;ukefumuG,fapmifha&SmufEkdifzkd@
óud;yrf;tm;xkwf=unfhwmjzpfygw,f?
AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; [m wckrSvufrcHcJhyg? b,ftkyfpk&JŒoabmxm;ukdrS vufrcHcJhovkd/
b,fyk*~Kdvf&JŒ t}uHðywifjycsufukdrSvnf; tav;rxm;cJhyg? tav;xm;ygw,fqkdwJh odrfarGŒaysmh
ajymif;r_ t&dyfedrdwfudkawmif rjyocJhyg? bma=umifhvnf;qdkawmh tpuwnf;u 'DEkdifiHa&;yk*~Kdvf
}uD;awG&ŒJ t}uHay;r_udk vkv d cdk sicf sif &,lcsiv f eG ;f vk@d av;av;pm;pm; awmif;cHcw hJ mr[kww f t
hJ jyif/
tpuwnf;u ol[m eHygwf (1) yk*K~ v d jf zpfa=umif; tay: pD;uaejyocJ+h y;D +yjD zpfygw,f? (33) OD;aom
yk*~Kdvf}uD;rsm;ukd zdwfac:awGŒqkHwJhae@uwnf;u olrsm;xuf ododomomjrifhwJh ukvm;xkdif}uD;
ay:rSm ae&m,lxkdifjy+yD;/ OD;Ektygt0if (33) OD;aom yk*~Kdvf}uD;rsm;ukd olŒxuf wqifhedrfhaeapcJh+yD;
+yDjzpfygw,f?
tpuwnf;u AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; &nf&G,fxm;wmu tcsdefqGJzkd@eJ@ EkdifiHa&;tjrwfxkwfzkd@
jzpfygw,f? aemufwa=umif;uvnf; olŒvufatmuf olŒpdwóf uduyf pHk eH @J 0ifvmcJ&h if tay: pD;uae
tokH;cszkd@jzpfygw,f? wGif;xJa&mufaewJh ºuGufawGtm;vkH; tay:wufvmatmif armif;wif=unfh
+yD;/ olwkd@&JŒoabmxm;trSefawGukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odatmif vkyf=unfh+yD;/ vkdtyfovkd ukd,fht
wGuftokH;cszkd@ &nf&G,fcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh (33) OD; t=uHay;tzGJŒ&JŒ t}uHay;csufawGukd wckrSvufrcHcJhovkd/ tav;xm;
a=umif; razmfjy¶kHru/ 1969 ckESpfxJrSmyJ usif;ywJh rqv&JŒ pwkwWt}udrf ygwDESD;aESmyGJrSm AkdvfcsKyf
}uD;ae0if; u a[m'Dvkdawmif ajym=um;vkdufygao;w,f?
“33 a,mufxJrSmygwJh yk*~Kdvftrsm;pk[m usaemfeJ@ tifrwef&if;ESD;aeawmh/ aqGvkdrsKd;vkd
nDtukdvkd wkdufyGJawGrSm twlaevmcJhwJhyk*~KdvfawGyg? EkdifiHa&;oHa0*rsm;&+yD; a&mufvmvkd@&Sd&if/
wk@d vyk &f ukid &f wm vkyrf ,fu
h idk rf ,foh l ykv
d m&ifaumif;w,f? rvmvnf; aeygapaygæ h qk+d y;D usaemfw@dk
'Dvo dk abmeJ@ ac:vku d wf myg? t}u^H m%faumif;rsm;xGuv f mvk@d &&dS ifvnf; ykad umif;wmaygah v æ
33 OD;usawmhvnf; olw@dk u b,fvw dk u G jf yefovJqadk wmh usaemfw@dk 'kuaQ &mufv@dk jy\
em&Sdvkd@qkdawmh awG;wmukdu [kwfrSr[kwfbJeJ@? tJ'Dawmh olwkd@wifjywJh t}uH^m%fawG[m
olwkd@,kH=unfwmvnf; ygwmayghæ
aemifudk usaemfw@dk e@J qufo, G cf si=f uwJh tjyifuvlaygah v? qufo, G cf si&f if usaemfw@dk vydk J
oabmjzL tlpif;eJ@vmcJhyg? a0hvDa0hvnf wcgxJ yg;vSvkd@ eyfvSvkd@awmh vkyf+yD;rvmeJ@? usaemfwkd@
vnf;yJ jrufpm;aewmr[kwfbl;æ” wJh?

rqvygwD ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG mS OuUÏ&JŒ tzGirhf ed ;f cGe;f tjzpf ajym=um;cJw h t

hJ xJu Akv d cf sKyf}uD;
ae0if;&JŒ tJ'Dpum;[m (33) OD; t}uHay;tzJGŒukd bma=umifhac:vJqkdwm (33) OD;ukd awmfvSefa&;
aumifpDu b,fvkdoabmxm;vJqkdwm t&Sif;qkH; azmfjyaeygw,f?
'ga=umifh tpuwnf;u bmt}uH^m%frS vkv d v dk m;vm; vkcd siv f eG ;f vk@d ac:,lzŒJG pnf;cJw h m
r[kwfwJh “(33) OD;t}uHay;tzGJŒ” qkdwm[m (6) veJ@yJ bm&v'faumif;rS rxGufyJ edXdwHoGm;&yg
w,f? (33) OD;aom yk*K~ v d }f uD;rsm;[m ‘t}uHay;tzGŒJ ’ &,fv@dk w&m;0ifzŒJG ay;+yD; t}uH^m%fawmif;cH
vmwmukd t}u^H m%fay;rdwt hJ wGuf av;av;pm;pm; oabmtxm;rcH&¶krH u/ rqJ¶w Hk r,f &efvyk f
v$ww f mcHvu dk &f wJu
h ed ;f qku
d cf &hJ ygw,f? t}uHay;rdygw,f? axmifrcswmuHaumif;w,fv@dk ajym&
r,fhudef;qdkufcJhygw,f?
(33) OD;om axmifcsrcHvkduf&ayr,fh t}uHay;rdwJhtwGuf axmifcscHvkduf&olawGvnf;
trSefwu,fukd ay:aygufcJhygw,f? tJ'guawmh csif;rsKd;cspfyk*~Kdvf ‘OD;vseftkyf’ eJ@ tzGJŒjzpfygw,f?
csi;f trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfwhJ OD;vset f yk f [m 68 ckEpS f “jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &; t}uH
ay;tzGJ@” ukdwifjyzkd@ (33) OD;xJrSmyg0ifwJh csif;trsKd;om;jzpfwJh OD;xyfv_dif; qDuwqifh pmwrf;w
apmif a&;om;ðypkwifjycJyh gw,f? csi;f vli,frsm;uk, d pf m; a&;om;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? pmwrf;&JŒacgi;f pOf
u “csif;vli,frsm;t}uHay;csuf” qkdwmjzpfygw,f? pmwrf;&JŒoabmu “1947 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyf
csKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'” &JŒ tm;enf;csuu f dk zGijhf y+yD;/ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifppk epfjzifh Ekid if aH wmfzŒJG pnf;tkyf
csKyfykHtajccHOya'ukd jyefvnfjyifqifa&;qGJjyÏmef;zkd@ wifjyxm;jcif;jzpfygw,f?
tusKd;qufuawmh AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; acgif;aqmifwJh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu OD;vseftkyf
eJ@wuG pmwrf;rSm twlvufrw S af &;xk;d cJ=h uwJh csi;f trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif (80) ausmu f dk “zuf'&,f
cGx
J u G af &;orm;” awGv@dk uifyeG ;f wyf+yD; ESp&f n S v f rsm; axmifcsypfcyhJ gw,f? axmifeef;pHapcJyh gw,f?
‘t}uHay;tzGJŒ’ &,fvkd@vnf; zGJŒxm;+yD; t}uHawmif;vkd@ t}uHay;rdygw,f? t}uHukdvufrcHEkdif&if
ab;z,fxm;/ ckawmh vlygaxmifcsypfvu dk wf muawmh ‘awmfveS af &;aumifp’D yJ&w dS ,fv@dk rSww f rf;
wif&ygvdrfhr,f?
wu,fu AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; eJ@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD[m t}uH^m%fukd vkdcsifwmr[kwf?
olwkd@ukd axmufcHwmukdom vkdcsifcJhwmyg? t}uH^m%fqkd&ifvnf; axmufcHwJht}uH^m%fukdom
vkdcsifcJhwmjzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpkd;&ukd óudufovkd óudqkdaxmufcH t}uHðy=uprf;yg?
rwlwmawmhrajymeJ@qkdwJh oabmjzpfygw,f? rwlwJht}uH^m%fawG rvkdcsifyg? tm%mukda&&Snf
qkyu f idk +f y;D b,fvydk o Hk ¾mefe@J rsm; oGm;&r,fqw dk m awmfveS af &;aumifp[ D m olŒ[mol qk;H jzwfxm;
+yD;jzpfygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh t=uHay;tzGJ@ukd &yfqkdif;xm;+yD;jyD;csif; ra&S;raESmif;rSmyJusif;ywJh 1969
ckESpf pwkwWt}udrf rqvygwD/ ygwDESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrSmyJ “zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'opf” a&;qGJ
a&;ukd oljzpfapcsifwmawGeJ@ vrf;a=umif;+yD; pwifxkwfazmfajymqkdcJhygw,f? vlxk}uD;w&yfvkH;ukd
vSnzhf sm;zk@d pum;vk;H vSvaS v;ok;H +y;D qk;H jzwfc=hJ uwmuawmh “jynfov l x l v k ufo@dk Ekid if aH wmftm%m
jyeftyfa&;twGuf/ EkdifiHawmfzGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'opf a&;qGJ&ef” qkdwmjzpfygw,f? (33)
OD; t=uHay;tzGŒJ zGŒJ pnf;zk@d pwifwek ;f u zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya' ay:ayguaf &;txd t}uH^m%f
ay;zkd@ awmif;qkdwkef;uawmh “ta[mif;yJjzpfrvm;/ topfvkH;vkH;yJujzpfrvm;/ ta[mif;ukd

jyifoif&h mjyif+yD; vky=f urvm;qkw d mxd oGm;=uzk@d ” vk@d qcdk ahJ yr,f/h tckawmh “ tajccHOya'rlopf”
a&;qG&J efv@dk cyf&iS ;f &Si;f yJ ajymif;vJajymqkv d mcJyh gw,f? tJ'v D dk ,wdjywfrajymqkv d @dk vnf; rjzpfawmh
wmu ta=umif;&Sdygw,f? tm%mukd a&&Snf qufvufqkyfukdifxm;Ekdifzkd@twGufeJ@ rqvygwD
wygwDwnf;ukdyJ OD;aqmifygwD}uD;tjzpf òydifbufr&Sdvkyfxm;Ekdifzkd@u 1947 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH
tajccHOya' a[mif;twkid ;f vkyx f m;vk@d b,fvrdk S jzpfEidk v f rd rhf ,fr[kwyf g? 47 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk
tajccHOya'u wygwDwnf;wnf&SdcGifhukd jiif;y,fxm;wJh ygwDpkHygvDref'Drkdua&pDpepf ykHpHjzpfaevkd@
jzpfygw,f? aemufwcsufu 47 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' a[mif;twkdif;yJ qufvuf
todtrSwðf yr,fq&dk if tajccHOya' a[mif;[m tajccHtm;jzifh rSew f ,fv@dk t"dyg` ,x f u
G o f mG ;+yD;/
tJ'D rSeu f efwhJ tajccHOya'ukd csK;d azmufc¶hJ rHk u t+yD;tykid zf suo f rd ;f ypfcw hJ m awmfveS af &;aumifpD
ppfwyfjzpfwt hJ wGuf uk, d [ hf muk, d f tvkt d avsmuf w&m;cHb0 usa&mufomG ;Ekid w f thJ wGujf zpfyg
w,f? tJ'gawGa=umifh zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'opfukd rjzpfjzpfatmifukd azmfxkwf&r,fjzpfyg
w,f? 47 zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'a[mif;ukd }uHzef+yD;ukd o¶kyzf su&f r,fjzpfygw,f? wkid ;f &if;om;acgi;f
aqmifrsm;u“47 zGJŒpnf;ykHtajccHOya'” &JŒ tm;enf;csufawGukd xkwfazmf+yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJzkd@/
'grrS [kwf topfa&;qGzJ @dk awmif;qkw d m vkv d m;wm[m olw@kd &ŒJ w&m;ojzifh tcGit hf a&;awGtwGuf
rr#wwmawGudk z,f&mS ;zk@d twGuf jzpfygw,f? Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; wk@d ppftyk pf &k ŒJ “47 zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajc
cHOya'” &JŒ tm;enfcsuaf wGudk xkwaf zmf+yD; topfa&;qGzJ @kd vkv d m;wmu/ olw@dk tm%m qufvuf
wnf+rJa&;eJ@ olwkd@ usL;vGefcsKd;azmufcJhwmawGukd w&m;enf;vrf;uscJhoa,mif w&m;xlaxmif
Ekid af &;twGujf zpfygw,f? tESpo f m&jcif;rwlovkd &nf&, G cf sujf cif;[mvnf; ajzmifah jzmif}h uD; qef@
usifjcm;em;aeygw,f?
47 zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'ukd zsufodrf;+yD; ppfwyfuae tkyfcsKyfaewmvnf; (7)
ESpfausmf+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf bmzGJŒpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rSr&SdyJ tkyfpkd;aewm (7) ESpfausmf+yDvkd@ ajym&rSm
jzpfwt hJ wGuf “zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'” wck zefw;D zk@d awmfveS af &;aumifpu D jyifqifpidk ;f jyif;
vmcJyh gw,f? xGuaf y:vm&r,fh ‘tajccHOya'’ [m awmfveS af &;aumifpu D ajymaewJh qk&d , S v f pf
vrf;a=umif;qkw d meJ@vnf; uku d n f *D iG u
f sjzpf&ygvrd rhf ,f? Akvd cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; acgi;f aqmifwnfaqmuf
vkdufwJh jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[ef jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD}uD;wckwnf; òydifbufr&Sd &yfwnf+yD;/
OD;aqmifvrf;!¸efaew,fqkdwJh oabmxm;eJ@vnf; tH0if*Gifusjzpf&ygvdrfhr,f? jynfaxmifpk}uD;
òyduGJrSmpkd;wJhtwGuf ppfwyfu tm%modrf;cJh&wm/ ‘zuf'&,frl’ [m jynfaxmifpk}uD; tpdwfpdwf
tr$mr$mòyduGJa&;jzpfwJhtwGuf tcsdefrD wyfrawmfu umuG,fapmifha&SmufcJh&wmvkd@ ta=umif;jy
xm;cJw h mESiv hf nf; avsmn f [ D yfpyfatmif/ zuf'&,fudk vufrcHEidk w f hJ Ekid if aH wmfzŒJG pnf;ykrH sK;d eJ@ tajc
cHOya'vnf; jzpfaezk@d vt dk yfygw,f? tJ'v D dk t"du rygrjzpf tcsut f vufawGe@J vku d af vsmnDaxG
jynfhpkHEkdifr,fh EkdifiHawmfzGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'topfw&yf ay:xGef;vma&;ukd awmfvSefa&;
aumifpD[m tuGufcs+yD; pDrHygw,f?
(33) OD; t=uHay;aumfrwDtzGŒJ &yfqidk ;f t+yD;rSm Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;pD;wJh ppftpk;d ppftyk pf k
[m b,fawmhrS ygvDref'Drkdua&pDvrf;a=umif;ukd oGm;awmhrSmr[kwfa=umif;/ ygwDpkHpepfukdvnf;
ajcOD;vSnfhawmhrSmr[kwfa=umif;/ EkdifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;awGudkvnf; olwynfhvufom; vuf

atmufct H qifah vmufom Akv d af e0if;u oabmxm;awmhwmjzpfa=umif; aumif;aumif; oabm

ayguo f mG ;+y;D jzpfwhJ 0ef}u;D csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek [m 1969 ckEpS /f {+yv D xJrmS Ak'*< g,mukd bk&m;zl;ta=umif;
jy+yD; jynfyc&D;xGufcGmoGm;cJh&mu jyefrvmawmhyg?
“b,fawmhrS vufeufukdifvrf;pOfukd vufrcH/ r,kH=unf” vkd@qkdcJhwJh OD;Ek/ “vufeufukdif
vrf;pOfudk pGe@f vw $ yf g/ vufeufuidk t f =urf;zufenf;eJ@ Ekid if aH &;tm%mukd &,lcsiw f m/ &,lz@dk óud;yrf;
wmrSefor# b,fawmhrS rrSefEkdifbl;” vkd@aºuG;a=umfcJhwJh OD;Ek/ jynfwGif;ppf}uD; w[kef;[kef;awmuf
avmifcJh&wm/ a&mifpkHvufeufukdifaomif;usef;olawGa=umifh/ vufeufukdifvrf;pOf0g'awGa=umifh
vkd@ wavsmufvkH;ajymqkdvmcJhwJh OD;Ek [m tckawmh olukd,fwkdifvnf; vufeufukdif;vrf;pOfukdyJ
a&G;&awmhwhJ tajctaea&mufvm+yD; vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;vkyzf @dk jyif&ygawmhw,f? vufeuf
ukdifvrf;ukd a&G;&wm[m wjcm;vrf;r&Sdawmhvkd@qdkwm/ vufeuftm;ukd;eJ@ rw&m;zdESdyfAdkvfusol
awGukd vufeufukdifenf;eJ@yJ jyefvnfwGef;vSefrS jzpfawmhr,fqkdwm OD;Ek aumif;aumif;}uD;awmh
oabmaygufoGm;cJh[efwlygw,f?
1969 ckEpS f ESpu f ek yf idk ;f rSm 0ef}u;D csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek acgi;f aqmifwhJ “ygvrD ef'rD u dk a&pDygw”D [m
ppftpkd;&ukdqef@usif+yD; vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;ukd qifE$Jzkd@ jynfyrSm tajccHzGJŒpnf;+yD; pwifay:
ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? ppftpk;d &u ‘jynfajy;tzGŒJ ’vk@d ac:a0:orkwv f u dk yf gw,f? ¡aemufyidk ;f rSm OD;Ek&ŒJ
ygvDref'Dkrkdua&pDygwDtwGif;rSm/ ygvDref'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pk&JŒ vufeufukdif tm;prf; óud;yrf;tm;
xkwfr_awGtwGif;rSm/ usKdufra&m OD;oGif/ OD;0if;/ Akdvfvusfm/ Akdvfrª;atmif/ Akdvfp}uFm/ Akdvf&efEkdif/
OD;avm¶kH/ OD;axG;jrifh pwJhyk*~Kdvf}uD;awGyg yg0ifyl;aygif;cJh=uygw,f? &efukefbaqG wkd@vnf; yg0ifcJhyg
w,f? Akdvfrª;csKyfa[mif; apm=um'kd; vnf; yg0ifcJhygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftpkd;&u uGefjrL
epfqef@usifa&;tvHaxmif+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ukd OD;wnfwkdufckdufovkd OD;Ek wkd@tiftm;pk
ukdvnf; vuf,mtzsuform;rsm;/ e,fcsJŒvufukdif'kwfrsm;/ e,fcsJŒykqdef¶kd;rsm;/ tm%m¶l;}uD;rsm;
tjzpf trsKd;rsKd;zGifhqkd azmfxkwfwkdufckdufygw,f?¢
ppftm%m&Si}f uD; Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; acgi;f aqmifwhJ rqvygw[ D m 1969 ckEpS f ygwED ;SD aESm
zvS,fyGJuaepwif+yD; a=unmaºuG;a=umfvkdufwmuawmh “tðrawygwDrS jynfolŒygwDokd@” qkdwJh
aºuG;a=umfoHjzpfygw,f?
ppfa&;t& tðywfwkdufa&;ay:vpDukd oJ}uD;rJ}uD; usifhokH;&if;/ EkdifiHa&;t& wckwnf;aom
ygwDqkdwJh rqvukd trsKd;rsKd;od'<dwifum vlxk=um;rSm tpGHxkwfzkd@ óud;yrf;ygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;t&
qk&d ,S v f pfp;D yGm;a&;yko H ¾mefuadk qmif&if; tm;vk;H ukd vuf0g;}uD;tkyv f udk u
f m/ aus;vufawm&Gm
rSm “vv oo” òrdŒay:rSm “yyu” eJ@ jynfoŒl qkid af wGazmfygw,f? “vvoo” eJ@ “jynfoŒl qkid ”f
qkw d mawGu ta&mif;xkid ;f ypPn;f / vlxrk vkcd siyf pPn;f awGudk r,lrae& twif;a&mif;wm/ [kyd pPn;f eJ@
'DypPn;f wGaJ &mif;wmawGvyk o f vk/d rqv ygwu D v
dk nf; r0ifrae&atmif rqv ygwrD 0if&if tvkyf
rcef@wm/ tvkyf&Sd+yD;jzpfae&ifvnf; &mxl;wufa&;u ygwD0if[kwfr[kwfu tqkH;tjzwfay;wm
rsKd;awGvkyf+yD;/ rpHG pHGatmif tpGHxkwfzkd@ atmufvrf;enf;rsKd;pkHukd ay:ay:xifxif usifhokH;ygw,f?
vuf0JEkdifiHa&;orm;tiftm;pkawGudk vuf0JpGef; tvGeftu|Husol/ ¶kyf0g'DawGtjzpf enf;
trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ o¶kyfzsuf0g'jzef@csd wkdufckduf ¶_wfcsovkd/ ygvDref'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawGudkvnf; vuf

,mpGe;f orm;awG pdw0f g'aD wG e,fcsŒJ vufyg;apawGtjzpf owfrw S yf aHk zmfum ¶_wcf swu dk cf u
dk &f if; olw@dk
rqv ygwDonfom vuf0JpGef;/ vuf,mpGef; qkdwJh tpGef;ESpfyg;u vGwfwJh/ Ak'<enf;us ypÇdryÉdy'g
vrf;pOform;awGtjzpf }uHzef*k%fwif ajymqkd 0g'jzef@csd+yD; bufaygif;pkH vdrfnmr_dif;wkdufwmawG
vkyyf gw,f? tJ'v D dk zdtm;trsK;d rsK;d / rufv;Hk tzkzH Hk r_id ;f wku
d v f rd n
f mr_tvDvaD =umifh rqv tm%m&
wckwnf;aomygwD}uD;[m }uD;xGm;csifovkd }uD;xGm;vmygw,f? 1969 ckESpf ygwDESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ/
Ekid if aH &;tpD&ifcpH mt&/ t&Hygw0D ifppk ak ygi;f &JŒ (1²59 µ) om wuUov dk b f ŒJG &awGyg0if+y;D (80²68 µ)
u tv,fwef;eJ@ tv,fwef;atmuftqifhawGyJjzpfw,fvkd@ od&ygw,f?
1969 ckESpfxJrSm/ &efukefrSm wuUokdvfausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_wck ay:aygufcJhygw,f? Arm
jynfrmS usi;f ywJh “u|e;f qG,t f m;upm;yG”J eJ@qufpyf+yD; tpk;d &qef@usiaf &; qENjyyGt J jzpf ay:ayguf
vmwmjzpfwt hJ wGuf “u|e;f qG,t f a&;tcif;” vk@d rSww f rf;ðy=uygw,f? rE aW v;rSmvnf; jzpfay:
cJhygw,f?
1969 ckESpfxJrSm Auy eJ@ r'nw ukd OD;wnfwkdufwJh ppfqifa&;awG ykdrkdrsm;jym;vmcJhyg
w,f? ta&SŒ¶k;d r autif,Xl mecsKyfrmS pwifzŒJG pnf;cJw h hJ r'nw }uD;[m 69 ckEpS rf mS (10) ESpaf usmf
oGm;+yDjzpfovkd/ ppftpkd;&&JŒ tjyif;txef; xkd;ppfawGukd wkef@jyeftefwk&if; &J&J&ifh&ifh qufvuf&if
qkdifcJhygw,f? ESpfzuftust¶_H;awGvnf; ykdrkdrsm;jym;cJhygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ¶kd;rA[kdu
‘atmifaZ,swyf’ awGzŒGJ +yD; ppftpk;d &&JŒ xk;d ppfawGudk }uH}› uHc› w H udk cf u dk zf @dk óud;pm;cJyh gw,f? “*Gix f u
J
rwGuaf &;” qkw d hJ ppfa&;vrf;pOftrSm;uku d idk +f yD; &ifqidk cf whJ t hJ wGuf qk;H ¶_;H epfemr_awGuawmh }uD;rm;
cJhygw,f? 1969 ckESpfxJrSmyJ ‘iajyrpm;usuf’ wkdufyGJrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kdaumfrwD0if/
63 ckESpf +idrf;csrf;a&; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yGJwkef;u wufa&mufcJhwJh y%mrukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ0if yD;uif;
jyef &Jabmfatmif}uD; usqkH;cJh&ygw,f?
ppftpkd;&&JŒ 1969 ckESpftwGif; &ufpuf,kwfrm aumufuspf uvdrfusr_awGtwGif;rSm
rjzpfrae rSww f rf;wifxm;&r,fh tjzpfwckuawmh uku d ;dk u|e;f tusO;f pcef;ukd Ekid if aH &;orm;awGe@J
jyefvnfzGifhvSpfvkdufjcif;yJjzpfygw,f?
59 ckESpf AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxufwkef;u EkdifiHa&;orm;awGukd ukdukd;
u|ef;ykd@cJhovkd/ 1969 ckESpf AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpkd;&vufxufrSmvnf; EkdifiH
a&;orm;awGudk ukdukd;u|ef;ykd@cJhjyefygw,f? 63 ckESpf +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ ysufjym;+yD;aemufykdif;
zrf;qD;xm;olawGeJ@ wavsmufvkH; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; ppftkyfpku rsufrkefusdK;vSol EkdifiHa&;orm;
awGjzpfygw,f? tJ'ED idk if aH &;tusO;f om;awGxrJ mS ausmif;om;eJ@ ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif (40) ausmf
yg0ifcJhygw,f? EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;aygif; (200) ausmfygw,f? (213 OD;vkd@qkdygw,f?) tJ'D EkdifiHa&;
tusOf;om;awGxJrSm wkd@Armtpnf;t¶kH;acwfu ocifatmifqef; (AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;) eJ@twl
yl;wJG+yD; wkd@Armtpnf;t¶kH; A[kdtvkyftr_aqmifaumfrDwD0ifjzpfcJholvnf;jzpf/ tif;pdefppfwrf;rSm
yg0ifcJholwOD;vnf;jzpf/ jynfolŒwkd;wufa&;ygwDOuUÏvnf;jzpfwJh ocifcifatmif/ ArmjynfuGefjrL
epfygwD A[kdaumfrDwD0ifawGjzpfcJhwJh avxD;AkdvftkH;armif/ q&m&m*sef/ +idrf;csrf;a&;qENjyyGJawGwkef;
u yJcl;ppfa=umif;rª;csKyfvnf;jzpf/ jynfolŒwkd;wufa&;ygwD twGif;a&;rª;vnf;jzpf/ yrnw obm
ywdtzGŒJ 0ifa[mif;vnf;jzpfwhJ OD;cifarmifjrif/h jynfoŒl &Jabmf rS Akv d w f ifw h ,f wk@d yg0ifovk/d xif&mS ;

wJh pma&;q&m}uD;awGjzpfwJh Aef;armfwifatmif/ jroef;wifh/ auwDOD;ausmfwifh/ vlxkpdef0if;

wk@d wawGvnf; yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? u&iftrsK;d om;Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;xJrS ref;atmif=unf/ ref;+idr;f armif
wkd@vnf; yg0ifcJhygw,f? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS &ckdifukdvSaz/ ukdatmif+idrf;/ ukdav;armif/
ukdzkd;oHacsmif;/ ukdcspfaqG (jynf)/ ukdvS=unf pwJholawGvnf; yg0ifcJhygw,f? 1969 ckESpf/ azazmf0g
&Dv (13) &ufae@rSm ukdukd;u|ef;ukd pwifykd@cJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? tJ'DEkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGukd &moD
Owk=urf;wrf;+yD; rkefwkdif;t+rJ&SdaewJh yifv,fxJu ukdukd;u|ef;ay:rSm txl;pD (C-special) tqifh
&duQm ‘ukdwm’ ukdom xkwfay;+yD; ukd,fxludk,fxpepfeJ@ taeckdif;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? wrif n‡if;yef;
ESyd pf ufjycJw h mjzpfygw,f? Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;uvnf; ppftpk;d &xm;ovkd acgi;f iH@k rcHyJ yko H ¿mef
rsKd;pkHeJ@ qef@usiftefwkcJh=uygw,f? tpmiwfcHqENjyyGJ tvDvDukd qifE$J+yD; ppftpkd;&ukd qef@usif
wkdufyGJqifcJh=uygw,f?
1970 jynfhESpfxJ0ifvmwJhtcg ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkawG&JŒ tcif;tusif;ukd jyef
=unfhr,fqkd&if/ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh ppfwyftiftm;pk[m wwkdif;jynfvkH;&JŒ EkdifiHa&;tm
%mukd csKyfukdifxm;¶kHru/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&; awGudkyg wif;wif;=uyf=uyf csKyfukdifxm;
+y;D jzpfygw,f? ppfwyftajccHygwt D jzpf rqv ygwu D dk wnfaxmif+y;D ¶krH u/ tJ'D rqv ygwu D adk wmif
vlxkygwD/ jynfolŒygwDtjzpf ykHazmftoGifaqmif 0g'jzef@csdum a&SŒwqifhwufzkd@ }uH&G,fae+yDjzpfyg
w,f? Oya'twGi;f rSm wjcm;Ekid if aH &;ygwD tzGŒJ tpnf;awGudk wckrS wnf&cdS iG rhf ay;awmhy/J waumif
wnf; òydib f ufr&Sd 'ke;f pkid ;f um uk,d [hf muk,d f tawmfq;Hk tjzpfowfrw S +f yD; ywf0ef;usiu
f kd atmifyJG
cHjyzk@d aºu;G a=umfvy_ &f mS ;aeygw,f? rqv ygw}D u;D ukd wnfaxmif+y;D ¶ko H mru tvkyo f rm;aumifp/D
v,form;aumifp/D ausmif;aumifpD qkw d mawGyg wnfaxmif+y;D jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efe@J acwfajymif;
awmfvSefa&;}uD; qifEGJae+yDjzpfygw,f? tpdk;&taeeJ@u awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftpkd;& usifhokH;ae
wJph epfu ppftm%m&Sipf epf/ aºu;G a=umfaewmu jrefrmhq&dk , S vf pfvrf;pOfv@dk awG@&r,fjzpfygw,f?
tm%mukd rw&m; &,lodrf;ykduftkyfpkd;aewJh ppftpkd;&eJ@ qef@usifbuf EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pk
awGuawmh Oya'abmiftwGif;rSm w&m;0ifwnf&SdcGifh r&awmh+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf a,bk,stm;jzifh
vufeufpGJukdif wkdufckdufae=uwJh awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawGukdyJ t"duxm; azmf!¸ef;&r,fjzpfyg
w,f? 70 jynfhESpfrwkdifrDutxd t"dutwkduftcHtjzpf wnf&SdcJhwmu ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
trª;ðywJh vuf0Jtiftm;pkeJ@ ukd,fykdifjyÏmef;cGifh/ ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifhtyg rdrdwkd@&JŒ &oifh&xkdufwJh
tcGifhta&;awGtwGuf t"duxm; wkdufyGJqifae=uwJh vlrsKd;pkvufeufukdif tiftm;pkawGjzpfyg
w,f? vGwfvyfa&;&cgp jynfwGif;ppf}uD; ay:xGef;puvnf; tm%m&tkyfpkd;olukd vufeufpGJukdif
wke@f jyefwu dk cf u
dk af ecJw
h m[m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD trª;ðywJh vuf0EJ idk if aH &;tiftm;pke@J rdrw d @dk &ŒJ
oufqidk &f m trsK;d om;pkrsm; vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf wku d cf u
dk af e=uwJh vlrsK;d pkvufeufuidk f Ekid if aH &;
tiftm;pkrsm;yJ&Sdygw,f? vlrsKd;pkr[kwfyJ/ vlenf;pktrsKd;om;a&;twGufr[kwfyJ vufeufpGJukdif
wku d cf udk cf =J uwJh vuf,mEkid if aH &;tiftm;pk&,fv@dk r&Scd zhJ ;l yg? (jynfwiG ;f ppftpu yg0ifqifEcJ$ =hJ uzl;
wJh jynfolŒ&Jabmfrsm;[mvnf; vuf0Jtiftm;pkrsm;tjzpf v_yf&Sm;cJh=uwmjzpfygw,f?)
1970 jynfEh pS x f 0J ifvmwJth cgrmS awmh vufeufuidk Ef idk if aH &;tiftm;pkawGxrJ mS vuf,m
Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pk wpk[mvnf; ay:ayguv f mcJ+h yDjzpfygw,f? wavsmufv;Hk vufeufuidk af wmfveS f

a&;qkdwmeJ@ vufeufukdift=urf;zufenf;qkdwmukd cg;cg;oD;oD;qef@usifcJhwJh 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;

OD;Ek acgif;aqmifwJh ygvDref'Drkdua&pD EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkjzpfygw,f?
AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh ppftm%m&Siftpkd;&a=umifh rqv wygwDuvGJvkd@ wjcm;
EkdifiHa&;rSefor#ukd wnf&SdcGifhray;wma=umifh vufeufukdifwkdufyGJvrf;a=umif;xJ rvJGra&Smifom
a&mufvmcJh&wJh ygvDref'Drkdua&pD EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkjzpfygw,f? wcsdefwkef;u ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;rSm
tm%m& tkypf ;dk olawGtjzpf tay: pD;uae tm%m&cJ=h uzl;olawG trsm;pkjzpfygw,f? ppftyk pf &k ŒJ
&uf&ufpufpuf ESdyfuGyfapmfum;vkdufr_tay: vufeufukdifenf;eJ@ wyGJwvrf; tm;prf;=unfhzkd@
vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;xJ a&muf&v dS m=uwJo h abmjzpfygw,f? OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f / Akv d cf ifarmif
av;/ ocifwif wd@k vydk *k K~ v d af wGuawmh vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;xJ a&mufrvm=uawmhyg? ocif
ausmfxGef; uawmh AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tpkd;&&JŒ oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf vufcHaqmif&GufoGm;ygw,f?
tJ'aD wmh 1970 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS Akvd cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; ppftm%m&Sit f pk;d &ukd qef@usiw f u dk cf udk f
=ur,fh EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkawGuawmh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtrª;ðywJh vuf0JEkdifiHa&;tiftm;pk/
vlrsK;d pkawmfveS af &;tiftm;pke@J OD;Ek OD;aqmifwhJ ygvrD ef'rD u dk a&pD vuf,mEkid if aH &;tiftm;pkq+dk yD;
t"du tiftm;pk}uD; (3) pkudk wef;pD+yD; awGŒjrif&ygr,f?
'Dtwku d t f cHEidk if aH &;tiftm;pk}uD; (3) ckpvk;H tay: ppftpk;d &u ppfta&;t& tðywfwu dk f
zkd@jyifqifovkd/ EkdifiHa&;t& 0g'jzef@csda&;t& bufaygif;pkHuae enf;aygif;pkHeJ@ toa&zsufzkd@ wkduf
ckdufzkd@ óud;yrf;tm;xkwfygw,f?
twkduftcHEkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; ppftpkd;&tay: bufaygif;pkHuae wkdufckdufzkd@
vkH;yrf;tm;xkwf=uygw,f?
yJc;l ¶k;d reJ@ {&m0wDwidk ;f / jrpf0u|e;f ay:a'owcGirf mS Auy eJ@ r'nw wk@d u yl;wGw J udk cf u dk rf _
awG taumiftxnfazmf=uovk/d &Sr;f jynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,fe@J u&ifjynfe,fa'owcGirf mS vnf;
vufeufuidk v f rl sK;d pk tzGŒJ tpnf;awGtcsi;f csi;f yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf _ enf;vrf;pkeH @J yl;wGw
J udk cf u dk rf a_ wG
tvDvDvkyfukdif=uygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ta&SŒajrmufppfa'ouvnf; vGwfajrmuf
e,fajr wnfaqmufa&;ukd wkd;+yD;aqmif&Gufygw,f?
1970 jynfEh pS /f arvrSm xkid ;f Ekid if w H ae&mrSm “wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pkn H !D w
G af &;ESihf vGwf
ajrmufa&;wyfaygi;f pk (wnv)” zGŒJ pnf;ay:ayguv f mygw,f? tJ'w D yfaygi;f pk (wnv) rSm yg0ifwhJ
EkdifiHa&;ygwDeJ@ yk*~KdvfawGuawmh æ
(1) OD;Ek (ygvDref'Drkdua&pDygwD) em,u
(2) ref;bZH (autif,lygwD) OuUÏ
(3) Ekdifa&$usif (rGefjynfopfygwD) twGif;a&;rª;
(4) OD;ZmvDarmf (yD'DyD) wGJbuftwGif;a&;rª;
(5) OD;ref;wvif; (csif;'Drkdua&pDygwD) wGJbuftwGif;a&;rª;
(6) *sifrD,ef; (&Srf;rsKd;cspfygwD) wGJbuftwGif;a&;rª;
wkd@jzpfygw,f?
1970 jynfEh pS rf wkid rf u D vlrsK;d pkvufeufuidk t f zGŒJ tpnf;awGpak ygi;f +yD; ‘wyfO;D ’ zGŒJ cJ=h uwm

awGvnf;&Syd gw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh “nD!w G af om vlrsK;d pkrsm;wyfO;D ” (nvw) eJ@ “vlrsK;d pkrsm;nD
!Gwfa&;wyfOD;” (vnw) wkd@jzpfygw,f?
1965 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvrSm “wADwmpcef;” rSm zGJŒpnf;cJhwJh (nvw) rSm yg0ifcJhwJh tzGJŒt
pnf;eJ@ yk*~KdvfawGu -
(1) ref;bZH (autif,l)
(2) apmarmf&,f (autifyDyD)
(3) Akdvfrª;aqxif (&Srf;jynfppfaumifpD) (SSWC)
(4) OD;a&$at; (u,ef;jynfopfygwD) (autiftJ,fyD)
(5) pefcefxrf; (ZkdrD;csif;trsKd;om;wyfOD;) wkd@jzpfygw,f?
vnw wyfO;D ukad wmh autif,/l rGejf ynfopfygw/D Zkrd ;D csi;f trsK;d om;wyfO;D / autift,fyD
(u,ef;jynfopfygw)D eJ@ aut,fyyD D wk@d aygi;f +y;D zGŒJ pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? yg0ifco hJ al wGuawmh -
(1) ref;bZH (autif,l)
(2) AkdvfcsKyfaumfxl; (autif,l)
(3) apmarmf&,f (autifyDyD) (u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wkd;wufa&;ygwD)
(4) Ekdifa&$usif (rGefjynfopfygwD)
(5) Ekid q
f rH w
d f (rGefjynfopfygwD)
(6) *sifrD (ZkdrDcsif;trsKd;om;wyfOD;)
(7) OD;a&$at; (autift,fyD) wkd@jzpf=uygw,f?
1970 jynfhESpfxJrSm &Srf;jynfe,fwcGifvkH;twGif;rSmvnf; &Srf;vlrsKd;pk vufeufukdiftzGJŒ
tpnf;rsK;d pkH ay:ayguaf e+yjD zpfygw,f? tpk;d &u arG;jrLzGŒJ pnf;ay;xm;wJh “umuG,af &;” tzJŒG tpnf;
rsK;d pk[
H mvnf; &Sr;f jynfwv$m;rSm tkeH @J usi;f eJ@ }u;D xGm;vmaeygw,f? t"dutm;jzifh &Sr;f jynftwGi;f
wae@wjcm; }uD;xGm;vmaewJh Auy (ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o) ukdom OD;wnfwkduf/ usefwmvkyfcsif
wmvky/f bde;f vkycf si&f ifvnf; bde;f vkyq f +dk yD; cGiðhf yxm;wma=umifh “umuG,af &;” tm;vk;H eD;yg;[m
bde;f ukd t}uD;tus,v f yk u
f idk &f if;/ wyfzŒJG tiftm;awGudk tqrwef wk;d csŒJ zGŒJ pnf;&if; vufeufuidk f
wyf}uD;awG jzpfvmaeygw,f? uk;d uef@umuG,af &;acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfwhJ “zk=H um;&Si”f &JŒ wyfzŒJG u
awmh Auy (ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o) eJ@ yl;aygif;+yD; Auy wyfwwyf jzpfvmcJhygw,f? ‘0’ e,frS&SdwJh
umuG,af &;wyfzŒJG rsm;[mvnf; AuyeJ@y;l aygi;f wJh wyfzŒJG awG&v dS movkd tpk;d &eJ@yyJ ;l aygi;f +y;D tpk;d &&JŒ
vufatmufct H jzpf v_y&f mS ;ae=uwJh wyfzŒJG awGvnf;&Syd gw,f? &Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f rSm&Sw d hJ umuG,f
a&;wyfzŒJG awG[m 1950 jynfEh pS 0f ef;usiu f wnf;u zGŒJ pnf;cJ=h uwmjzpf+y;D wcsKŒd wyfzŒJG awG[m (60)
jynfEh pS 0f ef;usiu f srS ay:ayguv f mwmawGvnf;&Syd gw,f? t"dutm;jzifh aomif;use;f olqef@usiaf &;/
uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;awGtwGuf ppfwyfu vkdovkdtokH;cszkd@ zGJŒpnf;todtrSwfðyxm;cJhwmawG
jzpfygw,f? 1970 jynfhESpfxJrSm ta&SŒajrmufwkdif; ppfXmecsKyfe,fajrtwGif;rSmwif tpkd;&vuf
atmufcH vufeufuidk u f muG,af &;wyfzŒJG (23) zGŒJ &Syd gw,f? tJ't D xJrmS ‘avmfppf[ef’ acgi;f aqmifwhJ
ukd;uef@umuG,fa&;wyfzGJŒuawmh tiftm;t}uD;qkH;jzpfvmygw,f? tJ'DumuG,fa&; (23) zGJŒu
awmh æ (1) ukd;uef@/ (2) vG,fyif&J/ (3) erfhu|rf;/ (4) umrkdif;/ (5) yefvkH/ (6) refqkdif/ (7) yef0kdif/

(8) atmif[if/ (9) a&mifuvl/ (10) ref[kdif;vkH/ (11) yef,ef;/ (12) a&mifavmif;/ (13) a&mifya&;/
(14) Aif;iif;/ (15) vG,faq;/ (16) refrefqkdif/ (17) rkdif;aumif/ (18) wifvG,f/ (19) Akdvfarmif/
(20) vkHxef/ (21) rkHukd;/ (22) azmif;qkdif/ (23) rkH;ay: wkd@jzpfygw,f?
1970 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS Auy ta&SŒajrmufa'ou ppfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_awG wk;d csŒJ qifEv J$ mcJyh gw,f?
70 jynfhatmufwkdbm wwd,ywfxJrSm aZmfrkdifOD;pD;wJh Auy wyf&if;}uD; (303)/ zkH=um;&SifOD;pD;wJh
Auywyf&if;}uD; (404) eJ@ wyf&if;}uD; (107) wkd@[m pkpkaygif;tiftm; (2000) avmufeJ@ &Srf;jynf
ajrmufyidk ;f “rkpH ;D em;v,f” a'oukd odr;f yku d Ef idk zf @dk óud;yrf;tm;xkwyf gw,f? atmufwb dk m (20)
&ufae@rmS wku d yf }JG uD;awGpjzpfygw,f? ppftpk;d &wyfu “atmifo[ D ” ppfqifa&;qkw d ehJ mrnfwyf+yD;
jyefvnfwkef@jyefygw,f? (23) &ufae@rSmawmh ppftpkd;&bufu avwyfygtokH;ðy+yD; tjyif;txef
wkud cf u dk cf yhJ gw,f? atmufwb dk m (30) &uftxd bwjyefusm;wjyef wku d yf }JG u;D awGjzpfymG ;cJyh gw,f?
ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o AuyeJ@ ppftpkd;&&JŒ ppfwyfwkd@ t}udwfte,f wkdufyGJawGqifaecsdef
rSm Auy A[k¶d ;dk rwa=umrSmvnf; aoewfoaH wGnpH nfaecJyh gw,f? ppftpk;d &u ¶k;d r Auy A[ku d dk
acsr_ef;Ekdifa&;twGuf “aerif;ppfqifa&;” qkdwmukd csrSwf+yD; xkd;ppfqifwmvkyfygw,f?
1970 jynfhESpf&JŒ ArmjynfpD;yGm;a&;tajctaeukd =unfhr,fqkd&ifawmh ppftpkd;&vuf
atmufrmS bmwckrS r,fr,f&& wk;d wufvmwmrawGŒ&yg? 1967 ckEpS f qefjy\emay:aygucf &hJ +yD;
aemufyidk ;f tpk;d &&JŒ jynfyqefwify@dk Eidk rf _ tajctae[mvnf; avsmu h svmcJ&h ygw,f? tpk;d &taeeJ@
pyg;ukd vko d avmuf0,f,rl &awmh wma=umifw h a=umif;/ qef0,faeus *syef/ tif'edk ;D &Sm;Ekid if aH wG
u qefukd olwkd@EkdifiHwGif;rSmwif ykdrkdpkdufysKd;xkwfvkyfvmwma=umifhwa=umif;/ Armjynf&JŒ wjcm;
qefazmufonf EkdifiHwcsKdŒukdvnf; EkdifiH}uD;wcsKdŒu qefukd tvum;axmufyHhwm aºuG;a&mif;ay;
wmawGvkyfaewmu wa=umif;a=umifh jynfyqefwifykd@Ekdifr_ avsmhusoGm;&jcif;jzpfygw,f? 70
jynfhESpfrSm qefwefcsdef (4) odef;yJ a&mif;csEkdifcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh EkdifiHjcm;0ifaiG avsmhenf;vm&yg
w,f? 0ifaiGavsmhenf;vm&awmh vkdtyfwmawG wifoGif;0,f,lEkdifr_ukdvnf; av#mhcsypfvm&yg
w,f? vlokH;ukefypPnf;awGukd av#mh+yD;oGif;&¶kHru puf¶kHtvkyf¶kHawGtwGuf jynfyukef=urf;awGeJ@
pufu&d , d mypPn;f awGuv dk nf; av#mo h iG ;f vm&ygw,f? &v'fu puf¶t Hk vky¶f aHk wGrmS vnf; ukex f wk f
pGr;f tm;us/ jynfwiG ;f ok;H ukeaf wGuv dk nf; vkv H aHk vmufavmuf rxkwv f yk Ef idk /f jynfyuvnf; rSm,l
rwifoiG ;f Ekid q f wdk mjzpfvm+y;D / ukeyf pPn;f &Sm;yg;jywfvyfru _ dk qufwu dk af y:xGuv f mygw,f? b,foŒl
ukrd vS nf; rSm,lwifoiG ;f a&mif; 0,fazmufum;r_rðyyJ/ tpk;d &wOD;wnf;u pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; ukepf nf
jzef@csrd v _ yk if ef;awGtm;vk;H ukd vuf0g;}uD;tkyf csKyfuidk v f u
dk wf thJ cg wjynfv;Hk ukepf nf&mS ;yg;jywfvyf
r_'%f t}uD;tus,fcH&ygawmhw,f? ukefaps;E_ef;awG w&dyf&dyfjrifhwufvmwm rvGJraoGóuH&yg
awmhw,f? ukefpnf &Sm;yg;jywfvyfaewJh aps;uGufxJ tpkd;&ukd,fwkdifuvnf; rjznfhqnf;Ekdif/
b,folŒukdrSvnf; w&m;0ifa&mif;0,fcGifhrðyawmh “arSmifckdaps;uGuf” qkdwm ray:csifvkd@ukdaer&/
ay:vm&+yD; ukefaps;E_ef;awGu uarmufureJ@ arSmifckdaps;uGufqkdwmyJ vlxktwGuf rSDckdtm;xm;
p&mozG,f jzpfvmcJhygw,f? wae@wjcm; }uD;jrifhvmwJh ukefaps;E_ef;awG&JŒatmuf/ wae@wjcm;
us,fjyef@vm&wJh arSmifckdaps;uGuf}uD;atmuf wae@wjcm;rsm;jym;vm&wJh tvkyfvufrJhrsm;[m
arSmifckdukeful;&olawGjzpfvmygw,f? atmufajcvlxk}uD;w&yfvkH;[m 'kuQaygif;pkH=um; enf;vrf;

aygi;f pkeH @J v_y&f mS ;¶ke;f uefae=u&ygw,f? 'D'u k aQ wGtm;vk;H t=uyftwnf;awGtm;vk;H ukd zefw;D ay;
vkdufol[m ppftpkd;&ukd,fwkdifeJ@ ppftpkd;&&JŒ azmufjyefwJh pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpD EkdifiHa&;ay:vpDawGyJ
jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh ppftpkd;&uawmh tJ'DtrSm;awGukd wckrSrjrif/ 0doravmborm; arSmifckdpD;
yGm;a&;orm;awGa=umifv h @dk ajymvku d /f aomif;use;f ol tzsuo f rm;awGa=umifv h @dk ajymvku d ef @J yg;pyf
xJawGŒovkd ajymqkdaecJh+yD; “pyful;rwful;umvrkd@yg” “pyful;rwful;tcuftcJawGyg” eJ@vnf;
}uHzef zmax; vSnfhzsm;aecJhygw,f? ukd,fhukd,fukd umuG,faecJhygw,f?
'Dvkd pD;yGm;a&;t=uyftwnf;/ vlr_a&;t=uyftwnf;awG=um; obm0uspGmay:vmwm
uawmh tpk;d &qef@usiaf &; ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_yjJ zpfygw,f? “wuUov dk af &$&wk ausmif;om;v_yf
&Sm;r_” ay:cJhygw,f? 1970 jynfh[m 1920 jynfh yxr ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;&JŒ ESpf (50) ajrmuf
‘a&$&wk’ or, jzpfwt hJ wGuf a&$&wktxdr;f trSwf wuUov dk af usmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_[m ppftpk;d &
qef@usiaf &;tajccHe@J ay:ayguv f mcJ&h ygw,f? ppftpk;d &u Ak;H cJ+G yD;jymcsypfcw hJ hJ wuUov dk o f r*~}uD;&JŒ
t¶kd;wGefoH[m yDyDoo jyefay:vmcJhjyefygw,f? ppftpkd;&u v_yf&Sm;vmwJh ausmif;om;rsm;&JŒ
EkdifiHa&;Ekd;ºuGr_ukd zrf;wmqD;wmawGeJ@ ESdrfeif;ydwfyifcJhygw,f?
1970 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS ppftpk;d &&JŒ Ekid if aH &;tajctaeuk=d unfrh ,fq&dk ifawmh Ekid if aH &;tm%m
ukd wif;wif;=uyf=uyf csKyfukdifxm;Ekdifygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; [m ppfwyfukd olŒpdwfóuduf
wvufukdifwyftjzpf aumif;aumif;rGefrGef arG;jrLykHoGif;xm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD
tpkd;&wzGJŒvkH;[mvnf; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; a&G;cs,fae&may;xm;olawGcsnf;omjzpf+yD; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;
ae0if; ukd cGm&mwkdif;Ekdifr,fhol wOD;rSr&Sdyg? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDwufvmpu aºuG;a=umfxm;wJh
qk&d ,S vf pfacwfajymif;awmfveS af &;}uD;eJ@ om,m0ajymaom qk&d , S v
f pfavmuopfo@dk qkw d m[m
vnf; avxJuaºuG;a=umfoo H mjzpfaecJyh gw,f? tlrrawmifv h @dk oDvrapmifEh idk af om 'ku/Q vlvcl si;f
rw&m;tjrwfxw k +f yD; aoG;pkycf s,v f ,S f acgi;f ykjH zwfjcif;cHae&aom'kuw Q @dk rS vGwaf jrmufap&r,fv@dk
a=umfjimpkdufxl aºuG;a=umfcJhayr,fh/ tlrrawmifholawG wae@wjcm; ykdrkdrsm;jym;vmwma=umifhyJ
vm;/ tlrawmifhrS oDvapmifha&;qkdwm jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef qkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOf}uD;&JŒ ukd,fusifh
tbd"rRm vlxktusKd;ðya&;qkdwmeJ@ jcm;em;ae+yD; vl&,fp&m}uD;vkdjzpfaevkd@vm; rajymwwfyg?
“tlrrawmifI h oDvrapmifEh idk af om'ku”Q qkw d hJ pmom;pum;&yfuadk wmh z,f&mS ;ypfvu dk +f yD;+yDjzpfyg
w,f? qk&d , S vf pfavmuopfo@dk csw D ufz@dk awmfveS w f ;dk wufwhJ Ekid if aH &; OD;aqmifygw}D u;D w&yfuom
acgi;f aqmifomG ;&r,fqw dk hJ tmabmfe@J uku d n f aD tmif zGŒJ pnf;cJw h hJ jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pf vrf;pOfygw}D uD;
[mvnf; tðrawtqifhukdausmfvGefvdk@ jynfolŒygwDtqifh ul;ajymif;zkd@ qkH;jzwfajymqkd+yD;+yDjzpfyg
w,f?
Auy ukd ppftpkd;&u ðzwf-xkwf-owf ay:vpDusifhokH;aew,fvkd@ ESmacgif;¶_H+yD; wGifwGif
¶_wcf s ajymqkad eqJtcsed rf mS yJ awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pk;d &tzGŒJ twGi;f rSmvnf; ðzwfxw k yf aJG wG quf
vufjzpfay:aeygw,f? 70 jynfh atmufwkdbmvxJrSm Akdvfrª;}uD;wef,kqkdif ukd awmfvSefa&;
aumifpD0iftjzpfu z,f&Sm;vkdufovkd/ wvausmft=umrSm Akdvfrª;csKyfwifaz ukdvnf; z,f&Sm;
xkwfypfvkdufygw,f? 1962 ckESpf tm%modrf;+yD;+yD;jcif; ay:aygufvmcJhwJh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if
(17) OD;rSm (9) OD; r&Sdawmhyg? w0ufausmf ðywfoGm;cJh+yDjzpfygw,f// aooGm;ol Akdvfrª;csKyfoef;az
eJ@ E_wx f u G of mG ;ol Akv d rf ;ª csKyfwu D vpf ukzd ,f+yD; a&wGu&f ifawmif Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒ ðzwfxw k f
xJrmS ygomG ;ol (7) OD;&So d mG ;+yDjzpfygw,f? w0ufavmufðywfomG ;+yD; taetxm;jzpfygw,f? Akv d rf ;ª
csKyfwifaz[m qkd&S,fvpfygwDacwfuwnf;u yg0ifcJhwJhyk*~dKvfjzpfwJhtwGuf Akdvfrª;csKyfwifaz ukdyg
z,f&Sm;+yD;csdefrSm AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; ukd yckH;csif;,SOfEkdifr,fhol/ 0gpOfrwdrf;r,drf;xJu wa,mufrSr
useaf wmhb;l vk@d qk&d r,fjzpfygw,f? useyf *k K~ v d af wGuawmh Akv d cf sKy}f u;D ae0if; au|;vk@d arG;vk@d wifay;vk@d
wufvmcJh&wJhvl awGcsnf;vkdvkdjzpfygw,f?
1971 ckESpfxJrSmawmh vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG&JŒ v_yf&Sm;Ekdifr_tajctae
[m jynfrrSmxuf jynfe,frsm;rSm ykdrdktiftm;rsm;jym;vmcJhygw,f? &Srf;jynfe,frSm Auy wkd@&JŒ
ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o vGwaf jrmufe,fajr ykrd u dk s,jf yef@vmcJo h vkd &Sr;f trsK;d om;vufeufuidk af wmf
vSeaf &;tzGŒJ tpnf;aygi;f pkw H @dk &ŒJ v_y&f mS ;r_awG[mvnf; ykrd rdk sm;jym;vmcJyh gw,f? ocifZif acgi;f aqmifwhJ
yJcl;¶kd;r Auy A[kd[m ppftpkd;&&JŒxkd;ppfukd &ifqkdifwkdufckduf&if; qufvuf wkdufyGJqifqJjzpfayr,fh
tiftm;t&/ ppftpkd;&&JŒ ppfwyftiftm;eJ@ E_dif;,SOf&if tifrwef uGm;jcm; enf;yg;ae+yDjzpfygw,f?
¶k;d rwa=umrSm&Sw d hJ r'nw tiftm;[mvnf; odoo d mom enf;yg;ae+yDjzpfygw,f? jrpf0u|e;f ay:
rSm&SdwJh Auy eJ@ r'nw tiftm;[mvnf; wjznf;jznf; ,kwfavsmhae+yDjzpfygw,f?
ppftpk;d &&JŒ wckwnf;aomygwD rqv [m 1971 ckEpS /f {+yv D (30) &ufae@ aemufyidk ;f up+y;D
tðrawygwDuae jynfolŒygwDtjzpf ajymif;vJzGJŒpnf;ygw,f? rqv ygwD pwifay:aygufcJhwJh
62 ckEpS /f Zlvidk f (4) &ufae@uae 71 ckEpS /f {+yD (30) txd &SpEf pS af usmf uk;d ESpw f mv[m rqvygw&D ŒJ
tðrawygwt D qifh umvjzpfygw,f? tJ'D tðrawygwu D mvtwGi;f rSm ygw, D el pf ¶k;H aygi;f (313)ck
zGJŒpnf;wnfaxmif ay:aygufcJh+yD;jzpfygw,f?
1971 ckEpS /f ZGev f (21) &ufae@rmS rqvygw&D ŒJ yxrqk;H t}udrf ygwn D v D mcH}uD; ac:qku d si;f
yygw,f? tJ'n D vD mcH}u;D usi;f ycsed rf mS rqvygw0D ifz@dk tqkðd yv$mwifoiG ;f xm;olaygi;f woef;ausmf
avmuf&Sdae+yDvkd@ qkdygw,f? ygwD0iftjzpftod trSwfðy+yD;olu (3) odef;ausmfeJ@ ygwDrdwfaqG
tqifu h (7) ode;f (6) aomif;ausmjf zpfygw,f? ta&twGut f &=unf&h ifawmh awmfawmfrsm;jym;
vSygvm;vkd@ ,lqzG,f&m&Sdayr,fh/ wu,f,kH=unfvkd@ em;vnfvufcHvkd@ ygwD0ifwifoGif;tqkdðy
wmxuf tcGifhta&;&rvm;vkd@ 0ifvmwm/ r0if&if tvkyftukdiftwGuf tqifrajyjzpfEkdifvkd@
0ifvmwmawGu trsm;pk}uD;jzpfygw,f? yxrt}udrn f vD mcH&ŒJ Ekid if aH &;tpDt&ifcpH mt&uk/d ygwD
0if (3) ode;f ausmrf mS (1) ode;f ausmu f ygweD @J uif;uGmaea=umif;/ ygwrD w d af qG (7) ode;f (6) aomif;
ausmfrSm wodef;&Spfaomif;ausmfu ygwDeJ@ uif;uGmaea=umif; azmfjyxm;wmukd=unfh&if b,fvkd
ygwD0iftrsKd;tpm;awGvJqkdwm xif&Sm;ay:vGifaeygw,f?
yxrt}udrf rqvnDvmcHuae pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;awGukdvnf; pwifcsrSwfvkdufygw,f?
ygwD&JŒ OD;aqmifr_eJ@ ESpfwkdESpf&Snf pDrHudef;awG taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufoGm;zkd@vkd@qkdygw,f?
ESp&f n
S pf rD uH ed ;f tjzpf “tESpf (20) pDru H ed ;f ” eJ@ ESpw
f pdk rD uH ed ;f tjzpf “(4) ESppf rD u H ed ;f ” awGjzpfygw,f?
“yxr (4) ESpf pDru H ed ;f uk”d 1971-72 rS 1974-75 txd owfrw S v f smxm;vku d yf gw,f? 'Dp;D yGm;a&;
pDrHudef;awGeJ@tnD u¾tvkduf taumiftxnfazmfoGm;a&;rSm “ 1970 jynfhESpf or0g,rpDrH
udef;” qkdwmukdvnf; csrSwfxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? “1970 jynfhESpf or0g,rpDrHudef;” [m pDrHudef;

taeeJ@om&Sdao;+yD; vufawGŒ taumiftxnfazmfzkd@u 1971-72 rS 1974-75 txd yxrav;

ESpf pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f eJ@qufpyf+yD; taumiftxnfazmfa&;jzpfygw,f? ¡1970 jynfEh pS f or0g,rpDrH
ude;f &JŒzefw;D &Siu f awmh/ yrnwxJuae rqvxJa&mufvmcJw h hJ OD;b+ird f vk@d tqk&d ydS gw,f? OD;b+ird f
[m rqv&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m yka&m[dwfwOD;tjzpf OD;OD;zsm;zsm; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygw,f?
rqv&JŒ yxrt}udrfnDvmcH}uD;t+yD;rSmawmh rqvygwD[m OD;aqmifygwD}uD;tjzpf
ykd+yD; toHjrnfvmcJhovkd ykd+yD;ta&;ygwJh o¿mefukdvnf; wkd;wkd;+yD; toGifaqmifvmcJhygw,f?
62 ckEpS f tm%modr;f csed u f p+yD;/ 71 ckEpS x
f J 0ifvmwJt h xd (9) ESpw f mumvvk;H vk;H bmpD;yGm;a&;ay:
vpDrS wdwdususr&SdyJ vufwnfhprf; &rf;}udwfenf;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wckvkH;ukd ukdifwG,fvkyf
aqmif taumiftxnfazmfae&muae/ 1971-72 up+yD;rS ESpfwkdESpf&Snf pDrHudef;awGeJ@oGm;zkd@
wenf;tm;jzifh “pDrHudef;pD;yGm;a&;pepf” eJ@oGm;zkd@ pwifjzpfay:vmcJhygw,f?
Ekid if aH wmfzŒJG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'r&Syd J wkid ;f jynftyk cf sKyf Akv d v f yk af e=uw,fqw dk hJ vuf
!k;d xk;d p&mtaetxm;}uD;ukv d nf; &yfpyJ pfEidk zf @dk Ekid if aH wmf zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajcOya'opf ay:xGe;f
a&;ukd pwifukdifwG,fygw,f? 1971 ckESpf/ pufwifbm (25) &ufae@rSm “EkdifiHawmfzGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH
tajccHOya'opf (rl=urf;) a&;qGJa&;aumfrD&Sif” ukd zGJŒpnf;a=unmygw,f? OuUÏtjzpf Akdvfrª;csKyf
pef;,k jzpf+yD;/ twGif;a&;rª;tjzpf (3) OD;uawmh Akdvfrª;}uD;oef;pdef/ 'kAkdvfrª;}uD;xGef;vif; eJ@ 'kAkdvfrª;
}uD;ausmfaZm wkd@jzpf=uygw,f? trsm;pkuawmh ppfwyfu Akdvfrª;}uD;/ 'kAkdvfrª;}uD;awGjzpf=uyg
w,f? (97) OD;xJrmS jynfe,fO;D pD;tzGŒJ u oufqidk &f m vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmifawGvnf; xnfo h iG ;f xm;yg
w,f? OD;'de&f wef/ OD;xGe;f &if/ OD;v0rf/ OD;atjrav;/ OD;bl;&,f/ OD;okid ;f oefwif/ a'guw f mapmvSxeG ;f /
OD;qefckdv#H/ OD;yGwfyg;/ OD;0rfol[m&Sif pwJhyk*~KdvfawGjzpf=uygw,f? tpkd;&eJ@yl;aygif;vmwJh awmjyef
vufeufcsawG/ vufeufpGef@ tvif;0ifawGwcsKdŒukdvnf; xnfhoGif;zGJŒpnf;ay;xm;ygw,f? Oyrm
tm;jzifh apm[efwmomar$;/ &Jabmfjr/ ocifwifjr pwJholawGjzpfygw,f?
awmfveS af &;aumifp[ D m tjrihq f ;Hk tm%mykid t f zJŒG tpnf;jzpfayr,fh pwiftm%modr;f pOf
u yg0ifzGJŒpnf;cJhwJh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if w0ufausmf[m AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ ðzwfxkwfrSm
ygoGm;+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf oifhavsmfwJhta&twGufjynfhatmif tpm;xdk; xnfhoGif;ay;xm;&wmawG
&Sdae+yD;jzpfygw,f? tJ'D aemufwkd;awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifawGuawmh Akdvfrª;}uD;vGef;wif/
Akdvfrª;}uD;aomif;'ef (av)/ Akdvfrª;}uD;armifvGif eJ@ Akdvfrª;}uD;wifOD; wkd@jzpf=uygw,f? 1971 ckESpf
rSmawmh ppftyk pf k xdyo f ;D }uD;awGcsn;f pkxm;ovkjd zpfaewmukd ykzH suzf @dk a&m/ rqv twGuf aumif;
usKd;ðyolawGukd ajr‡mufpm;zkd@twGufyg t&yfom;xJu yk*~KdvfawGukdvnf; xnfhoGif;zJG@pnf;vmcJhyg
w,f? tJ'ga=umifh 1971 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifvup+yD; EkdifiHawmf&JŒ tjrifhqkH; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJŒ
tpnf;rSm tzGJŒ0ifjzpfvmcJholawGuawmh a'gufwmarmifarmif/ OD;b+idrf/ OD;b+idrf; eJ@ ref;omòrdif
wkd@jzpf=uygw,f?
zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'opf (rl=urf;) a&;qGaJ &;aumfr&D iS [ f m rl=urf;a&;qGaJ &;aumfrw D D
(9) &yf zJGŒpnf;+yD; pwifa&;qGJygw,f? yxrt}udrf rqvygwDnDvmcHuae csrSwfay;xm;wJh
tajccHrl (6) csuq f w dk meJ@ uku d n f aD tmif a&;qG&J wmjzpfygw,f? tajccHrl (6) csuef @J qef@usiu f v
JG JG

rvma&;twGuf ppfAkdvfxdyfoD;}uD;awGukd,fwkdifu aumfrDwDwkdif;rSmyg0if+yD; teD;uyfuGyfuJ OD;pD;

xm;+yD;jzpfygw,f?
wckwnf;aom rqv ygwu D jynfoŒl ygwt D qifq h +dk yD; ul;ajymif;zGŒJ pnf;aecsed /f zJŒG pnf;tkyf
csKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'opf}uD;ukv d nf; pwifðypka&;qGaJ ecsed /f pDru H ed ;f pD;yGm;a&;pepf}uD;ukd csrw S +f yD; ESpw f dk
ESpf&Snf pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;awGtwGuf “yxr (4) ESpfpDrHudef;” &JŒ yxrESpftwGuf wmpl taumif
txnfazmfpðyaecsed rf mS ppftpk;d &&J t"dueHygwf (1) twku d t f cH Auy qDuae ppfa&;t& tm;prf;
r_}uD;wck ay:xGufvmcJhygw,f? yJcl;¶kd;r A[kd Auy qDuvmwmr[kwfbJ ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o
Auy rsm;qDuvmwJh ppfqifr}_ u;D jzpfygw,f? tJ'guawmh “uGr;f vkH &uf (40) wku d yf }JG u;D ” ay:ayguf
vmjcif;jzpfygw,f?
tJ'D uGrfvkH &uf (40) wkdufyGJ}uD;ray:aygufrD ppftpkd;& t=uyftwnf;awGŒcJh&wJh wkdufyGJ
wckuawmh “ukdukd;u|ef; tpmiwfcHwkdufyJG}uD;” jzpfygw,f? vufeufukdifwkdufyGJ r[kwfayr,fh
ppftpkd;&tzkd@ b,fvkdajz&Sif;&rSef;rodEkdifawmhavmufatmif tcuftcJóuHcJh&ygw,f? ppftpkd;&&JŒ
&uf&ufpufpuf ,kwf,kwfrmrm ðyvkyfxm;cJhwJh ukdukd;u|ef;tusOf;axmifpcef;xJuae tpkd;&&JŒ
&ufpuf,kwfrmr_awGukd tHwk+yD; pdefac:wkdufyGJqifvkdufwJh ukdukd;u|ef;a&muf EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;
rsm;&JŒ “tusOf;axmifwGif;wkdufyGJ}uD;” jzpfygw,f? tusOf;axmifwGif;wkdufyJG&JŒ tjrifhqkH;o¾mef
jzpfwJh “tpmiwfcHwkdufyGJ” jzpf¶kHru/ ukdukd;u|ef;tusOf;pcef;ukd zsufodrf;ray;rjcif; wa,muf
rusef tpmiwfcH taocHwu dk yf 0JG ifomG ;r,fqw dk hJ tjrihq f ;Hk wkud yf }JG uD;jzpfygw,f? uku d ;dk u|e;f yk@d c&H wJh
EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG[m ppftpkd;&&JŒ rw&m;ojzifh zdESdyfr_ukd +idrfcHaecJh=uwmr[kwfyJ (7) &uf/
(27) &uf/ &uf (40) pwJh tpmiwfcHwkdufyGJawGeJ@ t}udrf}udrf wkef@jyefwkdufyGJqifcJh=u+yD;/ u|ef;
rzsuo f rd ;f rcsi;f taocH tpmiwfcH wku d yf qJG ifr}_ uD;ukad wmh (8/ 6/ 1971) &ufae@rmS pwifqifEcJ$ =hJ u
wmjzpfygw,f? u&iftrsKd;om; EkdifiHa&;orm; ref;atmif=unf/ ref;+idrf;armif (,ck autif,lA[kd
aumfrwD0if) eJ@ ukdatmifaiG (ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD0if) wkd@vkd yk*~KdvfawGuawmh ppftpkd;&&JŒ
vlrod olrod uku d ;dk u|e;f a&vnfrmS xm;wmukd 'Dtwkid ;f +idrcf rH aeyJ/ cJ&mcJqpf tcuftcJtrsK;d rsK;d
=um; v#KdŒ0Sufr_trsKd;rsKd;=um;uae avSazmifi,fwck jzpfatmifðyvkyf+yD;/ yifv,fjyifukd &ifqkdif/
rkew f idk ;f uk, d OS òf ydi&f if; rEkid Ef idk af tmif jzwfoef;ausmv f m$ ;um vGwaf jrmufa&;vrf;ukd uk, d [hf muk, d f
a&G;cs,foGm;=uwmrsdK;vnf;&Sdygw,f?
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwaD cgi;f aqmifwhJ &Jabmftrsm;pkuawmh tpmiwfcw H u dk yf v JG rf;a=umif;
ukad &G;cs,v f udk +f yD;/ ppftpk;d &ukd pdeaf c:wku d yf q JG ifc=hJ uygw,f? 'Dorkid ;f 0if uku d ;dk u|e;f tpmiwfcw H udk f
yGu J adk zmfz@dk wku d yf aJG umfrwDudk OD;aqmifco hJ u l awmh/ avxD;Akv d t f ;Hk armif jzpfygw,f? OD;aqmifaumf
rDwDrSm q&m&m*sefvnf;ygygw,f?
(53) &uf=um pHcsed w f if tpmiwfcw H u dk yf 0JG ifc=hJ u+yD;wJah emuf ppftpk;d &u t¶_;H ay;vku d &f yg
w,f? 1971 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbm (13) &ufae@rmS uku d ;dk u|e;f tusO;f axmifudk vk;H 0zsuo f rd ;f ay;cJ&h ygw,f?
atmifyJG& (53) &uf=um u|ef;zsufodrf;a&; tpmiwfcHwkdufyGJtwGif;rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD0if
Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om; (8) OD; toufay;cJ&h ygw,f? toufay;oGm;=u&wJh vlawGuawmh (1) &Jabmf
odef;=unf (tvkyform;or*~ - oHv#ifa&eHcsufpuf¶kH)/ (2) &JabmftkH;armf (wyfrawmf-a&)/

(3) &JabmfcspfaqG (Auo/ jynf)/ (4) &JabmfxGef;jrifh (tr_xrf;or*~)/ (5) &Jabmfpdefcsif; (tvkyfo
rm;or*~-oHv#ifa&eHcsufpuf¶kH)/ (6) &Jabmfav;armif (Auo-ref;wuUokdvf)/ (7) &Jabmfarmif
armifpkd; (ausmif;om;)/ (8) &JabmfxGef;0if; (wyfrawmf-av) wkd@jzpf=uygw,f?
tpmiwfcHwkdufyGJa=umifh toufraoqkH;vkduf&ayr,fh t}uD;tus,fa0'emcHpm;&+yD;/
woufvkH; 'kuQdwjzpfoGm;&ol/ emwm&SnfjzpfoGm;&olawGvnf; &SdcJhygw,f? 0g;c,fr OD;wif&D/
bkduav; ukdvS=unf (Auo)/ okH;cGukdpdef0if; (Auo) wkd@awGjzpf=uygw,f?
¡ppftpkd;&u ukdukd;u|ef;ukd zsufodrf;ay;vkduf&+yD;/ EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vkH;ukd jynfr
tusOf;axmif (tif;pdefaxmif) ukd jyefykd@ay;cJh&ygw,f? tif;pdefaxmifuae (4) okwfcGJ+yD; jyefv$wf
ay;cJh&ygw,f? 1973 ckESpf/ {+yDvxJrSm aemufqkH;tokwftjzpf jyefv$wfay;cJhygw,f?¢
1971 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbm (13) &ufae@ ukdukd;u|ef;tusOf;axmif zsufodrf;ay;vkduf&wJh/ Arm
jynfueG jf rLepfygw0D if Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;awG&ŒJ wku d yf t
JG +yD; &ufyidk ;f twGi;f rSmay:ayguv f mcJw
h mu
awmh ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o Auy &JŒ “uGrf;vkH &uf (40) wkdufyGJ}uD;” yJjzpfygw,f?
uGrf;vkH &uf (40) wkdufyGJ}uD;[m 71 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbm (19) &ufuae 'DZifbm (28) &ufae@
txdjzpfygw,f? ta&SŒajrmuf Auy wkd@&JŒ oHvGiftaemufjcrf;a'ownfaqmufa&; &nfrSef;csuf
twGuf qifEaJ$ zmfxw k cf w hJ hJ wku d yf }JG uD;jzpfygw,f? Ek0d ifbm (30) &ufae@rmS jzpfymG ;cJw h hJ emrnfausmf
‘[kdufurf;yg;wkdufyGJ’ tyg wkdufyGJ}uD;/ wkdufyGJi,frsKd;pkH jzpfyGm;cJhygw,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o) bufu wyf&if; (3035)/ (4045)/ (4046)/
(4047)/ (4048) eJ@ wyf&if; (3031)/ (3037) wkd@ukd tokH;ðyum wkdufyGJqifcJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&buf
tqkdt& tiftm; (4000) ausmfukd tokH;ðycJhw,fqkdygw,f?
ppftpk;d &bufu e,fvn S phf pfAsL[m (1) eJ@ wyf&if; (4) &if;/ a&SŒwef;trSwf (77) ajcjrefwyf
rXmecsKyfe@J wyf&if; (5) &if;wk@d tjyif uGr;f vk&H dS &JwyfzŒJG 0ifrsm;eJ@ uk;d uef@umuG,af &;wyfzŒJG 0ifrsm;ukd
ygtok;H ðy+y;D wku
d cf u
dk cf yhJ gw,f? uk;d uef@umuG,af &;wyfzŒJG 0ifrsm;uawmh ‘avmfppf[ef’ &JŒ wyfzŒJG rsm;
jzpfygw,f? ESpb f uftusq;Hk rsm;wJh wku d yf }JG uD;awG jzpfymG ;cJ=h u+yD; tpk;d &avwyfuyg Ak;H }uJ0ifa&muf
wkdufckdufcJhygw,f?
0ifa&mufwkdufckdufcJh=uwJh ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o Auy rsm; ‘uGrf;vkH’ uae qkwfcGmoGm;
cJah yr,fh ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o Auy rsm;&JŒ tiftm;wk;d yGm;vmr_tay: ppftpk;d &taeESihf ezl;awGŒ/
'l;awGŒ óuHqkH&ifqkdif&if; rsufvkH;jyL;p&m tajctaejzpfvmcJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh w¶kwfjynfu
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D dk Ekid if aH &;t& axmufc¶H rHk u/ vkt d yfwhJ ppfqifa&;tultnDawGyg tjynfh
t0 ay;vmwmtay: t}uD;tus,f pk;d &drpf w d yf pl &mjzpfvmcJyh gw,f? txl;ojzifh yJc;l ¶k;d r Auy
A[ked @J ta&SŒajrmuf Auy vGwfjrmufe,fajr wqufwnf; vrf;a=umif;yGifhoGm;rSm wkefv_yfp&m
jzpfvmygw,f?
AD,uferfrSm ajrmufAD,uferf eJ@ awmifAD,uferf [kdcsDrif;vrf;a=umif; yGifhoGm;cJhovkdrsKd;/
yJcl;¶kd;r eJ@ ta&S@ajrmufppfa'ovrf;a=umif; yGifhoGm;rSm xdef@vef@wkefv_yfvmygw,f? 'ga=umifh
&mxl;uae uefxw k yf pfjcif;cHxm;&wJh Akv d cf sKyfr;ª a[mif; atmif}uD; vkv d u
l vnf; “b,fvedk nf;eJ@rS
[kdcsDrif;vrf;a=umif;}uD;awmh yGifhroGm;ygapeJ@/ w¶kwfukdoGm;awmif;yefyg? a=u&ma=ua=umif; óud;

yrf;yg? tJh'DtwGuf olŒukdv$wfyg? oloGm;+yD; óud;yrf;yg&ap” vkd@ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;ukd pma&;wifjy
w,fqkdygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; u Akdvfatmif}uD;ukd rv$wfyg? olukd,fwkdifoGm;awmif;yefzkd@
pkdif;jyif;ygw,f?
uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;&JŒ OD;pD;acgif;aqmifvnf;jzpf/ AD,uferfppfyGJtwGif; E_wfr&atmif
ajcu|Haerd&if; t¶_H;aygif;rsm;pGmukd ae@pOfóuHawGŒae&olvnf;jzpf/ urBmhAkdvf}uD; wAkdvfvnf;jzpfwJh
tar&duefuawmif w¶kwfjynfeJ@ oHwrefqufqHa&;ukd jyefvnfxlaxmifEkdifzkd@ óud;yrf;aecsdef/
(1971 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ tar&dueforw epfqif[m w¶kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygwOD uUÏ armfpw D ek ;f eJ@ yifaygif
upm;zkd@ yifaygifcspf=unfa&; (w¶kwf-tar&duefqufqHa&;) ukd ta&;w,l jyifqifae&csdefvnf;
jzpfygw,f?) EkdifiHwumhrsufESmpmrSm w¶kwfjynf&JŒtcef;ukd tar&duefuawmif tav;xm;vm
&csdefrSm tdrfeD;em;csif;EkdifiHjzpfwJh Armjynftzkd@ ykdvkd@awmif ta&;}uD;w,fqkdwm oabmayguf&if;/
vufawGŒt& ykyd +dk y;D wkev f y_ v
f mwJh Akvd cf sKyf}u;D ae0if;[m w¶kwjf ynfudk oGm;a&muf rsuEf mS csKad oG;zk@d
tpGrf;ukefjyifqifygw,f?
1971 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (6) &ufae@rSm/ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; ukd,fwkdif w¶kwfjynfukdoGm;+yD;
avajyxkd;c&D; taumiftxnfazmfygw,f?
1972 ckESpf/ rwfv (15) &ufae@rSm pepfopftkyfcsKyfa&;qkdwmukd awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu
pwifazmfaqmifygw,f? AsL¶kdua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m;uae qkd&S,fvpf'Drkdua&pD tkyfcsKyfa&;
,E W&m;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfzkd@ ‘=um;umv tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfopf’ w&yfukd pwiftaumif
txnfazmfwmvkd@ qkdygw,f? tJh'DtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfopft& wavsmufvkH; wnf&SdvmcJhwJh “twGif;
0efrsm;¶kH;” ukd zsufodrf;vkdufygw,f? 0ef}uD;XmeawGukd topfjyefvnfzGJŒpnf;ygw,f? “vkHòcHa&;eJ@
tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrDwD” tqifhqifhrSm rqvygwDeJ@ ygwDu OD;aqmifzJGŒpnf;ay;xm;wJh vlxkvlwef;
pm; tzGŒJ tpnf;qkw d mawGu a&G;cs,af y;xm;wJh “jynfoŒl ud, k pf m;vS,”f qkw d mawGyg yg0ifzŒJG pnf;
wJph epfudk pwifvyk af qmifygw,f? jynfoŒl uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;yg0ifwhJ tzGŒJ vku d f pkaygi;f acgi;f aqmifr_
pepfvkd@qkdygw,f?
1972 ckEpS /f {+yv D (20) &ufae@rmS Akv d cf sKyf}u;D ae0if;eJ@ ppfwyfxyd of ;D taumif}u;D (21)
OD;/ ,leaD zmif;c|wf t0wftpm;vJ=uygw,f? ay:vmvwW@H aom zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'opfe@J
csed o
f m;uku d af tmif óuw d ifjyifqif+y;D t}ueH @J t+ird ;f pm;,l vl0wfvv J u
dk =f uwmjzpfygw,f? umuG,f
a&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf Akdvfae0if; a&G;cs,ftyfESif;xm;cJholu Akdvfrª;csKyfpef;,k jzpfygw,f?
1972 xJrSmyJ owif;pmeJ@ *sme,fr*~Zif;pmapmif (50) ausmf xkwfa0cGifh ydwfyif&yfqkdif;
vkdufygw,f? jynfxJa&;ESifh omomema&;0ef}uD;Xmetrdef@eJ@ ydwfyif&yfqkdif;apcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
pmtkyfpmay ykHESdyfxkwfa0r_vkyfief;awGtm;vkH;ukda&m “pmaypdppfa&;bkwftzGJŒ”qkdwmukdyg
t&ifu jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;XmevufatmufrSm xm;&SdcJh&mu/ 1970 jynfhESpfup+yD; jynfxJa&;eJ@
omoema&;0ef}uD;Xmevufatmuf ajymif;a&GŒxm;cJh+yD;/ jynfxJa&;Xmeu wifwif;=uyf=uyf
ukdifwG,fxm;cJhwmjzpfwJhtwGuf/ pme,fZif; (50) ausmfukd xkwfa0cGifhydwfyifwJhtcg jynfxJa&;
0ef}uD;Xmetrdef@eJ@ ydwfyifapcJhwmjzpfygw,f? jynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; Akdvfrª;
}uD;pdefjr vufrSwfeJ@ ydwfyifcJhwmjzpfygw,f?

ppftpkd;&wufvmuwnf;u pme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifhawG w&pf+yD;w&pf vkH;yg;yg;vm&

ovkd pmaytEkynmavmu}uD;wckv;Hk eJ@ ykEH ydS x f w k af 0a&;vkyif ef;qkid &f m e,fy,ftm;vk;H wqif+h yD;
wqifh uyfoifhcJh&ygw,f? ydwfyif&yfqkdif;jcif;cHvkduf&wJh pme,fZif;aygif; (50) ausmfxJrSm &efukef
owif;pmeJ@ tk;d a0/ ¶_a'gi/hf jynfoŒl =u,f/ a&$wl eJ@ owif;*sme,fpwJh *sme,fawGyg ygomG ;cJyh gw,f?
emrnf}uD;*sme,fawGtm;vkH;avmufeD;yg; tydwfcHvkduf&wJh tajctaejzpfygw,f?
1972 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ awmfveS af &;aumifpOD uUÏ}uD;&JŒ ðzwfxw k yf rJG mS yg0ifomG ;olawGuawmh
yxrqkH; tvkyform;aumifpDOuUÏ}uD;jzpfcJh+yD; tvkyform;0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD;vnf;jzpf/ awmfvSef
a&;aumifpD0ifvnf;jzpfwJh Akdvfrª;}uD;armifa&$eJ@ r=umao;wJhumvurS pme,fZif;aygif; (50)
ausmu f dk ydwyf if&yfqidk ;f ap&mrSm vufrw S af &;xk;d xkwjf yefcw hJ hJ jynfxaJ &;ESihf omoema&;Xme0ef}uD;
Akdvfrª;}uD;pdefjr wkd@jzpfygw,f?
1972 ckESpf/ pufwifbm (18) &ufae@rSm “A[kd¶kd;rppfqifa&;XmecsKyf” qkdwmukd pwifzGifh
vSpyf gw,f? A[kd ¶k;d rppfqifa&;XmecsKyf[m “txl;ppfqifa&;XmecsKyf” jzpf+yD; ¶k;d rwausm&Sd AuyeJ@
r'nw ukd tðywfwu dk af &;twGuf oD;oef@ zGiv hf pS v
f udk w
f mjzpfygw,f? txl;ppfqifa&;XmecsKyf&ŒJ
XmecsKyfr;ª tjzpf Akv d rf ;ª }uD;ciftek ;f ukd wm0efay;ygw,f? (Akv d rf ;ª }uD;ciftek ;f ukd &efuek w f idk ;f wkid ;f rª;t
jzpf ac:,lvu dk w
f t
hJ cg Xmerª;tjzpf tv,fyidk ;f wkid ;f wkid ;f rª; Akv d rf ;ª }uD;oef;wif ukd wm0eftyfEiS ;f yg
w,f?)
A[kd¶kd;rppfqifa&;XmecsKyf[m yJcl;¶kd;rawmfvSefa&; tajccHe,fajr}uD;wckvkH; òydysufuG,f
aysmufa&;twGuf ppfa&; eJ@ Ekid if aH &;yg yl;wGpJ pfqif&efq+dk y;D “atmifp;dk rk;d ppfqifa&;” ukd pwif taumif
txnfazmfygw,f?
yJcl;¶kd;rrSm jzL;acsmif;zsm;rSm awmifay:&Gm (7) &Gm/ &JEG,facsmif;zsm;rSm awmifay:&Gm (14)
&Gm/ yJc;l acsmif;zsm;rSm awmifay: (9) &GmeJ@ ¶k;d r0ef;usiw f ausmrSm qefa&pyg; aygrsm;wJh &Gm}uD;&Gmi,f
aygi;f (1250) ausm&f w dS t hJ wGuf awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawG&ŒJ tajccHa'ovkjd zpfaewmukd ppftpk;d &
u r¶_prd Ehf idk af tmifjzpfaeygw,f? ¶k;d rrSm&Sw d hJ awmifay:u&ifrsm;/ ajrjyef@Armrsm;/ ¶k;d rtaemufjcrf;
csif;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;uvnf; awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawGtay: wavsmufvkH; tultnDay;ae=u
wmtay: rausreyfEidk jf zpfaecJ=h uygw,f? tJ'h ga=umifh AD,uferfppfyrJG mS tar&duefawGvyk w f ehJ nf;
ukd,l+yD; &GmawGukd csKyfukdifEkdifa&;/ vkdtyfovkd pkpnf;ypfa&;awGvkyfzkd@ pwiftaumiftxnfazmfyg
w,f? awmifay: (14) &Gmukd twif;t"rR ajymif;a&$Œae&mcsxm;a&;ukd tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd pwifygw,f?
awmifay:&GmawGtm;vkH; t}uD;tus,f 'kuQa&muf=uygw,f? olykefawGqD pm;eyf&duQm ra&muf
a&;twGuf &GmawGrSm qefawmiftykdrxm;&qkdwJh trdef@csrSwf+yD; wif;wif;=uyf=uyf csKyfukdifwm
vkyfygw,f?
ppftpk;d &&JŒ t&Sed jf ri‡ phf pfqifvmr_udk Auy wk@d &ŒJ “atmifaZ,swyf”/ Auy eJ@ r'nw wk@d
yl;aygif;zGJŒpnf;xm;wJh “atmifEkdifwyf” awGu jyefvnfwkef@jyefwkdufckduf=uygw,f?
ppftpkd;&ukd OD;wnfwkdufckduf&mrSm uGJvGJr_r&Sdayr,fh/ tzGJŒtpnf;twGif;qkdif&m oabm
xm;tjrif uGJvJGr_awGuawmh wcsKdŒtzGJŒtpnf;awGtwGif;rSm jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? Oyrm tm;jzifh
autif,l tzGJŒtpnf;awGtwGif;rSm &Sdovkd/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtwGif;rSmvnf; &SdcJhygw,f?

1956 ckEpS u f OuUÏ ref;bZH acgi;f aqmifwt hJ zGŒJ eJ@ Adv

k cf sKyfjr acgi;f aqmifwhJ tzGŒJ &,fv@dk autif,l
tzGŒJ }uD;twGi;f uGcJ =hJ ur_&&dS mu 1972 ckEpS /f yJc;l wkid ;f uGe*f &ufrmS ref;bZH tkypf ek @J Akv d cf sKyfaumfx;l
acgif;aqmifwJh tkyfpkqkd+yD; xyfuGJygw,f? ref;bZH wkd@u AkdvfcsKyfjr wkd@ESifh jyefaygif;+yD; “autif,l
wyfOD;” zGJŒygw,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD twGif;rSmvnf; OuUÏ ocifZif/ twGif;a&;rª; ocifcspf wkd@acgif;
aqmifwJh Auy ¶kd;rA[kdeJ@ ta0;a&mufaumfrDwD ocifAodef;wifacgif;aqmifwJh ta&SŒajrmufppf
a'o Auy t=um; tjrifrwlwmawG &SdcJhygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtaeeJ@ wckwnf;aom
ygwt D jzpf wpnf;wvk;H wnf;&Sad yr,fh ygwu D eG zf &ifh 'grrS [kwf A[kad umfrw D D pkn
H t D pnf;a0; usi;f y
ðyvkyfEkdifjcif;r&SdwJhtwGuf rwlwJhtjrifawG[m oD;jcm;pDvkd jzpfay:wnf&Sdaeygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh
yJcl;¶kd;r Auy A[kdu ðzwfxkwfowfvrf;pOftrSm;eJ@ “*GifxJurxGufa&;” ppfa&;vrf;pOftrSm;}uD;
ukd qufvufqkyfukdifxm;aepOfrSm ocifAodef;wif wkd@ ta0;a&mufaumfrDwDu ðzwfxkwfowf
vrf;pOfukd vufawGŒvkyfaqmifjcif; rðycJhyg? vufcHjcif;vnf;rðycJhvkd@ qkdygw,f? wyfaygif;pkudpPeJ@
ywfouf+yD;vnf; OuUÏ ocifZif eJ@ ocifcspfwkd@u ‘r'nw’ tjyif autif,lu wjcm;vlrsKd;pk
ygwD tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;eJ@ ‘wyfOD;’ zGJŒwmukd em;vnfvufcH oabmwlnDr_&Sdayr,fh/ ocifAodef;wif
wk@d u ‘r'nw’ &S+d yD;jzpfvsuf vlrsK;d pkwyfaygi;f pkwyfO;D zGŒJ pnf;wm autJeif , f tl aeeJ@ rvkyo f ifv
h @dk
tjrif&Sdygw,f?
oabmrwlnDr_tjrif uGJjym;r_awG[m obm0uspGm &Sdae=uwmjzpfayr,fh bkH&efol ppf
tpkd;&ukd OD;wnfwkdufcdkufa&;tay:rSmawmh uGJvGJjcm;em;r_r&Sd=uyg? ppftpkd;&u awmfvSefa&;tif
tm;pkawG toD;oD;ay: wqifw h ;dk ppfqifwu dk cf u
dk vf mr_uv dk nf; jywfjywfom;om; jyefvnf&ifqidk f
wkef@jyefwkdufckduf=uygw,f?
&Srf;jynfe,fxJrSm &Sdae=uwJh vlrsKd;pkvufeufukdif tzGJŒtpnf;rsKd;pkH[mvnf; wzufu
ppftpk;d &ukd wke@f jyef&ifqidk &f if;/ wzufu Auy ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o ay:xGe;f }uD;yGm;vmwmtay:
rwlnDwJh oabmxm;tjrifawG csrSwfusifhokH;vmygw,f?
ppftpkd;&u zGJŒpnf;ay;xm;wJh umuG,fa&;tzGJŒrsm;uawmh t"dutm;jzifh bdef;ukd wkd;csJŒ
vkyfukdifae=uwJhtwGuf bdef;xkwfvkyfr_ wkd;wufrsm;jym;vm¶kHru ‘bdef;jzLcsufpuf¶kH’ awGyg
ay:aygufvmae+yDjzpfygw,f? (ppftpkd;&&JŒ tqkdt&ukd bdef;jzLcsufpuf¶kH (14) ¶kH &Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f?)
ta&SŒajrmufa'o Auy }uD;xGm;vmwJhtwGuf ppftpkd;&u ppfa&;enf;eJ@ygru EkdifiHa&;
enf;eJ@yg upm;uGut f opfawGxiG +f yD; Auy ukd wm;qD;zk@d jyifqifygw,f? vlrsK;d pkvufeufuidk t f zGŒJ
tpnf;wcsKdŒukd zJhxkwfEkdifzkd@/ pnf;¶kH;Ekdifzkd@ vkyfygw,f? 1972 ckESpfxJrSm “autkdifat” eJ@ ppftpkd;&
v#KdŒ0SufawGŒqkH+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;pum;ajymqkd=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh ppftpkd;&ar#mfvifhovkd jzpfrvmyJ
v#KdŒ0SufaqG;aEG;r_ ysufjym;oGm;cJhygw,f?
Armjynf vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ a&pD;a=umif;}uD;twGif; rv$Jra&Smifom
a&muf&Sdvm&wJh vuf,mEkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkuvnf; ppftpkd;&ukd vufeufukdifwkdufcdkufzkd@ pDrHcsuf
cs+yD; pwifv_yf&Sm;vmcJhygw,f? OD;Ek OD;aqmifwJh ygvDref'Drkdua&pDygwDu Akdvf!kdr_dif;eJ@ ukdpkd;ckdifwkd@
OD;pD;wJh (34) a,muftzGJŒ[m a&vrf;c&D;eJ@ jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'otwGif; v#KdŒ0Suf0ifa&mufvm=uyg

w,f? jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'otwGif; vufeufukdifv_yf&Sm;r_ taumiftxnfazmfzkd@jzpfygw,f?

pufwifbm (23) &ufae@rmS xkid ;f Ekid if H &aemif;uaexGuv f mcJ+h yD; zsmykcH ¶kid /f bku
d av;òrdŒe,f/ u'ku H ed
&GmteD; ukdif;aomifu|ef;ay: pwif0ifa&mufcJh=uygw,f?
ppftpkd;&u (27/ 9/ 72) ae@uae (21/ 10/ 72) ae@txd owfrSwfxm;wJh “axmfykdif
ppfqifa&;” eJ@ tjywfacsr_ef;zkd@ vkyfygw,f? axmfykdifppfqifa&;rSm ppfwyfu =unf;/ a&/ avwyfzJGŒ
0ifrsm;a&m/ &JwyfzGJŒ0ifawGukdomru ‘jynfolŒppf’ tzGJŒ0ifawGtm;vkH;ukdvnf; tokH;ðyygw,f?
a'ocH &yfo&l mG om;awGtm;vk;H ukv d nf; uif;apmifch idk ;f / owif;tyk@d cidk ;f +yD; “jynfoŒl ppfqifa&;}uD;”
vkd@ uifyGef;wyf tokH;cscJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&&JŒ axmfykdifppfqifa&;atmufrSm ygvDref'Drkdua&pDygwD
vuf,mtiftm;pk&JŒ vufeufukdifwkdufyGJ pwiftm;xkwfr_[m OD;csKd;acsr_ef;cHvkduf&ygw,f?
tJ'DvkdyJ atmufwkdbmveJ@ Ekd0ifbmvtwGif; bD;vif;òrdŒe,f/ a0gòrdŒe,fawGxJ 0ifvm=u
wJh yD'DyD (PDP) tzGJŒ0ifawG tacsr_ef;cHvkduf&ovkd/ ¶kd;rawmifay:0ifa&mufvm=uwJh yD'DyDu
‘wufxGef;’ eJ@ tiftm; (150) avmufvnf; ppftpkd;&&JŒ wkdufckdufESdrfESif;jcif;ukd cHvkduf&ygw,f?
xm;0,fc¶kdifbuf/ awmifil/ ausmuf}uD;bufrSmvnf; wkdufckdufòzdzsufwm cHvkduf&ygw,f?
1972 ckESpftwGif; ppftpkd;&u ppfqifa&; }uD;i,frsKd;pkH csrSwfwkdufckduf&&mrSm &efukefwkdif;
ppfXmcsKyfe,fajrxJtxd xl;xl;jcm;jcm; aqmif&u G v f yk u
f idk vf m&ygw,f? &efuek w f idk ;f ppfXmecsKyfe,f
ajrtwGi;f csrw S af qmif&u G v f m&wJh ppfqifa&;uawmh ‘atmifp}uFm’ eJ@ ‘qifaygu’f ppfqifa&;qkd
wmjzpfygw,f?
1972 ukeyf idk ;f rSmawmh ppftpk;d &[m olzŒJG pnf;ay;cJw h hJ “umuG,af &;tzGŒJ ” awGe@J ywfouf+y;D
ta&;,laqmif&u G rf r_ vky&f if rjzpfawmhwhJ taetxm;jzpfvmygw,f? yxrwcsuu f urBmay:rSm
t&Sed tf [kef }u;D rm;pGm ysŒH ES@H vmwJh rl;,pfaq;0g;jy\emeJ@ywfouf+y;D Armjynf[m wku d ¶f u
dk f emrnf
xGuv f mygw,f? tJ'D rl;,pfaq;0g;udprP mS txl;ojzifh bde;f jzLxkwv f yk f a&mif;0,fazmufum;r_rmS
“umuG,af &;” awGu t"duvkyu f idk af qmif&uG af e=uwm zk;H rEkid zf rd & ay:vGiv f mygw,f? ppftpk;d &
arG;jrLcJhwJh ‘cGefqm’ ac: usef&SDzl;eJ@ ‘avmfppf[ef’ wkd@[m bdef;bk&ifawGtjzpf emrnfxif&Sm;ae+yD
jzpfygw,f? cGeq f mukd tpk;d &u zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f vku d wf t hJ cgrmS cGeq f m atmufu 'ktzGŒJ acgi;f aqmif
‘usefqk&Sif’ [m tiftm; (1000) ausmfukd OD;pD;+yD; awmckdoGm;&if; ‘awmckdvG,farmftzGJŒ’ tjzpf
emrnfxu G v f m¶krH u/ bde;f a&mif;0,fazmufum;xkwv f yk rf a_ wGe@J yg qufvuf emrnfxif&mS ;vmcJh
ygw,f? 1971 ckESpf/ ZGefv (17) &ufae@rSm tar&dueforw ‘epfqif’ u rl;,pfaq;0g; ppfyGJa=u
nmcsuf xkwjf yefc&hJ +y;D ukvor*~uvnf; ZGev f (26) &ufae@udk rl;,pfaq;0g;qef@usiaf &; ae@wae@
tjzpf owfrSwfvmcJh&wJhtxd rl;,pfaq;0g;jy\em[m urBmhjy\emwck jzpfvmcJh&ygw,f?
bdef;vkyfief;eJ@ywfouf+yD; ta&;,lEkdifzkd@ bdef;&mZm ta,muf (20) &JŒpm&if;ukd tar&duefu
qka=u;aiGygowfrSwf+yD; zrf;0&yf;xkwfvm&wJhtxd jzpfvmwJhtwGuf Armjynfppftpkd;&[m bdef;
vkyfief;eJ@ wkduf¶kdufywfoufaewJh umuG,fa&;jy\emawGukd rukdifwG,frjzpf jzpfvmygw,f?
aemufwcsuu f &Sr;f jynfwiG ;f &Sd umuG,af &;awG[m &Sr;f vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;tif;tm;pkawGe@J
qufpyfywfoufvm=uwmawGtay:rSmvnf; ppftpkd;&tzkd@ pkd;&drfp&mjzpfvmovkd/ xkdif;EkdifiHrSm
tajcpkdufwJh OD;Ek &JŒ yD'DyDukd rlvvuf&if; ukd;uef@umuG,fa&;acgif;aqmifa[mif; *sifrD,ef; yg0if

qufpyfvm+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf umuG,fa&;tzGJŒawGtay: tcsdefrSD wpkHw&mvkyfzkd@vkdvm+yDvkd@ wGuf

csujf yifqifvmyk&H ygw,f? 1972 xJrmS ‘0’ e,frmS &Sw d hJ r[mqef acgi;f aqmifwhJ umuG,af &;tzGŒJ ukd
vufeufðzwfxw k zf @dk vkyw
f thJ cgrmS vnf;/ uGejf rLepfuv dk nf; qef@usi/f vufeuftðzwfvnf;rcHEidk f
wJh r[mqef [m ppftpkd;&ukdqef@usif+yD; awmckdtzGJŒtjzpf cH,loGm;cJhygw,f?
1973 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D (5) &ufae@rSm ta&SŒajrmufwkdif;ppfXmecsKyfrSm wkdif;rª;/ wyfrrª;/
wyf&if;rª;awGyg0ifwJh tpnf;ta0;usif;yygw,f? (6) &ufae@rSm ta&SŒajrmufwkdif;ppfXmecsKyf
e,fajrtwGif;&Sd umuG,fa&;wyfzGJŒ (23) zGJŒvkH;ukd ac:,l+yD; vufeuftyfESHa&;eJ@ tzGJŒawGzsufodrf;
a&;ukd vkyfygw,f?
ppftpkd;&ukd,fwkdif&JŒ w&m;0if pm&if;xkwfjyefcsuft& umuG,fa&;tzGJŒaygif; (23) zGJŒ/
vltiftm; (4211) a,muf/ vufeufta&twGuf (3228) vuf&Sd&mrSm/ {+yDv (30) &ufae@txd
tpkd;&qD w&m;0if vma&mufowif;ykd@ tyfESH=uwmu vltiftm; (2377) a,mufeJ@ vufeuft
a&twGuf (1980) vufyJ&SdcJh+yD; usefta&twGuf[m awmckdoGm;=uw,fqkdygw,f?
awmckdoGm;=uwJh umuG,fa&;wyfawGxJrSm avmfppf[efacgif;aqmifwJh ukd;uef@umuG,f
a&;tzGJŒ[m t}uD;qkH;jzpfygw,f? tpkd;&tqkdt& awmckdoGm;=uwJh umuG,fa&;tzGJŒawGuawmh
(1) avmfppf[efacgif;aqmifwJh ukd;uef@umuG,fa&;tzGJŒ/ tiftm; (800) cef@/
(2) erfhu|rf;tzGJŒrS vDzm;rDeJ@ tiftm; (200) cef@/
(3) vG,fyif&JtzGJŒrS vDcsdefusifeJ@ tiftm; (45) a,mufcef@/
(4) wmrkdif;tzGJŒrS zkH=um;¶kH;eJ@ tiftm; (20) cef@/
(5) a&mifya&;tzGJŒrS tkdufaq;eJ@ tiftm; (150) cef@/
(6) refrefqkdiftzGJŒrS xyf0ef;eJ@ tiftm; (70) cef@/
(7) vG,faq;tzGJŒrS vifrdef;eJ@ tiftm; (20) cef@ vkd@qkdygw,f?
avmfppf[efe@J xkid 0f rfaxmufvrS ;f a&;tzGŒJ &JŒ qGaJ qmifpnf;¶k;H r_e@J tJ'D awmcku d muG,af &;
awG[m vG,faq;a'orSm 1973 ckESpf/ arv (23) (24) ae@awGrSm tpnf;ta0;usif;y+yD; &Srf;jynf
ajrmufyidk ;f vGwv f yfa&;wyfrawmfqw dk mukd zGŒJ pnf;vkud yf gw,f? OuUÏ tjzpf avmfppf[ef jzpfygw,f?
&Sr;f jynftwGi;f rSm &Sr;f jynf/ &Sr;f trsK;d om; emrnfwyfxm;wJh vufeufuidk t f zGŒJ tpnf;awG
xJrSm 1964 ckESpfuwnf;u r[ma'0D OD;aqmifzGJŒpnf;cJhwJh tufpftufpfat (SSA) eJ@ 1971
ckESpfrSm zGJŒpnf;cJhwJh (SSPP) &Srf;jynfwkd;wufa&;ygwD wkd@[m txif&Sm;qkH;jzpfygw,f? aemufxyf
emrnf&Sdwmuawmh (SURA) jzpfygw,f?
ppftpk;d &u awmcku d muG,af &;tzGŒJ ukd vku d vf w H udk cf u
dk yf gw,f? ppftpk;d &u arG;jrLajr‡muf
pm;cJhwJh avmfppf[ef[m umuG,fa&;tzGJŒtpnf;awGxJrSm =oZmt&SdqkH;jzpfcJhovkd/ awmckd
awmhvnf; awmxJrmS ajcvSr;f us,Ef idk cf o hJ jl zpfygw,f? awmrckcd ifuvnf; ta&SŒajrmufwidk ;f e,f
ajrtwGif;&Sd wkdif;rª;/ wyfrrª;awGtm;vkH;avmufeJ@ ykvif;wlAl;qdk@vkyfum t0iftxGufwwfoljzpf
cJhwJhtwGuf avmfppf[ef&JŒum;vkd@qkd&if b,fppfaq;a&;pcef;rS &yfay;p&mrvkdwJhtxd wefckd;xGm;
cJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifv h nf; avmfppf[ef[m bde;f ukd vGwv f wG u f |wu f |wf vkycf iG yhf g0g&cJo
h v l jdk zpfum
bdef;bk&ifwqljzpfvmcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f?

1973 ckESpf/ ZlvkdifvxJrSm xkdif;EkdifiHtwGif;a&muf&SdvmwJh bdef;bk&if avmfppf[efukd xkdif;

tpkd;&u zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;vkduf+yD; Armjynfppftpkd;&xH vufajymif;vufv$J tyfESHay;cJhwJhtwGuf
Armjynftpkd;&u avmfppf[ef ukd vufcH&&SdcJhygw,f? avmfppf[efukd ppftpkd;&u txl;ckH¶kH;zGJŒ+yD;
w&m;ppfq;w,fqw kd mvkyyf gw,f? (w&m;¶k;H rSm ppf&if;ppf&if;eJ@ avmfppf[ef&ŒJ xGuq f cdk suaf wG[m
ppftpkd;&wGif;&Sd ppfwyfxdyfoD; taumif}uD;i,frsKd;pkHyg yg0ifywfouf ,SufEG,fvmwJhtwGuf
ckH¶kH;ukdtjrefqkH;enf;eJ@ tusOf;¶kH;+yD; zkH;zkH;zdzdvkyf&if;/ 1974 ckESpfxJrSm axmif'%fpD&ifcsuf csrSwfay;
vkdufygw,f?
1973 ckESpfxJrSmyJ bdef;bk&ifcGefqm&JŒ awmckdvG,farmfumuG,fa&;tzGJŒu aemufvkduf
aemufygrsm;[m cGeq f m rE aW v;axmiftwGi;f u jyefvnfvw G af jrmufciG &hf vma&;twGuf enf;rsK;d pkH
óud;yrf;ygw,f? SUA vk@d emrnfwyfxm;wJh cGeq f m&JŒ aemufvu dk rf sm;[m awmif}uD; p0fpx H eG ;f aq;
¶kHu ¶k&Sm;yg&*l (2) a,mufukd jyefay;qGJ+yD; rE Wav;axmifxJ&SdaewJh cGefqmeJ@ tvJtvS,fvkyfzkd@
awmif;qkdygw,f? ppftpkd;&u bmrSrwkef@jyefovkd vkyfaecJhygw,f? (aemufuG,frSmyJ cGefqmeJ@
ppftpkd;&[m tay;t,l oabmwlnDcsufvkyf+yD; 1974 ckESpfxJrSm cGefqm ukd v$wfay;cJhygw,f?
1976 ckESpfxJrSm cGefqm 'kwd,t}udrf awmckdjyefygw,f?)
1973 ckESpfxJrSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftpkd;&&JŒ EkdifiHawmfzGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'
opf (wwd,rl=urf;) a&;qG+J y;D pD;oGm;ygw,f? tajccHOya'opf a&;qGaJ &;aumfr&D iS [ f m (27/ 12/ 71)
ae@up+yD; tajccHOya'opfudk a&;qGcJ +hJ yD; 1972 arvuae 'DZifbmtwGi;f tajccHOya'opf (yxr
rl=urf;)/ 1973 {+yDvrSm ('kw, d rl=urf;) &Si;f vif;csjy aqG;aEG;r_qw dk mawG ðyvkycf +hJ yD;/ wwd,rl=urf;
ukd aemufqHk;a&;qGJcJhwmjzpfygw,f? aemufqkH;rljzpfwJh wwd,rl=urf;ukd 1973 ckESpfxJrSmusif;ywJh
'kwd,t}udrf rqv ygwDnDvmcHukd wifoGif;twnfðycsuf&,lygw,f? rqv ygwDnDvmcHu
twnfðyay;vku d w f t hJ wGuf jynfaxmifpq k &dk ,
S v f pforRwjrefrmEkid if aH wmf zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccH
Oya' (rl=urf;) qdkwm xGufay:vmygw,f?
1973 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (14) &ufae@rSm tJ'D zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'opf twnfðya&;
twGuf jynfvkH;u|wf qENcH,lyGJqkdif&m Oya'ukd xkwfjyefa=unmygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf =o*kwfv
(16) &ufrSm OD;'def&wef OD;aqmifwJh tzGJŒ0if (26) OD;yg jynfvkH;u|wf qENcH,lyGJ usif;ya&;aumfrD&Sif
qkw d mukd awmfveS af &;aumifpu D zGŒJ pnf;ay;vku d yf gw,f? tJ'aD umfr&Siu f jynfe,f§ wkid ;f § òrdŒe,f
aumfr&D iS f tzGŒJ cGaJ wG qufvufzŒJG pnf;ap+yD;/ 1973 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm (15) &ufuae (31) &ufae@txd
zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfytHk ajccHOya'opf jynfv;Hk u|wq f ENc, H yl }JG uD;qkwd mukd wjynfv;Hk rSm usi;f yapzk@d jzpfyg
w,f?
1973 ckEpS rf mS waumifwnf;ajy;aewJh rqvygw}D uD;&JŒ tajctaeuk=d unfrh ,fq&dk ifawmh
ygw0D ifO;D a&awmfawmfrsm;rsm; &Sad e+yDjzpfygw,f? (73 ckEpS /f arvuket f xd pm&if;t&ukyd )J wif;jynfh
ygwD0if (107˜770)/ t&HygwD0if (416˜180)/ aygif; (523˜950) eJ@ ygwDrdwfaqG (825˜188) OD;txd
wkd;yGm;ae+yDjzpfygw,f?
rqvygw}D u;D &JŒ vlxv k w
l ef;pm; tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;qkw d mxJu rqvygw&D ŒJ b,fawmifyeH @J
nmawmifyHjzpfwJh jynfolŒawmifolv,form;aumifpDeJ@ jynfolŒtvkyform;aumifpD qkdwm[m
vnf; tawmfudk azmif;yGae+yDjzpfygw,f? 1973 ckEpS x f rJ mS òrdŒe,fawmifov l ,form;aumifpaD ygi;f

(246) ck/ òrdŒe,f jynfolŒawmifolv,form;aumifpD pnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrDwD (16) ckeJ@ òrdŒe,fawmif
olv,form;aumifpD0ifaygif; (6) oef;cGJausmf (662˜621˜2) OD; &Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? wjynfvkH;
v,form;OD;a&rSm (7) oef;cGJavmufyJ&Sd&mrSm (6) oef;cGJausmfu jynfolŒawmifolv,form;
aumifp0D ifawG jzpfae+yDqadk wmh b,fvrdk sm; twif; }uHzefpnf;¶k;H xm;w,fqw dk m wGuo f m=unf=h u
ygawmhvkd@ ajym&r,fh taetxm;jzpfygw,f? zqyv &JŒ Awvp acwfu/ Awvp 0ifr[kwf&if
trawmfa=u; racs;bl;vkd@ +cdrf;ajcmufpnf;¶kH;cJhovkd/ rqvwkd@&JŒ jynfolŒawmifolv,form;
aumifpaD cwfrmS vnf; awmifov l ,form;aumifp0D ifr[kw&f if "mwfajr=oZmtdwf a&mif;ray;bl;
qkdwJhenf;eJ@ pnf;¶kH;cJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? urBmrSm róuHzl;ao;wJh pnf;¶kH;a&;pGrf;&nfeJ@ pnf;¶kH;a&;tif
tm;vkd@yJ rSwfwrf;wif&rvkdjzpfygw,f?
òrdŒe,ftvkyo f rm;aumifpaD ygi;f u (225) ck/ òrdŒe,ftvkyo f rm;aumifpD pnf;¶k;H a&;aumfrD
wDu (18) ck/ tvkyo f rm;aumifp0D ifaygi;f u (1) oef;cGaJ usmf (151˜196˜0) OD; jzpfygw,f? wjynfv;Hk
tvkyform;aygif; cef@rSef;acs (3) oef;avmufyJ&Sd&mrSm (1) oef;cGJausmfu tvkyform;aumifpD0if
awGjzpfae&+yDjzpfygw,f? tHhavmufcref; pnf;¶kH;a&;pGrf;&nfvkd@ qkd&rSmjzpfygw,f? v,form;
aumifpDrSmvnf; v,form;r[kwfolawGeJ@ v,form;rif;om;rsm;u }uD;pkd;xm;=uovkd/ tvkyf
orm;aumifp[ D mvnf; tvkyo f rm;r[kwo f rl sm;eJ@ tvkyo f rm;rif;om;rsm;u }uD;pk;d xm;=uwm
ukdawmh wjynfvHk;u todyJjzpfygw,f?
jynfv;Hk u|wf qENc, H yl }JG uD;twGuf oufqidk &f m ygwaD umifprD sm;u twif;t=uyf wm0ef
ay;tyf 0g'jzef@csdyg0ifapwJhtwGuf tEkynme,fu yk*~Kdvfrsm;[mvnf; qENcH,lyGJ}uD;twGif;
yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;vm&ygw,f? acwfay:aw;*Dwukd taemufwidk ;f o¶kyyf suaf w;*Dwvk@d ESmacgi;f ¶_ŒH cJ=h u
olawGu, dk w f idk u
f qENc, H yl t JG wGuf rJq, G pf nf;¶k;H &mrSmawmh acwfay:aw;*Dworm;awGuydk grusef
twif;qGJ+yD; tokH;cscJh=uygw,f? qENcH,lyGJusif;ycgeD;rSm ‘rJ¶kHæ rJ¶kHqDukdæ’ qkdwJhoDcsif; wjynf
vkH;ysHŒESH@cJhygw,f?
1973 'DZifbm (15) rSm qENcH,lyGJ rJay;yGJqkdwm}uD; pwifusif;yygw,f? t&G,fa&mufol
wkid ;f ukd twif;vku d af c: +yD; reuf rJ¶zHk iG u hf wnf;u twif;rJxnfch idk ;f cJyh gw,f? qENc, H yl }JG uD;twGuf
rJay;ykHpepfuawmh rJ¶kHtwGif;rSm tjzLa&mifrJykH;eJ@ teufa&mifrJykH;qkd+yD; rJykH; (2) ykH; axmifxm;yg
w,f? tjzLa&mify;Hk u axmufcrH yJ ;Hk / trJa&mifu uef@uu G rf yJ ;Hk qkwd mjzpf+yD;/ tjzLa&mifudk jrifom
atmifxm;ygw,f? trJa&mifuadk wmh cyfa0;a0;rSm =unfEh idk rf S jrifatmifxm;ygw,f? axmufcrH yJ ;Hk
twGuf trSefjcpf (9) uef@uGufrJykHtwGuf =uufajccwf (8) trSwftom; ðyvkyfxm;ygw,f?
pdwfóudufzefwD; OD;pD;+yD; usif;yvkdufwJh tajccHOya'qENcH,lyGJ}uD;&JŒ &v'fuawmh wjynf
vk;H rJqENay;ykid cf iG &hf o
dS al ygi;f (14) oef; (7) ode;f ausm&f w dS t
hJ euf (13) oef; (3) ode;f ausmu f axmufcH
qENraJ y;vku d =f uwJt h wGuf (90 ³ 19) &mckid Ef e_ ;f axmufcrH &_ adS om zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'}uD;
jzpfoGm;&ygawmhw,f?
1974 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (3) &ufae@rSm jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;&JŒ (90³19) &mckdifE_ef;u wcJ
eufaxmufcq H ENay; twnfðyvku d wf t
hJ wGuf jynfaxmifpq k &dk , S v
f pforwjrefrmEkid if aH wmfzŒJG pnf;

tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'}uD;ukd twnfðyvkdufa=umif;qkdwJh a=unmcsufukd awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu

xkwfjyefa=unmvkdufygw,f? ('ga=umifh tJ'DOya'}uD;ukd 1974 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'
vkd@ ac:a0:owfrSwf=uygw,f?) (Zefe0g&Dv 3 &ufae@ukdvnf; tajccHOya'ae@&,fvkd@ aemufykdif;
rSmowfrSwf+yD; od'<dwif r*Fvm,lwm rqv tpkd;&u vkyfcJhygw,f?
tajccHOya'ukd twnfðya=umif; a=unm+yD; (24) &uft=um/ 1974 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (27)
&ufae@rmS zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'eJ@tnD usi;f yw,fqw dk hJ yxrt}urd f jynfoŒl v$waf wmfEiS hf jynfoŒl
aumifpDtqifhqifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJqkdwmukd wufokwf¶kduf usif;yygw,f?
zGŒJ pnf;ykt
H ajccHOya't& pDrcH ef@caJG &;qkid &f mrSm tqifh (4) qifh cGx J m;ygw,f? (1) &yfuu G §f
aus;&Gmtkypf k jynfoŒl aumifpt D qif/h (2) òrdŒe,fjynfoŒl aumifpt D qif/h (3) jynfe,f§wkid ;f jynfoŒl
aumifpDtqifheJ@ (4) jynfolŒv$wfawmftqifh qkdwmjzpfygw,f?
tJ't D qifh (4) qift h wGuf jynfoŒl uk, d pf m;vS,q f w dk mawGudk rqv ygw}D uD;uae a&G;cs,f
csrSwfay;ygw,f?
a&G;aumufy}JG uD; usi;f yyku H si;f yenf;uawmh rJ¶w Hk idk ;f rSm tqifh (4) qifv h ;Hk twGuf rJay;cef;
(4) cef;xm;&S+d yD; axmufcrH §J uef@uu G rf J txnfch idk ;f wJh pepfjzpfygw,f? taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD;
usif;ywJhae@rSm tòydifr&Sd ukd,fpm;vS,favmif; wOD;wnf;pDukdom rJay;apwmjzpfygw,f?
wjynfvkH;twGuf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;qkdwmukd 1974 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (27) &ufae@
uae azazmf0g&D (10) &ufae@txd owfrSwfusif;yygw,f?
OD;ae0if;u &efukefwkdif;/ r&rf;ukef;òrdŒe,f rJqENe,fuae jynfolŒv$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f
tjzpf 0ifa&muf ta&G;cs,cf w H ,fqw dk mvkyyf gw,f? ppfwyf xdyo f ;D tm;vk;H 0ifa&mufta&G;cH=uyg
w,f? tJ'Da&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJ}uD; atmifjrifpGm usif;y+yD;wJhtcg 74 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccH
Oya'opft& usi;f ywJh yxrqk;H t}urd f jynfoŒl v$waf wmftpnf;ta0;}u;D ukd ac:,lygw,f? 1974
ckEpS /f rwfv (2) &ufae@rmS yxrt}urd f jynfoŒl v$waf wmf}u;D pwifziG v hf pS v
f u
dk yf gw,f? a&G;cs,w f if
ajr‡mufjcif;cH&w,fqw dk hJ jynfoŒl v$waf wmfu, dk pf m;vS,af ygi;f (450) OD; wufa&mufvm=uygw,f?
zGJŒpnf;ykHt& v$wfawmfuae EkdifiHawmfaumifpD/ 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ/ jynfolŒw&m;ol}uD;tzGJŒ/
jynfolŒOya' tusKd;aqmiftzGJŒeJ@ jynfolŒvkyfief; ppfaq;a&;tzGJŒqkdwmukd zGJŒpnf;ygw,f?
tjrifhqkH;jzpfwJh EkdifiHawmfaumifpDukd yk*~Kdvf (28) OD;eJ@ zGJŒpnf;ygw,f? EkdifiHawmfaumifpD
OuUÏtjzpf OD;ae0if; (AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;) jzpfvm+yD;/ twGif;a&;rª;tjzpf AdkvfcsKyfpef;,k jzpfvmyg
w,f?
tpkd;&tzGJŒESifhwuG A[kdtm%mykdiftzGJŒtpnf;}uD;awG zGJŒwJhtcgrSmvnf; óudwif toifh
vl0wfvJxm;+yD; ppfwyfxdyfoD;}uD; (21) OD;eJ@ toD;oD; tou tou zGJŒpnf;ay;vkdufygw,f?
óudwifpDpOfxm;wJhtwkdif; a0zefolr&Sd/ uef@uGufolr&Sd/ tzktxpfr&Sdjzpfygw,f?
1974 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae@rSmyJ/ 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae@u awmfvSefa&;aumif
pDuae odrf;ykduf&,lxm;wJh EkdifiHawmftcsKyftjcmtm%mukd rlvykdif&Sif&if;jzpfwJh jynfolvlxkxH
jyefvnftyfESHw,fqkdwmukd vkyfaqmifygw,f? jynfolvlxku 74 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccH
Oya't& a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufvu dk wf ,fqw kd hJ Ekid if aH wmfaumifpu D ae vufc&H ,lvu dk yf gw,f? tJ'g

a=umifh awmfveS af &;aumifpOD uUÏ}uD; Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; u Ekid if aH wmfaumifpOD uUÏ OD;ae0if; xHo@dk
EkdifiHawmftm%mt&yf&yfukd jyefvnfv$Jajymif;ay;tyfvkdufygawmhw,f?
abmif;bD0wf}uD; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; xHu EkdifiHawmftm%m[m/ toifhóudwifvl0wfvJ
xm;wJh ykq;dk 0wf}u;D OD;ae0if; qD acsmacsmarGŒarGŒ a&muf&o dS mG ;ygawmhw,f? rSwo f m;xkud zf ,
G f tm%m
vJ$ajymif;r_}uD;jzpfygayw,f?
awmf v S e f a &;aumif p D a cwf (ok d ‹ r[k w f ) ppf t m%m&S i f p epf (yxryk d i f ; )

ed * k H ; csKyf c suf
1962 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae@rSm ppfwyfuae vufeuftm;ukd; rw&m;tm%modrf;,l
jcif;eJ@ pwifcJhwJh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwf[m 1974 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae@txd (12) ESpfwdwd
=umjrifhcJhygw,f?
tJ'D (12) ESpfwmumvtwGif;rSm AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD
ppftpk;d &[m bmzGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'rSr&Sb d J wwkid ;f jynfv;Hk ukd tkycf sKyfrif;rlcohJ vk/d q,fEpS f
q,fr;dk avmufe;D yg;[m bmpD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDrS r,fr,f&&r&Sb d J wwkid ;f jynfv;Hk ukd xifovkd zsupf ;D
cJyh gw,f? (1971-72 usrS pDru H ed ;f pD;yGm;a&;pepfqw dk mukd csrwS cf yhJ gw,f? csrw
S v f yk u
f idk cf w
hJ hJ 1971-
72 pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f eJ@ 1972-73 pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f qkw
d mrsm;[mvnf; bmwckrS atmifjrifrr_ &bJ
av}uD; zifus,fjzpfoGm;cJhygw,f?)
tm%modrf;+yD;+yD;csif; tm%modrf;&wm jynfaxmifpk}uD; òyduGJr,fhtE W&,fa=umifh/
tm%m& yxp tpkd;&&JŒ vufatmufrSm jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvkH; 'kuQaygif;pkH oifhcJh&+yD; ukefaps;
E_ef;awG tqufrjywf wufaewma=umifh tm%m& yxpacgif;aqmifwcsKdŒ[m wyfrawmftay:
a0zefyw k cf wfra_ wGvyk +f yD; wyfrawmfudk òzdcv JG m=uwma=umifh pojzifh pojzifh ta=umif;rsK;d pkjH ycJyh g
w,f? t"dutm;jzifh zuf'&,frla=umifh wkdif;jynf}uD;uae@yJ [ufwufuGJ+yD; jynfaxmifpk}uD;
bkH;bkH;vJawmhrwwf ajymqkdum jynfaxmifpk}uD;òyduGJ&r,fh tE W&m,fuae wyfrawmfu 0if+yD;
xdef;odrf;umuG,f u,fwifcJh&oa,mif wGifwGifajymqkd 0g'jzef@csdcJhygw,f?
ygwDpkHpepf&JŒ qkd;0g;r_awG/ tm;enf;csufawG/ *kd%f;*CwkdufyGJawG/ ae&mvk=ur_awGukd
vuf!;kd xk;d jy+yD;/ wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfux dk al xmifz@dk bufaygi;f pku H ae jyifqifcyhJ gw,f? wk;d wufwhJ
vuf0t J iftm;pkawGe@J jynfov l xl }k uD;w&yfv;Hk ukd vSnphf m;zsm;a,mif;zk@d qk&d , S v f pfvrf;a=umif;ukd
csw D ufr,fv@dk aºuG;a=umf+yD; acwfajymif;awmfveS af &;qkw d mukd aºuG;a=umfcyhJ gw,f? tJ'h aD cwfajymif;
awmfveS af &;ukd OD;aqmifz@dk awmfveS w f EhJ idk if aH &;ygw}D uD;w&yf vkt d yfw,fq+dk yD; rqvygwu D dk wnf
axmifygw,f? EkdifiHwumu vufcHem;vnfxm;wJh E_ef;rSDpHr# qdk&S,fvpf0g'eJ@ b,fvkdrSukdufnDrSm
r[kwfwJhtwGuf jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[ef qkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfvkd@ 0g'jzef@csdcJhygw,f? ppfwyftwGif;rSm
oaE<wnf/ ppfwyfwGif;rSm tajcðy/ ppfwyftwGif;rSmyJ pwifarG;zGm;vmcJh&wJh rqvygwD[m ppf
wyfxyd o f ;D }uD;awGe@J yJ pwif yg0ifzŒJG pnf; wnfaxmifay:xGe;f vmcJ&h wmjzpfwt hJ wGuf tajccHtm;
jzifhukd ppfADZaoG; ygcJh+yD;om;jzpfygw,f?
trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf u _ dk umuG,zf @dk q+dk yD; vufawGŒu trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf _

awGukd òyduGJatmifðyvkyfvkdufum/ b,fEkdifiHa&;ygwD tzGJŒtpnf;awG&JŒ wnf&SdcGifh/ v_yf&Sm;cGifh/ óud;
yrf;cGiahf wGurdk S cGirhf ðyawmhbJ t+y;D wkid f òzzd suv f u dk +f y;D wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfudk wnfaqmufcyhJ gw,f?
rqv ygwD[m waumifwnf; òydifbufr&Sdajy;+yD; òydifbufr&Sd Akdvf0ifcHa&; aºuG;a=umfcJhygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwf (12) ESpfwmumvtwGif;rSm OD;atmif zsmae&mcif;csifolrsm;/
tcGifhta&;orm;rsm;/ qkd&S,fvpfa&;rufvkH;tay: [kwfvdrfhEkd;Ekd; ,kH=unfar#mfvifhrdolrsm;eJ@ r0if
rjzpf yg0ifvmcJh&olrsm;[m rqvygwD}uD;twGif; pkòyHa&muf&SdvmcJhygw,f?
'D (12) ESpw f mumvtwGi;f rSm ppftpk;d &[m tm%mukd wif;wif;=uyf=uyf csKyfuidk x f m;+yD;
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(3157) oef;txd &SdvmwJhtwGuf ESpfpOf (30) &mckdifE_ef;uae (40) &mckdifE_ef;txd aiGpuULawGukd
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ae0if;ryg) awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJŒ0if (16) OD;rSm (10) OD;r&SdawmhbJ (6) OD;yJ usefygawmhw,f?
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(7) Akv d rf ;ª }u;D apmjrifh (txkwcf &H )/ (8) Akv
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awmfveS af &;aumifpaD cwf aemufq;Hk tcsed t f xd useaf eao;wJh ppfwyfxyd o f ;D }uD; (6) OD;
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awmhw,f?
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tOD;}uD; Ak;H cGjJ ymcsypfjcif;cH&¶krH u ausmif;om;or*~qw dk hJ orkid ;f 0if ausmif;om;tzGŒJ tpnf;}uD;ukyd g
vufpwkH; azsmufzsufwmvkyfcJhygw,f?

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hJ 0 usa&mufc&hJ +yD; qefjy\emay:
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trsm; aoqkH;cJh&ygw,f?
ppftpkd;&&JŒ &uf&ufpufpuf zdESdyfr_ukdcHcJh&ayr,fh ausmif;om;xk&JŒ ppftpkd;&qef@usifa&;
v_y&f mS ;r_awGuawm tcgtcGióhf uHwidk ;f ay:ayguf azmfjycJyh gw,f? 69 ckEpS f u|e;f qG,t f a&;tcif;eJ@
70 jynfh wuUokdvfa&$&wkv_yf&Sm;r_[m om"ujzpfygw,f?
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wkdufyGJqifcJh=uayr,fh awmfvSefa&;'Da&wufvmatmiftxd rpGrf;aqmifEkdifcJh=uyg?
68 ckESpfxJrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;pwifay:aygufvmwmuawmh Auy ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o
v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfygw,f?
aemufxyfxl;jcm;wmuawmh ArmjynfvufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;orkdif;rSm ray:aygufcJhzl;
ao;wJh vuf,mEkdifiHa&;tiftm;pk&JŒ vufeufukdifwkdufyGJqifvmr_jzpfygw,f? b,fawmhrS vuf
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ukd,fwkdif vufeufukdifvrf;a=umif;ukd a&G;cs,fvmcJh&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ aemufq;Hk ykid ;f umvrSm ppftpk;d &[m bufaygi;f pkH xde;f csKyfxm;Ekid f
oavmuf&Sd+yDvkd@,lqwJhtwGuf olwkd@pdwfóuduf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'opfukd (2) ESpf
avmuf tcsed , f al &;qG+J yD;/ enf;vrf;aygi;f pkeH @J od'w
d< if twnfðyum Ekid if aH wmftm%mukd jynfov l l
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tm%mtyfESif;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f?
wwkdif;jynfvkH;&JŒ taetxm;ukd csKyf+yD;ajym&r,fqkd&ifawmh/ wkdif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;a=u
nmcgpu óuHawGŒcJ&h wJh zqyv q,fEpS q f ,fr;dk acwf[m tarSmifacwf}uD;jzpfco hJ vk/d awmfveS af &;
aumifpDppftpkd;&&JŒ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD (12) ESpfwm acwf[mvnf; tarSmifacwf}uD;yJjzpfcJhyg
w,f? 'Dacwf}uD; (2) acwfukd E_dif;,SOf=unfhr,fqkd&ifawmh zqyv q,fESpfq,frdk;acwfu ¶kd;¶kd;
tarSmifacwf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD (12) ESpfwmacwfu ydef;ydef;ydwfatmifarSmifwJhacwf?
ygvrD ef'rD u dk a&pD zqyv tarSmifacwfrmS 'Dru dk a&pDtaiGŒtouf tºuiG ;f tuseaf v;awG
wpkw H &m &Scd ahJ o;ayr,fh awmfveS af &;aumifpD tarSmifacwfrmS uawmh 'Dru dk a&pDreS of r# taiGŒt
oufrS rusef&awmhwJh tarSmifacwfjzpfygw,f?
awmfveS af &;aumifpaD cwf[m zqyv ygvrD ef'rD u dk a&pDacwfxuf (10) qru qk;d 0g;=uyf
wnf;¶kHru/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&;/ vlr_a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&; pwJh e,fy,fawGtm;vkH;yg
ysufpD;&wJhacwf/ tzsufqD;cH&wJh acwf}uD;vnf;jzpfcJhygw,f?

tydik ;f (4)
jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDacwf (okd‹r[kwf)
wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfacwf (odk‹r[kwf)
ppftm%m&Sifpepfacwf ('kwd,ykdif;)
(1974=1988)
wygwD t m%m&S i f p epf e J ‹ tquf r jywf a y:xG u f v mwJ h vl x k w k d u f y G J r sm;/
1962 ckEpS /f rwfv (2) &ufae@uae 1974 ckEpS /f rwfv (2) &ufae@txd (12) wmaomum
v[m awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwfjzpfcJhygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh ppftm%m&Sifpepfacwf yxrykdif;
jzpfygw,f?
1974 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae@ aemufykdif;up+yD; jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDacwf}uD;
pwifygw,f? rqvygwD tm%m&Sifpepfacwf tjynfht0ay:xGef;vmygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh
ppftm%m&Sifpepfacwf 'kwd,ykdif; pwifouf0ifv_yf&Sm;vmygw,f?
1974 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
Hk ajccHOya'qkw d m pwifouf0ifvy_ &f mS ;vmygw,f? uk, d zf J uk,
d f
qif/ uk,
d [ hf muk, d cf sK;d / ud,
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hf muk,d af 0/ uk,d [ f muk, d f tEkid ¶f u dk x
f m;wJh zGŒJ pnf;ykt
H ajccHOya'}uD;
wnf&Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f?
Ekid if aH wmf&ŒJ emrnfu jynfaxmifpq k &dk ,S v
f pforwjrefrmEkid if aH wmf qkw d mjzpfygw,f? jynf
e,f (7) ck/ wkdif; (7) wkdif;eJ@ jynfaxmifpkykHo¾mef azmfaqmifxm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh ppfrSefwJhjynf
axmifpyk oHk ¾mefr[kwyf g? jynfaxmifpt k oGiaf qmifxm;wJh wjynfaxmifypHk o H mjzpfygw,f? jynf
e,fawGtjzpf pm&if;azmfjyvmwmu (1) &Srf;jynfe,f/ (2) ucsifjynfe,f/ (3) u&ifjynfe,f/
(4) u,m;jynfe,f/ (5) csi;f jynfe,f/ (6) rGejf ynfe,f/ (7) &ckid jf ynfe,f wk@d jzpfygw,f? 47 zGŒJ pnf;
ykt
H ajccHOya'rSmwke;f uvkd rGe/f jrefrm/ &ckid u f dk vk;H aygi;f ¶ku
d +f yD; rxm;awmhb/J rGejf ynfe,fe@J &ckid jf ynf
e,ftjzpf owfowfrSwfrSwf azmf!¸ef;xm;ygw,f? csif; [mvnf; 0daoowkdif;r[kwfawmhbJ
jynfe,ftjzpf wdwdusus ac:a0:xm;ygw,f? EkdifiHawmftvH[mvnf; =u,fyGifh}uD;wckukd

=u,fyiG ihf ,f (5) cku 0kid ;f &Hxm;wJh tvHawmfr[kwaf wmhb/J wkid ;f (7) ck/ jynfe,f (7) ckudk uk, d pf m;
ðyxm;w,fqkdwJh =u,fyGifh (14) cktvH jzpfvmygw,f? qkd&S,fvpfa&;aºuG;a=umfoHeJ@tnD tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;eJ@ v,form;vlwef;pm;ukd tajccHw,fqw dk m azmf!e¸ ;f +y;D =u,f (14) ck&ŒJ tv,frmS
yife,H acG;oGm;pdyfeJ@ pyg;ESHESpfcufukd xnfhoGif;azmfusL;xm;ygw,f?
(47) zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'wke;f uvkd jynfoŒl v$waf wmfe@J vlrsK;d pkvw $ af wmfq+dk yD; v$waf wmf
(2) &yfvnf;r&Sad wmhb/J jynfoŒl v$waf wmfwckwnf;yJ &Syd gawmhw,f? v$waf wmfrusi;f yEkid rf rD mS / tjrifh
qkH;tm%mykdiftzGJŒtpnf;[m EkdifiHawmfaumifpDjzpfygw,f?
A[kdtm%mykdiftzGJŒtpnf;awGtjzpf&Sdwmu tpkd;&0ef}uD;tzGJŒ/ Oya'tusKd;aqmiftzGJŒ/
w&m;ol}uD;tzGJŒeJ@ vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;tzGJŒwkd@jzpfygw,f?
(74) ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya't&/ Ekid if aH wmfaumifpOD uUÏ[m Ekid if aH wmforwjzpf&r,f
qkdwmazmfjyxm;+yD; EkdifiHawmforwu EkdifiHawmf&JŒ t}uD;tuJjzpfygw,f?
AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; uae vl0wfvJxm;wJh OD;ae0if; [m EkdifiHawmfaumifpDOuUÏjzpfovkd/
Ekid if aH wmforw}uD;vnf; jzpfvmygw,f? vl0wfvx J m;+yD;jzpfwhJ OD;pde0f if;u 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfygw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyfvufxJ tm%mtyfESif;xm;wmr[kwfwJh zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'jzpfwJhtwGuf
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;pdef0if; [m 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek wkd@wkef;uvkd tm%m&Sdolr[kwfyg?
1974 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'yk'fr (5) rSm azmfjyxm;wmuawmh EkdifiHawmf&JŒ
&nfrSef;csufyef;wkdif;[m qkd&S,fvpfvlŒabmifjzpfw,fvkd@qkdygw,f?
EkdifiHawmfpD;yGm;a&;pepf[m qkd&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfjzpfw,fvkd@ tajccHOya'yk'fr (6) u
jyÏmef;+yD; EkdifiHawmf&JŒ zGJŒpnf;ykH[m qkd&S,fvpf'Drkdua&pDukd tajccHwJh zGJŒpnf;ykHjzpfw,fvkd@ tajccH
Oya'yk'fr (7) u jyÏmef;owfrSwfxm;ygw,f?
jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD[m EkdifiHawmfukdOD;aqmifwJh wckwnf;aomygwDjzpfygw,f?
1964 ckEpS f trsK;d om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf _ umuG,w f OhJ ya'qkw d m jyÏmef;+yD;/ Ekid if aH &;ygwt D zGŒJ tpnf;
rSefor# wckrSrusefatmif zsufodrf;+yD;uwnf;u/ rqv[m waumifwnf; òydifbufr&Sd ajy;aecJh
wmjzpfayr,fh ckid rf moxufcidk rf matmif wdwv d if;vif; xyfraH ºuG;a=umfz@dk vw dk t hJ wGuf zGŒJ pnf;tkyf
csKyfykHtajccHOya'xJrSmukd xnfhoGif;a&;qGJ jyÏmef;ay;xm;&ygw,f? tajccHOya'yk'fr (11) eJ@ wyg
wDpepfukd w&m;0ifjyÏmef;xm;ygw,f? tajccHOya'yk'fr (11) &JŒ w&m;0ifazmfjy jyÏmef;xm;csuf
tjynft h pku H awmh ‘Ekid if aH wmfonf wckwnf;aom wygwpD epfuo dk m usio hf ;Hk &rnf? jrefrmhq&dk , S f
vpfvrf;pOfygwo D nf Ekid if aH wmf. wckwnf;aom Ekid if aH &;ygwjD zpfI Ekid if aH wmftm; OD;aqmifonf’
qkdwmjzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dvkd *k%fxl;0daooawGeJ@ jynfhpkH+yD;/ EkdifiHawmfukd acgif;aqmifaewJh rqv ygwD}uD;&JŒ
OuUÏ [mvnf; OD;ae0if; yJjzpfygw,f?
zqyv vufxufu 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek ukd w¶kwfjynfu OuUÏ}uD; armfpDwkH;vkd ygwDukdyJOD;
aqmif OuUÏ vkyf+yD;/ tpkd;&tzGJŒ 0ef}uD;csKyftm%mukd v$Jajymif;ay;tyfoifhw,fvkd@ tóuHðy wkduf
wGe;f &mrSm yg0ifcw hJ hJ Akv
d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;[m olu, dk w f idk f tm%mukq d yk u
f idk vf mwJt h cgrmS awmh/ tjrifh

qk;H t}uD;qk;H &mxl;rSeo f r# wckrrS vGw&f atmif &,luidk w f , G x f m;ygawmhw,f? 'ga=umifh Ekid if aH wmf
orw}uD;[m OD;ae0if; yJjzpfovkd EkdifiHawmfaumifpDOuUÏ}uD;[mvnf; OD;ae0if; yJjzpfwJhtjyif/
wEkdifiHvkH;&JŒ OD;aqmifygwDjzpfwJh jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD&JŒ OuUÏ}uD;[mvnf; OD;ae0if;yJjzpf
ygw,f?
jrefrmhq&dk , S vf pfvrf;pOfygwq D wdk hJ rqv ygwaD cwfrmS bmudp/P bmv_y&f mS ;r_uydk J taumif
txnfazmfazmf/ ajymavh/ qkad vh/ ok;H E_e;f avh&w dS hJ acgi;f pnf;wif pum;pk/ pum;&yfwck ay:vmygw,f?
tJ'guawmh ygw&D ŒJ OD;aqmifr/_ aumifp&D ŒJ }uD;=uyfr/_ vlxv k w l ef;pm; tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;&JŒ yHyh ;dk ulnrD _
eJ@twl qkw d phJ um;&yfjzpfygw,f? tm%m/ yg0g/ 'D*&D }uD;pOfi,fvu dk u
f adk zmfjy+yD; acgu¶f ;dk usK;d atmif
csay;xm;wJh rqv0wf&w G pf OfxuJ ta&;}uD;acgi;f pnf;wif pum;&yfjzpfygw,f? rqv0ifreS o f r#/
Xmeqkid &f m wm0efxrf;aqmiforl eS o f r# tJ'pD um;&yfudk a*smif;a*smif;ajy;atmif oH;k wwf&ygw,f?
ae&mrSm;okH;vkd@r&yg? a&SŒaemuftpDtpOf rrSefvkd@r&yg? ygwD&JŒ}uD;=uyfr_/ aumifpD&JŒacgif;aqmifr_
vk@d rSm;ok;H vk@d r&ovk/d aumifp&D ŒJ }uD;=uyfr/_ ygw&D ŒJ OD;aqmifrv _ @dk vnf; ae&mtxm;tokd }uD;pOfi,f
vkduf rnDr!Gwfvkd@rjzpfyg? 'g[m vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;wckvkdjzpfygw,f? rSm;okH;&if ta&;,lcH&ygw,f?
ygw&D ŒJ tcef;uked m;rvnfol t&nftcsi;f rrSo D l jzpfomG ;Ekid yf gw,f? rqvygw[ D m tJ'v D dk OD;aqmif
oltcef;ukd tjynfht0 ,lxm;ygw,f?
tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m;rSmuawmh EkdifiHawmfaumifpD&JŒatmufrSm jynfe,f§wkdif; aumifpD¶kH;
awG&Sdygw,f? jynfe,f§wkdif; aumifpD&JŒatmufrSm òrdŒe,faumifpD¶kH;awG&Sdygw,f? c¶kdiftqifhawG
r&Sdawmhyg? t&if ‘vtu’ awG&JŒae&mrSm aumifpDawGa&mufvmygw,f? aumifpD&JŒ b,fawmif
yHe@J nmawmifyaH wGtjzpf a&mufvmwmuawmh jynfe,f§wkid ;f §òrdŒe,ftvku d f jynfoŒl w&m;ol
}uD;tzGJŒeJ@ jynfolŒOya' tusKd;aqmiftzGJŒawGjzpfygw,f? aemufwcku vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;tzGJŒ
qkdwmawGjzpfygw,f?
rqv ygwDA[kd}uD;&JŒatmufrSmu jynfe,f§wkdif; a'oygwD aumfrDwDqkdwmawGjzpfyg
w,f? a'oygwDaumfrDwD&JŒatmufrSmu òrdŒe,fygwD,lepfawGjzpfygw,f? ygwDuae wm0efcHzGJŒ
pnf;wmuawmh vrf;pOfvli,f/ a&SŒaqmifvli,fqkdwmawGjzpfygw,f?
vlxv k w
l ef;pm;tzGŒJ tpnf;qkw d muawmh tvkyo f rm;aumifpeD @J v,form;aumifpaD wG
uae =uufajceD/ rD;owfqkdwmawGtxd jzpfygw,f?
ppfwyfxdyfoD;awGtm;vkH;[m rqvygwD0if xdyfoD;}uD;awGjzpf=uovkd/ aumifpD0ifawG
tm;vk;H [mvnf; ppfwyfuvm=uolawG trsm;pkjzpfygw,f? xdyyf idk ;f tqifah wGtm;vk;H [m vuf&dS
abmif;bD0wfe@J abmif;bDc|w}f uD;awG jzpf=uygw,f? ta&;}uD; òrdŒe,ftqifah wGrmS vnf; abmif;bD
0wfeJ@ abmif;bDc|wfawGukdom t"du&mxl;tyfESifh;xm;ygw,f? abmif;bD0wf abmif;bDc|wf vkH
avmufatmifr&SdwJhae&mrSm ygwD0if wif;jynfh}uD;awGukd ae&mcsxm;ay;ygw,f? &mxl;ae&m}uD;
}uD; &&Sdxm;olwkdif;[m ygwD0ifawGjzpf=uygw,f? vG,fvG,fajym&&ifawmh ygwDaumifpDacwf
jzpfvmygw,f? òrdŒe,fwidk ;f rSm ygw, D el pf¶;Hk &So
d vkd jynfoŒl aumifp¶D ;Hk &Syd gw,f? puf¶t Hk vky¶f w Hk idk ;f rSm
jynfolŒtvkyform;aumifpD¶kH;qkdwm&Sdvmygw,f? aus;&GmawGrSmvnf; aus;&GmtkyfpkjynfolŒ
aumifpDqkdwmawGeJ@ jynfolŒv,form;aumifpD¶kH;awG &Sdvmygw,f? 1970 jynfhESpf or0g,r

pDrHudef;eJ@ zGJŒpnf;ay;vkdufwJh or0g,rtoif;awGu tr_aqmifawG[mvnf; ygwDaumifpDóuduf

awGjzpf&ygr,f? trsm;pkuawmh ygwDaumifpDu a&G;cs,fay;wJh tpkd;&cef@qkdwmawGom ae&mjrifh
jrif&h avh&ydS gw,f? ygwaD umifpaD cwfjzpfwt hJ wGuf ygwaD umifprD mS ae&m&xm;olawG[m tcGix hf ;l
cHawGjzpfvm=uovkd/ ae&mwum ygav&mig;ydcsufawG jzpfvm=uygw,f?
tJ'Dvkd rqvwygwDtm%m&Sifpepf}uD; }uD;us,fvmcsdefrSm vlxk}uD;w&yfvkH;&JŒ pm;0wf
aea&;uawmh wae@wjcm; qkd;0g;vmcJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh tvkyform;/ v,form;awG/ atmuf
ajc0efxrf;awG/ acgif;&GufAsufxkd; qif;&Jol/ qif;&Jom;awG&JŒ tajctae wae@wjcm; 'kuQrsKd;pkHóuH
awGŒvm&ygw,f?
zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
Hk ajccHOya'qkw d m}uD; ay:vm+yD;vk@d r=umcif jrefrmhq&dk ,
S v
f pfvrf;pOfygwD
acwf}uD;u pwifvnfywfvkd@rS zifraEG;ao;cifrSm tvkyform;awGb0[m xrif;awmif eyfrSef
atmifpm;zk@d qefawmif rvkaH vmufwb hJ 0rsK;d &ifqidk v
f m&ygw,f? 1974 ckEpS /f arvxJrmS ykvyd cf snf
r#ipf ufe@J jrpfi,fr;D &xm; pufacgi;f jyifpuf¶/Hk acsmufa&eHacsmif; a&eHajrawGrmS tvkyo f rm;v_y&f mS ;
r_awG ay:vmygw,f? ZGefvxJrSm &efukeftxd ul;pufvmygw,f?
1974 ckEpS /f ZGev f (6) &ufrmS awmh rqv ppftpk;d &vufatmufrmS orkid ;f 0if yxrqk;H aom
tvkyform;oydwf}uD; aygufuGJay:xGufvmaygawmhw,f?
1974 ZG e f (6) tvk y f o rm;oyd w f } uD ;
ZGefv (6) &uf reufrkd;vif;wmeJ@ puf¶kHtvkyf¶kHawG pwifvnfywfwmeJ@ wòydifeuf/

oydwf oydwf æ arSmuf arSmuf qkdwJhtoHawG wae&m+yD;wae&m &efukefwòrdŒvkH;tESH@ ay:xGef;
vmygw,f? tif;pdef rD;&xm;pufacgif;¶kH/ orkdif;csnfr#ifESifh txnfpuf/ tkwfusif; *kHeDpuf¶kH/ qifr
vkdufoabFmusif; wkd@uae &efukefòrdŒ&JŒ puf¶kHtvkyf¶kHawG xlxyf&m tif;pdefvrf;r}uD; wavsmuf
tif;pde/f r&rf;uke/f v_id /f urm&Gwòf rdŒe,fawGwavsmuf/ puf¶t Hk vky¶f aHk wG&ŒJ oydw}f uD;awG wvH;k +yD;
wvkH; ay:aygufvmygw,f?
‘qefvkHavmufpGm&&Sda&; æ'dk@ta&;/’
‘tvkyform;aumifpD æzsufodrf;ay;’
qkwd hJ aºuG;a=umfoaH wG yJwh ifxyfcyhJ gw,f? qefr&Sv d @dk qefvaHk vmufpmG ay;zk@d awmif;qk=d u
ovkd/ tvkyform;awGtusKd;twGuf bmwckrS aqmif&Gufay;wmr[kwfbJ/ tvkyform;rif;om;
awGu OD;pD;+yD;/ tvkyo f rm;awGtay: rawmfrw&m;ðyaewJh tvkyo f rm;aumifpaD wGudk zsuo f rd ;f
ay;zkd@ awmif;qkd=u/ qENjy=uygw,f?
rqvtpk;d &u tvkyo f rm;oydw}f u;D ukd òzcd zJG @dk yk'rf (144) ukd xkwjf yefygw,f? &efuek w f idk ;f
aumifpDOuUÏ odef;atmif vufrSwfeJ@a&m/ &efukefwkdif;ppfXmecsKyfwkdif;rª; Akdvfrª;}uD;ciftkef; vuf
rSwfeJ@yg yk'fr (144) ukd xkwfjyef+yD; +idrf0yfydjym;a&; ta&;,laqmif&GufcsufawGukd qufwkdufvkyf
ukdifygw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;pdef0if;u qefawGtvkHtavmuf&Sdygw,fvkd@ a&'D,kduae rdef@cGef;ac|ygw,f?

ta&;}u;D puf¶aHk wGa&SŒrSm &efuek w f idk ;f ppfXmcsKyw f idk ;f rª; cift;Hk trde@f e@J ppfwyfuae&m,lygw,f? tif;pdef
vrf;r}uD;ay:rSm&SdwJh pufr_wuUokdvf/ wdarG;ukwuUokdvfeJ@ orkdif;aumvdyfausmif;aqmifawG
=um;rSm wnf&adS ewJh orkid ;f csnrf #iEf iS hf txnfpuf¶rHk sm;a&SŒrSm ppfum;awG/ ppfom;awG wef;pDae&m
,lxm;+yD; oydwf}uD;ukd òzdcGJzkd@jyifygw,f? orkdif;csnfr#if txnfpuf¶kHu oydwfarSmuftvkyform;
acgi;f aqmifrsm;&JŒ bma=umifh oydwaf rSmuf&w,fqw dk mukd &Si;f vif;ajyma[maeoHudk em;qif&if;/
oydwf}uD;ukd axmufcHtm;ay; 0ef;&Hae=uwJhvlxk}uD;eJ@ oydwfukdòzdcGJzkd@ csxm;wJh ppfwyft=um;
xdyw f u dk }f uD;vkjd zpfaecsed rf mS teD;&Sd v_id &f pJ cef;xJuae t"du¶k%;f ESrd Ef iS ;f a&; vkx H ed ;f awGxu G v f m+yD;
vltkyf}uD;ukd eHygwfwkwfawGeJ@¶kdufESuf+yD; vlpkcGJygw,f? ¶kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfoGm;&csdefrSm ppfwyfu
yxr rsuf&nf,kdAkH;awGtokH;ðy+yD; qufwkdufrSmyJ aoewfeJ@pwifypfcwfygw,f? yxr vrf;rw
avsmuf ypfcwfae&muae vrf;ab;0J,mawGuydk g tES@H ypfcwfwt hJ wGuf ZGev f (6) &uf ae@vnfrmS yJ
orkdif;csnfr#ifpuf¶kHa&SŒ aoG;ajrus&r_}uD; jzpfay:cJhygw,f? ppfwyfu oydwfarSmufae=uwJh puf¶kH
awGukd t=urf;zuf òzdcGif;r_awG qufwkdufvkyfukdifcJhygw,f?
tvkyform;awG aoG;ajrus&r_}uD; ZGefv (6) &ufae@rSm jzpfay:cJh&+yD; (6) &uf (7) &ufae@
awGrmS yJ qifrvku d f oabFmusi;f tkwu f si;f *keH pD uf¶/Hk tif;pdef rD;&xm;pufacgi;f ¶kw H @dk uv
kd nf; ppfwyf
u 0ifa&mufpD;eif; òzdcGJcJhwJhtwGuf aoG;ajrus&r_awG ay:aygufcJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh qifrvkduf
oabFmusif;rSm taotaysmufrsm;cJhw,fvkd@qdkygw,f?
ZGef (6) tvkyform;oydwf}uD;[m rqvppftpkd;&&JŒ wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfukd tvkyfo
rm;xku qef@usiftefwkvkdufwJh yxyqkH; qENjyyGJjzpfovkd/ qefawmif;wJh tvkyform;awGukd
usnfqHyJay;vkdufwJh ppftm%m&SifZmwd¶kyfukd tpG,fxkwf+yD; jyovkdufwJh ESdyfuGyfowfjzwfyGJ}uD;
vnf;jzpfygw,f?
zrf;qD;jcif;cHxm;&wJh tvkyform;oydwfrSm yg0ifacgif;aqmifcJholawGukd ppftpkd;&u
jyif;jyif;xefxef ESdyfuGyf+yD; ESpf&Snfaxmif'%fawG toD;oD;csrSwfcJhygw,f?
ppftpkd;&[m ppfwyftm;ukd; ppfrmefwufaeolyDyD aomif;usef;olESdrfESif;a&;eJ@ Auy¶kd;r
A[kdòydysufa&;/ ¶kd;rwausm r'nw vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG csKyf+idrf;a&;twGuf
wqifw h ;dk aqmif&u G yf gw,f? vufeufuidk w f u dk yf aJG wGe@J òrdŒay:vlxw k udk yf aJG wG aygi;f pyfroGm;rdEidk af p
a&;twGuf ppftiftm;ukd wkd;+yD;tokH;ðyygw,f?
1974 ckESpf/ ZGefv (18) &ufae@rSm jzwf (4) jzwfqkdwmukd w&m;0ifaºuG;a=umf+yD; csrSwf
taumiftxnfazmfygw,f? t&ifuvnf; jzwfav;jzwfAsL[mukd csrSwfusifhokH;cJhayr,fh ZGefv
(18) &ufup+y;D wdwv d if;vif;aºu;G a=umfum tus,jf yef@q;Hk pwiftaumiftxnfazmfwhJ oabm
jzpfygw,f? jzwf (4) jzwfqkdwmuawmh (u) aomif;usef;olukd &duQmjzwf/ (c) aomif;usef;olukd
qufa=u;jzwf/ (*) jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;u aomif;usef;olukdtqufjzwf/ (C) jynfolvlxkukd,f
wkdifu aomif;usef;olawGukd ckcHacsr_ef;owfjzwf qkdwJhpepfjzpfygw,f?
awmifay:&GmawGudk ae&ma&GŒajymif;csxm;wm wcsKŒd &GmawGudk AD,uferfppfyrJG mS tar&duef
ppfwyfvyk o f vkd pkpnf;&GmawGtjzpf twif;t=uyfzefw;D wm/ qefawmif tdrrf mS tykt d vsrH xm;&

atmif twif;t=uyftyfEcHS idk ;f wm/ awmxJomG ;&if xrif;xkyaf wmif ,laqmifomG ;vmcGirhf ðywm/
wkdufyGJawGtwGif; vlxkyg rygygatmif xnfhoGif;pDrH+yD; tokH;csapckdif;wmawG &uf&ufpufpufvkyf
cJhygw,f? 'gukd jynfolŒppfenf;AsL[mvkd@ uifyGef;wyfr*Fvm,lygw,f?
yJc;l ¶k;d rtwGi;f tJ'v
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vnf; tpkd;&qef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_awG xyf+yD;ay:rvm&atmif axmufvSrf;a&;awGukd wkd;+yD;
pDrHae&mcsxm; v_yf&Sm;apcJhygw,f? OD;ae0if; [m axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJŒukd tm;xm;olyDyD axmuf
vSrf;a&;tzGJ@ukd pdwfóuduf ukdifwG,fzGJŒpnf;xm;ygw,f? OD;ae0if; [m ol&JŒ tm%mwnf+rJa&;
twGuf ol&JŒ EkdifiHa&;òydifbufawG/ vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_awGukd òzdcGif;Ekdifzkd@twGufyg axmufvSrf;a&;ukd
txl;OD;pm;ay; arG;jrLukdifwG,fxm;ygw,f? axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJŒ}uD;uvnf; OD;ae0if; pdwfóuduf
OD;ae0if; &JŒ twGif;tjyif EkdifiHa&;&efolrSefor#ukd &uf&ufpufpuf ESdyfuGyfjycJhygw,f? axmufvSrf;
a&;tzGJŒ[m wae@wjcm; wefckd;xGm;vmygw,f? axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJŒ&JŒ t}uD;tuJjzpfvmolu
awmh Akdvfrª;csKyfwifOD; jzpfygw,f? ppfwyftwGif;rSm wjcm;wifOD;awGvnf;&SdwJhtwGuf axmuf
vSrf;a&;wifOD; ukd vefbm;wifOD;/ rsufrSefwifOD; vkd@vnf;ac: =uygw,f? 62 ckESpf ppfwyftm%m
odrf;pu AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒ nmvuf¶kH; axmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ Akdvfrª;}uD;armifvGif (ac: )
E_wfcrf;ar$;armifvGif emrnf}uD;cJhovkd/ Akdvfrª;csKyfwifOD; (ac: ) rsufrSwfwifOD; [mvnf; emrnf
ausmfcJhygw,f? (E_wfcrf;ar$;armifvGifa&m/ rsufrSefwifOD; yg AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ txl;a&G;cs,fr_eJ@
ypdzdwfork'N&mxJu qkdufyefu|ef;rSm tar&duef pDtkdifat (CIA) uay;cJhwJh axmufvSrf;a&;oif
wef;ukd wufa&mufc=hJ uzl;olawGjzpfygw,f?) Akv d rf ;ª csKyfwifO;D (ac: ) axmufvrS ;f a&;rsurf eS f wifO;D
[m Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGudk ray:aygu&f atmif axmufvrS ;f a&;enf;emrsK;d pku H dk tok;H ðywwfojl zpf
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OD;oef@ psmyeta&;tcif; ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;jzpfygw,f? 1974 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvrS ay:xGuf
vmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? ZGef (6) tvkyform;oydwf}uD; ay:xGuft+yD; (6) vtwGif;rSm qufwkdufay:
xGufvmcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
OD ; oef ‹ psmyeta&;tcif ;
Armjynfom;jzpfwJh ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;csKyfa[mif; OD;oef@[m tar&duef
EkdifiHrSm uG,fvGefcJh+yD; uG,fvGefolOD;oef@&JŒ qENt& OD;oef@&JŒ ¶kyfuvmyf[m Armjynfukd jyefvnf
a&muf&v dS mcJyh gw,f? OD;oef@[m OD;Ek&ŒJ vl&if;wa,mufjzpf+yD;/ OD;Ek 0ef}uD;csKyfb0u ukvor*~qidk f
&m jrefrmuk, d pf m;vS,t f jzpf pwifxrf;aqmif&if;/ ukvor*~twGi;f a&;rª;csKyf 'uf[rRm;¶_;d av,mOf
ysufusuG,fvGefwJhtcg/ ukvor*~twGif;a&;rª;csKyfae&m qufcH&&SdcJholjzpfygw,f? 1961 ckESpf
Ek0d ifbm (3) &ufae@rmS ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D mcH}uD;uae OD;oef@udk taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;csKyf
tjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhwmjzpfygw,f? oufwrf;ukefqkH;wJhtcg aemufxyfoufwrf;twGufvnf; taxG
axGtwGif;a&;rª;csKyftjzpf qufvufta&G;cs,fcHcJh&ygw,f? OD;oef@ vufxufrSm urBmppfjzpfEkdif
avmufwJhtxd }uD;us,fjyif;xefwJh urBmhta&;tcif; tjzpftysuf t=uyftwnf;}uD;awGudk

atmifjrifpmG n‡Ed id_ ;f ajz&Si;f ay;Ekid cf w
hJ t
hJ wGuf urBmuvnf; wefz;dk xm;av;pm;cJo h vkd ArmEkid if t
H zk@d
vnf; *k%f,lav;pm;zG,f&m yk*~Kdvf}uD;wOD;jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh OD;ae0if; uawmh AkdvfcsKyf}uD;
ae0if; b0uae Ekid if aH wmforw OD;ae0if; b0txd wavsmufv;Hk OD;oef@tay: yk*K~ v d af &;t& remvkd
0efwkd rkef;wD;aecJhygw,f? tJ'D rkef;wD;remvkdr_tajccHawGa=umifh OD;oef@ ¶kyfuvmyf Armjynfjyef
vnfa&muf&SdvmwJhtcg OD;oef@¶kyftavmif;jr‡KyfESHzkd@twGuf ajrae&mukd }uHawmocsKõif;rSmyJ jr‡KyfESH
cGiahf y;cJyh gw,f? omrmefvw l a,muftjzpfyJ oabmxm;cJyh gw,f? igrh ed ;f rawmif }uHawmrSmyJjr‡yf
wmyJv@dk ta=umif;jycJyh gw,f? OD;oef@udk av;pm;wefz;dk xm;olawGu OD;ae0if;&JŒ azmfjyoabmxm;
r_awGtay: rausreyfjzpfcJh=uygw,f?
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wuUokdvfausmif;om;rsm;eJ@ &[ef;ysKdrsm;u OD;oef@¶kyftavmif; tacgif;ukd 0kdif;0ef;csDrvkduf=u+yD;
tavmif;wifum;ay:wifum }uHawmykd@r,fhtpm; &efukefwuUokdvf bGJŒESif;obiftwGif; o,f
aqmifvu dk yf gw,f? OD;oef@¶yk t
f avmif; ae&mcsxm;&m usKu d q U u H iG ;f rSmuwnf;u psmyecscsed ef ;D rSm
ausmif;om;rsm;u ppftpk;d &&JŒ ,kwrf m¶kid ;f yswphJ w d "f mwfudk zGichf s¶w
_ cf swm/ qef u h siaf jyma[mwm
awGvkyfcJh=uygw,f? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u ausmif;om;awG&JŒpdwf"mwfeJ@ tckpsmyeukd
ausmif;om;awGu odr;f ,l+yD; Ekid if aH wmfpsmyejzpfatmifvyk rf ,fv@dk a=unmcJyh gw,f? ausmif;om;
awGu OD;oef@¶kyftavmif;wif psmyeum;ukd &efukefwuUokdvf xJarmif;0ifapcJh+yD; bGJŒESif;obif
twGif;rSm ¶kyfuvmyftacgif;ukd csxm;um ausmif;om;awGOD;pD;vkyfwJh EkdifiHawmfpsmyetjzpf
taumiftxnfazmfvkduf=uygw,f? 'Dvkdenf;eJ@ OD;oef@psmyeta&;tcif;}uD; ay:aygufvmcJhyg
w,f?
wuUokdvf0if;twGif;rSm psmyeukdta=umif;ðy+yD; ae@a&mnyg ppftpkd;&qef@usifa&;w&m;
yGJawG azmfxkwfcJh=uygw,f? rqvygwD&JŒ ,kwfrmr_/ aumifpDygwDqkdwmawG&JŒ Akdvfuspkd;rkd; pkwfyJhr_/
ppfwyf&JŒ &ufpufqkd;0g;r_awGukd azmfxkwfa[majymcJh=uovkd/ ausmif;om;xk&JŒ jynfolvlxkbuf
u&yfwnfcJhwJh orkdif;tpOftvmawGta=umif;eJ@ rqvppftpkd;&ukd jynfolw&yfvkH;u qef@usif
wkdufyGJ0ifoGm;=uzkd@ vkdtyfwJhta=umif;awGukd ae@pOf&ufquf xkwfazmfa[majym v_HŒaqmfcJh=u
ygw,f? ppftpkd;&qef@usifa&; w&m;yGJawGukdazmfxkwf&if; vlxk&ifzGifhoH[pfwkdifjzpfatmif wqifh
wkd;pDpOfzefwD;ay;EkdifwJhtwGuf &[ef;oHCmawmfawGa&m/ tvkyform;eJ@ 0efxrf;awGxJuyg vm
a&muf&ifziG hf a[majym=uoHawG ae@pOfnqufjzpfc+hJ yD;/ &efuek w f uUov dk 0f if;twGi;f rSm }udw}f udwf
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tm;ay;axmufcH yg0iftm;jznfhulnDcJh=uygw,f? xrif;xkyf/ aq;vdyf/ oa&pmutp/ ykdufqH/
a&/$ aiGtxd vª'gef;axmufyHhcJholawG trsm;tjym; ay:aygufcJhygw,f?
OD;oef@ &JŒ ¶kyftavmif;ukd wuUokdvf0if;twGif; rsufESmpmajruGufvyfrSmyJ ausmif;om;
awGuOD;pD;+yD; *loGif;jr‡KyfESH oò*dvfcJh=uygw,f?
'Dta&;tcif;ukv d nf; rqvppftpk;d &[m t=urf;zufenf;ukyd u J siohf ;Hk +yD; &uf&ufpufpuf
òzdciG ;f cJyh gw,f? neufoef;acgiaf usmrf mS wifu h m;awG/ ppfum;awG/ ppfom;awGe@J 0kid ;f &H+yD; 0ifa&muf

òzdcGJzsufqD;wmawG vkyfcJhygw,f? *lAdrmefukdvnf; zsufqD;ypfvkduf+yD; ¶kyfuvmyfukd odrf;ykdufo,f

aqmifoGm;cJh=uygw,f? ausmif;om;aoG;ajrus&r_awG jzpfay:cJhygw,f?
psmyeudpPeJ@qufpyf+yD; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGtygt0if ppftpdk;&qef@usifolawG
tajrmuftrsm; axmifeJ@csD+yD; tzrf;tqD;cHcJh=u&ygw,f?
1974 ckESpf&JŒ vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG&JŒ tajctaeukd t=urf;zsif;=unfh
r,fqkd&ifawmh t"dutzGJŒtpnf;}uD; (2) ckjzpfwJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDa&m/ autif,lygwDyg
vufeufukdifwkdufyGJeJ@ vlxkwkdufyGJawGukd rSefrSefuefuefaygif;pyf+yD; atmifyGJukd t&,lr,fqkdwJh
EkdifiHa&;vrf;pOf rl ay:vpD toD;oD;&Sd=uayr,fh/ ay:xGef;vmwJh vlxkwkdufyGJukd axmufcHwJh wkdufyGJ
awG trSwfw& azmfxkwf wkdufyGJqifwmavmufuvGJvkd@ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; pGrf;aqmifjyEkdifr_r&Sdo
avmufjzpfygw,f? ArmjynftwGi;f ykid ;f jynfrvlxek @J teD;pyfq;Hk qufpyfaewJh yJc;l ¶k;d rawmfveS af &;
e,fajreJ@ jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owcGif[m ppftpkd;&&JŒ wqifh+yD;wqifh xkd;ppfqifwmukdom tquf
rjywf óuHawGŒ&ifqkdifae&ygw,f? cHppftaetxm;eJ@csnf;yJ cHppfqifaecJh&ygw,f? ppftpkd;&&JŒ
ppfwyftiftm;eJ@ awmfveS af &;vufeufuidk t f iftm;pkrsm;&JŒ wyftiftm;[mvnf; tqrwefumG
jcm;vGef;aeygw,f?
Auy taeeJ@=unfhr,fqkd&if ¶kd;rA[kd Auy eJ@ ta&SŒajrmuf Auyt=um; tquftoG,f
rysuf&Sdae+yDjzpfayr,fh wqufwpyfwnf;aom awmfvSefa&;vrf;r}uD;tjzpf 'kd;,kdaygufjzpfatmif
zGivhf pS af zmfaqmif azmufvyk af y;Ekid jf cif;r&Syd g? ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o}u;D ukd ckid cf idk rf mrmwnfaqmuf+y;D
ta&SŒajrmuf&JŒ yefqef;A[kdXmecsKyf}uD; ay:ay:vGifvGif wnf&Sdae+yDjzpfayr,fh tajccHvGwfajrmuf
a'oe,fajrukd oHvGiftaemufjcrf;txd ckdifckdifrmrm wkd;csJŒEkdifjcif;r&Sdyg? oHvGiftaemufjcrf;txd
pDrHcsufawG trsKd;rsKd;csrSwf+yD; xkd;ppfqifwm/ wkdufckdufwm/ v_yf&Sm;ppfiifwmawG azmfaqmifEkdifay
r,fh vGwfajrmufe,fajra'otjzpf rzefwD;EkdifcJhyg?
autif,&l ŒJ tajctaeuk=d unfrh ,fq&dk ifvnf; cHppftaetxm;yJjzpfaewJt h jyif uGaJ ewJh
tkyfpkawGukdawmif wvkH;wpnf;wnf;jzpfatmif rpkpnf;Ekdif=uao;wJhtajctaejzpfygw,f? (74)
ckESpf/ ¶_d;vluGef*&ufrSm autif,lvrf;pOfukd vkdtyfovkdjyifqif=u+yD; jrpf0u|ef;ay:wkdif;/ yJcl;wkdif;
twGi;f &Sd Akv d cf sKyfaumfx;l acgi;f aqmifwhJ autif,el @J jyefvnfaygi;f pnf;Ekid zf @dk qk;H jzwfcsuyf J csrw S f
EkdifcJhygw,f? autif,lygwDukd tvkyform;ygwDwcktjzpf wnfaqmufcsifolawGa&m/ vlwef;pm;
tawG;tac: t,ltqeJ@ vlwef;pm;tjrifukd vufcHqkyfukdifolawGa&m/ vufrcHEkdifolawGyg &Sdae
=uygw,f? ppftpk;d & bk&H efou l dk wku
d cf udk af &;rSm twlwyl jJ zpfayr,fh oabmxm;tjrif cH,rl a_ wGu
wrsKd;pDuGJjym;ae=uolawG 'keJ@',feJ@ &Sdae=uygao;w,f?
rqv ppftpkd;&ukdqef@usif+yD; Auyukdtm;ay;axmufcHulnDaewJh w¶kwfjynfeJ@ EkdifiHa&;
tquftoG,f&&Sdzkd@ autif,l taeeJ@ tm;xkwfwmvnf;&SdcJhygw,f? 1973 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbm
vxJrSm autif,lygwDu paumv,fawm acgif;aqmifwJh (35) OD;yg ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒwck[m
&Srf;jynf tufpftufpfyDyD (SSPP) a'ouwqifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ta&SŒajrmufppfa'oukd
a&muf+yD;/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ tpDtpOfeJ@ w¶kwfjynfxJukd 1974 ckESpf/ ESpfqef;ykdif;rSm a&muf
&So
d mG ;cJyh gw,f? ocifAode;f wif eJ@ Ekid if aH &;aqG;aEG;wmawG tjyeftvSeðf yvkycf =hJ uovk/d w¶kwjf ynf

uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@vnf; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;r_awG/ autif,l&JŒ oabmxm;ukd xkwfazmfwifjyr_awG

vkyfEkdifcJh=uygw,f? w¶kwfjynfu e,fcsJŒya'o&mZfpepfukd jywfjywfom;om; qef@usifwkdufckduf
aew,fq&dk if vkt d yfwhJ tultnDawGuadk y;rSmjzpfa=umif;eJ@ Auy uaewqifh ay;r,fjzpfa=umif;
ajymqkdcJhw,fqkdygw,f? autif,l &JŒc&D;pOf[m t"dutm;jzifh jynfyEkdifiHa&; r[mrdwf&Smjcif;eJ@
EkdifiHa&;avhvma&;c&D;pOfom jzpfwJhtwGuf vufeuftultnD&a&;r[kwfvkd@ qkdygw,f?
autif,l[m awmfvSefa&;twGuf tJ'Dvkdóud;yrf;tm;xkwfwmawGtxd vkyfcJhayr,fh
autif,l &JŒawmfvSefa&;'Da&[mvnf; ¶kd;reJ@ {&m0wDwkdif;rSmawmh wufvmatmiftxd pGrf;
aqmifEkdifjcif;r&SdcJhyg?
ArmjynfEidk if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_orkid ;f rSm ta&;}uD;wJh tcef;u¾awGuvnf; yg0ifaqmif&u G cf hJ
zl;+yD;/ tpOftvm}uD;cJhwJh tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; ocifpkd;uawmh/ ukd,fh[m
ukd,f tzrf;cH aphpyfaqG;aEG;w,fqkdwmukd aºuG;a=umf&if; ppftpkd;&qDvmcJh&mrSm zrf;qD;/ ¶kH;wif/
w&m;pGJqdkcH&+yD; ao'%fcsrSwfjcif;cH&ygw,f? tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD[m tajccHtm;jzifh vkH;0ysufpD;
oGm;+yDjzpfygw,f? 1974 ckESpfxJrSm tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD edXdwH ed*kH;csKyfoGm;cJh+yDjzpfygw,f?
rqvppftpkd;&[m pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;awGukd rpm;&0cref; aºuG;a=umfoHawGeJ@twl quf
vuftaumiftxnfazmfygw,f? yrxt}udrf ygwDnDvmcHwkef;u csrSwfcJhwJh ESpfwkdESpf&Snf pDrH
ude;f awGxu J ESpw f pdk rD u
H ed ;f wckjzpfwhJ 1971-72 rS 1974-75 txd yxr (4) ESppf rD u H ed ;f ukd 72-
73 xdyJ (2) ESpfwm taumiftxnfazmf+yD; &yfpJypfvkdufygw,f? 1974 ckESpfrSm ay:aygufvmwJh
v$wfawmfoufwrf;eJ@ukdufnDatmif 1974-75 pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;up+yD; jyefvnftaumiftxnf
azmfzkd@vkd@ qkdygw,f? tJ'Dawmh rqv tpkd;&&JŒ tESpf (20) ESpf&SnfpDrHudef;}uD;[m 1974-75 rS
1993-94 txd jzpfoGm;ygw,f?
pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;&JŒ &nf&G,fcsufawGuawmh vlaer_tqifhtwef;ukd (2) qjr‡ifhwifoGm;zkd@/
v,f,mpku d yf sK;d a&;Ekid if u
H ae v,f,mtajccH pufrE_ idk if t H jzpf ul;ajymif;oGm;zk@d / 1986 ckEpS af emuf
ykdif; tvkyfvufrJh vkH;0yaysmufoGm;zkd@/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ tH0ifcGifusjzpfr,fh qkd&S,fvpfynma&;pepfukd
xlaxmifoGm;zkd@qkdwmawGjzpfygw,f? 1974-75 pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;qkdwmukd rqv tpkd;&u
taumiftxnfazmfae+yDjzpfygw,f? taumiftxnfazmfwJhESpfrSmyJ qefaps;awGjrifhwufvm+yD;
ukefaps;E_ef;awGvnf; wuf+yD;&if;wufvmwmukd óuH&ygw,f? 1974-75 ESpftwGuf tpkd;&u
pyg; ykdrkd0,f,l&&Sda&;twGufqkd+yD; pyg;aps;ukd pjr‡ifhay;+yD; 0,f,lwmvkyfygw,f? 'gayr,fh pyg;aps;
jr‡ifhay;r_&mckdifE_ef;eJ@ ukefaps;E_ef;wufvmr_&mckdifE_ef; tcsKd;tpm;[m tifrwef uGm[vGef;aewJh
twGuf v,form;rsm;b0vnf; bmrSxl;wkd;wufrvmbJ ykd+yD;awmhom rGJaw'kuQa&mufvm&yg
w,f? tvkyo f rm;rsm;b0[mvnf; qefawmifrvkaH vmufwt hJ jzpfrsK;d óuHc&hJ +yD; qefvaHk vmufpmG
&&Sda&;twGuf tajccHwJh qefawmif;yGJ tvkyform;oydwf}uD; ay:aygufcJh&ygw,f? (ppftpkd;&u
usnfqHawGyJay;cJhygw,f?)
ppftpk;d &[m òrdŒay:rSm owfjzwfy}JG uD;awGusi;f y+yD; vlxt k ºHk uGra_ wGukd ESrd ef if;cJo
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eufukdifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawGtay:vnf; tjywftowf ESdrfeif;Ekdifa&;twGuf oJ}uD;rJ}uD;
qufvuftm;xkwfygw,f? urBmodjzpfvm+yDjzpfwJh bdef;jy\emukdta=umif;ðy+yD; rl;,pfaq;0g;

ESrd ef if;a&; yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;ta=umif;jycsuef @J tar&dueftultnD&&daS &;ukv d nf; tm;xkwcf hJ

ygw,f? tar&duefukd,fpm;vS,feJ@ rqv ppftpkd;&wkd@ 1974 ckESpf/ ZGefv (29) &ufae@rSm oabm
wlnDr_w&yf&&dS+yD; tar&duefa':vm (4²8) oef;eJ@ &[wf,mOf (6) pD; tultnD&cJhygw,f?
tJ'rD ;l ,pfaq;0g;wku d zf suaf &;twGuf &&Sw d hJ tultnDawGuv dk nf; vufeufuidk t f iftm;pkawGudk
wkdufckdufESdrfeif;a&;rSmyJ tokH;ðycJhygw,f?
ppftpkd;&&JŒ OD;pm;ay; ppfqifa&;&nfrSef;csufu aomif;usef;ol tðywfwkdufa&;&nfrSef;
csufatmufrSm aomif;usef;oltm;vkH;ukd tðywfrwkdufEkdifcifrSm òrdŒawmf&efukef A[kdcsufreJ@ teD;
qk;H jzpfwhJ yJc;l ¶k;d rwa=umeJ@ {&m0wDwidk ;f / jrpf0u|e;f ay:a'owckv;Hk ukd tjzLa&mifa'otjzpf ckid cf idk f
rmrm azmfxw k Ef idk af &;jzpfygw,f? txl;ojzifh ¶k;d rA[kd csKyf+idr;f a&;twGuf atmifp;dk rk;d ppfqifa&;ukd
csrSwf+yD; jzwfav;jzwfpepfeJ@yg yl;wJGppfqifr_awGukd t}uD;tus,f taumiftxnfazmfcJhygw,f?
atmifpkd;rkd; ppfqifa&;umvtwGif 1975 ckESpf/ rwfv (15) &ufae@ ae@vnf (1) em&D
rdepf (50) cef@tcsdefrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDOuUÏ ocifZif eJ@ twGif;a&;rª;ocifcspfwkd@ yJcl;¶kd;r
twGif; awmwGif;wae&mrSm usqkH;oGm;&ygw,f? ausmufwHcg;òrdŒe,f &JEG,facsmif;r}uD;&JŒ vuf
wuf/ zGwu f sm;acsmif;teD; awmwGi;f wae&mrSmjzpfygw,f? OuUÏ ocifZif eJ@ twGi;f a&;rª; ocifcspf
wkd@[m ppfwyf&JŒ ydwfqkd@0kdif;&Hxm;r_ukd cHae&pOftwGif;rSm vufeufcsa&;vrf;ukdvufrcHbJ owWd
ajymifajymifeJ@ jyefvnfwkef@jyefwkdufckduf&if; usqkH;oGm;cJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;orkdif;
rSm tifrweftpOftvm}uD;cJw h hJ orkid ;f 0ify*k K~ v
d }f uD;ESpOf ;D ¶k;d rtwGi;f xyfru H sq;Hk cJ&h jcif;jzpfygw,f?
yJc;l ¶k;d r Auy A[kXd mecsKyfudk òzdzsuyf pfvu dk Ef idk ¶f rHk u Auy OuUÏeJ@ twGi;f a&;rª; ESpaf ,muf
pvk;H ukyd g taozrf;qD;&rdvu dk +f yq
D +dk y;D ppftpk;d &u 0rf;omt,fvJ *k%, f al ewke;f rSmyJ/ 1975 ckEpS /f
arv (31) &ufae@rmS ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o Auy A[ku d ae zGŒJ pnf;a=unmvku d w f hJ ArmjynfueG jf rL
epfygwD A[kdaumfrDwDtopfpm&if; xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ awmfvSefa&;
A[kcd surf XmecsKyf[m yJc;l ¶k;d ruae ta&SŒajrmufa'oqD ul;ajymif;oGm;+yDjzpfygw,f? ta&SŒajrmuf
A[kd[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ wckwnf;aom A[kdXmecsKyfjzpfvmcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? xGufay:vm
cJhwJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kdaumfrDwD topfuawmh æ
(1) ocifAodef;wif - OuUÏ
(2) ocifazwifh - yxr 'kOuUÏ
(3) &Jabmfcifarmif}uD; - 'kw, d 'kOuUÏ
(4) &Jabmfwif&D - PB
(5) &JabmfaZmfrkdif - A[kdaumfrDwD0if
(6) &JabmfAkdvfwkdufatmif - A[kdaumfrDwD0if
(7) &JabmfrsKd;jrifh (AkdvfrsKd;jrifh) - PB
(8) &Jabmfausmfjr - PB
(9) &JabmfxGef;(Adkvfusifarmif) - PB
(10) &Jabmfazaomif; - A[kdaumfrDwD
(11) &Jabmfz&ef*rf'D; - A[kdaumfrDwD

(12) &Jabmfoef;a&$ (Akdvfoef;a&$) - A[kdaumfrDwD

(13) &Jabmfpdk;=unf - A[kdaumfrDwD
(14) &Jabmfapm[ef - A[kdaumfrDwD
(15) &Jabmf&JxGef; - A[kdaumfrDwD
(16) &Jabmfpkd;vGif - A[kdaumfrDwD
(17) &JabmfAkdvfoufxGef; - A[kdaumfrDwD
(18) weoFm&DrSwOD;
(19) jrpf0u|ef;ay:rS aemufwOD; wkd@jzpfygw,f?
t&HA[kdaumfrDwD0ifu (9) OD;jzpfygw,f? ocifAodef;wif u usqkH;oGm;=uwJh OuUÏ
ocifZif eJ@ ocifcspf wk@d udk tav;eDðy *k%ðf ypum;ajym=um;+yD;/ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD OuUÏopf&ŒJ
OuUÏrde@f ceG ;f rSm ta&;}u;D tajymif;tvJ}u;D rsm;ukd wdwv d if;vif; azmfjyoGm;cJyh gw,f? tJ'guawmh
(64) ygwDwnfaqmufa&;vrf;pOf rSm;w,fqkdwmeJ@ ðzwfxkwfowfukd vufrcHa=umif; w&m;0if
a=unmvkdufjcif;jzpfygw,f?
Auy ¶kd;rA[kdukd acsr_ef;vkdufEkdif+yD;vkd@ vufraxmif *k%f,l0rf;omae=uqJrSm/ ppftpkd;&
tzkd@ aemufxyfrsufvkH;jyL;p&mtjzpf xyfrHay:aygufvmwmuawmh 1974 ZGef (6) tvkyform;
oydwf}uD;&JŒ ESpfywfvnftxdrf;trSwftjzpf 1975 ZGef (6) oydwf}uD;ay:xGef;vmjcif;jzpfygw,f?
1975 ZG e f (6) ausmif ; om;oyd w f } uD ;
1974 ckESpf/ ZGef (6) tvkyform;}uD;&JŒ ESpfywfvnftjzpf 1975 ck/ ZGef (6) ausmif;om;
oydw}f u;D ukd ausmif;om;wpku pwifazmfxw k qf ifEv J$ u
dk =f uwmjzpfygw,f? wzufrmS jynfov l x l k
}u;D w&yfv;Hk &JŒ pm;0wfaea&; t=uyftwnf;awG wae@wjcm; }u;D rm;euf¶id_ ;f vmaewke;f wzufrmS
ppftpkd;&&JŒ &uf&ufpufpuf zdESdyfowfjzwfr_awGa=umifh tvkyform; aoG;ajrus&r_awG/ ausmif;
om; aoG;ajrus&r_awG qufwu dk }f uD;vkv
d dk óuHawGŒcJ&h +yD; emusn;f cg;oD;zG,&f mawG vwfvwfqwf
qwf}uD; cHpm;ae&wke;f rSm ppftpk;d &&JŒ azmufjyef&ufpufwhJ ppftyk pf ;dk r_uv dk ufrcHEidk af =umif; azmfjy
vkud =f uwJh ppftm%m&Sipf epf qef@usiaf &;wku d yf v
GJ rf;a=umif;ukd xyfavmif;wGe;f wifEidk zf @dk tm;xkwf
vkduf=uwJh ausmif;om;xk&JŒ tHwkpdefac:yGJ}uD;jzpfygw,f? 74 ZGef (6) tvkyform;oydwf}uD;eJ@
74 'DZifbm OD;oef@ta&;tcif;}uD;[mvnf; (6) vyJuGmjcm;ovkd/ OD;oef@ta&;tcif;eJ@ 75 ZGef
(6) ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;[mvnf; (6) vcef@yJ uGmjcm;cJhygw,f?
1975ckESpf/ ZGefv (6) &ufae@reufrSm wuUokdvfajrxJrSm ausmif;om;awG pkpnf;=u+yD;/
ausmif;0if;xJuae ausmif;jyiftxdxu G +f yD; pDwef;vSnv hf nf qENjyyG}J uD;eJ@ pwifazmfxw k v
f udk =f u
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OD;wnfaºuG;a=umfcsDwufcJh=uygw,f? toHv$ifh¶kHa&SŒuae jzwfvmcJh+yD; }uHawmbufcsKd;auGŒwJh
vrf;twkid ;f 0ifc=hJ uygw,f? }uHawma&SŒu tokbacgi;f a&mif;wJq h idk w
f ckxu J tacgi;f (2) cku&dk ,l
cJh+yD; wacgif;ukd ae0if; vkd@urRnf;xkd;/ wacgif;ukd pef;,k vkd@ emrnfwyfum óud;eJ@qGJcJh=uygw,f?

atmufzufvrf;twkdif; qufvufcsDwuf=uum/ tJ'DurS òrdŒvnf AE<Kvyef;+cHa&SŒqD csDwufcJh=u
jcif;jzpfygw,f? vrf;wavsmuf ‘ae0if;-pef;,kppftpd;k &-tvkrd &S’d ‘zrf;qD;tvkyo f rm; ausmif;om;
&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; jyefv$wfa&; - 'kd@ta&;’ qkdwJhaºuG;a=umfoHawG wcJeuf aºuG;a=umfcJh=uyg
w,f? AE<Kvyef;+cHa&SŒrSm ae0if; eJ@ pef;,k ukd trde@f awmfjyef+yD; tacgi;f ESpv f ;Hk ukrd ;D ¶_Œd +yD; qENjycJ=h uyg
w,f?
aemufwae@rmS tm&ftidk w f D pufrw _ uUov dk 0f if;xJ vlp+k yD;/ ppfrw_ uUov dk u f ae - tif;pdef
axmif}uD;qD oGm;a&mufc=hJ u+yD;/ axmif}uD;&JŒeH&w H avsmuf vSnv hf nfcsw
D uf0idk ;f &Hum qENjy aºuG;
a=umfoHawG yJhwifxyfapcJhygw,f? ‘ tif;pdefaxmif}uD;-us,fw,fqkd - xyfcsJŒvkduf xyfcsJŒvkduf’
qkdwJh aºuG;a=umfoHawG aomaomnHapcJhygw,f?
yxr rSm &efuek w f uUov dk f bGŒJ ESi;f obifcef;rtwGi;f rSmyJ oydwpf cef;ðyum/ ppftpd;k &qef@
usiaf &; w&m;yJaG wG usi;f ycJyh gw,f? aemufyidk ;f rSm a&$w*d u Hk ek ;f awmfay:pcef;ajymif;+yD; oydw}f uD;ukd
qufvufqifE$JcJhygw,f?
ppftpk;d &u ausmif;om;qk;d rsm;&JŒ v_y&f mS ;r_/ Auy vkv d m;ol ausmif;om;wpk&ŒJ v_aH qmfzef
wD;r_ pojzifh pojzifh owif;pm/ a&'D,kdwkd@uae jypfwif¶_wfcs o¶kwfzsufcJhygw,f? aomif;eJ@csDwJh
pDwef;vSnfhvnf qENjyyJG}uD;awGtwGif;rSm ausmif;om;awGomru/ tvkyform;/ 0efxrf;eJ@òrdŒae
qif;&Jom;awGyg yg0ify;l aygi;f cJ=h u+y;D ppftpk;d &qef@usiaf &; aºu;G a=umfoaH wGudk [pfaºu;G cJ=h uygw,f?
'D 75 ckEpS /f ZGef (6) ausmif;om;oydw}f uD;ukv d nf; ppftpk;d &[m t=urf;zufòzdciG ;f cJyh gw,f?
Ak'b < mom0ifrsm;&JŒ txGÉt f jrwfxm;&m a&$w*d u Hk ek ;f awmfay:udk ppfzed yfawGe@J '&ref;=urf;wuf0idk ;f
cJ+h y;D ESrd ef if; ¶ku
d Ef u
S zf rf; qD;wmawG vkycf yhJ gw,f? tukev f ;Hk rdor#udk tif;pdeaf xmify@dk c+hJ y;D jypf'%fay;
axmifcswmawG vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f?
1975 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJc;l ¶k;d rtajccHa'oeJ@ jrpf0u|e;f ay:a'owcGi&f dS Auy eJ@ r'nwtiftm;
pkawGtay: xkd;ppfqif+yD; ppftpkd;&u ppfa&;t& tompD;&oGm;ayr,fh EkdifiHa&;t&/ pD;yGm;a&;t&
awmh ppftpkd;&tzkd@ t=uyftwnf; }uD;oxuf}uD;cJh&wJhESpfjzpfygw,f? 74 ckESpfuwnf;u tvkyf
orm;oydwfeJ@ OD;oef@ta&;tcif;ukd ppfwyfeJ@ t=urf;zufòzdcJGcJhwJhtwGuf EkdifiHa&;oduQm uscJh&wJh
ppftpkd;&[m 1975 ckESpf/ ZGef (6) ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;eJ@ qufvufóuHawGŒcJh&+yD; EkdifiHa&;oduQm
xyfrHusqif;cJh&ygw,f? 74-75 pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;[mvnf; vsmxm;csuftwkdif; jzpfrvmcJhyg?
ukefaps;E_ef;wufr_awGeJ@ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_awGukd b,fvkdrS umuG,fEkdifjcif;r&SdcJhyg? Auy u ðzwf
xkwfowfvrf;pOf rSm;w,fvkd@ okH;oyf+yD; w&m;0if&yfqkdif;oGm;ayr,fh rqv OuUÏ}uD; OD;ae0if;&JŒ
ðzwfxkwfvrf;pOfuawmh qufvuf ouf0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhygw,f? 'Dwcg z,f&Sm;cHvkduf&wJholuawmh
0ef}uD;csKyf OD;pdef0if; (Adkvfrª;csKyfpdef0if;) jzpfygw,f? zdtm;ay;+yD; E_wfxGufckdif;cJhygw,f?
Auy ¶k;d rA[k[ d m OuUÏ ocifZif/ twGi;f a&;rª;ocifcspf wk@d usq;Hk &+yD;aemuf òydysuo f mG ;cJ&h
ayr,fh ta&SŒajrmuf Auy A[kd[m tkHeJ@usif;eJ@ qufvufxGufay:vmcJhygw,f?
autif,l[mvnf; 75 ckESpfxJrSm ¶kd;reJ@ jrpf0u|ef;ay:tajccHa'oawG vufv$wfqkH;¶_H;
vkduf&+yD; tifrwef}uD;rm;wJh epfemr_}uD;awG óuHawGŒcJh&ayr,fh OuUÏ ref;bZHtyg AkdvfcsKyfjrarmif

tyg autif,yl gw0D ifawG[m Akv d cf sKyfjr eJ@ wvk;H wpnf;wnf; yl;aygi;f vku d Ef idk =f u+yD; rme,fyavm
uae a'geawmifa=umwavsmuf/ u&ifjynfe,fwavsmuf/ xkdif;EkdifiHe,fpyfwavsmuf awmfvSef
a&;tajccHa'oawG xlaxmifzGifhvSpfEkdifcJhygw,f? wckwnf;aom autif,ltjzpf tkHeJ@usif;eJ@
qufvufvy_ &f mS ;Ekid cf yhJ gw,f? jynfe,faygi;f pkjH ynfaxmifpk trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (yr'w)
ukdzGJŒpnf;vkdufEkdif+yD;/ bkH&efolppftpkd;& OD;wnfwkdufckdufa&;vrf;a=umif;ukd qufvufzGifhvSpfEkdifcJhyg
w,f? rme,fyavmrSm vlrsKd;aygif;pkH ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJw&yf usif;y+yD; yr'w [m tJ'DESD;aESmzvS,f
yGJ&JŒ &v'ftjzpf ay:aygufvmwmjzpfygw,f? 75 ckESpf/ arv (28) &ufae@rSm zGJŒpnf;cJhwJh yr'w
rSmyg0ifwJh tzGJŒtpnf;awGuawmh autif,lygwD/ rGefjynfopfygwD/ &Srf;jynfwkd;wufa&;ygwD/
u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wkd;wufa&;ygwD eJ@ &ckdifjynfvGwfajrmufa&;ygwDwkd@jzpfygw,f?
vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; ppftpk;d &qef@usiaf &;wku d yf aJG wGudk quf
vuf taumiftxnfazmfae=uqJ/ tvkyform; ausmif;om;xkwkdufyJGawGuvnf; wck+yD;wck
ay:aeqJrSm rqv ppftpkd;&uawmh tm%mukd uspfuspfygatmif qkyfukdifxm;Ekdifa&;twGuf
e,fy,faygif;pkHukd [muGufr&Sd&atmif wqifhwkd; óud;yrf;tm;xkwf zdESdyfuef@owfwmawG vkyf
aqmifcJhygw,f? pmaytEkynme,fy,fukdvnf; wqifhwkd; uef@owfvmcJhygw,f?
1975 ckEpS /f Zlvidk v
f rSm jynfxaJ &;ESihf omoema&;0ef}uD;Xme vufatmuf&w dS hJ ykEH ydS o
f El iS hf
ykHESdyfxkwfa0olrsm; rSwfykHwiftzGJŒ±kH;uae/ ‘pmayESifh pme,fZif;rsm; vkdufem=u&r,fhpmayrl0g'’
qkdwmukd csrSwfay;jyefygw,f? (1) jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfukd rxdckdufap&/ (2) EkdifiHawmf. t,l
tq vkyfief;pOf rlrsm;ukd rxdckdufap&/ (3) qkd&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfukd rxdckdufap&/ (4) wkdif;&if;
om;pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;ukd rxdckdufap&/ (5) EkdifiHawmfvkHòcHa&;/ at;csrf;om,ma&;/ w&m;Oypkd;rkd;
a&;ESifh vlr_a&;b0ukd tE W&m,frjzpfap&/ (6) tcsdefumvESifhrqDavsmfaom tawG;tac:t,l
tqrsm; razmfjy&/ (7) tcsut f vuftm;jzifh rSeaf omfvnf; tajctaeESihf rqDavsmaf om a&;om;
csufrsm; razmfjy&/ (8) npfnrf;ta&;tom;rsm; razmfjy&/ (9) &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfr_/ aoG;xGuf
oH,rdk _ jypfrr_ sm;ukd v_ŒH aqmfapaom ta&;tom;rsm; razmfjy&/ (10) tpk;d &Xmersm;&JŒ vky&f yfrsm;ukd
tðyoabmraqmifaom a0zefcsufrsm;razmfjy&/ (11) yk*~vdu wOD;wa,mufukd wkdufckdufaom
pmrsm; razmfjy& - vkd@qkdygw,f? wcGef;xJeJ@csKyf+yD;ajym&&ifawmh tpkd;&eJ@ywfouf+yD;/ rqveJ@ywf
ouf+yD; bmrSra&;=ueJ@qkdwmjzpfygw,f?
¡ OD;ae0if;u a':cifaroef;ao+yD; a': eDejD rifu h , dk /l a': eDejD rifeh @J uaJG epOftwGi;f &wemewf
r,fqkdwm}uD;ukd xyf+yD; ,lxm;wkef;rSm/ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;pef;,k uvnf; [kdrdef@cGef;ajymvkduf 'Drdef@cGef;
ac|vu dk f vkyjf yaewke;f rSm/ qefjy\emawGay: +yD;aemuf pyg;pku d af &; qefw;dk wufxyk v f yk af &;awGudk
yJajymwJh oluajymaewke;f rSm/ pma&;q&m armifazi,fu ‘azmif;um;pm;’ qkw d &hJ mZ0if aemufcpH m
tkyfwtkyfukd xkwfa0cJhygw,f? tJ'D azmif;um;pm; pmtkyfxJrSm r,m;+yD; r,m;/ pum;+yD; pum;/
pyg;+yD; pyg; qkdwmxnfha&;wJhtwGuf armifazi,f ukd woufwu|ef; axmif'%fcsrSwfwmawmif
vkyfygw,f?¢
1975 ckESpf/ pufwifbm (28) &ufae@rSm &efukefwkdif; owif;axmufrsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrSm
ygwpD me,fZif;Xmerª;jzpfwhJ OD;apmOD; u rqvygwu D ,dk pf m; qk&d ,S v f pfp;D yGm;a&;pepfudk qef@usio f l

awGtwGuf vGwfvyfpGma&;om;cGifh ray;Ekdifygbl;? EkdifiHawmfukd OD;aqmifaewJh usaemfwkd@&JŒygwDukd

qef@usifaeolawGukdvnf; vGwfvyfpGma&;om;cGifh ray;Ekdifygbl;vkd@ ajymifajymifwif;wif;yJ ajymqkd
cJhygw,f?
pmaytEkynme,fy,fwckvkH;ukd v_yfr&atmif pmay;pdppfa&;XmeqkdwmeJ@vnf; csKyfukdif
xm;cJhygw,f? qef@usifawmfvSefwJh pmtkyf/ pmwrf;/ pmapmifawG xGufay:rvm&atmif/ pmtkyf
tqifhqdkwmtxdudk a&mufrvm&atmif/ pmrlawGudk óudwif˜wifjycGifhðycsuf&,l+yD;rS ¶kdufESdyfwJh
tqifhukd vkyfukdifapygw,f? ¶kdufESdyf+yD; xyfrHwifjy&r,f? xyfrHwkdufqkdifppfaq;+yD;rS pmtkyfjzef@csd
cGifhukd ay;ygawmhw,f? tJ'ga=umifh w&m;0if xkwfa0jzef@csdcGifh tcGifhta&;awG qkH;¶_H;&ygw,f?
ppftpkd;&ukd qef@usifawmfvSefwJh pmaytEkynmawGukd a&;om;zefwD;vkdolawG[m w&m;r0if
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xGuaf y:vmcJw h hJ vlxw k u dk yf }JG uD;awG/ Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG/ ppftyk pf òk zdcsa&; }uHpnftm;xkwrf a_ wG
rSefor#ukdvnf; rqv ppftpkd;&[m &uf&ufpufpuf jyif;jyif;xefxef òzdcGif;ESdyfuGyfypfcJhygw,f?
ta&;awmfykHawG/ oydwfwkdufyGJ}uD;awG/ EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;awG/ vkyf}uHa&; }uHpnftm;
xkw=f ur_awGudk ppfwyf/ axmufvrS ;f a&;/ óu;d pif/ tusO;f axmifqw kd mawGe@J &uf&ufpufpuf zdEydS f
owfjzwf òzdcGif;&Sif;vif;ypfcJh+yD; ,m,DtompD;& tEkdif&atmif ajz&Sif;EkdifcJh=uayr,fh wjynfvkH;&JŒ
pD;yGm;a&; òyyd suu f sqif;&r_awG/ jynfov l x
l w k &yfv;Hk &JŒ wae@wjcm; qif;&JraGJ w iwfjywfvm&r_awG/
ppftpk;d &qef@usiaf &;pdw"f mwf qufvufw;dk yGm; jzpfwnfvm&r_awGuadk wmh b,fvedk nf;eJ@rS ajyvnf
atmifajz&Sif;Ekdifjcif;r&SdcJhyg?
tJ'Dvkd &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfESdrfeif;aecJh+yD; wkdif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;tajctae[mvnf;
wae@wjcm; qk;d &Gm;vmaewmawmifrS azmufjyefwphJ pftpk;d &qdw k hJ vuQ%m ajymifajymifwif;wif;
}uD; ay:aewmawmifrS/ rqvppftpkd;&tzdk@ touf¶_aygufacsmifp&m tcGifhtvrf;}uD;wck
&+rJ&aecJhygw,f? tJ'guawmh tJ'Dwkef;u jzpfay:wnf&SdaewJh EkdifiHwumhtajctae jzpfygw,f?
ta&SŒtkyfpk/ taemuftkyfpk/ qkd&S,fvpf*kd%f;/ t&if;&Sif*kd%f;qkdwJh tkyfpk}uD; (2) ck/ *kd%f;}uD; (2)
*kd%f;wkdufyGJtwGif;rSm qkd&S,fvpfqkdif;bkwfcsdwfxm;wJh rqvtpkd;&ukd ta&SŒtkyfpkuvnf; ukd,fh
*k%
d ;f EG,0f ifjzpfa&;/ tenf;qk;H uk, d bhf ufuvk@d a&wGuf wGucf suEf idk af &;/ pnf;¶k;H a&;tjrife@J tav;
ay;=unfah ecJo h vk/d taemuftyk pf u k vnf; rqvvd@k ajymajym bmajymajym jynfwiG ;f rSm uGejf rLepf
qef@usifa&; jywfjywfom;om;vkyfaewmwckwnf;eJ@ rqvukd trSwfay;+yD; ausmaxmufaemuf
cHðyay;cJh=uygw,f? tar&duef[m AD,uferfppfyGJtwGif; ajcu|Haecsdefwkef;uvnf; uGefjrLepfqef@
usifa&; jyif;xefvSwJh Armjynfppftkyfpkukd uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; aoe*FAsL[mt& ausmaxmuf
aemufcHðyay;cJhovkd/ 1975 ckESpf AD,uferfuae cGufcGufvefatmif ta&;edrfh+yD; qkwfcGmay;&+yD;wJh
aemufrSmvnf; aemufxyfuGefjrLepfEkdifiHawG ray:aygufa&;twGuf Armjynfppftkyfpkukd ausm

axmufaemufcHðyay;zkd@ vkdtyfaeqJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Davmuf qkd;0g;azmufjyefvSwJh rqv
ppftpk;d &ukd ta&SŒtkypf u k vnf; r¶_wcf sco hJ vkd taemuftyk pf u k vnf; rjrifcsiaf ,mifaqmifaecJyh g
w,f? ppftkyfpk&JŒ aoG;acsmif;pD;owfjzwfyGJ}uD;awGukd tm;vkH;u a&iHkE_wfydwfaecJhygw,f? rqv
ppftpkd;&ukd b,folurS aq;azmfa=umzuf rvkyfa&;oabmxm; r&SdcJh=uyg? ArmjynfeJ@ e,fedrdwf
jcif;qufaewJh w¶kwfjynf}uD;uvnf; 1967 ckESpfu w¶kwf-Arm t"du¶k%f;t+yD;rSm ae0if;
ppftkyfpkqef@usifa&;qkdwm us,fus,favmifavmif atmf[pfum ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDukd
ykHatm tultnDay;wmvkyfcJayr,fh/ 1974-75 0ef;usifrSm wzufu urBmokH;ckay:vpD jzpfae+yD
jzpfygw,f? urBmokH;ckay:vpDu w¶kwfjynf}uD;tyg wwd,urBm[m r¾Kdifwyf/ 'kwd,urBmukd
pnf;¶k;H / tedrq hf ;Hk =um;xm;/ yrxurBmukd OD;wnfwu dk q f w
dk hJ Ekid if wH umhEidk if aH &;qkid &f m aoe*FAsL[m
jzpfygw,f? yxrurBmrSm tar&duef eJ@ qkdAD,uf (2) EkdifiHyJ&SdwmawmifrS qkdAD,ufukd t"duOD;
wnfwkdufqkdwJh aoe*FAsL[mjzpfygw,f? (1971-72 rSm w¶kwftar&duef yifaygifoHcif;wrefcif;
awGawmif atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnfazmf+yD;=u+yD; jzpfygw,f?)
tJh'Dvkd EkdifiHwumhtajctaeatmufrSm rqvppftkyfpk[m jynfwGif;t=uyftwnf;awG
qufwkdufjzpfay:aewmawmifrS EkdifiHwumhrsufESmpmrSm taeacsmif+rJ acsmifaewJhtjyif/ tcGifh
tvrf;opfawGawmif &&Scd yhJ gao;w,f? vlxw k u dk yf }JG uD;awGudk aoG;acsmif;pD;atmif owfjzwfErdS ef if;
+yD;wJah emuf/ 1976 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ Ekid if w H umtzGŒJ tpnf;}uD;jzpfwhJ tkt d ;D pD'D (OECD) ac: pD;yGm;a&;yl;
aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;eJ@ zGHŒòzd;a&;tzGJŒ}uD;u ppftpkd;&ukd tultnDay;zkd@ ArmjynfulnDa&;tpkqkd
wmukd zGŒJ pnf;ay;cJyh gw,f? ppftpk;d &tzk@d pD;yGm;a&;u¾wcsKŒd rSm zGŒH òz;d a&;qkw d mawGawmifrS atmfEidk f
vkyfEkdifcGifh&vmjyefygw,f?
1976 ckESpf r_dif;&mjynfhaemufykdif;/ (6) vw}udrf (9) vw}udrfeD;yg; ay:xGef;cJhwJh tkHeJ@
usi;f eJ@csD yg0ifqifEcJ$ =hJ uwJh vlxw k u dk yf }JG uD;awG[m ,m,D&yfpo J mG ;&ygw,f? tJ'v D dk vlxw k u dk yf }JG uD;
awG ,m,D&yfpJoGm;&ayr,fh ppftpkd;&qef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_awGuawmh ykHo¾mefrsKd;pkHeJ@ quf
vufaygufzGm;aecJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&tkyfpkd;r_ukd enf;rsKd;pkHeJ@ qef@usiftefwkaecJhygw,f? 74-75
pmoifEpS t f wGuo f wf rSwx f m;wJh &efuek f 0dZm… odyw H` uUov dk f ESpv f nfr*~Zif;tzk;H udpP vlawG=um;
ajym=u qk=d uoHawG xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? (rsuEf mS zk;H yef;csq D o JG ul ) yef;csq D &m ausmrf if;armifjzpfyg
w,f? 1977 ckESpfxJrSm (7/ 7/ 77) eJ@trSD wkdufqkdif+yD; xGufay:vmcJhwJh pD;yGm;a&;wuUokdvf r*~Zif;
tzkH;}uD;[mvnf; teDa&mifatmufcHay:rSm teufydef;¶kduf+yD; xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? 0§o
wuUov dk rf suEf mS zk;H *,ufa=umifh r*~Zif;pmtkyf rsuEf mS zk;H awGvnf; yef;cst D wGuf óudwifciG ðhf ycsuf
,l&r,fvkd@ owfrSwfvmwJhtcg bmyef;csDrS rokH;awmhbl;vkd@qkd+yD; óudwifpOf;pm;r_&Sd&Sd teufa&mif
tzkH;}uD;eJ@ xGufay: jyvkdufwmjzpfygw,f?
1976 ckESpfxJrSm w¶kwfjynf0ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvkdif; uG,fvGefygw,f? Armjynf rqvygwD
OuUÏ}uD;OD;ae0if; u w¶kwfoH¶kH;oGm;+yD; 0rf;enf;a=umif; rSwfwrf;pmtkyf}uD;xJrSm vufrSwfa&;
xk;d um 0rf;enf;a=umif; azmfjywmvkyyf gw,f? w¶kwjf ynfvdk wkid ;f jynf}u;D wpfjynf/ Ekid if }H u;D wpfEidk if H
u acgi;f aqmif}uD;wpfO;D uG,v f eG t f edpaP &muf&jcif;twGuf tvGe0f rf;enf;yga=umif;qkw d hJ 0rf;enf;

a=umif; azmfjyr_}uD;ukd wcrf;wem; oGm;a&mufa&;om;ay;cJyh gw,f? OD;ae0if;&JŒ a&;om;csux f rJ mS /

wpfqkdwmawGukd tokH;ðy+yD;a&;om;cJhygw,f? tJ'Da&;om;csuf&JŒaemufydkif;rSm wck waumif
wa,muf a&;om;&if; qGJrSefor#ukd/ wpfck wpfaumif wpfa,mufqkdwmawG tvkyfckdif;+yD; owfykH
awGudk OD;ae0if;pdwóf uduf jyifqifa&;om; owfrw S jf yÏmef;wmawG vkyaf qmifygawmhw,f? pmaypd
ppfa&;uae pmaytEkynm&SifawG&JŒ pmaytEkynmvuf&mrSefor#ukd EkdifiHa&;t&/ rqv pmay
pdppfaq;a&;rlt&/ jyif;jyif;xefxef uGyfn‡yfr_awG vkyfaqmif¶kHru owfrSwfxm;wJh owfykHowf
!¸ef;/ a&;xkH;qkdwmawGyg csdefxkd; wkdufqkdif ppfaq;wmawG vkyfaqmifvmygw,f? (owfykHrSm;&if
jyifqifctjzpf '%faiGaqmif&ygao;w,f?)
tJ'Dvkd EkdifiHa&;t& wygwDwnf; xifovkdcsKyfukdif/ pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fudk vuf0g;}uD;tkyf/
tkyfcsKyfa&;e,fy,fukd rif;rl/ pmaytEkynmeJ@ ynm&yfqkdif&m e,fy,fawGtxd pGufzufajc¶_wf
cJh+yD;/ wkdif;jynfwjynfvkH;ukd pkd;rkd;tkyfcsKyfAkdvfvkyfaecJhwJh rqvppftpkd;&[m 1977 ckESpfrSm wwd,
t}udrf jrefrhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD nDvmcHukd usif;ygygw,f?
'DnvD mcH}uD;twGi;f rSm nDvmcHrusi;f yrDe@J nDvmcHt+yD;rSm rqvppftyk pf u k us,u f s,f
avmifavmif [pfaºuG;ajymqkdvmwmuawmh jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&; OD;armhvm+yDqkdwmjzpfygw,f?
vufawGŒ cg;aumhatmif cg;cg;onf;onf; cHpm;ae=u&wJh jynfov l xl wk &yfv;Hk eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;/
Ekid if aH &; avhvmok;H oyfwwfol u|r;f usio f l yk*K~ v
d rf sm;uawmh pD;yGm;a&;OD;armhvm+yDqw dk m [kwrf mS
yg? wu,ft h ajccHp;D yGm;a&; tkwjf rpf yJph if}uD;wckv;Hk u pk;H pk;H ðryfpðyae+yDjzpfv@dk OD;armhvmwJo h abm
ygvkd@ rSwfcsufðy=uygw,f? OD;armhvkd@ yJhepfae+yDvkd@ owfrSwf=uygw,f?
1977 ckEpS f wwd,t}udrn f vD mcH}uD;rSm xl;jcm;wmuawmh ygwn D vD mcH rJay;a&G;cs,yf rJG mS
ygwDOuUÏ}uD; OD;ae0if; xuf eHygwf (2) yk*~KdvfjzpfwJh OD;pef;,k u rJtrsm;qkH;&&Sdum/ 'kwd,vkdufol
awGu OD;oef;pdef (Akdvfrª;}uD;a[mif;oef;pdef) eJ@ OD;xGef;vif; (Akdvfrª;}uD;a[mif;xGef;vif;) wkd@jzpf=u
w,fv@dk qkyd gw,f? OD;ae0if; a'goykex f aqGŒaqGŒckecf +hJ yD; oef;pde;f / xGe;f vif;/ ausmaf Zm twGi;f a&;
rª;tzGJŒ*kd%f;&JŒ vufcsufvkd@ aumufcsufqGJum ol&JŒ ðzwfxkwfay:vpDukd 1977 xJrSmyJ vufawGŒ
taumiftxnfazmfcJhjyefygw,f? oef;pdef/ xGef;vif;/ ausmfaZm wkd@ukdomru rqvygwD A[kd
aumfrDwDwGif;u xdyfoD;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ukdyg &Sif;ypfcJh+yD; ygwDoef@&Sif;a&;qkdwmukd vkyfaqmifcJh
ygw,f? OD;ae0if;&JŒ vufr&GHŒaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ Akdvfrª;csKyfwifOD;&JŒ axmufvSrf;a&;zkdif
(OD;ae0if; uvGv J @dk xdyo f ;D tm;vk;H &JŒv_y&f mS ;r_/ txl;ojzifh jypfru _ sL;vGerf a_ wGudk tcsed rf a&G; xkw, f l
tokH;ðyEkdifatmif axmufvSrf;a&;u waumufaumufvkduf+yD; pkpnf;rSwfwrf;ðyxm;wJhzkdif) ukd
tokH;ðy+yD; &mxl;ae&muae xkwfy,fz,f&Sm;ypf¶kHru w&m;pGJqkd+yD; ta&;,l jypf'%fcsrSwfcJhyg
w,f? orD;r*Fvmaqmif Ekd@qDAl;udpP/ "mwfqD ykdxkwfa&mif;pm;w,fqkdwJh uav;uvm;udpPrsKd;
awGeJ@jzpfygw,f?
1977 ckEpS x f &J dS vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawG&ŒJ óud;yrf;tm;xkwv f y_ &f mS ;r_awGe@J
ppfa&;tajctaeawGukd =unfhr,fqkd&ifawmh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m tiftm;t}uD;qkH;jzpfo
vkd ppftpkd;&&JŒ t"dutwkduftcH EkdifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;}uD;ae&mrSm &Sd+rJ&SdaecJhygw,f? ArmjynfuGef
jrLepfygwu D ppftpk;d &ukd e,fcsŒJ aygi;f pkH rDcS /dk ya'o&mZfajr&Sipf epfudk qufvuf xde;f odr;f umuG,f

vkyfaqmif/ ppfwyfAsL¶kdu&uf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepftwkdif; usifhokH; taumiftxnfazmf

aewJhtpkd;&vkd@ owfrSwfxm;ygw,f? rqvppftpkd;&[m e,fcsJŒpepf/ ya'o&mZfajr&Sifpepf/
ppfwyfAsL¶kdu&uf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&SifpepfqdkwJh pepfqkd;}uD; (3) ckpvkH;&JŒ ukd,fpm;vS,fjzpfwJh
twGu/f rqv/ ae0if;/ pef;,k ppftpk;d &ukd qef@usiw f u dk cf udk wf m[m tJ'pD epfq;dk }uD; (3) ckpvk;H ukd
wkdufckdufaejcif;jzpfw,fvkd@ cH,lxm;ygw,f? Auy [m ta&SŒajrmufwcGifrSm tiftm; tifrwef
}uD;rm;vmwma=umifah &m/ wyfaygi;f pk pnf;¶k;H a&;ukd csŒJ xGiv f yk uf idk Ef idk w
f thJ wGuyf g Auy vkv d m;wJh
vlrsK;d pkvufeufuidk t f zGŒJ tpnf;awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; &Sad e+y;D jzpfygw,f? Auy +y;D &if tiftm;t}u;D
qkH;u autif,ljzpfygw,f?
awmfveS af &;aumifpaD cwfu Auy eJ@ autif,/l Auy a&m autif,l yg yg0ifzŒJG pnf;xm;wJh
r'nw wkd@ukd ppftpkd;&[m OD;wnfwkdufckdufcJh&ovkd/ rqvacwfrSmvnf; Auy eJ@ autif,l
ukyd J OD;wnfwu dk cf u
dk af e&ygw,f? r'nw tpm; jzpfay:vmcJw h muawmh r'w jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh
r'n wwkef;uvkd/ r'w rSm Auy ryg0ifawmhyg? r'w ukd zGJŒpnf;xm;wmu autif,ltyg
vlrsKd;pktzGJŒtpnf;awGeJ@csnf;yJjzpfygw,f? 75 ckESpfu rme,fyavmrSm zGJŒpnf;cJhwJh yr'w ukd
emrnfajymif;+yD;/ 1976 ckESpf/ arvrSm r'w vkd@ ajymif;vJzGJŒpnf;xm;wmjzpfygw,f? r'w tjzpf
ay:vmwJt h cg tzGŒJ tpnf;awG ykrd sm;vmygw,f? &nf&, G cf suu f vnf; wef;wla&;eJ@ uk, d yf idk jf yÏmef;
cGifhukd tajccHwJh ppfrSefaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk wnfaqmuf&efqkdwmjzpfygw,f? autif,l/
autkid t f /dk rGejf ynfopfygw/D u&ifew D ;dk wufa&;ygw/D &Sr;f jynfw;dk wufa&;ygwD (SSPP) wk@d tygt0if
tzGŒJ tpnf;aygi;f (13) zGŒJ yg0ifygw,f? OuUÏtjzpf Ekid af &$usif jzpf+y;D / 77 ckEpS x f rJ mS r'w [m ppfa&;
yl;aygif;v_yf&Sm;r_awGukdyg taumiftxnfazmfae=u+yDjzpfygw,f?
t"du twkduftcHEkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD;jzpfwJh Auy [m ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;awG ta&SŒajrmuf
a'owcGirf mS azmfxw k Ef idk yf gw,f? 77 ckEpS x f rJ mS jcL;a&$-yefaumuf wku d yf }JG uD;awGtyg [kyd efa'o
wcGif wku d yf }JG u;D awGjzpfymG ;cJyh gw,f? ¡Ekid if w H umtajctaeok;H oyf&mrSmawmh Auy A[k[ d m w¶kwf
jynfu csrSwfokH;oyfazmfjyxm;wJh urBm (3) ckay:vpDtwkdif; e,fcsJŒpepfukd wkdufckduf&mrSm tar&d
uefe,fcsŒJ xuf qkAd , D ufq&dk , S ef ,fcsŒJ ukd t"duxm;wku d &f r,fqw dk hJ t,ltqukd qkyu f idk f ukid pf xJG m;
ae+yDjzpfygw,f?¢
1977 ckEpS x f rJ mS txl;jcm;qk;H wku d yf u
JG awmh Auy wk@d &ŒJ rk;d rdwf òrdŒodr;f wku d yf vJG @dk q&dk rSmjzpf
ygw,f? tpkd;&bufu avwyfeJ@yg t}uD;tus,fjyefvnfckcHwkdufckduf,lcJh&ygw,f?
Auy tyg vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG[m tJ'Dvkd ppfa&;/ EkdifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_
awGe@J ppftpk;d &qef@usiaf &;wku d yf }JG uD;awGudk azmfxw k q f ifEEJ$ idk v f m=uayr,fh ppftpk;d &&JŒ toJEv S ;Hk
jzpfwhJ &efuek òf rdŒeJ@teD;qk;H yJc;l ¶k;d rtajccHa'oeJ@ jrpf0u|e;f ay: tajccHa'oawGuadk wmh (75) ckEpS f
aemufykdif;up+yD; vufv$wfqkH;¶_H;cJh=u&+yDjzpfygw,f? jynfr r[kwfwJh jynfe,fa'oawGeJ@ e,fpyf
a'oawGukdyJ tajccH+yD; v_yf&Sm;ae=u&+yDjzpfygw,f?
rqv ppftpk;d &[m pD;yGm;a&;OD;armhvm+yv D @dk aºu;G a=umf+y;D rS bwf*suv f adk iGjyr_awGudk ukpm;
Ekdifzkd@ tcGeftaumufawG wkd;jr‡ifhaumufcHwmawG vkyfaqmifvm&ygw,f? 74 ckESpf qefjy\em
ay: +yD;wJhaemuf puf¶kHtvkyf¶kHeJ@ 0efxrf;XmeawGxJrSm tpkd;&u qefxkwfay;wmawG vkyfaqmif&

wJhtwGuf qefukd t¶_H;cHa&mif;ay;&wJhtwGuf tpkd;&rSm t¶_H;ay: cJh&+yD; &if;ESD;ðryfESHEkdifr_u¾rSm

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ukd tJ'D tvkyform;tpnf;t¶kH;awGuae jzef@csday;wm vkyfygw,f?¢
EkdifiHjcm;wifykd@a&mif;cswJh t"duukefvnf;jzpf/ jynfwGif;vkdtyfcsuftwGuf ta&;}uD;qkH;
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&SmazG0,f,+l yD; rjynfjh ynfah tmif wm0efaus ta&mif;ckid ;f wJt h qift h xd Ekid x f ufuvl ðyrlapmfum;
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tajctaexd qif;&JrGJaw edrfhusvmcJh&ygw,f?
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jzpfcsifovkd jzpfaeygw,f? tJ'Dvkd jzpfcsifovkdjzpfaewJh pDrHudef;pD;yGm;a&;pepf}uD;atmufrSm acwf
ysufolaX;}uD;awG jzpfvm=uwmuawmh ygwDaumifpD tm%mykdiftzGJŒtpnf;toD;oD;u vkyfykdif
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tJ'vD dk ppftpk;d &&JŒ azmufjyefwhJ Ekid if aH &;/ ppfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ tkycf sKyfa&;qkid &f m ay:vpDtoD;
oD;&JŒatmufrSm vlxkw&yfvkH;[m cg;pnf;cHae=u&ayr,fh vlxkwkdufyJG}uD;awGtqifhxd xyfrHay:
xGufrvmEkdifcJhwmuawmh ppftpkd;&&JŒ &uf&ufpufpuf zdESdyfòzdcGif;xm;r_a=umifhvkd@yJ qkd&ygr,f?
vlxkwkdufyGJ}uD;awGtqifhxdr[kwfayr,fh ppftpkd;&qef@usifa&; OD;wnfcsufeJ@ EkdifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_
awGuawmh qufwkduf tqufrjywf jzpfay:aecJhygw,f? 1978 ckESpf/ Zlvkdif (7) &ufae@rSm (7)
Zlvidk tf xdr;f trSwt f jzpf azmufcaJG zmfusL;zk@d óud;pm;wJh ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_wck ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f?
tpk;d &u OD;atmifzrf;qD; ESyd u f yG yf pfEidk cf yhJ gw,f? tJ'gawGe@J wqufwnf; 1978 ckEpS f Auy ajratmuf
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awG ykdrsm;vmcJhygw,f? wef@,ef;a'otwGif; jzpfyGm;cJhwJh yGdKifh 6041 wkdufyGJtjyif/ ajrmufykdif;wkdif;
ppfXmecsKyfe,fajrtwGi;f Auywyf&if; (101) pckew f ed @f ,rd ;f OD;pD;tiftm; (500) ausmef @J ppftpk;d &
bufu ajrmufykdif;wkdif;ppfXmecsKyf trSwf (2) ppfAsL[mtzGJŒ/ trSwf (661) enf;AsL[m ppfqifa&;
uGyfuJr_tzGJŒeJ@ ajcvsifwyf&if;awGjzpf=uwJh trSwf (56)/ (63)/ (76)/ (77) wkd@yg yg0ifwJh axma*g
e,fajrwkdufyGJ}uD;awG ay:aygufcJhygw,f? tpkd;&bufu &[wf,mOfrsm;/ avwyfrsm;yg tokH;ðy
wkdufckdufcJh&ygw,f? 78 ckESpfrSm AuyeJ@omru autkdifat/ autif,lwkd@eJ@vnf; xdyfwkduf
wkdufyGJ}uD;awG ay:aygufcJhygw,f? autkdifateJ@ ppftpkd;&wkd@&JŒ a&$ulwyfpcef;wkdufyGJ/ autif,leJ@
ppftpkd;&wkd@&JŒ vGef;n&GmwkdufyGJawG ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f?
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vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&; tzGJŒtpnf;awGukd wkdufckduf&mrSm tokH;ðycJhygw,f?
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&GufcJhygw,f?
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wufr_E_ef; GDP (*sD'DyD) (6²5) &mckdifE_ef;&SdcJhw,fvkd@ a=unmcJhygw,f?
1979 ckESpf pufwifbmxJrSmawmh/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kdaumfrDwDtpnf;ta0;
uae Auy wk@d &ŒJ vrf;pOfay:vpDqidk &f m qk;H jzwfcsuaf wG xGuaf y:vmygw,f? OuUÏ ocifAode;f wif
wufvmpuwnf;u ðzwfxw k o f wf ygww D nfaqmufa&; rSm;w,f/ ppfa&;vrf;pOfrmS ;w,fqw dk m
awGukd azmfjycJh+yD;jzpfayr,fh 1979 ckESpf/ pufwifbm qkH;jzwfcsufawG xGufay:vm+yD;rS w&m;0if
vrf;pOftopf ay:vmwJhoabmjzpfygw,f? (64) vrf;pOfukd w&m;0ifz,f&Sm;ypfvkdufwJh oabm
aqmifygw,f?
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dk zf @dk bufaygi;f pkjH yif
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+yD; jyif;jyif;xefxef qifE$JcJhwmjzpfygw,f? wkdufyJG}uD;aygif; (69) }udrf/ wkdufyGJi,faygif; (85) }udrf
jzpfyGm;cJh+yD; ppfwyfbufu tustqkH;rsm;jym;cJhygw,f?
rif;&efatmifppfqifa&;}uD; xifwkdif;raygufjzpfcJh+yD;wJhaemufrSm omoemoef@&Sif;a&;eJ@
wnfwHhysHŒyGm;a&;twGufqkd+yD;/ *kd%f;aygif;pkHoHCmhtpnf;ta0;}uD; atmifjrifpGm usif;y+yD;pD;jcif;eJ@
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(27) &ufae@rSm 2§80 taxGaxGvGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdef@}uD;ukd xkwfjyefa=unmygw,f? 1963
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ajrmufcGifh&vmcJhygw,f? ocifpkd;/ ref;aiGatmif/ ref;'g0dwf/ OD;axG;jrifh/ OD;cifarmifjrifh wkd@tygt0if
tvkyform;oydwf/ ausmif;om;oydwf/ rD;armif;v_yf&Sm;r_/ 78 ajratmuf Auy v_yf&Sm;r_pwJh
EkdifiHa&;r_eJ@ axmifustjypfay;cHxm;&olawGtm;vHk; vGwfajrmufvm=uygw,f? bdef;bk&if
avmfppf[efeJ@ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;tkH;ausmfjrifh tr_rSm yg0ifcJh=uolawGvnf; jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmyg
w,f? (ukw d ifarmifO;D / Akv d }f uD;tk;H ausmjf rif/h uk! d eG @f wif (jynfcspyf gw)D wk@d uawmh w&m;0if óud;ay;
owfjzwfjcif;cHoGm;cJh=u&+yD;+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf 2§80 ukd cHpm;EkdifcGifhr&awmhyg?)
taxGaxGvGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh trdef@ 2§80 ukd&,l+yD; vufeufcsvmol/ vufeufukdif
vrf;pOf pGef@vmolawGvnf; trsm;tjym; ay:vmcJhygw,f? Auy taemufajrmufppfa'ou
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2§80 rxkwfjyefrDuav;eJ@ xkwfjyefxm;qJumv/ xkwfjyefvGwfajrmuf+yD;pumvawG
twGif; ay:aygufcJhwJh wkdufyGJawGuawmh arv (2) &ufeJ@ (6) &uftwGif; rkd;armufòrdŒe,fxJrSm
autkdifat eJ@jzpfyGm;wJh *smxkaumif; pcef;wkdufyGJ/ ZlvkdifvxJrSm Auy wkd@&JŒ rkdif;a,mif;wkdufyGJ/
pufwifbm (28) &ufae@uae atmufwkdbm (4) &uftxd autif,l eJ@jzpfyGm;wJh rJoa0gwkdufyGJ
pwmawGjzpfygw,f?
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qkdif;+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD [m jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufa&;
twGuf awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&;urf;vSr;f csuu f dk Ekid if aH wmfaumifpOD uUÏ OD;ae0if; xHay;yk@d ygw,f? 1980
jynfh pufwifbm (23) &ufae@rSmjzpfygw,f? (1) jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJ+yD; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; wnf

aqmufa&;/ (2) jynfolvlxktm; 'Drkdua&pDtjynfht0ay;a&;/ (3) trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;/

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jy\em}uD; (6) &yfukd aqG;aEG; =u&efvkd@ qkdygw,f?
ESpzf uf typftcwf&yfp+J y;D aqG;aEG;zk@d Auy bufu vkv d m;ayr,fh ppftpk;d &bufu vufrcH
wJt h wGuf typftcwf&yfpx J m;jcif; r&Sw d yhJ pHk eH @J v#KŒd 0Suf awGŒqk;H aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGudk Auy eJ@ rqvppf
tpkd;&wkd@ w&m;0ifvkyfaqmifcJh=uygw,f?
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yxrt}urd f awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;yGu J w¶kwjf ynfrmS jzpfygw,f? 'kw, d t}urd f awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;yGu J Armjynf
vm¶_d;òrdŒrSjzpfygw,f?
yxrt}udrf awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;yGrJ mS Auybufu OuUÏocifAode;f wifacgi;f aqmif+yD;/ 'kOuUÏ
ocifazwifeh @J A[kad umfrw D 0D if &Jabmf&x J eG ;f yg0ifygw,f? rqv bufu OuUÏ OD;ae0if;acgi;f aqmif
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ukd,fpm;vS,fawG rygyJ wem&DcGJavmuf tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;cJh=uygw,f? ocifAodef;wifu (32)
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jyefvnf acsyaqG;aEG;ygw,f? rqv&JŒ uGefjrLepfygwD0ifawG rqv xJ0ifEkdifa=umif;qkdwm ygwD
zsuo f rd ;f a&;ukd awmif;qkad eovdjk zpfae+yD;/ jynfoŒl wyfrawmfom;awG umuG,af &;awGxJ &JawGxJ
0ifEkdifygw,fqkdwm[mvnf; jynfolŒwyfrawmf zsufodrf;a&;omjzpfae+yD;/ tajccHa'oudpP[m
vnf; 'DoabmrsKd ;yJ jzpfaeygw,fv@dk acsyum/ ygw/D wyf/ tajccHa'ownf&cdS iG hf abmiftwGi;f uae
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aEG;yGzJ suo f rd ;f a=umif;udpu P dk rqvygwOD uUÏ }uD;OD;ae0if;ud, k w f idk /f 1981 ckEpS f arv (14) &ufae@
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jynfow l &yfv;Hk u odvu dk &f +y;D / tJ'u D pd eP @J ywfouf+y;D ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwOD uUÏ ocifAode;f wif
&JŒ jynfov l xl o k @dk wifjycsuq f w dk mukd ocifAode;f wifu, dk wf idk f jynfoŒl toHuae jyefvnfwek @f jyef
toHvi$ hf &Si;f vif;wifjyvmwJt h cgusrS jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk wdwu d sus od=u&ygawmhw,f? ocifAode;f wif
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ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ rqvppftpkd;&wkd@ awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;ae=uovkd/ ArmjynfuGefjrL
epfygweD @J a&SŒqifah emufqifh ppftpk;d &ukd +idr;f csr;f a&; awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;cJ=h uwJt h zGŒJ uawmh autkid t f dk
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w,f? autkid t f bdk ufu OuUÏ OD;b&efqidk ;f uk, d w
f idk f acgi;f aqmif+y;D taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª; OD;aZmif;
c&m/ A[kdaumfrDwD0if OD;aZmfqkdif; eJ@ a'gufwmwl;*sm wkd@a&mufvmygw,f? autkdiftkdtzJGŒu
atmufwkdbm (19) &ufae@ ae@pGJygpmeJ@ EkdifiHawmfukd wifjywmvkyfygw,f? pm&JŒtESpfcsKyfuæ
(u) oD;jcm; ucsifjynfolŒorwEkdifiHxlaxmifa&;qkdwJh vrf;pOfukd pGef@v$wfwJhrl?
(c) wygwDpepfukd vufcHwJhrlatmufrSm jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmftwGif; ppfrSefwJh
ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&; (0g) ukd,fykdif pDrHcef@cGJa&; tm%m&&SdwJhjynfe,f owfrSwfay;&ef
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atmufwkdbm (22) &ufrSm rqv taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; OD;pef;,kacgif;aqmifwJh rqv
ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒeJ@ autkdiftkd ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ aqG;aEG;=uygw,f? OD;pef;,ku autkdiftkdtzGJŒ
wifjywJh rlykdif;qkdif&mtcsuf (3) csufukd vufcHóudqkda=umif;ajymqkd+yD;/ atmifjrifwJhtxd tcsdef,l
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zGJŒpnf;ay;wJh tm%mydkifukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒuawmh ajrmufykdif;wkdif;ppfXmecsKyfwkdif;rª;vnf;jzpf/
a'oygwDaumfrDwD OuUÏvnf;jzpfwJh Akdvfrª;}uD;at;pef/ ucsifjynfe,fjynfolŒaumifpDOuUÏ
OD;azmf,lcg; eJ@ a'oygwDaumfrDwDtwGif;a&;rª; OD;vtkef;a,mf wkd@jzpfygw,f?

autkdiftkdtzGJŒbufu taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; OD;aZmif;c&m; acgif;aqmif+yD;/ OD;aZmfqkdif;/

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f yk cf sKyfciG jhf ynfe,f&&Sad &;ukd rawmif;qko d ifah =umif;azmfjyum/ ‘vku d af vsmcsu’f qdw k mukd
om ay;tyfcyhJ gw,f? vku d af vsmcsuq f w
dk mawGuawmh jynfoŒl v$waf wmfe@J aumifpt D qifq h ifrh mS
0ifa&muf ta&G;cs,fcHykdifcGifh/ rqvygwDeJ@ ygwDOD;aqmifr_atmufu zGJŒpnf;xm;wJh tzGJŒtpnf;
tpnf;t¶k;H awGrmS yg0ifciG /hf autkid af tvufeufuidk w f yfudk &J/ vkxH ed ;f / umuG,af &; jynfoŒl ppfawG
tjzpf ajymif;vJzGJŒpnf;cGifh pwJh pwJh tcsufawGtyg/ vkdufavsmcsuf (16) csufomjzpfygw,f?
vku d af vsmcsuaf wGudk oabmwln+D yD; yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf ,fq&dk if 1981 arv (31) &ufae@rwkid rf D
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autkid t f u dk rvmawmhwt hJ wGuf ZGev f (1) &ufae@up+yD; aqG;aEG;yGu J dk &yfpvJ udk af =umif;
rqv bufu xkwfjyefa=unmcJhygw,f? aqG;aEG;yJGysuf&jcif;&JŒ ta=umif;rsm;qkd+yD; tcsuf}uD;
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dk nf; xkwaf zmfajymqku d m/ autkid t f [ dk m r¶k;d rom; aumufuspcf w hJ ,fv@kd pGypf aJG zmfjy
cJhygw,f? (wu,fuawmh Auy ukd OD;wnf&efoltjzpf wkdufckdufEkdifa&;twGuf autkdiftkdukd
oyfv#KdòzdcGJ=unfhzkd@ vufwGŒvkyfaqmif=unfhcJhol[m rqv ppftpkd;&ukd,fwkdifyJjzpfcJhygw,f?)
rif;&efatmif ppfqifa&; xifwidk ;f raygujf zpfct hJ +yD; 2§80 trde@f a=unmum/ vufeufpeG @f
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rqv ppftpkd;&u ArmjynfpD;yGm;a&;tajctaeukd GDP (*sD'DyD) taeeJ@ 79-80 rSm

(5²2) &mckid Ef e_ ;f / 80-81 rSm (7²8) &mckid Ef e_ ;f eJ@ 81-82 rSm (6²7) &mckid Ef e_ ;f toD;oD; wk;d wufcw
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xuf qk;d +yD;omvmcJyh gw,f? puf¶t Hk vky¶f aHk wGxu J tvkyo f rm;xk&ŒJ b0 ykyd +dk yD; 0uft=l uyfay;wm
cHvm&ygw,f? qkay;'%fay; pepfqw dk m&JŒatmufrmS qkay;wmu r&So d avmufjzpf+yD; '%fay;wm
awGom wk;d wk;d +yD;&&Sv d mcJyh gw,f? emrnfysuo f mG ;wJh tvkyo f rm;aumifp&D ŒJ ae&mtpm;xk;d emrnf
ajymif;zGŒJ pnf;vmwJh tvkyo f rm;tpnf;t¶k;H qkw d mawGuvnf; tvkyo f rm;tusK;d twGuzf ŒJG pnf;
zGJŒpnf;jzpfay:vmwmr[kwfyJ rqvygwD}uD;&JŒa'gufwkdiftjzpfom zGJŒpnf;wnfaqmufxm;wm
jzpfwJhtwGuf zdESdyfa&;ud&d,mwcktjzpfeJ@om tokH;awmfcHaecJhygw,f? tvkyform;tpnf;t¶kH;
r0ifrae &qkdwmeJ@ +cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; vpmxJu aiGjzwfwmcH=u&ygw,f? tpnf;t¶kH;0ifr[kwf&if
qefray;bl;/ qyfjyma&mif;ray;bl;qkdwJhtwGuf 0if=u&olawGu trsm;pk}uD;jzpfygw,f?
vcpm;0efxrf;rsm;&JŒ b0[mvnf; tvkyo f rm;rsm;&JŒb0eJ@ xl;rjcm;em;omjzpf+yD; tvkyf
orm;tpnf;t&±kH;r0ifrae& pnf;±kH;±kdufoGif;wmcH=u&wJhtjyif [kdujzwf 'DujzwfeJ@ vukefvkd@
vcxkwfwJhtcg vpmw0ufavmuf tdrfjyefygvmEkdifol[m w0ufjynfhatmif&Sdvdrfhr,fr[kwfyg?
tpp }uD;jrifhvmwJh ukefaps;E_ef;awG taxGaxGp&dwfawGatmuf vpmeJ@ rpm;avmufvkd@ atmuf
qkduf ref;eD;&Sm=u&if; vufzuf&nfzkd;awmif;wwfwJh tusifhawGyg&vmygw,f?
òrdŒaeqif;&Jom;awG&JŒb0uawmh xrif;wvkyftwGuf tvkyfrsKd;pkHudk *sif*sifvnfatmif
vkyu f idk pf m;aomuf=u&if; uk, d uhf ek 0f ,fpmtkyf uk, d [ hf muk,d f ukid 0f ,fciG rhf &olawGu trsm;qk;H jzpf
vmygw,f? a&mif;csaygiEf pHS &mtwGuf wefz;dk t&Sq d ;Hk u uke0f ,fpmtkyyf &J adS wmhwt hJ wGuf uke0f ,f
pmtkyfukdawmif aiG&SifxHtyfESH aygifESHa&mif;cspm;aomufae&wJh b0rsKd;awGjzpfygw,f?
wkdif;jynf&JŒ vlOD;a&trsm;pk}uD;jzpfwJh v,form;awG&JŒb0uawmh zGwfausmjympk±kHru
ukd,fhv,fukd,fh,mav; ukd,fh[mukd,f óud;pm;yef;pm; vkyfukdifae&if;u tvkdvkdae&if; rif;jypfrif;
'%foifholawG jzpfvmae=uygw,f? ppftpkd;&&JŒpyg; ykdrkdwkd;wuf 0,f,l&&Sda&;twGuf usifhokH;vm
wJh ykwfvSefusDvSef ppfqifa&;awGeJ@ twif;0ifa&muf&SmazGppfaq;wmawG cH=u&ygw,f? wm0ef
auspyg; ra&mif;csEkdifvkd@ òrdŒjyac:,l+yD; aevSef;wm/ ukd,fhxrif;xkyfeJ@ukd,f vma&muftcsKyfcH
ckdif;wmawG/ pDrHudef;0ifoD;ESH tpkdufckdif;wm b,fvkdrS wGufacsrukdufrSef; odod}uD;eJ@ pkdufysKd;=u&+yD;/
oD;ESHrxGufvkd@ ra&mif;Ekdifwmukd ukdwmtwkdif;jynfhrDatmif 0,foGif;&r,fqkdvkd@ tjyifuae &SmazG
0,foiG ;f =u&wJh 'kuaQ wG/ pojzifh pojzifh ajymvk@d awmif,EHk idk zf , G &f mr&Sw d hJ tjzpfoepf'u k aQ ygi;f pku
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&ifqidk óf uHawGŒ=u&if; ausmaumhatmifc=H u&ygw,f? awmifov l ,form; OD;}uD;rsm;vk@d q+dk yD; OD;}uD;
OD;}uD;eJ@ tac:cH&wJh v,form;/ tckawmh OD;}uD;acgi;f zaemifeh @J aygu±f w Hk ifru/ i,fxyd f aoewf'if
eJ@aqmifhwmyg cHae=u&ygw,f?
pepfopfynma&;/ qk&d , S v f pfynma&;/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynma&;/ bmynma&; nmy
nma&;qkw d mawGe@J prf;oyfynma&;rsK;d pkaH wGudk rqk;H Ekid af tmifprf;oyf&if; ausmif;olausmif;om;rSef
or# ppftpkd;&&JŒ tprf;oyfcH ,kefuav;awG/ yl;uav;awGb0 usa&mufcJh&+yD;/ ynma&;wckvkH;
vnf; uarmufurjzpfc&hJ ygw,f? wae@wjcm; ynma&;tqift h wef; edru hf svmcJyh gw,f? ausmif;
olausmif;om;awGudk vrf;pOfvil ,f/ a&SŒaqmifvil ,f qkw d mawGxJ r0if 0ifatmif zsm;a,mif;wm/
odrf;oGif;wmawG enf;rsKd;pkHeJ@ vkyfukdifcJh±kHru oef;aumifpm&if;aumuf,la&;vkyfief;qkdwmawGrSm

tok;H vk;H a=uoifwef;qkw d mawGrmS / aEG&moDvyk t f m;ay;vkyif ef;qkw d mawGrmS txd xnfo h iG ;f tok;H
cscidk ;f apwmawG vkyu f idk cf yhJ gw,f? tqk;d qk;H uawmh rqv wk@d &ŒJ uabmufwu d abmufcsm vrf;pOf
rl0g' oabmw&m;qkdwmawGukd EkdifiHa&;ody`Hbmomqkd+yD; wuUokdvfaumvdyfeJ@ ausmif;awGrSm
jyÏmef;oif=um;wJhtxd jzpfygw,f? EkdifiHa&;ody`HbmomqkdwJh rqv oabmw&m;bmom[m
wcsKdŒtwef;awG/ wcsKdŒbmomtwGJawGrSm roifrae& bmomwrsKd;jzpfvmygw,f?
1980 jynfh *kd%f;aygif;pkH oHCmhtpnf;ta0;}uD;qkdwmt+yD; oHCmh0efaqmiftzGJ@}uD;
ay:vm+yD;aemufykdif;/ aemufxyfuyf oifhjcif;cH=u&wmuawmh &[ef;oHCmawmfawGjzpfygw,f?
bke;f }uD;rSwyf w Hk ifvyk cf idk ;f wm/ 0guyfpm&if;ay;yk@d cidk ;f wmawGtjyif wcsKŒd oHCmawmfrsm; oCFe;f qGJ
c|wcf &H ygw,f? wcsKŒd axmifoiG ;f tusO;f xm; tjypfay;cH&ygw,f? ygwaD umifpeD @J rwnfw h ma=umifh
yg&mZDu usL;vGefygw,fvkd@ vnfq,ftwkdiftawmcH&wJh bkefawmf}uD;awG/ oHCmh0efaqmifawG
tzGŒJ rSm “rif;wk@d [mrif;wk@d tdr=f uufjcif;tk;d rJow k f tcGycf idk ;f wmrygEidk b
f ;l ” vk@d ajymrdv@dk axmifoiG ;f
tusO;f csjcif;cH&wJh bke;f awmf}uD;rsK;d awG/ vlom;pm;ygw,fv@dk txd pGypf +JG yD; ta&;,lc&H wJh bke;f awmf
}uD;rsK;d awGtxd &Scd yhJ gw,f? omoemoef@&iS ;f a&; qkid ;f bkwaf tmufrmS &[ef;oHCmawmf awmfawmf
rsm; uyfoifhcJhygw,f? wcsKdŒoHCmawmf}uD;rsm; ysHvGefawmfrl+yD;wmawmif rae&/ oHCmh0dedp>,s
ckH±kH;uae w&m;awmfawGukd ‘t"rR’ vkd@qkH;jzwf+yD; rsufuG,frSm qkH;jzwfpD&ifcsufcswmukd cH=u&yg
w,f?
1980 jynfhuaep+yD; ESpfESpfavmuftwGif; qufwkdufvkdvkd a=unm+yD; xkwfjyefay;tyfcJh
wmuawmh EkdifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;rsm;twGuf vkd@qkdwJh “EkdifihH*k%f&nfbGJŒ” awGjzpfygw,f?
wkid ;f jynf&ŒJ vGwv f yfa&;twGuf e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;/ zufqpfqef@usiaf &;awGrmS pGr;f pGr;f wref wm0ef
ausyGefcJh=uolawGukd EkdifiHawmfu ay;tyfcsD;jr‡ifh*k%fðywmqkdwJh “EkdifiHh*k%f&nfbGJŒ” jzpfygw,f?
tJ'v D dk cs;D umajr‡mufum *k%w f ifajymqd+k yD;rS Ekid if aH wmforw}uD; OD;ae0if;u “tckvdk Ekid if *H % k &f nf
bGJŒawGtwGuf ay;tyfwJhaiG a=u;awG[m yifv,fxJuae zrf;qD;&rdvkdufwJh arSmifckdpufavS}uD;
wpD;ay:u arSmifckdukefypPnf;awG a&mif;cs&muae &wmyg” vkd@qkdvkdufwJhtwGuf EkdifiHh*k%f&nfbGJŒ
&olawG ckd;vkd;ckvkjzpfp&m óuH&ygw,f? EkdifiHh*k%f&nfbGJŒ&olawGxJrSm e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;/ zufqpf
qef@usifa&;/ wkdif;jynf&JŒ vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_rSm a&SŒwef;uyg0ifcJholawG yg0ifcJhovkd/ ppftpkd;&&JŒ
awmfveS af &;aumifprD mS ppftpk;d &tzGŒJ 0ifawGtwGi;f rSm yg0ifcw hJ m a=umifh wrif;wef;n‡+d yD; Ekid if *hH %k f
&nfbGJŒ (yxrtqifh) ay;cJhwmawGvnf; bkH;abmvatm yg0ifcJhygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ0if
orkdif;pOfwavsmuf yg0ifcJholawGuawmif 'kwd,tqifhavmufyJ owfrSwfcH&+yD;/ rqv ygwD0if
abmif;bDc|wfa[mif;}uD;rsm;u yxrqifhjzpfae=uwmvnf; tHh=op&m awGŒjrif&ygw,f? 'Dxuf
tH=h op&maumif;wmuawmh vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf 0JG if orkid ;f pOfawGrmS vnf; xifxif&mS ;&Sm; yg0ifcyhJ g
vsuf EkdifiHawmfaumifpDOuUÏ}uD; OD;ae0if; &JŒ tjrifuyfr_a=umifh wrifcsefvSyfxm;jcif;cH&olawG
vnf;&SdcJhygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh q&m&m*sefvkd/ ocifAarmif vkdrsKd;jzpfygw,f? (q&m &m*sef[m
1946 ckESpf taxGaxGoydwfrSm e,fcsJŒbk&ifcHeJ@ taxGaxGoydwf&JŒ ukd,fpm;vS,facgif;aqmif
wOD;tjzpf xdyw f udk af whawhqidk q f idk f tjyeftvSeaf jymqk&d mrSm yg0ifco hJ w
l OD;jzpfayr,fh OD;ae0if;u
wrif0uGucf sev f yS yf pfcyhJ gw,f? ocifAarmif[m wk@d Armtpnf;¶k;H }uD;&JŒ Ekid if v H ;Hk qkid &f mtr_aqmift

zGJŒ0if XmecsKyftr_aqmiftzGJŒ0iftxd aqmif&GufcJhzl;ayr,fh/ wdk@Armtpnf;t±kH;ordkif;pmtkyfrSm

OD;ae0if;&JŒ"mwfykHukd pmtkyf&JŒ a&SŒrsufESmpmay:rSm azmfjyzkd@&ef uef@uGufcJhzl;wma=umifh wrifcsef
xm;ypfcw hJ mvk@d tqk&d ydS gw,f? Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;&JŒZeD; a':cif=unfudk Ekid if *hH % k &f nfbŒJG ay;cJah yr,fh
*syefacwfrmS a':cif=unf eJ@twl wae@wnf; wcsed w f nf; twly;l wG&J u G af qmifczhJ ;l ol/ tr&if;jzpfol
a':cif}uD; ukdawmh ocifoef;xGef;ZeD;jzpfwJhtwGuf bmbGJŒrSray;cJhyg?)
1981 ckESpfrSm rqvygwD&JŒ pwkxˆt}udrf ygwDHnDvmcH}uD; usif;ycJhygw,f? usif;ycgeD;
usif;yqJ/ usif;y+yD;aemufykdif;txd pwkxWt}udrfygwDnDvmcH óudqkdaxmufcH *k%fðytxdrf;trSwf
ðyyGJawG 0SJ+cD;usif;y=u+yD; ¶kH;vkH;u|wf/ XmevkH;u|wf/ bmvkH;u|wf nmvkH;u|wf ygwD0ifav#mufv$m
ay;tyfyGJawG tqkdðyv$mwifyGJqkdwmawG zef;wD;azmfxkwf r*Fvm,lcJhygw,f? rqv tpkd;&&JŒ
tmabmft&uawmh wkdif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;awGvnf; tawmfatmifjrifwkd;wufvmcJhovkd EkdifiHa&;
tajctae[mvnf; tifrwefaumif;rGefaecJhygw,f?
wu,fhtajctaeuawmh wkdif;jynf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ ynma&;/ pDrHcef@cGJa&;
awGtm;vk;H [m wae@wjcm; qk;d 0g;aecJ+h yDjzpfygw,f? qk&d , S v
f pfp;D yGm;a&;pepf}uD;&JŒ 'kw, d r¾Kdiv f @dk
qkdxm;wJh 1970 jynfhESpf or0g,rpDrHudef;}uD;[mvnf; a&pkefarsmae+yDjzpfygw,f? 1970 jynfhESpf
or0g,r pDru H ed ;f }uD; pwiftaumiftxnfazmfpu “xkwv f yk of el @J pm;ok;H ol=um; rw&m;ojzifh
tjrwfxkwfaewJh ukefonfyGJpm; =um;vlwef;pm;ukd tjywfz,f&Sm;+yD; or0g,rpepfeJ@ jynfolvl
xk}uD; tusKd;cHpm;Ekdif&ef” qkdwJh 0g'jzef@csd atmf[pfcJhwm[mvnf; “ukefonfyGJpm; =um;vlwef;
pm;” ukd z,f&mS ;ypf+yD; ygwaD umifpeD @J tm%mykid t f qifq
h ihf tr_aqmiftqifq h ifu
h 0ifa&mufjc,f
vS,f bkH;ypfvkduf=u pm;aomufypfvkduf=uwJhtwGuf “om;0 r,m;0pDrHudef;” }uD;vkd@ emrnf
xGufaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? pm&if;vdrf/ pm&if;wkrsKd;pkH/ udef;*%mef;tvdrftnmrsKd;pkHeJ@ qkd&S,fvpfpD;
yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f rsK;d pk[
H m pwkxt W }udrf ygwn D v D mcH}uD;aemufyidk ;f qufvuf ouf0ifvy_ &f mS ;atmif
jrifaecJhygw,f? 81 rSm OD;ae0if; orw&mxl;uae tem;,lvkdufygw,f? pwkxWt}udrf ygwD
nDvmcH}uD;uae pwkxWav;ESpfpDrHudef;awGukd csrSwfay;vkdufwJhtjyif “tESpf 20 ESpf&SnfpDrHudef;”
}uD;&JŒ &nfreS ;f csut f wkid ;f “pwkwaˆ v;ESppf rD u H ed ;f ” vrf;!¸erf r_ sm;ukd atmifjrifatmif t&Sed t f [kef
jzifh taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Guf&ef” vkd@ zGifhazmf aqmf=ovkdufygw,f? OD;pef;,k orw}uD;jzpf
vmygw,f?
OD;ae0if;&JŒ ajr‡mufxkd;yifhaumf wvufukdifarG;jrLa&;ay:vpDeJ@ wefckd;xGm;vmcJhwJh axmuf
vSr;f a&;tzGŒJ t}uD;tuJ Akv d rf ;ª csKyf rsurf eS wf ifO;D [mvnf; OD;ae0if; wa,mufxu J odk m wku d ¶f udk f
tpDt&ifcH&wJh tpkd;&tzGJŒwckvkH;ukdawmif *¶kpkdufp&mrvkdwJh yk*~Kdvf}uD;jzpfvm¶kHru rqvygwD
}uD;&JŒ wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;}uD;awmif jzpfaeygw,f? taemufwkdif; pme,fZif;rsm;u
qkd&if OD;ae0if;[m eHygwf (1)/ OD;pef;,k[m eHygwf (2)/ Akdvfrª;csKyfwifOD;[m eHygwf (3) r[kwf
“(1) eJ@ (2) =um;u “wpfcGJ ” jzpfw,fvkd@awmif ajymqkdvm&wJhtxd wefckd;xGm;vmygw,f?
Akdvfrª;csKyfwifOD;&JŒ axmufvSrf;a&;tajcðy ‘ysm;a*[m’ ysm;arG;jrLa&;pDrHudef;}uD;rsm;[m owif;
pm/ a&'D,kd/ ¶kyfjrifoH=um; tm;vkH;uae wcJeuftr$rf;wif 0g'jzef@csdjcif;cH&wJhtxd }uD;us,fwJh
vkyfaqmifr_}uD;awG jzpfcJhygw,f? “abmpukdif;” pkdufysKd;a&;qkdwmawGvnf; rsufESmyGifhvSygw,f?

yJcl;wkdif;/ tkwfzkdòrdŒe,fu "m;jyAkdvfa[mif;}uD;vkd@qkd=uwJh OD;rmC&JŒ w{u pyg;wif; 300

ausmf xGuw f ,fqw dk hJ atmifjrifr}_ uD;a=umifh OD;ae0if; uk, d w f idk u f òrdŒe,faumifpOD uUÏ cef@ay;cJ+h yD;/
olŒxufol txGuòf ydi/f tatmifòydiu f m (tJ'ED e_ ;f awGtwkid ;f pyg;awGw;dk wk;d awmif;wm v,form;
trsm;pk}uD;u ausmaumhatmifcaH e&ayr,f)h rqv vrf;pOf}uD;[m owif;pmawGay:rSm atmifyJG
cHaecJyh gw,f? (OD;rmC&JŒ w{upyg;wif; 300 ausmx f u G w f ,fqw dk m wu,fu ydy&d &d v d rd n f mcJw h hJ
vkyf}uHvnfq,fr_}uD;omjzpfygw,f?)
1982 ckESpf/ rwfvup+yD; “Auy ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;” wckudk ppftpkd;&u azmfxkwf
zrf;qD;wm vkyfaqmifvmjyefygw,f? ppfqifa&;wcktjzpf owfrSwfum zrf;qD;cJhwmjzpfygw,f?
q&m0efrsm;/ a&SŒaersm;/ 0efxrf;rsm;omru ppfwyfwiG ;f u ppfAv dk f (2) OD;/ bDtufpt f idk f (BSI) u
0efxrf;wOD;tyg/ yg0ifcJhol vlaygif; (200) eD;yg&Sd ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;jzpfcJhygw,f? ajratmuf
(UG) v_y& f mS ;r_orkid ;f rSm trsm;qkt H zrf;cHc&hJ wJh v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;jzpfygw,f? 2§80 trde@f a=umifh Ekid if aH &;
tusO;f om;rSeo f r# vGwaf jrmufomG ;=uum acsmufuyfaecJw h hJ tif;pdeaf xmif wku d cf ef;awGtwGi;f /
cef;vkH;jynfhawG jyefjzpfoGm;cJh&wJh tpkvkduftòyHvkduf tzrf;qD;cH&r_}uD;jzpfcJhygw,f? 82 rSm ref;aiG
atmif&JŒ uGefrif'kdv_yf&Sm;r_vnf; ay:aygufvmcJhjyefygw,f?
1983 ckESpfxJrSmawmh wjynfvkH; tHtm;oifhoGm;&wJh tr_}uD;wck ¶kwfw&ufay:vmcJhyg
w,f? wpfc}JG uD;vk@d emrnf}uD;cJw h hJ axmufvrS ;f a&;t}uD;tuJ}uD;/ rqv ygww D b JG uftwGi;f a&;rª;
}uD; Akdvfrª;csKyfwifOD; ukd,fwkdif tzrf;cHvkduf&+yD; axmifwGif;toGif;cHvkduf&wJhtr_}uD;jzpfygw,f?
emrnfxifay:vm+yq D &dk if =um&Snef mrnf}u;D cGiahf y;avhr&Sw d hJ OuUÏ}u;D OD;ae0if;&JŒ trltusit hf avh
txwkid ;f tomav; uyfðzwfypfvu dk w
f hJ ðzwfxw k zf ,f&mS ;r_}uD;wckjzpfygw,f? vlwumtay:
&uf&ufpufpuf zrf;qD;z,f&Sm;&mrSm emrnfqkd;eJ@ ausmfaZmcJhol vufr&GHŒ rsufrSefwifOD;}uD; ¶l;r
wwfjzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? =umZHxkyf acgif;ay:wifxm;ovkd qHyifawG azG;azG;jzLoGm;um qH&Snf*kwf
axmuf}uD;eJ@ rsurf eS w f ifO;D wa,muf axmifxrJ mS t¶l;}uD;ozG,jf zpfomG ;cJyh gw,f? rsurf eS w f ifO;D eJ@
twlwl zrf;qD;z,f&Sm; tjypfay;jcif;cHvkduf&oluawmh jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; OD;bkdeD jzpfygw,f?
OD;ae0if;u rsurf eS w f ifO;D &JŒ vufpaJG wmf axmufvrS ;f a&;t&m&Sad ygi;f rsm;pGmukd z,f&mS ;ypfvu dk o f vk/d
rsurf eS w f ifO;D }uD;&JŒ ysm;a*[meJ@ ysm;arG;jrLa&;pDru H ed ;f / abmpukid ;f pku d yf sK;d a&;pDru H ed ;f qkw d m}uD;awG
tm;vk;H [mvnf; ae@csin f csi;f z,f&mS ;ypfwm cHvu dk &f ygw,f? ysm;a*[muae jyma*[mjzpfomG ;
&ygawmhw,f?
OD;ae0if; [m olcidk ;f &mukd b,fawmhrS jyefrvSew f rf; acgi;f ndwv f yk u f idk wf wfwhJ OD;pef;,kudk
orw}uD;tjzpf v$Jtyfay;vkduf+yD; ygwDOuUÏ}uD;ae&muae tppt&m&mukd óud;ukdif&if;/
olŒpdwóf uduf axmufvrS ;f a&;tzGŒJ }uD;jzpfaezk@d ercppfAsL[mrª; wm0efxrf;aqmifaewJh 'kAv dk rf ;ª }uD;
cif!e$ @f udk axmufvrf;a&;tzGŒJ qD ac:,lae&mcsxm;vku d yf gw,f? rsurf eS w f ifO;D ukd z,f&mS ;ypfvu dk f
+yD;+yDrkd@ axmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ eHywfwpfjzpfvmoluawmh Akdvfrª;}uD;atmifukd; jzpfygw,f?
1983 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbm (9) &ufae@rSm awmifukd&D;,m;orw c|ef'l;0rf OD;aqmifwJh
cspf=unfa&;ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ &efukefa&mufvm+yD; tmZmenfukef; yef;acGcszkd@tpDtpOfrSm AkH;cGJ
wku d cf u dk jf cif;cHvu dk &f ygw,f? tpDtpOfxuf rdepfyidk ;f aemufus+yD; a&mufvmrdwt hJ wGuf c|e'f ;l 0rfe@J
OD;pef;,k toufab;u oDoaD v;vGwo f mG ;cJah yr,fh 0ef}u;D (4) OD;tygt0if vlaygi;f (21) OD; aoqk;H
oGm;&wJh AkH;cGJwkdufckdufcH&jcif; tr_}uD; [kd;av;wausmfausmfjzpfoGm;ygw,f? AkH;cGJwkdufckdufol
ajrmufukd&D;,m;EkdifiHom; ZifrkdeJ@ uifrifcsL;ukd azmfxkwf&rdvkdufEkdifayr,fh/ wm0efayghav#mhr_ pGyfpGJ
csufeJ@ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ Akdvfrª;}uD;atmifukd; ukd z,f&Sm;ypfvkdufygw,f? OD;ae0if;
uk,d w f idk f pdwóf uduaf &G;cs,f wm0efay;cef@tyfxm;jcif;cH&wJh 'kAv dk rf ;ª }uD;cif!e¸ @f ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;
tzGJŒ !¸ef=um;a&;rª;jzpfvmygw,f? 'kAkdvfrª;}uD;cif!¸ef@ u OD;ae0if;pdwfóuduf usKd;usKd;EGHEGH wm0ef
xrf;aqmifcJhygw,f?
1981 ckESpf/ Auy/ autkdifat wkd@eJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJawG ysuf+yD;uwnf;u AuyeJ@
autkdifat tay: tòid;eJ@ wqifhwkd; xkd;ppfqifcJhygw,f? OD;ae0if; &JŒ pDrHcef@cGJr_atmufrSm ppftif
tm;ukd tqufrjywf wnfaqmufco hJ vkd ppftok;H p&dwu f v
dk nf; ESppf Of tqrwef wk;d wufo;Hk pGcJ hJ
ygw,f?
AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;tjzpf ppfwyfukd OD;aqmif+yD; 1962 tm%modrf;yGJukd qifE$Jtaumift
xnfazmfaqmifpOfu wyf&if;aygi;f (85) &if;yJ&cdS ahJ yr,fh 1984 ckEpS x f rJ mS awmh wyf&if;aygi;f (136)
&if;awmif &Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? 1975 - 76 u umuG,fa&;tokH;pm;&dwf[m (91) ukaÉusyfyJ&SdcJh&m
u 1984-85 ckESpfxJrSmawmh umuG,fa&;tokH;pm;&dwf[mvnf; (171) ukaÉausmftxd
ESpfqeD;yg; wkd;ae+yDjzpfygw,f? wyftiftm; (2)qeD;yg; wdk;vmovdk ppfokH;p&dwfvnf; (2) qeD;yg;
wkd;ae+yDjzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ zGH@òzd;wkd;wufa&;twGuf tokH;ðy&r,fh EkdifiHhb¾maiGa=u;rsm;
[m wae@wjcm; wk;d wk;d vmwJh ppfwyf}uD;ukd ay;urf;axmufy/hH zk@d vu dk &f / yif;vku
d &f &if;eJ h ajymifw
vif;cgcJh&¶kHru ESpfpOfvdkaiGawG wdk;wkd;+yD;jyvmygw,f? vkdtyfwJhaiGa=u;awGukd &&mae&muae
acs;iSm; &,lokH;pGJvm&ovkd tmrcHcsufr&SdwJh aiGpuULawGukd wkd;wkd;+yD; xifovkd ¶kdufESdyfokH;pGJvm
ygw,f? tusKd;qufu EkdifiHjcm;aºuG;awG xlajymvmcJh¶kHru aºuG;qyf&wJh t&if;eJ@ twkd;aiG[m
vnf; wESpfxufwESpf jrifhwufvmcJh&ovkd jynfwGif; vSnfhvnfokH;pGJaiGyrm%[mvnf; tqr
wefrsm;jym;vmcJh+yD; aiG;azmif;yGr_E_ef;[m róuHzl;atmif wae@wjcm; jrifhrm;vmcJh&ygw,f?
rqv ppftpkd;&&JŒ t"du OD;wnf&efol[m Auy jzpfygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;a=unm+yD;u
wnf;u zqyv/ yxp/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD/ rqv pojzifh tpkd;&tzGJŒ tkyfpkd;olawG&JŒ trnf
awGom ajymif;ajymif;oGm;cJyh gw,f? tkypf ;dk ol tpk;d &tqufquf&ŒJ t"du&efot l jzpf OD;wnfwu dk f
cku
d jf cif;cH&ol[m Auy yJjzpfcyhJ gw,f? tJ'ga=umifh t=urf;zsi;f csKyf+yD;ajymr,fq&dk if Auy trª;ðywJh
vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &; tiftm;pkrsm;uwzuf/ wufvmor#aom tkypf ;dk oltpk;d &tqufquf
uwzuf jzpfyGm;cJhwJh wkdufyGJorkdif;&Snf}uD;jzpfygw,f? rqv acwfrSmawmh rqveJ@ Auy wkd@&JŒ
tm;òydifyGJ}uD;[m ykd+yD; tjrifhqkH;tqifhqD a&muf&SdvmcJh+yDjzpfygw,f?
1984 ckESpfxJrSm rqv ppftpkd;&bufrSm wyf&if;aygif; (163) &if;&Sdygw,f? 84-85 ckESpf
twGi;f rSm wyf&if;aygi;f (131) &if; a&SŒwef;ppfajrjyifawGrmS csxm;ygw,f? ta&SŒajrmufppfa'or
[kww f hJ wjynfv;Hk wcGiv f ;Hk rSm wyf&if; (30) &if;/ &ckid rf mS wyf&if; (2) &if;/ aygi;f (32) &if;yJ csxm;
tokH;ðycJh&+yD; Auywkd@&JŒ ta&SŒajrmuf e,fpyfwcGifvkH;ukd wyf&if; (99) &if;csxm; tokH;ðyae&wJh

taetxm;uk=d unfrh ,fq&dk if rqvppftpk;d &[m Auy ukOd ;D wnf&efot l jzpf/ b,favmuftav;
wif;xm;ovJqw dk m &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; awGŒjrifEidk of vkd Auy eJ@ rqvwk@d &ŒJ xdyw f udk f tiftm;òydiyf JG
[m b,favmufjyif;xefovJqkdwmukdvnf; twkdif;om; awGŒjrifEkdifygw,f?
vlrsKd;pk wkdif;avmufvufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;tzGJŒtpnf;awG&Sdae=u+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf/
azmufjyefwhJ tkypf ;dk oltpk;d &ukq d ef@ usi=f uwJh vlrsK;d pk awmfveS af &;pdw"f mwf&o dS wl idk ;f [m oufqidk f
&mvlrsKd;pktzGJŒtpnf;awGqD rdrdwdk@&JŒ vlrsKd;tvkduf oGm;a&mufyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf=uovdk/ Arm
jynfrSmvlOD;a&trsm;qkH;jzpfwJh ArmtrsdK;om;rsm;[mvnf; tkyfpdk;ol ppftpdk;&udk qef@usif+yD;
awmfveS af &;vkyaf &; vkyrf ,fq&kd if oGm;a&mufy;l aygi;f aqmif&u G pf &m awmfveS af &;tzGŒJ tpnf;[m
Auy yJ&Sdygw,f? 'ga=umifh ArmjynfrSm ay:aygufcJhor#aom ta&;tcif;}uD;awG vlxkwkdufyJG}uD;
awGxu J ae vufeufuidk w f u dk yf q
JG D ul;ajymif;a&muf&v dS mol ArmtrsK;d om;rSeo f r#[m Auy xJom
a&muf&v dS m&ygw,f? vlrsK;d pkawG[m oufqidk &f mvlrsK;d pk awmfveS af &;tzGŒJ tpnf;awGqD oGm;a&muf
=uovkd awmvSefa&;pdwf"mwf&SdwJh ArmvlrsKd;rSefor#vkdvdk[mvnf; Auy xJukdom a&muf&Sdvm
=uwJhtwGuf Auy [m “vlrsKd;pkygwDr[kwf vlwef;pm;ygwD” vkd@qkdayr,fh trsm;pkjzpfwJh Arm
vlrsKd; awmfvSefa&;orm;tm;vkH;&JŒ A[kdcsufrozG,fjzpfcJhygw,f? awmfvSefa&;A[kd jzpfcJh&ygw,f?
¡vuf,m EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;tjzpf ygvDref'Drkdua&pD
ay:aygufcJhayr,fh 1970 jynfhESpfavmufrS pwifay:ayguf+yD; oufwrf;uvnf; q,fpkESpfwckjynfh
atmifawmif cHcw hJ mr[kww f t hJ wGuf ArmvlrsK;d rsm;twGuf t"du awmfveS af &;vrf;a=umif; A[kd
[m Auy omjzpfcJhygw,f? Auy [m orkdif;tpOftvm}uD;wJh vuf0JygwD}uD;jzpfovkd/ Armjynf
rSmxGef;um;cJhwJh EkdifiHa&;pmayukd =unfhr,fqkd&ifvnf; vuf0JEkdifiHa&; pmayomjzpfcJhwJhtwGuf/
EkdifiHa&;orm;rSefor# vuf0J0g'eJ@ywfouf+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@yg qufEG,fvm&wm[m
tifrwefobm0uswJhudpPjzpfygw,f? ArmjynfrSm vuf,mEkdifiHa&;pmayqkdwm r&SdcJhyg? urBmrSm
vnf; &Sdr,frxifyg?¢
1985 ck E S p f 0 ef ; usif tajctae/
1985 ckESpf[m ArmjynftwGuf xl;jcm;wJh ESpfwESpfjzpfovkd EkdifiHwumh EkdifiHa&;a&pD;

a=umif;twGufvnf; xl;jcm;wJhESpfwESpfjzpfygw,f?
rqv ppftpk;d &[m Ekid if jH cm;acs;aiGawGudk enf;rsK;d pkeH @J acs;iSm;&,lo;Hk pGaJ e&&if;eJ@ aºuG;awG
ukdawmif b,fvkdjyefqyf&rSef; rodawmhEkdifavmufatmif pD;yGm;a&;t=uyftwnf; qkdufvmcJh
ygw,f? Armjynf&JŒ jynfyaºuG;+rD[m ukaÉa':vm (300) avmuf&Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? ykd@ukefwefzkd;
tm;vkH;aygif;&JŒ 60µ ausmf[m EkdifiHjcm;aºuG; wkd;&if;qyf&aiGjzpfoGm;ygw,f? Armjynf&JŒ t"du
aºuG;&Sif (+rD&Sif) EkdifiH}uD;ESpfckuawmh *syef[m yxr/ *smr%D[m 'kwd,vkd@qdk=uygw,f? *syef[m
Armjynf&JŒ t"du+rD&SifEkdifiH}uD;jzpf¶kHru Armjynfukd t"duaxmufyHhaewJh EkdifiH}uD;wckvnf;jzpfyg
w,f? Armjynf[m *syef&JŒ jynfyaxmufyhHr_tm;vkH;aygif;&JŒ (8µ) avmuf&&Sdolvnf;jzpfygw,f?

84-85 b¾mESpt f wGi;f *syefqu D acs;aiG ,ef;oef;aygi;f rsm;pGm xyf,cl &hJ ovkd *smr%Dqu D vnf;
rwfaiG oef;aygif;rsm;pGm xyf,lcJh&ygw,f? z&ifh0gempufr_vkyfief;ukr`%DeJ@ ppftpkd;&&JŒt}uD;pm;
pufr_vkyfief;aumfykda&;&Sif;vkyfief;wkd@ zufpyfpmcsKyfcsKyfqkd+yD; jzpfygw,f? uif;wm; a&tm;v#yfppf
pDrHudef;twGuf xyfrHacs;aiG rwfaiG (17) oef;,l&jyefygw,f? 85 ckESpf/ ZGefvtwGif;rSmyJ urBmh
b%fqDuvnf; acs;aiGawG,l&jyefygw,f? pkpkaygif; a':vm 32³25 oef; jzpfygw,f? tm&SzGHŒòzd;a&;
b%fqDuvnf; acs;aiGawG,l&jyefygw,f? 1985 ckESpfxJrSm ppftpkd;&vufxJ EkdifiHjcm;okH;aiGeJ@
t&Ha&$[mvnf; a':vmoef; (50) zkd;avmufyJ usefygawmhw,f? tJ'Dvkdtaetxm;rSm rqv
ygwOD uUÏ}uD; tm%m&Si}f uD; OD;ae0if;[m wpkw H ckvyk zf @dk qif}uH}uHaeygw,f? tESpEf pS q f ,fprD u
H ed ;f
}uD; pwifaºuG;a=umfpOfu 85-86 aemufykdif; tvkyfvufrJh yaysmufap&r,fvkd@ cyfwnfwnf
atmf[pfcw hJ mvnf; yaysmufz@dk aeaeomom wae@wjcm; wk;d wk;d vmvku d w f m b,fvrdk S ajz&Si;f vk@d
r&Ekdifawmhr,fhtajctaeqD vufawGŒa&muf&Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? jynfwGif; vSnfhvnf okH;pGJaiGa=u;
yrm% uvnf; 1962 ckESpf/ ppfwyftm%modrf;wJhESpfu usyfoef;aygif; (1194³2) &Sd&muae
1974 ckEpS f (zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'eJ@ rqvwygwD acwf}u;D pwifcsed rf mS usyo f ef;aygi;f (3577 ³ 1)
txdjzpfvmcJh+yD;/ 1985 ckESpfrSmawmh usyfoef;aygif; (13037 ³ 1) awmif&Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f?
ukefaps;E_ef;awGuvnf; wuf+yD;&if;wuf jzpfvmvkdufwm b,fvkdrS jyefrusEkdifawmhwJh
taetxm;jzpfae+yDjzpfygw,f?
t"du twkdufcHEkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD;jzpfwJh Auy [m 1985 ckESpfrSm wwd,t}udrfajrmuf
jynfvkH;u|wfuGef*&uf}uD; (wwd,uGef*&uf) ukd wcrf;wem; usif;yygw,f? ygwD pwifwnf
axmifpu yxruGe*f &ufe@J wkid ;f jynfvw G v f yfa&; ra=unmEkid cf if 1945 ckEpS x f w J ek ;f u usi;f ycJw
h hJ
'kwd,uGef*&uf/ pkpkaygif;uGef*&uf (2) }udrfom usif;yEkdifcJh+yD; ESpfaygif; (40) ausmfavmuf rusif;
yEkdifjzpfcJh&mu wwd,t}udrfuGef*&ufukd pufwifbm (9) &ufae@u atmufwkdbm (2) &uftxd
(24) &ufwkdifwkdif usif;ycJhygw,f? a'otoD;oD;u wufa&muf=uwJh uGef*&ufukd,fpm;vS,f
(170) ausmf&Sdygw,f? uGef*&ufu “vuf&SdawmfvSefa&;tqifhrSm usifhokH;&r,fh enf;y&d,m,f
vrf;pOfukd vufeufukdifwkdufyGJt"du wkdufyGJo¾mefxm;/ tjcm;wkdufyGJo¾mef trsKd;rsKd;ESifh aygif;
pyfay;a&;” ukd qkH;jzwfvkduf=uovkd ArmjynftaeeJ@ywfouf+yD; “Armjynf[m EkdifiHa&;t&
vGwv f yfayr,fh pD;yGm;a&;t& e,fcsŒJ orm;aygi;f pkt H ay: rScD adk e&wJh ukv d edk wD ykid ;f / ya'o&mZfwykid ;f
Ekid if ”H vk@d qufvufowfrw S cf o hJ vkd awmfveS af &;&JŒ t"duOD;wnfwu dk cf udk &f r,fyh pfuiG ;f u “e,fcsŒJ
pepf/ ya'o&mZfajr&SifpepfeJ@ AsL¶kdu&uft&if;&Sifpepfukd ukd,fpm;ðywJh rqvppftpkd;&” vkd@
owfrSwfcJhygw,f? “ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;u acgif;aqmif+yD; tvkyform;v,form; r[mrdwfzGJŒr_t
ajccHay:rSm awmfvSefwJhvlwef;pm;toD;oD;ygwJh awmfvSefa&; ” vkd@ azmf!¸ef;cJh+yD; ajr,mawmfvSef
a&;[m t"du0if¶;dk vk@d qk;H jzwfcyhJ gw,f? vlenf;pke@J ywfoufwhJ tajccHrrl mS “wu,fw h ef;wla&;ESihf
aoG;pnf;nD!¸wfa&;” vkd@ xyfrHtwnfðy+yD; ygwDwnfaqmufa&;[m aomhcsufqkdwmeJ@ ckdifrm
awmifhwif;wJh wyfaygif;pkw&yfwnfaqmufa&;/ ppfa&;ukd A[kdðya&;qkdwmawGukdvnf; qkH;jzwfcJhyg
w,f? vufeufuidk w f udk yf JG pGpJ +JG rJ+rJusio
hf ;Hk a&;eJ@wqufwnf;rSm jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;/ 'Dru dk a&pDa&;/
trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!$wfa&; tvH (3) vuf qufvufv$ifhxl&efukdvnf; twnfðycJhygw,f?

wwd,uGef*&ufuae A[kdaumfrDwD0if (29) OD;ukdvnf; a&G;aumufwif ajr‡mufcJh+yD; OuUÏtjzpf

ocifAodef;wifyJjzpfvmcJhygw,f?
uGe*f &ufusi;f yaewJt h csed f ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D ŒJ taetxm;[m ckid rf mawmifw h if;ae
wJh toGifo¾mef&Sdaeayr,fh twGif;jy\emawGawmh&SdaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? ygwDwnfaqmufa&;eJ@
ywfouf+yD; uGe*f &ufaemufyidk ;f rSm bde;f vkyif ef;eJ@ ,SuEf , G yf wfoufaewJh acgi;f aqmiftqifah u'g
awGukd ta&;,lz,f&Sm;oGm;a&;/ ygwDoef@&Sif;a&;vkyfzkd@ qkH;jzwfxm;+yDjzpfygw,f? ukd,fh'l;ukd,fc|ef
a&;ukd tav;xm;vkyfoGm;Ekdifzkd@vnf; tajctaeu awmif;qkdaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f?
Auyukd ausmaxmufaemufcHðyay;aewJh w¶kwfjynf}uD;ukd,fwkdif ay:vpDrl0g'qkdif&m
tajymif;tvJawG ðyvkyfaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? 1976 ckESpf armfpDwkef;uG,fvGefoGm;+yD;wJhaemufykdif;/
OuUÏarmfpDwkef;&JŒ qufcHoltjzpf “[Gudkzkef;” cewðzwf wufvm+yD;wJhaemufykdif; w¶kwfjynfrSm
“wdef@a&Smifzdef” tm%m&vmcJhygw,f? w¶kwfjynfacgif;aqmif}uD; wdef@a&Smifzdefu w¶kwfjynf&JŒ
pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'awGudk tajymif;tvJvyk yf pfz@dk qk;H jzwfco hJ vk/d Ekid if w
H umhypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;eJ@ ywf
oufwJh/ EkdifiHwumh0g'eJ@ywfoufwJh/ ygwDcsif;qkdif&m qufqHa&;awGeJ@ywfoufwJh tajymif;tvJ
awGukdvnf; vkyfzkd@jyifqifvmcJhygw,f? EkdifiHwumhtultnDawGukd av#mhcsypfzkd@ vkyfcJhovkd Auy
ukv d nf; uk, d [ hf muk,d f ckid cf idk rf mrm&yfwnfEidk af tmifvyk zf @dk / tultnDawGudk wpwpav#mch sawmh
rSmjzpfa=umif; tcsdefay;+yD; óudwifajym=um;wmawG vkyfaqmifvmcJh+yD;+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf ta&;}uD;
taetxm;awGqD a&muf&SdaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f?
EkdifiHwumhtaetxm;ukd =unfhr,fqkd&ifvnf; urBmAkdvf}uD; (2) AkdvfxJu qkdAD,uf[m
tajymif;tvJawGqD wmplpðyae+yDjzpfygw,f? *kd%f}uD;ESpf*kd%f; t}udwfte,fumv/ tar&duef
u 'kdrkdEkdoDtkd&DeJ@ uGefjrLepfEkdifiHawG ray:aygufa&;/ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; vuf&JZuf&J tpGrf;ukef
vkyaf qmifco Jh vkd qkAd ,D ufuvnf; awmfveS af &;wify@dk a&;eJ@u, dk thf yk pf u
k u
kd ,
dk f usm;uefa&; tpGr;f
ukefvkyfaqmifcJh&if; pD;yGm;a&;tajctae ,kdifeJ@vmcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? tmz*efepPwefuae ajc¶kwfr_
awG vkyfaqmifvm&ovkd ykHatmcJhwJhtultnDawGukdvnf; wpxufwp ¶kyfodrf;vmcJh&ygw,f?
1985 rSmðyjyifa&;0g'D a*:bmacsmAh f tm%m&&Sv d m&mu “*vyfpaemh” vk@d ac:wJh “yGiv hf if;a&;0g'”
qkd wmeJ@ “yD&uf(pf)x¶GKdufum” vkd@ac:wJh EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;0g'qkdwmawG
pwifay:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? “A[k0g'” qkw d t hJ oHawG qkAd , D ufpme,fZif;awGay:rSm nHpnfpðyvm
cJhygw,f?
Ekid if w H umh Ekid if aH &;a&pD;}uD;a=umif;}uD;[m ajymif;vJpðyvmcJ+h yDjzpfygw,f? ta&SŒOa&myrSm
wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfawG&ŒJ ae&mrSm ygwpD 'Hk rD u dk a&pDpepfqw dk hJ toHawG us,af vmifvmcJ+h yDjzpfyg
w,f? ArmjynfrmS ygwpD 'Hk rD u dk a&pDpepfqw dk t hJ oHudk Auy uae yxrqk;H ay;cJw h mukv
d nf; trSwf
tom;ðy&rSmyJjzpfygw,f?
1981 ckEpS f +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGrJ mS uwnf;u Auy OuUÏ ocifAode;f wife@J Auyuk, d pf m;
vS,ftzGJ@u “ygwDpkH” ukd w&m;0iftqkdðycJh¶kHru aqG;aEG;yGJysufwJhtcgrSmvnf; jynfolvlxkw&yf
vkH;ukd a=unmcsuf xkwfjyef&Sif;vif; ajymjyoGm;cJh+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f?

tJ'vD dk jynfwiG ;f tajctaeawG/ Ekid if w H umtajctaeawG=um;rSm Armjynfppftm%m&Sif

}uD; OD;ae0if;/ qif}uH }uHpnfae&mu taumiftxnfazmfjyvku d wf muawmh 'kw, d t}udraf jrmuf
EkdifiHawmf"m;jywkdufr_}uD;yJjzpfygw,f?
1985 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbm (3) &ufae@rSm usyf (100) wefaiGpuULawGukd w&m;r0ifa=umif;
a=unm+yD; aiGusyfoef;aygif; (1200) ausmfukd rw&m;odrf;,lvkdufygawmhw,f? wtdrfaxmif
aiGusyf (5000) zk;d txdom vJv, S cf iG ðhf y+yD; uk,
d t
hf pk;d &u xkwxf m;wJah iGudk uk,
d [
hf muk,
d f w&m;r
0ifaiGtjzpf a=unmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? rsufESmajymifajymifeJ@ "m;jywkdufcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
rqvacwf a e0if c sd e f ES i f h
a'0gvD c H o G m ;&aomEk d i f i H a wmf
wkid ;f jynf&ŒJ bufaygi;f pk;H t=uyftwnf;u euf¶id_ ;f oxuf euf¶id_ ;f vmygw,f? tpd;k &uk, d f
wkid u f uk,d x f w k af 0¶ku
d Ef ydS x
f m;wJh aiGpuULukd uk,
d [hf muk, d f w&m;r0ifa=unmum uk, d jhf ynfou l dk
udk,fh[mukd,f "m;jywkdufwJhenf;eJ@ ajz&Sif;cJhayr,fh ,m,Dawmif touf¶_cGifhacsmifrvmcJhyg?
pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;}uD;rsm;uawmh pm&GufawGay:rSm qufvufatmifjrifaecJhygw,f?
86§87 b¾ma&;ESpt f wGuf GDP (*s'D yD )D wk;d wufrE_ e_ ;f ukd (3³6) vk@d owfrw S +f yD; taumiftxnf
azmfygw,f? Ekid if jH cm;yk@d uek af wGuv kd nf; wk;d wuf+yD; yk@d Eidk zf @dk vyk yf gw,f? 'gayr,fh Ekid if jH cm;yk@d uek af wGrS
ukefoG,fr_0ifaiGtm;vkH;&JŒ 80µ [m rqyfrjzpf EkdifiHjcm;jynfyaºuG;wkd;&if; qyfvkduf&wJhtwGuf
ajymifwvif;cgoavmufjzpfoGm;ygw,f? vkdtyfwJh wifoGif;ukefawG wifoGif;Ekdifjcif;r&SdawmhwJh
taetxm; a&mufvmygw,f?
tkyfpkd;ol rqvtpkd;& t=uyftwnf;}uD;vmcsdefrSmawmh awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ
rqv òzdcsEkdifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG &Sdoifhoavmuf&Sdvmygw,f? 1976 aemufykdif; vlxkwkdufyGJ}uD;awG
ray:aygufEkdifyJjzpfcJh&ayr,fh vlxktwGif;u ppftpkd;&qe@fusifa&;pdwf"mwfuawmh wae@wjcm;
wkd;yGm;vmae+yD; taxGaxGt=uyftwnf;awG&JŒatmufrSm aygufuGJvkeD;eD; ,rf;tkd;}uD;ozG,f
jzpfvmaeygw,f? Auy u 1300 jynfhta&;awmfykH}uD;&JŒ a&$&wkajrmuf 1988 ckESpfrSm vlxktkHºuG
r_}uD;w&yf ay:aygufvmEkdifw,fvkd@ wGufqjyifqifwmawG vkyfaqmifygw,f? r'wtzGJŒ}uD;u
vnf; Auy A[kd&Sd&m yef;qef; ukdoGm;a&muf+yD; awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG twlwuG yl;aygif;vkyf
aqmifEkdifa&; EkdifiHa&;c&D;pOf}uD;ukd taumiftxnfazmfygw,f?
1986 ckESpf/ rwfv 24 &ufae@rSm Auy eJ@ r'w A[kdukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒwkd@&JŒ wkdif;jynfokd@
xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? rqv ppftpkd;&ukd bkH&efoltjzpf OD;wnfwkdufckduf=u
zkd@eJ@ jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvkH;uvnf; jzpfEkdifwJh enf;rsKd;pkHeJ@ ppftpkd;&ukd qef@usifwkdufckduf=uzkd@
yef=um; a=unmwJh xkwjf yefa=unmcsujf zpfygw,f? r'w tzGŒJ acgi;f aqmif b&efqidk ;f eJ@ Auy OuUÏ
ocifAode;f wifw@dk vufrw S af &;xk;d xkwjf yefcw
hJ mjzpfygw,f? r'wrSmyg0ifwhJ tzGŒJ tpnf; (9) zGŒJ u

awmh (1) autkdiftkd/ (2) u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wkd;wufa&;ygwD/ (3) autif,l/ (4) yavmifjynfe,f

vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJŒ/ (5) ytkd@0ftrsKd;om;tzGJŒcsKyf/ (6) rGefjynfopfygwD/ (7) &ckdifjynfvGwfajrmuf
a&;ygw/D (8) &Sr;f jynfw;dk wufa&;ygwD eJ@ (9) 0 trsK;d om;tzGŒJ wk@d jzpfygw,f? r'w eJ@ Auy wk@d &ŒJ
ppfqifa&;qkid &f m oabmwlncD suef @J vufeufuidk t f zGŒJ tpnf;rsm;=um; vku d ef moifo h nfh vrf;!¸ef
oabmxm;qkdif&m oabmwlnDcsuf (2) apmifukdvnf; xkwfjyefa=unmEkdifcJhygw,f? r'w eJ@
Auy =um; ppfa&;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_awG wkd;csJŒvkyfaqmifoGm;=uzkd@txd oabmxm;csrSwf
&,lEkdifcJhygw,f? aumif;rGefwJhtvm;tvmawG xGufay:vmcJhw,fvkd@ qkd&ygvdrfhr,f?
1987 ckEpS x f aJ &mufvmwJt h cgrmS awmh vufyw l udk u f wk ehJ nf;/ aq;+rD;wked @J uw k ehJ nf;/ "mwf
=urf;wku d uf w k ehJ nf;/ b,fvedk nf;eJ@rS ukv@dk r&awmhwhJ pD;yGm;a&; emwm&Snaf &m*gq;dk }uD; onf;oef
jyif;xefvm+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf rqvygwDOuUÏ OD;ae0if; ukd,fwkdif rodrom avoHajymif;pðyvmyg
w,f? t&ifu rqv vrf;pOf[m tifrwefaumif;ygw,f? rljy\emr[kwf vljy\emyg? rla=umifh
r[kwf vla=umifjh zpf&wmyge@J trsK;d rsK;d }uHzef vdrv f nfvn S jhf zm; vS;D v$aJ jymqkv d mcJoh r# rlyidk ;f qkid &f m
a=umifyh gqw dk mukd wenf;tm;jzifh rlygajymif;vJrjS zpfawmhr,fh oabmoGm;ukd rvJr$ a&Smifom xkwf
azmf ajymqkdvm&+yDjzpfygw,f?
=o*kwfv (10) &ufae@ ygwDA[kdtvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwDeJ@ EkdifiHawmfaumifpD A[kd
tm%mykdiftzGJŒtpnf;rsm; n‡dE_dif;tpnf;ta0;rSm OD;ae0if;u ‘uae@tpnf;ta0;uawmhjzifh xl;
xl;jcm;jcm; tpnf;ta0;vk@d owfrw S &f ygvrd rhf ,f’ vk@d tpcs+D yD; “trSm;t,Gi;f rsm;&S&d if tcsed rf jD yifz@dk
yg? trSm;t,Gif;wifr[kwfbl;? avmu}uD;rSm jzpfysufwJhudpPawG[m b,fawmhrS wae&mrSm
raeygbl;? t+rJwrf; ajymif;vJaeygw,f? tJ'Dawmh tajctaeawGajymif;vJwJhOpPm[m b,folrS
rjiif;qkdEkdifygbl;? [kd 62 ckESpf okd@r[kwf 74 ckESpfu tajctaeeJ@ uae@tajctae[m xyfwlxyfr#
wlw,fvkd@ rqkdEdkifygbl;? ajymif;vJaeygw,f? ajymif;aewJhacwfukd trDvkduf+yD;awmh usaemfwkd@u
vnf; tvkyfvkyfwJhOpPm ajymif;+yD;vkyf&vdrfhr,f? tajctaeawGeJ@[yfrdatmif zGJŒpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'xJu tcsuftvufawGawmifrS jyifp&mrsm;&Sdr,fvkd@ wifjyvmwmrsm;&Sd&if usaemfwkd@[m
jyifz@dk udk a=umufv@dk jzpfb;l ? 0efav;vk@d rjzpfb;l ” vk@d qkv d mygw,f? wu,fu woufv;Hk olxifo
vkvd yk v f mcJo h r#/ ygw/D aumifp/D v$waf wmfqw dk mawG[m OD;ae0if; tvku d s vkyv f mcJ&h or#tm;vk;H
vuf!dk;axmifacgif;ndwfawG vkyfvmcJh&or# blu bmrSrodav[ef/ oluawmh tppt&m&m
trSet f wkid ;f yJ vkycf si+f yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;awGudk vkv d m;av[ef olawmfaumif;}uD;[ef tjynfeh @J
ajymqkv d mjcif;omjzpfygw,f? aocsmwmu rajymif;&if rjzpfawmhb;l qkw d m vSnyhf wf+yD; 0efcv H m&
wJhoabmjzpfygw,f? 90³19 µ u axmufcHtwnfðyxm;wJh zGJŒpnf;ykH tajccHOya'}uD;rkd@ jyifvkd@
rjzpfygbl;vkd@ (Auy awGu wifjypOfu) acgif;wcgcgeJ@ taoqkyfukdifvmcJh+yD;rS zGJŒpnf;ykHawmif
jyifoifhjyif&r,fvkd@ ewfoHaESmvmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? ukd,fh¶_;ukd,fywfjzpfvmcJh&wm jzpfygw,f?
tJ'v D dk avajyxk;d vm+yD;rS ,kw, f wk rf mrmvkyaf qmifr}_ uD;wckudk rqv ppftpk;d &u xyfrH
taumiftxnfazmfvu dk jf yefwmu wwd,t}udraf jrmuf jynfv;Hk u|wf Ekid if aH wmf"m;jywku d rf }_ uD;
jzpfygw,f? xkH;pHtwkdif; ukd,fxkwfxm;wJh aiGawGudk w&m;r0ifaiGvkd@ a=unmvkdufjyefjcif;jzpfyg
w,f? 1987 ckESpf/ pufwifbm (5) &ufae@rSm (25) usyfwef/ (35) usyfwefeJ@ (75) usyfwefaiG

awGudk w&m;r0if a=unmcsvu dk +f yD;/ jynfwiG ;f vSnv hf nfo;Hk pGaJ e&wJh aiGa=u;&JŒ 80µ jzpfwhJ aiGusyf
oef;aygif; (6500) ausmfukd t"rRodrf;ykduf &,lypfvkdufygw,f?
tJ'Dae@u jrefrmh¶kyfjrifoH=um;tpDtpOfu ‘t¶_duf’ qdkwJh ¶kyf&SifZmwfum;}uD;ukd jyoae
qJrmS aiGpuULawGudk w&m;r0ifa=unm+yD;/ jynfow l &yfv;Hk &JŒt¶_u d uf dk ppfzed yfe@J uefcsvu dk jf cif;yJjzpf
ygw,f?
vrf;ab;u uefpGef;&Gufa&mif;wJholuae wkduf}uD;ay:u ukefonf}uD;txd/ 0efxrf;tr_
xrf;awGuae/ ausmif;wufae&qJ ausmif;olausmif;om;awGtxd wjynfvkH; 0¶kef;okef;um;jzpf
oGm;cJh& t}uD;tus,f xdckdufepfemcJh&ygw,f? ausmif;wufaeqJ ausmif;olausmif;om;awG tdrf
jyefp&mvrf;p&dwfawmif r&SdawmhwJhb0 rcHcsdrcHomusa&mufcJh&ygw,f? ausmif;ol ausmif;om;
wcsKŒd &JŒ rausreyf qef@usiq f ENjy atmf[pfoH v_y&f mS ;r_awG/ rE aW v;òrdŒrSm jynfov l x l &k ŒJ qef@usif
uef@uGuf aygufuGJ v_yf&Sm;oHawG óud=um;ay:xGufvmcJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&u ausmif;olausmif;
om;awGukd ausmif;ydwf tdrfjyefapvkduf+yD; xGufay:vmEkdifwJh tkHºuGr_ukdvnf; tcsdefrD tm%meJ@
wm;qD;xdrf;odrf;ypfvkdufEkdifwJhtwGuf vlxkwkdufyGJ}uD;txd a&muf&SdrvmEkdifawmhyJ ,m,D+idrf
oufoGm;cJh&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvkH;&JŒ ppftpkd;&tay: emusnf;rkef;wD;pdwf/
vkH;0t,kHt=unfr&SdawmhwJhpdwf/ qef@usifwGef;vSef wkef@jyefcsifpdwfawGukd w[kefxkd; jr‡ifhay;vkduf
ovkdjzpfoGm;cJh&ygw,f? taxGaxGt=uyftwnf;aygif;pkH/ ra=ueyfr_aygif;pkHuae vlxktkHºuGr_}uD;
wckqD wmplrdpðyvmcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? aygufuGJvkeD;yg; tajctae}uD;w&yf[m bufaygif;pkH qkduf
a&mufvmcJh+yDjzpfygw,f?
OD;ae0if; u atmufwb dk m (8) &ufae@ rqvA [kad umfrw D tD pnf;ta0;rSm “a&SŒrSm pD;yGm;
a&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; b,fyb Hk ,fenf;ajymif;=urvJ? rl usaemfw@dk ajymif;zk@d vv dk m+yD? b,ftwkid ;f twm
txdajymif;&r,f? b,fvv dk yk &f r,fqw dk mudak wmh usaemfw@dk tawGŒtóuHa&m urBmrSmjzpfysuaf e
wJhtawGŒtóuHa&m tJ'D[mawGtukefvkH; òcHikH+yD; xnfhpOf;pm;+yD;awmhrS rlopfjyefcsrSjzpfvdrfhr,f”
vkd@ajymqkdvmygw,f? ajymif;vJa&;ukd xyfrHajymqkdvmygw,f?
'gayr,fh tcsdefu aESmif;oGm;cJh+yDjzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;&JŒ taxGaxGrauseyfr_
awGu tjrifq h ;Hk tqifh a&muf&adS e+yDjzpfovk/d Armjynf}uD;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;tajctaerSeu f vnf; rzk;H Ekid f
rzdEikd f azmfjyvmcJ+h yDjzpfygw,f? ppftpk;d &[m aºuG;awGuv kd nf; jyefrqyfEidk af wmhwt hJ wGuf a'0gvD
cHzkd@jyifqif+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? urBmhtqif;&JqkH;EkdifiHrsm;pm&if; “zGHŒòzd;r_tedrfhusqkH;EkdifiH LDC” pm&if;
xnfhoGif;ay;zkd@ w&m;0if av#mufxm;vkduf&ygawmhw,f?
olawmif;pm;Ekid if H pm&if;xnfo h iG ;f ay;zk@d av#mufxm;&mrSmawmif woufv;Hk vdrv f mcJw h m
awG/ cyfwnfwnf aºuG;a=umfvmcJhwmawG/ r[kwfu [kwfu 0g'jzef@ +zD;jzef;vmcJhwmawGu
txyfxyfjzpfae+yD; ukd,fh¶_;ukd,fywf a&mifjyef[yfvmawmh renf;}uD;ukd awmif;awmif;yefyefeJ@
txkyfajzjycJh&wJhtajctae óuHawGŒ&ygw,f?
LDC owf r S w f z k d @ uk v or*~ } uD ; u t"d u pH c sd e f (3) ck o wf r S w f x m;ygw,f ? (1)
wESpftwGif; wOD;csif;0ifaiG a':vm 200 xufenf;&r,f? (2) pufr_vkyfief;u xkwfvkyfr_wefzkd;
[m wrsKd;om;vkH; xkwfvkyfr_wefzkd;aygif;&JŒ 10µ xufrausmf&? (3) pmwwfajrmufr_E_ef; 20µ

xufenf;&r,f æ qkdwJh owfrSwfcsufjzpfygw,f?

1983 ckESpfu rqv u pmwwfajrmufr_E_ef; 78³6µ vkd@ w&m;0if owfrSwfxm;awmh/
LDC av#mufwt hJ cg vm+yD;+idaeygw,f? rqv u pmwwfajrmufw,fqw dk m[m tok;H vk;H a=u¶kH
av;ygv@dk xkacs&iS ;f vif;+y;D pmwwfajrmufrE_ e_ ;f ukd 18³65µ vk@d ajymif;vJwifjy av#mufxm;cJ&h w,f
vkd@qkdygw,f? aemufqkH;rSm rqv u 0ifaiG wOD; wESpf a':vm (180)/ pufr_xkwfvkyfr_wefbkd;
(9 ³ 9µ)/ pmwwfajrmufr_ (18 ³ 65 µ) vk@d wifjy+yD; abmif0ifomG ;atmif awmif;awmif;yefyefwifjy
,lcJh&ygw,f? 1987 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvrSm ukvor*~u Armjynfudk zHGŒòzd;r_tedrfhqHk;EkdifiH LDC
pm&if;xJ oGwfoGif; twnfðyay;vkdufygw,f?
*sD'DyD wkd;wufr_&mckdifE_ef;awG ESpfpOfESpfpOf azmfjyºuGm;0gae&mu pDrHudef;awG vsmxm;csuf
xuf ausmv f eG af tmifjrifcahJ =umif;/ vsmxm;csut f wkid ;f jynfrh aDS tmif taumiftxnfazmf aqmif
&GufEkdifcJha=umif; pojzifh pojzifh t+rJvkdvkd aºuG;a=umf0g'jzef@csd atmf[pfae&mu toHawmif
rpJao;rDtwGif; ðAef;pm;}uD; olawmif;pm;EkdifiHtqifh LDC tqifha&muf&SdoGm;&wmjzpfygw,f?
rqv wkd@&JŒ wkdif;jynfzGH@òzd;wkd;wufa&;twGuf pGrf;pGrf;wrH aqmif&Gufóud;yrf; tm;xkwfjycJhw,f
qkdwmawGtm;vkH;&JŒ &v'fuawmh wkdif;jynf}uD; olawmif;pm;EkdifiHb0 a&mufoGm;&jcif;vkd@yJ rSwf
wrf;wif&ygvdrfhr,f?
&S p f a v;vk H ; ta&;awmf y k H } uD ; ay:xG e f ; vmjcif ;
ppftpkd;&&JŒ azmufjyefwJh pD;yGma&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ vlr_a&;/ rl0g'ay:vpDtoD;oD;&JŒ

atmufrmS wae@wjcm; t=uyftwnf;aygi;f pkH qku d cf &hJ +yD;/ jynfov l x
l }k uD;w&yfv;Hk taxGaxGraus
eyfra_ ygi;f pkH wk;d wufjzpfay:ae&csed rf mS “zke;f armfta&;tcif;}u;D ” pwifay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? 1988
ckESpf/ rwfv (13) &ufae@nrSm jzpfygw,f?
&efukefpufr_wuUokdvfteD; taemufóudŒukef;&yfuGufxJ&Sd “pENm0if;vBuf&nfqkdif” xJrSm
pufr_wuUokdvfausmif;om; (3) OD;eJ@ t&yfom; (4) OD; uufqufacGudpPukd ta=umif;ðy+yD; pum;
rsm;&efjzpfc=hJ u&mu Zmwfvrf;pwifcw hJ mjzpfygw,f? t&ufr;l aewJh t&yfom;awGu ausmif;om;
awGudk 0kid ;f ¶ku
d v f u
dk w f thJ wGuf ausmif;om;wOD; acgi;f uGo J mG ;cJyh gw,f? ausmif;om;ESpOf ;D u aumifpD
¶kH;oGm;wkdifygw,f? tr_zGifhygw,f? vBuf&nfqkdif&JŒ oufaocHxGufqkdcsuft& &Ju &efjzpfwJh t&yf
om;awGudk zrf;wJt h cg nDnv D iG f qkw
d hJ t&yfom;vnf;ygvmygw,f? aumifpu D nDnv D iG f ukd rzrf;zk@d
ywfouf&m ywfoufa=umif;t& wm;ygw,f? &Juzrf;oGm;ayr,fh aemufae@rmS nDnv D iG u
f dk vrf;
ay:rSmjyefawGŒ&wJhtwGuf ausmif;om;awGu aumifpD¶kH;npfw,fvkd@jrif+yD; 'grw&m;r_vkd@ oabm
xm;ygw,f? &efyGJjzpfcJhwmu (12) &ufae@rSmjzpf+yD; (13) &ufae@nrSm ausmif;om;awGu &yfuGuf
aumifp¶D ;Hk qD xyfro H mG ;=uygw,f? aumifpOD uUÏu ¶k;d ¶k;d om;om; rajz&Si;f yJ aemufaz;ayguu f ae
xGuaf jy;ygw,f? &yfuu G af umifp&D ŒJ vkyaf qmifr[ _ m rormwm xif&mS ;ae+yv D @dk ,ql wJh ausmif;om;
awG[m rausreyf ykdjzpfvm=uygw,f? 'D=um;xJrSm nDnDvGif ukdoGm;&Sm=u&if; rD;arSmifcsxm;wJh
&yfuGufxJutjyefrSm ausmif;om;ESpfa,muf "m;ckwfcHvkduf&wJhtwGuf rausreyfjzpfaewJh

ausmif;om;awGu &yfuGuf or0g,rqkdifukd rD;wif¶_d@vkduf=uygw,f? w&m;r#wr_r&SdwJh rqv
Oya'eJ@ Oya'a=umif;t& rSefrSefuefuef ajz&Sif;ray;Ekdifr_&JŒ &v'ftjzpf ausmif;om;eJ@&yfuGuf
xdyfwkdufjzpfvm&wJhoabmjzpfygw,f?
ausmif;om;eJ@ t&yfom; yÉdyuQjyif;xef;vmcsed rf mS ppftpk;d &&JŒ vkx H ed ;f awG 0ifa&mufvmcJh
ygw,f? ausmif;om;awGudk aoewfe@J csed +f yD; ausmif;0if;wHwidk ;f em;txd uyfvmcJ=h uygw,f? tay:
uae b,fvt dk rde@f rsK;d ukd o,faqmifvmcJ=h uovJqw dk m rod&ayr,fh aoewfe@J x;dk csed +f yD; ausmif;
0if;em;txd uyfvmcJhwJh vkHxdef;wkd@&JŒ vufawGŒ ðyrlazmfjyykHukd ausmif;om;rsm;u uef@uGuf=uyg
w,f? b,folrSefw,f/ b,folrSm;w,f rcGJjcm;yJ jy\emukd rpkHprf;ravhvmyJ vkHxdef;&JawG&JŒ
aoewfe@J xk;d csed +f y;D 0ifvmwJt h ay: rausreyfe@J uef@uu G =f uygw,f? vkx H ed ;f awGu aoewfe@J ypf+y;D
ppftm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ o¶kyfrSefukd azmfjyvkdufygw,f? pufr_wuUokdvf0if;twGif; aoewfoHawG
yJw
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rSmyJ aoewf'%f&m tcsufaygif;rsm;pGmeJ@ yGJcsif;+yD;aoqkH;oGm;&ygw,f? (armifzkef;armfeJ@twl
aoewfxdrSef '%f&m&cJhwJh armifpkd;Ekdifvnf; odyf&ufruGmrDrSmyJ aoqkH;oGm;&ygw,f?)
ppftpkd;&&JŒ vlrqefr_a=umifh zkef;armfta&;tcif;}uD; jzpfay:vm&yg+yD? rSefrSefuefuef
at;at;csrf;csrf; ajz&Sif;vkd@&EkdifwJhjy\emukd ppftpdk;&ukd,fwkdifu vufeuftm;ukd; vufvGwf
py,f t=urf;zuf,kwfrmjycJhwJhtwGuf ay:aygufvmcJh&wmjzpfygw,f? ppftpkd;&[m tpkd;&qef@
usiaf &; Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGwikd ;f / ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_awGwidk ;f rSm a&SŒwef;tcef;uyg0ifcw hJ hJ pufr_
wuUokdvfukd xpfceJ&Sd tmtkdifwD/ v_yfueJ&Sd tmtkdifwDvkd@ tjrif&Sdxm;&mu tòid;taw;ðyxm;
&mu vufawGŒxkwfazmf vufpm;acsjyvkdufwJhtwGuf ay:aygufvmcJh&wJh ta&;tcif;}uD;vkd@
vnf; qkEd idk yf gw,f? aoG;ajrusc&hJ +yD; rw&m;ojzifh ESyd u f yG w f mukd cHpm;vku d &f wJh ausmif;om;xk[m
tESpfESpftvv csKyfwnf;aecJh&&muae [kef;ueJ aygufuGJvm&ygawmhw,f?
rwfv (14) &ufae@rSm ausmif;om;awGu tjzpfrSefukda&;om;+yD; jynfolawGqDukd trSef
wkdif;od&atmif tm;xkwfóud;yrf; jzef@a0wmvkyfaqmifygw,f? tmtkdifwDtay: oabmxm;rrSef
+yD;om;jzpfwJh ppftpkd;&u acgif;razmfEkdifatmif xyfqifhESdyfuGyfypfzkd@ qkH;jzwfxm;ygw,f? pufr_
wuUokdvf0if;xJ vkHxdef;wyfawG0ifpD;+yD; ausmif;om;awGukd zrf;qD;yGJ}uD;vkyfygw,f? OD;ae0if; pdwf
wkid ;f us a&G;cs,x f m;wJh axmufvrS ;f a&; !¸e=f um;a&;rª; Akv d rf ;ª }uD;cif!e¸ @f }uD;rª;pDpOfwhJ vlzrf;yG}J uD;
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awG ay:aygufvmygw,f? (16) &ufae@rSm tifvsm;uefabmifay:rSm wuUokdvfausmif;ol ausmif;
om;awG aoG;csif;csif;eDatmif ¶kdufESufòzdcGif;wmcH=u&ygw,f? tif;vsm;uefabmifta&;tcif;
(okd@r[kwf) wHwm;eDta&;tcif;vkd@ rSwfwrf;wif=u&wJhtxd ppftpkd;&&JŒ t=urf;zufr_uvnf;
ykrd jdk yif;xefvmyg w,f? (18) &ufae@rmS ausmif;om; (20) avmuf òrdŒxJqif;vm+yD; AE<Kvyef;+cHrmS
w&m;a[m=uygw,f? vrf;ay:rSm vlxkeJ@paygif;rd+yD; qENjyyGJ}uD;jzpfay:vmygawmhw,f? rwfv

(18) &ufae@rSmyJ ppftpkd;&&JŒ tzrf;tqD; tESdyftuGyfawGuvnf; rsm;jym;vmygw,f? &meJ@csD+yD;

tpkd;&u odrf;óuH;zrf;qD;ygw,f? tcsKyfum;}uD;awGeJ@wifr[kwf tom;wif tvkHydwf,mOfawG
ukdyg tokH;ðy+yD; zrf;qD;&rdor#ukd xnfhoGif;xkd;odyfwif aqmifwmawGvkyfygw,f? vlrqefpGm
&uf&ufpufpuf ðyrlvkyfaqmifwJhtwGuf tusKd;qufu ausmif;om;ausmif;olawGtygt0if
tzrf;qD;cH&olaygif; (41) OD; toufaoqkH;&wJh tjzpfqkd;}uD; jzpfay:vmcJh&ygw,f? axmifa&muf
vkd@ um;wHcg;zGifhvkdufcsdefrSm touf¶_=uyf+yD; aoqkH;ae=u&wJh tavmif;awG txyfvkdufjzpfaecJh
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jyif;jyif; xefxefESdyfuGyfòzdcGJwmawG vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f? tif;vsm;uefabmifta&; tcif;rSmqkd&if/
twif; '&ref;=urf; ¶ku d Ef u
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dk wf idk f OD;pD;+yD; bDv;l qkid ;f wD;ay;
cJhygw,f? “emem¶kduf emem¶kduf/ acgif;ukd wnfhwnfh¶kduf/ rsm;rsm;¶kdufEdkifwJhol qkay;r,f” qkdwJh
trdef@ay;oHrsKd;awGtxd ,kwf,kwfrmrmay;cJh+yD; Adef;armif;wkdufay;cJhygw,f? =um;&olwkdif; &ifeifh
emusnf;apcJh&wJh ppfbDvl;rsm;&JŒ usL;vGefr_}uD;awGjzpfygw,f? ausmif;awGukd ydwfypfvkdufwJht
wGuf rwfvv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;[m ,m,D+idrfoufoGm;& oa,mifjzpfcJhayr,fh ausmif;om;xkeJ@wuG
jynfolw&yfvkH;&JŒ ppftpkd;&tay: emusnf;r_[m w&dyf&dyf 'Da&wufvmaecJhygw,f?
rwfvta&;tcif;eJ@ywfouf+yD; tpk;d &u pkpH rf;a&;aumfr&Sif zGŒJ ay;cJah yr,fh w&m;0ifppHk rf;
a&;aumfrwD&iS &f ŒJ tpD&ifcpH mukd jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk rxkwjf yef&aJ wmhyJ tpD&ifcpH mtay: Ekid if aH wmfaumifpD
&JŒ ok;H oyfcsuq f wdk mavmufom zk;H zk;H zdzd xkwjf yef+yD; (41) a,muf tcsKyfum;awGtwGi;f aoqk;H cJ&h
w,fvkd@ 0efcHcJhygw,f? (avhvmolawGtqkd&uawmh &mausmfaoqkH;cJhw,f qkdygw,f?) ppftpkd;&
u ppftyk pf 0k if xdyo f ;D }uD;awGu, dk wf idk f OD;pD;OD;aqmifðy+yD; yg0ifywfouf usL;vGex f m;wJth r_}uD;ukd
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OD;odef;atmif yifpiftay;cH&ygw,f? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; OD;rif;acgifukd ðzwfypfvkdufovkd/ 0ef}uD;csKyf
OD;armifarmifc eJ@ Oya'tusKd;aqmiftzGJŒ OuUÏ OD;jrifharmif wkd@ukdvnf; z,f&Sm;ypfvkdufygw,f?
zkef;armfaoqkH;&wJh ta&;tcif;tyg rwfvta&;tcif;}uD;jzpfay:cJh&+yD;wJhaemufykdif;rSm
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awGudk &if0,fydkufcsDum &J&J0Hh0Hh qENjycJh=uygw,f? &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;tygt0if rdbjynfolrsm;
udk,fwdkifvnf; yg0ifyl;aygif; vufwGJqENjycJh}uygw,f? ppfwyf&JŒ vufcsufeJ@ ayw&mvrf;ray:rSm
aoG;pufaoG;uGufawG uspifpGef;aycJh&ovdk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;"gwfykHawG/ q&m}uD;rd_if;"mwfykHawG
vnf; ayw&mvrf;r}uD;ay: vGifhpifuGJtuf aºuGrGcJh&ygw,f? (9) &ufae@rSm qENjyaºuG;a=umf
v_yf&Sm;r_awG ykd+yD;ykd+yD;om rsm;vmcJh&+yD;/ taocHqENjyolawG&JŒ ol&Jaumif;yDowJhpdwf"mwf[m
vnf; w&Sdefwkd;jr‡ifhwufvmcJhygw,f? wjynfvkH;rSmvnf; tESH@tjym; qENjyyGJ}uD;awG qufwkduf
jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? rE Wav;òrdŒrSm (2) a,mufao (6) a,muf '%f&m&qdkwJh tjzpftysufawG/
ppfudkif;rSm tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf aoqkH;'%f&m&cJh&wJhtjzpfawG/ +rdwfòrdŒrSmvnf; (2)a,mufao
(6) a,muf'%f&m&cJh& qkdwJhta&;tcif;}uD;awG ae&mtESH@/ a'otESH@ w[kefwkd; wkd;wuf jzpfay:
ysHŒESH@ul;pufvmcJhygw,f? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfykH}uD;[m aygufuGJay:xGef;vmcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? b,f
vkdenf;eJ@rS wm;vkd@r&awmh+yDjzpfygw,f?

tHw}udw}f udwef @J bDv;l qkid ;f wD;+yD; xGuv f mcJh Ekid if aH wmforw}uD;qko d l OD;pdev f iG /f =o*kwf
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wJhtwGuf OD;pdefvGifukd jynfolw&yfvkH;uvnf; atmhESvkH;emrkef;wD;vSwJhtwGuf/ jynfolw&yfvkH;
0rf;omaysmf&$ifoGm;cJh=uygw,f? xuwJholawG xu=uygw,f? &efukefaq;¶kH}uD;xJtxd vSrf;ypf
um t=urf;zufESdyfuGyfjycJhwJh OD;pdefvGif/ aemufqkwfay;& tav#mhay;oGm;&+yDjzpfygw,f?
om;owform; OD;pdefvGif aemuf wufvmoluawmh a'gufwmarmifarmif jzpfygw,f?
rqv ygwDOuUÏ}uD;/ EkdifiHawmfaumifpD OuUÏ}uD;eJ@ EkdifiHawmforw}uD;vnf;jzpfygw,f? 1959
ckESpfu “wkd@jynfaxmifpkjrefrm EkdifiHzGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH” qkdwJh pmtkyfukd ðypka&;om;+yD; ygvDrefygwDpkH
'Drkdua&pDpepf}uD;ukd tr$rf;wifÉDumzGJŒcJh+yD;/ 1969 ckESpfxJa&mufawmh “jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifh
AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;” qkdwJh Akdvfae0if; bkef;awmfbGJŒ pmtkyf}uD;ukd }uHzefðypkum/ rqv wygwD
tm%m&Sipf epf aumif;rGeaf =umif; ajymif;vJajymqkd ae&m&vm&if;/ 1988 ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D [ke;f [ke;f
awmufaecsdefrSm orw }uD;tjzpf tokH;awmfcHvm&wmjzpfygw,f? om;owform; OD;pdefvGif&JŒ
bDvl;qkdif;eJ@ ywf=urf;wkdufr_ ratmifjrifawmhwJhtwGuf/ avajyxkd;eJ@ taysmhqGJ tEkenf;Zmwfukd
ujytokH;awmfcHzkd@ wenf;tm;jzifh uóud;uuGufajymif;+yD; ta&;awmfykH}uD;ukd òzdcGJEkdifzkd@ EkdifiHawmf
orw }uD;jzpfvm&wmyg? bDv;l acgi;f aqmif;xm;wJh bDv;l =urf;ukd z,fxw k v f u dk +f yD;/ rif;om;acgi;f
aqmif;xm;wJh bDv;l Ekudk tpm;xk;d tok;H ðyvku d wf mjzpfygw,f? a'guw f marmifarmifu oHa0*oH
awGeJ@ avajyxkd;r_vkyfygw,f? tm%m&ygwD}uD;tjzpf pwifarG;zGm;vm&wJh rqvygwD}uD;&JŒ
tm;enf;csucf sKŒd ,Gi;f csuaf wGudk zGi[ hf 0efc&H if; ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;ukd +yD;+idr;f =uawmh zk@d em;csóud;yrf;yg
w,f? 'Davmuf t&Sdeft[kef}uD;pGm jyoae=uwJh vlxkwkdufyGJ'Dv_dif;oHawGukd wqifhav#mhcs+yD;/
“vrf;ay:utoHawGukdawmh=um;&yg+yD? tdrfxJu tdrf&SifrawGŒ&J toHawmh r=um;&ao;ygbl;”
vk@d ajymqdv k ukd af wmh “=um;+yv D m;a[h armifarmifa& æ 'Dru dk a&pDudk csucf si;f ay;” qkw d hJ aºu;G a=umf
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&efukefòrdŒwifr[kwf wEkdifiHvkH; vSnf;aeavSatmif; jrif;aZmif;rusef oydwfarSmufqENjy
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b,fwkef;urS yg0ifywfoufwm =um;&jrif&zl;jcif;r&SdwJh yk*~KdvfrsKd;awG/ tv$mrsKd;awGawmif wuf

wufºuGºuG yg0ifvm=uygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh zk;d olawmf/ r,fov D rsK;d awG/ rde;f rv#mawG/ olawmif;
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ykdrkd t&Sdeft[kef}uD;rm;vmcJhygw,f? &efukefwòrdŒvkH; b,fae&m=unfh=unfh qENjycsDwufyGJawG/
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vm=u¶krH u tpk;d &uk, d w f idk f zGŒJ pnf;ay;xm;wJh twkta,mif “jynfoŒl qENppHk rf;avh vma&;aumf
r&Sif” qkdwmu 0efxrf;awGudk,fwkdif oydwfxJyg0ifvm=uygw,f?
a'gufwmarmifarmif u taysmhqGJenf;eJ@ vlxk}uD;ukd ac|;odyfwJhtaeeJ@ =o*kwfv (23)
&ufae@/ ae@vnf (1) em&DrSm &efukefòrdŒeJ@ jynfòrdŒwkd@rSm xkwfjyefxm;cJhwJh ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@ukd
w&m;0if¶kwfodrf;ay;vkdufygw,f? pdefvGifðywfusoGm;&wmukd vlxkatmifyGJtjzpf rSwf,laysmf&$ifcJh
=uovkd/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@ ¶kwfodrf;ay;vkdufwJhtcgrSmvnf; vlxkw&yfvkH; aysmf&$ifoGm;cJh=uyg
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a'gufwmarmifarmifu twkta,mifzGJŒpnf;xm;wmtjzpf ay:vGifae+yDjzpfwJh “jynfolŒ
qEN pkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sif” udk zsufodrf;ay;ygw,f? rzsufodrf;vkd@vnf;r&awmhyg? “jynfolŒqEN
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a'gufwmarmifarmifu rdef@cGef;wckajymygw,f? rdef@cGef;xJrSm avajyxkd;oH/ oHa0*oHawGygovkd/
wEkdifiHvkH; qifE$Jae=uwJh oydwfwkdufyGJ}uD;ukd aoG;at;atmifvkyf+yD; rqvygwDukd qufvufxdrf;
odrf;&if; aemufajcwvSrf; qkwftaetxm;eJ@ aemufwqifhqif;cHzkd@jzpfygw,f? jynfolŒqEN pkHprf;
a&;aumfr&Sifukd zsufodrf;ay;+yD; “jynfolŒqENcH,lyGJvkyfa&;” qkdwmukd wifvmygw,f? jynfvkH;
u|wq f ENc, H yl rJG mS ygwpD pHk epfudk jynfoal wGuvkv d m;a=umif; tajzxGuyf gu zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'
ukd vkdtyfovkdjyifqifa&;/ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;ya&;qkdwmukd wifoGif;azmfjyvmygw,f?
wu,fu qifa0S@&efa&Smif vkyw f momjzpfygw,f? “rqvygwD tvkrd &S”d “rqvwygwD tm%m
&Sipf epfzsuo f rd ;f ypf” qkw d hJ aºuG;a=umfoaH wG wEkid if v H ;Hk ae&mvyfr&Sad tmif [pfatmfawmif;qkad e
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csxm;wJh ppfwyfawGukdawmh jrifuGif;uae ¶kwfodrf;wmvkyfay;cJhygw,f?
jynfolvlxku wkd;+yD; qENjyvm=uygw,f? ygwDpkHóudufovm;/ wygwDóudufovm; qENcH
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aumifpD (bm;aumifp)D eJ@ pmaytEkynm&Sirf sm;tcef;ukv d nf; jynfov l x l uk wefz;dk xm;cJyh gw,f?
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pDa=unmcsu[ f m =o*kwv f (15) &ufae@rmS xkwjf yefcw hJ mjzpf+yD; pmaytEkynm&Sirf sm;&JŒ vufrw S f
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wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ; OD;aqmifEidk cf iG &hf cJ=h uovkd q&m0efrsm;/ a&SŒaersm;/ pmaytEk ynm
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tm;jzifh ae&may;jcif;cHcJh&ygw,f?
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awGxJu omref&JawGavmufomru/ pokH;vkH;/ bDtuf (pf) tkdif/ txl;owif;wyfzGJŒ (tufpfbD)
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qkdif;bkwfv$ifhxlyg0ifvmcJhygw,f? oydwfarSmufwJhtxJ yg0ifrvmwmqkdvkd@ ppfwyf/ axmufvSrf;
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a=unmwmawG &SdcJhygw,f?
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eJ@xkdufwefwJh jynfolawGjzpfygap? wyfrawmf[m jynfolowfwJh wyfrawmftjzpf &mZ0ifrwGif

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aoG;uGufawmifrajcmufao;cifrSm ppfwyfukd pdwfeJ@awmifrjypfrSm;eJ@vkd@ aºuG;a=umfvkdufawmh/
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w,f? aomif;eJ@csDwJh ausmif;om;y&dwfowf/ vlxky&dwfowf}uD; wufa&mufygw,f? ArmEkdifiHvkH;
qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~tzGJŒcsKyf (Auo) w&m;0ifjzpfajrmufa&;eJ@ &efukefwuUokdvfausmif;
om;rsm;or*~ (,m,D) ukd w&m;0ifzGJŒpnf;vkduf=uygw,f? 62 ckESpfu ppftpkd;&u ,kwf,kwf
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ay:xGufcJhygw,f? “&efukeftaxGaxGoydwfaumfrDwD” }uD; ay:xGufvmovkd or*~aygif;pkHvnf;
pkHwumhpkHatmif qufvufxGufay:vmcJhygw,f? pme,fZif;or*~/ a&SŒaersm;or*~/ q&m0efrsm;
or*~/ q&mrsm;or*~/ tvkyform;or*~/ v,form;or*~/ &[ef;ysKdrsm;or*~ pwmawG[m
xif&Sm;wJh or*~awGtjzpfay:vGifvm=uygw,f?
òrdŒwkdif;/ e,fwkdif;/ &yfuGufwkdif;rSm vlxkw&m;yGJawG/ [pfwkdif a[majym &ifzGifhyGJawG/
ykHo¾meftrsKd;rsKd;eJ@ ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? &efukefòrdŒawmfwckvkH; oydwfoHawG/ aºuG;a=umfoHawG
csrd chf srd n
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=uwmawGjzpfovkd vGwv f yfpmG a&;om;yHEk ydS f xkwaf 0cGirhf &cJ&h mu ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;a=umifh a&;om;
azmfjycGi&hf vmwke;f xGuaf y:vmcJw h hJ owif;pmawG/ pmapmifawGuvnf; ra&wGuEf idk af tmif rsm;jym;
cJhygw,f? a=unmcsufawG ykdpwmawG ae&mtESH@ xGufay:aecJhygw,f?
oydwf&uf=umvmwJhtcgrSm atmufajcvlxk pm;0wfaea&; tcuftcJ&Sdygw,f? oydwf
aumfrDwDawGu ajz&Sif;ay;=uwmawG&Sdygw,f? 'DvkdtcsdefrSm ppfwyfukd,fwkdifu &efukefrSm&SdwJh
*kad 'gi}f uD;awG/ okad vSmif¶aHk wGudk vma&mufziG v hf pS +f yD; vkcd siw
f yhJ pPn;f awGudk ppfum;}uD;awGe@J pif;vk;H

jynfh pdwfóuduf o,faqmif,liif=uwmawG vkyfygw,f? óudufovkd,l+yD;wJhtcg *kda'gif}uD;awG/

okdavSmif¶kH}uD;awGukd 'Dtwkdif; zGifhxm;cJhwJhtwGuf &yfuGuftwGif;u eD;&meD;&m t&yfom;rsm;u
o,f=u,l=uwmawG ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ay:vmcJhygw,f? t&yfom;rsm;u *kda'gifawG/
taqmuftODawGukd pwifazmufxGif;ckd;,l=uw,fqkdwm tifrwefenf;yg;ygw,f? ppfwyfu
pwifazmuf,l+yD;rS ppfwyfu csefxm;ypfcJhwmukd ,l=uo,f=uwmawGu trsm;qkH;jzpfygw,f?
'gawmifwjcm; ppfwyfwwyfu vma&muf+yD; *kda'gifazmufvkd@/ ypPnf;ckd;vkd@qkd+yD; ypfwmcwfwm
cH=u&ygw,f? aoa=u&wmawG jzpfay:cJh&ygw,f? ta&;awmfykH}uD;ukd òzdcGJzkd@ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u
tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd t=urf;zufr_awG vkyfaqmifapwm/ rD;uGif;jypfwm/ a&xJ tqdyfcyfapwmawG vkyf
aqmifc=hJ uygw,f? 'v#K'd vHawGvw $ +f yD; ¶_yaf xG;r_awGjzpfatmifvyk w f m/ txdww f vef@ jzpfatmif
vkyfwmawGukd enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ vkyfaqmifvmygw,f?
&yfuu G w f idk ;f uyfawGuyfum opfyif}uD;awGv+JS yD; ydwq f @dk =u/ t0iftxGuf uif;awGapmifh
=ueJ@ vkHðcHa&;twGuf tav;xm;vm&ygw,f? wzufrSmawmh &efukefòrdŒv,feJ@ vrf;r}uD;awGay:
rSm vlxq k ENjyyGJ csw D ufy}JG uD;awG 0uf0ufuaJG tmif qifEaJ$ e=u&if;/ a'guw f marmifarmif tpk;d &E_wf
xGuaf y;/ =um;jzwftpk;d &zGŒJ pnf;ay;qkw d hJ aºuG;a=umfoaH wG wqifw h ;dk xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? taysmh
qGJeJ@ qGJaewJh a'gufwmarmifarmifvnf; t=uyftwnf;awGukd ajz&Sif;ay;Ekdifr,fh taetxm;
r&Sad wmhyg? vlxw k u dk yf aJG wmif;qko
d uH wjznf;jznf; jrifrh m;vmcJ+h yDjzpfygw,f? tpk;d &&JŒ tm%mpuf
qkdwmvnf; &yfqkdif;aecJh+yDjzpfygw,f?
ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;twGi;f 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek u “'Dru dk a&pDEiS hf +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ ” ('D+idr;f )
ukzd ŒJG pnf;ygw,f? 1947 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya't& ol[m Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ rw&m;
ojzifh tm%mvkomG ;jcif;cH&olomjzpfwt hJ wGuf olom w&m;0if Ekid if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfqw dk hJ &yfwnf
csuu f dk OD;Eku azmfusK;vmygw,f? tm%mukd vkcd siv f eG ;f vk@d qw dk mxuf jzpfay:aewJh Ekid if aH &;tae
txm;twGuf vrf;a=umif;wa=umif;ukd zGifhvSpfay;vkdufwJhoabmjzpfygw,f? oydwfaumfrDwDeJ@
'Drudk a&pDwu dk yf 0JG if tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; OD;Ekudk pkòyH+yD; axmufcrH r_ ay;cJ=h uwJt h wGuf OD;EkrmS vnf;
olcsK;d xm;wJv h rf;a=umif;twkid ;f bmwckrS atmifjrifatmif qufvuf taumiftxnfazmfEidk jf cif;
r&Sdyg? OD;Ek&JŒ wavsmufvkH; orkdif;a=umif;awGt& aemufxyf rsKd;qufopfrsm;u OD;Ekukd ae&mray;
=uawmhyg? wu,fu OD;Ek&JŒ EkdifiHa&;acwf[mvnf; ukefqkH;oGm;cJh+yDjzpfygw,f? OD;Ek zGJŒpnf;vkduf
wJhpifòydiftpkd;&tzGJŒ}uD;[m axmufcH0ef;&Holr&Sd xD;xD;}uD;}uD;yJ aigifpif;pif;jzpfae&csdefrSm/ pifòydif
tpk;d &zGŒJ pnf;Ekid af &; v_y&f mS ;=unf=h uoHawGuv dk nf; wjcm;'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkawG=um;xJ ay:xGuf
aecJhygw,f? tJ'Dvkd =um;xJuae xGufay:vmcJhwJh aºuG;a=umfoHuawmh “=um;jzwftpkd;&zGJŒ
pnf;ay;” qkdwmyJjzpfygw,f?
pufwifbm (4) &ufae@rSm tar&dueftxufv$wfawmftrwf rpPwmqkdvmhZf Armjynf
ukda&muf&Sdvmygw,f? a'gufwmarmifarmif tpkd;&tzGJŒeJ@ awGŒqkHcJhovkd/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf/
OD;wifO;D (Akv d cf sKyf}uD;a[mif;)/ OD;atmif}uD; wk@d e@J vnf; ArmjynfEidk if aH &;tajctaeukd awGŒqHak qG;aEG;
wmawG vkyfcJhygw,f? qkdvmhZfu a'gufwmarmifarmif tpkd;&tzGJŒukd =um;jzwftpkd;&zGJŒpnf;ay;zkd@
ajymqkdcJhw,fqkdygw,f?

pufwifbm (11) &ufae@rmS awmh a'guw f marmifarmif u qENc, H yl rJG vkyaf wmhyJ ygwpD aHk &G;
aumufyv JG yk af y;zk@d a=unmygw,f? tJ'v D dk w&m;0ifa=unmr_rvkycf ifuwnf;u a&G;aumufyv JG yk f
ay;&&if tqifoihftokH;ðyzkd@ “a&G;aumufyGJusif;ya&;aumfr&Sif” ukd a'gufwmarmifarmif wkd@w
awGu pDpOfzefwD; owfrSwfxm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f?
vlx}k uD;w&yfv;Hk &JŒ awmif;qkcd suu f ‘=um;jzwftpk;d &’ zGŒJ pnf;ay;jzpfygw,f? ygwpD 'Hk rD u dk
a&pDpepfukd vufcH+yDqkd&if ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pD a&G;aumufyGJukd vkyfay;&rSm trSefyJjzpfw,f? 'gayr,fh
a'gufwmarmifarmif tpkd;&u pDpOfzefwD;ay;r,fh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJrsKd;[m vkdvm;vufcHEkdif
zG,f&mr&Sd/ w&m;r#wEkdifzG,f&mvnf;r&Sd? 'ga=umifh ygwDpkHtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;ukd rSefrSefuef
uefvyk af qmifay;zk@d =um;jzwftpk;d &w&yf zGŒJ pnf;ay;&r,fv@dk oabmxm;ygw,f? =um;jzwftpk;d &
vkt d yfw,fv@dk ,lqwJt h wGuf =um;jzwftpk;d &zGŒJ pnf;ay;a&; awmif;qko d [ H m ykrd +dk yD; nHpnfvmcJyh g
w,f? ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;/ taxGaxGoydw}f uD;&JŒ aemufq;Hk aºuG;a=umfoeH @J tjrifq h ;Hk aºuG;a=umfo[ H m
=um;jzwftpkd;&zGJŒpnf;a&;qkdwm jzpfvmcJh+yDjzpfygw,f?
a'guw f marmifarmif &JŒ taysmq h eJG nf;eJ@ wqifch si;f qif;cHy[ Hk mvnf; tjynft h 0atmifjrif
r_r&yJ/ ykyd o dk m bGm;bGm;}uD; yGiu hf svmcsed rf mS ppftyk pf &k ŒJ xdyof ;D }uD;rsm;[m acgi;f csi;f ¶ku d af e=u+yDjzpf
ygw,f? OD;ae0if;tdrfrSm a'gufwmarmifarmif/ OD;pdefvGif/ OD;ae0if; wkd@ awGŒqkH=uw,fqkdwJh owif;
awGvnf; xGufvmygw,f?
11/ 9/ 88 ae@rSmyJ usif;ywJh jynfolŒv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;uae ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pDtaxG
axGa&G;aumufyu JG si;f ya&;aumfr&Sif zGŒJ pnf;vku d af =umif; a=unmygw,f? a=unmvku d w f hJ a&G;aumuf
yGaJ umfr&D iS 0f if yk*K~ v
d f (5) OD;uawmh (1) OD;baX;/ (2) OD;apm=um'k;d (Akv d rf ;ª csKyf t+ird ;f pm;)/ (3) OD;pef;armif/
(4) q&mcs,f/ (5) OD;ausmf!¸ef@ wkd@jzpfygw,f? aumfrD&SifOuUÏtjzpf OD;baX; jzpfygw,f?
13/ 9/ 88 ae@reuf (9 ;30 em&D) rSm a&G;aumufyGJaumfrD&SifOuUÏ OD;baX;u OD;atmif}uD;/
a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;wifO;D wk@d udk zdw=f um;ygw,f? wuUov dk bf ŒJG & ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm;tzGŒJ /
tvkyform;or*~ (,m,D)/ 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyGJ0ifausmif;om;rsm;or*~/ &[ef;ysKdtzGJŒ/ Oya'¶kH;csKyf
qkid &f mor*~ pwJh tzGŒJ tpnf;awGvnf; wufa&muf=uygw,f? OD;baX;u “aumfr&D iS u f dk v$waf wmfu
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cef@xm;vkdufa=umif;/ aumfrD&Sif&JŒvkyfief;awGukd EkdifiHawmftpkd;&u wpkHw&m pGufzufrSmr[kwfyJ
vGwfvyfpGm }uD;rª;usif;yay;EkdifrSmjzpfa=umif;/ 'ga=umifh aumfrD&Sifukd EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;eJ@
tzGJŒtpnf;toD;oD;u 0kdif;0ef;ulnD=uzkd@ arwWm&yfcHyga=umif;” qkdwmukd ajymqkdygw,f?
OD;atmif}uD;/ OD;wifOD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf wkd@awGu “aumfrD&SiftzGJŒ0ifvl}uD;awGukd
,kH=unfav;pm;aomfvnf;/ tpkd;&ukd r,kH=unfEkdifa=umif;/ =um;jzwftpkd;&zGJŒay;+yD; =um;jzwf
tpk;d &u}uD;rª;usi;f ywJh a&G;aumufyo JG m w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyjJG zpfEidk rf ,fv@dk ,k=H unfa=umif;”
ajymqkcd =hJ uygw,f? t"dyg` ,u f tm;vk;H aom 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pk0ifrsm;&JŒ awmif;qkcd su[ f m “=um;
jzwftpk;d &” jzpfae+yDjzpfygw,f? ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒ aemufq;Hk tqifh awmif;qkcd suaf wGudk csKyf=unfh
r,fqkd&if/ ppftpkd;& tvkdr&Sd/ wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;ay;/ ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pDpepf xlaxmif
ay;/ tJh'DtwGuf =um;jzwftpkd;&zGJŒpnf;ay; qkdwmyJjzpfygw,f?

jynfwGif;/ jynfy ajray:ajratmuftm;vkH;u wnDw!Gwfwnf; vkdvm;ar#mfvifhaewm

uvnf; =um;jzwftpkd;& (okd@r[kwf) ,m,Dtpkd;& qkdwmyJjzpfygw,f?
pufwifbm (16) &ufae@rSmyJ ppf¶kH;csKyfa&SŒrSm ppfwyfeJ@ jynfolvlxk xdyfwkduf&ifqkdifwkd;
yG}J u;D wckjzpfygw,f? wòrŒd vk;H uvlx}k u;D ppf¶;Hk a&SŒòyq d if;vmygw,f? ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif rif;ukEd idk f
u vlxk}uD;ukd a'goeJ@ trkef;ukd csKyfwD;=uzkd@ jzefajza[majymygw,f?
pufwifbmv (16) &ufae@rSmyJ ppftpkd;&u ajcykef;ckwfae&muae ajcvSrf;wvSrf;xkwf
vSrf;vmygw,f? EkdifiHawmfaumifpDu “jynfolŒ0efxrf;rsm;onf EkdifiHawmftay: opPmxm;I
jynfolŒ0efukdom xrf;aqmif&rnfjzpfojzifh ygwDpkHpepfwGif usifhokH;cJhonfhtwkdif; tpOftvmESifh
tnD jynfoŒl wyfrawmf/ jynfoŒl &JwyfzŒJG paom umuG,af &;wyfzŒJG rsm;/ jynfoŒl 0efxrf;tzGŒJ tpnf;
toD;oD;/ EkdifiHykdifpD;yGm;a&; bkwfaumfykda&;&Sif; toD;oD;rS 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHawmfb¾mrS
vpmcHpm;aeaom 0efxrf;rsm;onf ,ae@rSpI jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDtygt0if rnfonfh
EkdifiHa&;ygwD tzGJŒtpnf;0ifrSrjzpfap&” qkdwJh a=unmcsufukd xkwfjyefvkdufygw,f?
rqvygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; OD;at;ukd uvnf; “jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDwGif
yg0ifae=uaom jynfolŒwyfrawmfom;rsm;/ &JwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;ESifh 0efxrf;rsm;tm;/ ,ae@rSpI jrefrmh
qk&d ,S v f pfvrf;pOfygw0D ifrsm;tjzpfrS E_wx f uG cf iG ðhf yvkud o f nf” qkw d hJ a=unmcsuuf dk xkwjf yefvudk f
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wnfaqmufvmcJhwJh rqv ygwD}uD;um; OD;at;ukd &JŒ a=unmcsufav;wapmifwnf;eJ@ udpP+yD;
oGm;wJo h abmjzpfygw,f? “0if˜ 0if˜ 0if” qkv d @dk 0ifvmcJ=h u&+y;D “xGu˜f xGu˜f xGu”f qkv d @dk xGuo
f mG ;
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uG,faysmufoGm;&+yDjzpfygw,f? ygwD0ifOD;a& woef;ausmf&Sdw,fvkd@ aºuG;a=umfºuGm;0gcJhwJh rqv
ygw}D uD;[m b,fvydk gwt D rsK;d tpm; vnf;qkw d m odomxif&mS ;apcJyh gw,f? E_wx f uG pf mrwif&yJe@J
E_wfxGufcGifhðyjcif;cH&wJhygwDtjzpf rSwfwrf;wif&vdrfhr,fjzpfygw,f? ygwD0ifawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u
awmh OD;at;ukd ra=unmcifuwnf;u ukd,fh[mukd,f E_wfxGuf+yD;/ ygwD0ifu'fjym; rD;¶_dŒyGJ/ ygwD0if
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pufwifbm (17) &ufae@rSm “ukefoG,fa&;¶kH;csKyfta&;tcif;” qkdwJh tjzpftysuf}uD;wck
jzpfygw,f? ukefoG,fa&;¶kH;csKyftay:xyfrSm tapmifhcsxm;wJhwyfpku aoewfeJ@vSrf;ypfvkd@qkdwJh
udpPjzpf+yD;/ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; ausmif;om;rsm;eJ@ vltkyf}uD;u ukefoG,fa&;¶kH;ukd 0kdif;0ef;=u+yD;
wyf p k u d k vuf e uf t csck d i f ; cJ h w mjzpf y gw,f ? Ak d v f } uD ; wa,muf t ygt0if wyf o m;rsm;uk d
oHCmawmfrsm;u vufzsm;eJ@rSrwkd@yJ xdrf;odrf;vkduf=uovkd/ ukdifaqmifxm;wJh vufeufawGukd
vnf; pepfwus odrf;qnf;vkduf=uygw,f?
(ppfwyfu - ppf¶;Hk csKyftjzpftysuef @J ukeo f ,
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a&;/ wyf&if;acsr_ef;a&;awGtwGuf ta&;}uD;qkH; ueOD;ajcvSrf;awGvkd@ ,lqoabmxm;ygw,f?
'ga=umifh ,m,Daemufqkwf+yD; a'gufwmarmifarmif ukd taysmhqGJ Zmwftuckdif;ae&mu/ ajcykef;
ckwf+yD; t}uHpnfqkd;awGukd }uHpnfae=u&mu ppftkyfpkxdyfoD;}uD;rsm; acgif;csif;¶kduf ausmcsif;uyf

ae=u&mu ppftm%modrf;r_wckukd jrefjrefqefqef taumiftxnfazmfawmhzkd@ qkH;jzwfvkduf=u

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1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbm (18) &ufae@rSm ppfwyfu tm%modrf;vkdufygawmhw,f? nae
(4) em&Dww d rd mS Ekid if aH wmftm%mt&yf&yfukd ppfwyfu odr;f ,lvu kd +f yDjzpfa=umif; a=unmygw,f?
ppfcsaD w;oHawG em;uavmavmufatmif '&ref;=urf; qufwu dk v f i$ +hf yD; tm%mukd odr;f ,lvu dk +f yD
jzpfa=umif; a=unmygw,f?
“EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJŒ” ukd zGJŒpnf;vkdufa=umif; a=unmcsufeJ@
wm0ef}uD; (4) &yfqkdwmukd a=unmygw,f? 1§88/ 2§88 qkdwJh trdef@a=unmcsufawGukd quf
wkdufv$ifhxkwfygw,f? wm0ef}uD; (4) &yfqkdwmuawmh w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;/ e,fajrat;csrf;om
,ma&;/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fr_ vkHòcHacsmarG@apa&;/ jynfolwkd@. pm;0wfaer_ acsmifvnfapa&;eJ@
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EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzJGŒ (e0w) &JŒ OuUÏtjzpf OD;pD;xGufay:vmol
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vnf; ay:aygufcJhygw,f? ppftm%m&Sifpepfqef@usifa&;vlxkwkdufyGJ/ ppftm%m&Sifpepfz,fcs
òzdzsuaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGudk wef;pD=unfv h u kd rf ,fq&kd if/ 1962 (7) &ufZv l ikd af usmif;om;ta&;awmfy/Hk
1967 ppfawGqefvkyGJ/ 1969 u|ef;qG,fta&;tcif;/ 1969 ausmif;om;yGJawmfta&;tcif;/ 1970
wuUov dk af &$&wkvy_ &f mS ;r_/ 1974 ZGef (6) tvkyo f rm;oydw}f uD;/ 1974 'DZifbm OD;oef@ta&;tcif/
1975 ZGef (6) tvkyform;oydwf ESpfvnfausmif;om;oydwf/ 1976 r_dif;&mjynfhta&;tcif;/
rD;armif;v_y&f mS ;r_/ Akv d }f uD;tk;H ausmjf rif&h ŒJ vky}f uHa&;v_y&f mS ;r_/ ref;aiGatmif-ref;'g0w d wf @dk &ŒJ vky}f uH
a&;t}uHtpnf v_yf&Sm;r_awG/ 1978 ckESpf Auy ,l*sDv_yf&Sm;r_/ 1982 Auy ,l*sDv_yf&Sm;r_/ ref;aiG
atmif uGefref'dkv_yf&Sm;r_ pwmawGukd qufwkdufawGŒjrif&r,fjzpfygw,f?
1976 ckESpfaemufykdif;rSm tkHeJ@usif;eJ@ ay:aygufvmcJhwJh vlxkwkdufyGJv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;awG ,m
,D&yfqkdif;+idrfoufoGm;cJh&ayr,fh/ +idrfoufoGm;oa,mifjzpfcJhayr,fh/ &yfqkdif;+idrfoufoGm;cJh&or#
twkd;cs+yD; aygufuGJxGufay:vmcJhavovm;xif&avmufatmif 1988 ckESpfxJrSm zkef;armfta&;
tcif;uae/ wHwm;eDta&;tcif;/ ajreDukef;ta&;tcif;awGtv,f/ &Spfav;vkH; ta&;awmfykH}uD;
txd wqufwpyfwnf;aom 1350 jynfh ta&;awmfy}Hk uD; wke[ f ;D jrnfaºuG; ay:xGe;f vmcJyh gw,f?
ausmif;om;awGu pwifazmufccJG +hJ yD; ausmif;om;awGu acgi;f aqmifum ausmif;om;jynfol vuf
wGJEkdifcJh=u&if;/ wjynfvkH;vuQ%maqmifwJh r[mta&;awmfykH}uD;tjzpf aygufuGJay:xGufvmcJh&
ygw,f? 'Dta&;awmfykH}uD;[m 1962 ckESpf (7) &ufZlvkdifta&;awmfykHuae wqufwpyfwnf;
ay:xGuv f mcJ=h uwJh ta&;awmfyaHk wG/ oydwaf wG/ ta&;tcif;awG/ v_y&f mS ;r_awGtm;vk;H &JŒ tquf/
ppftpkd;&qef@usifa&; vlxkwkdufyGJtm;vkH;&JŒ tqufjzpfygw,f?
ppftpkd;&[m pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&; t=uyftwnf;awG óuHawGŒvm&wJhtwGuf 'Dt=uyft
wnf;awGukd vrf;v$JypfEkdifzkd@ vlrsKd;a&;t"du¶k%f;enf;awGeJ@ vrf;a=umif;v$Jypfzkd@ tm;xkwfóud;yrf;
cJhwmawGvnf;&Sdygw,f? 1967 ckESpfrSm ay:aygufcJhwJh w¶kwf-Arm t"du¶k%f;eJ@ 1988 ckESpfxJrSm
ay:aygufcJhwJh Ak'<bmom-rlqvif t"du¶k%f;awGukd om"utjzpf =unfhjrifEkdifygw,f?
ay:aygufcJhor#aom vlxkwkdufyGJ/ vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_/ 'Drkdua&pDa&;óud;yrf;r_awGtm;vkH;ukd
ppftpkd;&[m t=urf;zuf zdESdyfowfjzwf òzdcGif;wJhenf;eJ@yJ a,bk,stm;jzifh ajz&Sif;cJhygw,f?
ppftpkd;&[m ppftm%m&Sifpepf vufawGŒwnfaqmuf usifhokH;aeolyDyD/ ppfwyf}uD;ukd
vnf; tqufrjywf wk;d csŒJ wnfaqmufc&hJ if; wkid ;f jynfb¾mtm;vk;H &JŒ &mckid Ef e_ ;f awmfawmfrsm;rsm;
ukd ppftokH;pm;&dwftjzpf okH;pGJypfcJhygw,f? rawmfrw&m; ðzef;wD;ypfcJhygw,f? ppftokH;pm;&dwfukd

ESppf Of wk;d jri‡ o hf ;Hk pG&J if;/ aemufq;Hk rSm &mckid Ef e_ ;f (40) ausmaf vmuftxd ppftok;H pm;&dwt f jzpf uscH
okH;pGJypfcJhygw,f?
ppftpkd;&[m wavsmufvkH; aomif;usef;oltjrpfjywfacsr_ef;a&; aºuG;a=umfoHeJ@ tðywf
wkdufa&;ay:vpDukdyJ usifhokH;+yD; jynfwGif;ppf}uD;ukd wkd;csJŒqifE$JcJhwJhtwGuf jynfwGif;ppf}uD;[m
t&SdefwnD;nD; awmufavmifcJhygw,f? tusKd;qufu jynfwGif;ppf}uD; ykdrkd+yD;}uD;cJh&+yD; vlrsKd;pkwkdif;
avmufeD;yg; vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;awG jzpfay:vmcJh&ygw,f? &SdvmcJh&ygw,f?
(26) ESpaf usmf ppftyk pf ;kd r_umvtwGi;f rSm jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGt J jzpf wjynf
vk;H vuQ%maqmifatmif ðyvkycf w hJ m 1963 ckEpS f w}udrw f nf;yJ&cdS yhJ gw,f? 1963 ckEpS f jynfwiG ;f +idr;f
csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ ysujf ym;oGm;&+yD;wJah emufyidk ;f ðyvkycf w hJ hJ aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGaJ wG[m oD;jcm;pDðyvkycf hJ
wmomjzpfygw,f? ppftpkd;&[m 1972 ckESpfrSm autkdifateJ@w}udrf/ 1980-81 rSm autkdifateJ@
aemufw}udrf/ aqG;aEG;r_ (2) }udrf xyfvkyfcJhygw,f? t"du twkduftcHEkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD;jzpfwJh
Auy eJ@vnf; 1981 ckESpfrSm v#KdŒ0Suf awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yJGw}udrf ðyvkyfcJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&&JŒ oabm
xm;rrSeu f efr/_ vufeufcsa&;ukyd OJ ;D wnf+yD; tay: pD;uae acgi;f rmrmqkyu f idk af qG;aEG;r_awGa=umifh
+idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJrSefor# wckrSatmifjrifr_r&cJhyg? ppftpkd;&[m +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJawG ysuf
jym;oGm;+yD;wkid ;f ppfa&;t& xk;d ppfqifra_ wGudk wqifw h ;dk +yD; qifEcJ$ yhJ gw,f? ppftpk;d & tkypf ;dk r_umv
wav#muf[m ppfqifa&;}uD;awG/ xkd;ppfqifr_}uD;awG woDwwef;}uD;eJ@ aoewfoHawG/ AkH;oHawG
tawmrowf jzpfay:cJh&ygw,f? jynfwGif;ppf}uD;[m ykdrkd}uD;rm;vm&¶kHru ykdrkdus,fjyef@ euf¶_dif;
vmcJh&ygw,f?
wEkdifiHvkH; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rSefor#ukd wzufu vuf0g;}uD;tkyf csKyfukdifv$rf;rkd;+yD;/ ppfwyf
AsL¶kdu&uf vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpD;yGm;a&;pepfukd xlaxmif&if;/ wzufu e,fcsJŒaygif;pkHukd rDSckdtm;ðycJhyg
w,f? &Ekid o f r#ae&maygi;f pku H ae acs;aiG/ axmufyaHh iGawG &,lc+hJ yD; ratmifjrifwhJ pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f
trsK;d rsK;d twGuf &if;ES;D jr‡yEf &HS mrSmeJ h ppfa&;tok;H p&dwaf wGxJ usco H ;Hk pGcJ yhJ gw,f? wygwt D yk pf ;dk r_pepf
jzpfwJhtwGuf a0zefolr&Sd/ uef@uGufolr&Sd/ xifovkdokH;pGJEkdifcJh+yD; EkdifiHjcm;aºuG;+rDawG txyfxyf
wufc&hJ ygw,f? rqvacwf aemufq;Hk tcsed rf mS jynfyukq d yfz@dk taºu;G Ekid if jH cm;aºu;G aygi;f tar&duef
a':vm oef;aygi;f (4000) ausmjf zpfomG ;cJ&h ygw,f? jynfwiG ;f aºu;G uvnf; usyo f ef;aygi;f (16000)
ausmf&SdvmcJh&ygw,f?
Ekid if jH cm;ukeo f ,G rf r_ mS ESppf Ofe;D yg; vkad iGjycJo
h vkd jynfwiG ;f bwf*suv f adk iGjyr_uvnf; ESppf Of
vkdvkdjzpfcJhygw,f? jynfwGif;vkdaiGawGukd jznfhwif;zkd@twGufuawmh rqv ykdif 0gZDpuf¶kHuae
aiGpuULawGukd wESpfxufwESpf tqaygif;rsm;pGmwkd;+yD; ¶kdufESdyfajz&Sif;cJhwJhtwGuf aiGa=u;azmif;yG
r_[m tqrwefjzpfay:vmcJh&ygw,f? wzufu ukefxkwfvkyfr_[mvnf; vkHavmufatmif xkwf
vkyfjznfhqnf;ay;EkdifpGrf;r&SdwJhtwGuf ukefypPnf; &Sm;yg;jywfvyfr_eJ@ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_ aygif;quf
vkdufwJhtcg ukefaps;E_ef;awG wae@wjcm; tqrwefwufcJh&ygw,f? ukefypPnf;&Sm;yg;jywfvyf
r_'%f/ ukeaf ps;E_e;f }uD;jrifrh '_ %f/ jynfow l &yfv;Hk cg;aumhatmifcpH m;=u&ygw,f? rqv ðywfrusrD
aemufq;Hk ukeaf ps;E_e;f awG[m pwif tm%modr;f p 1962 ckEpS f ukeaf ps;E_e;f awGxuf ysr;f r# (17)q
(18) q jrifhrm; jzpfay:aecJhygw,f?

tpkd;&&JŒ azmufjzefqkd;0g;vSwJh ay:vpDt&yf&yf&JŒatmufrSm tqkd;wumhtqkd;qkH;vkyf

&yfwckuawmh uk, d xf w k v f yk x
f m;wJh aiGa=u; uk, d [hf muk, d f w&m;r0ifa=unm+yD; wEkid if v H ;Hk tay:
"m;jywkdufr_yJjzpfygw,f? ppftkyfpkd;r_ (26) ESpftwGif; (3) }udrf (3) cgwkdifwkdif "m;jywkdufcJhygw,f?
1964 arv (17) &ufae@rmS 100 wef/ 50 wef aiGpuULawGudk yxrqk;H t}udrf w&m;r0ifa=unm+yD;
vlxq k u D aiGusyf (1³2) bDvsH odr;f yku d cf yhJ gw,f? 1985 Ek0d ifbm (3) &ufrmS usyf 100 wef aiGpuUL
awGukd w&m;r0ifxyfrHa=unm+yD; 'kwd,t}udrf "m;jywkduf&mrSm aiGusyfoef;aygif; (1200) ausmf
odrf;ykduf tjrwfxkwfcJhjyefygw,f? 1987 pufwifbm (5) &ufrSm (25 usyfwef/ 35 usyfwef/
75 usyw f ef) aiGpuULawGudk w&m;r0ifxyfqifah =unm+y;D vlxq k u D usyaf iGoef;aygi;f (6500) ausmf
wwd,t}udrfajrmuftjzpf t"rRodrf;ykduf,lcJhygw,f? 'Dvkd rw&m;ojzifh ppf"m;jywkduf odrf;,lcJh
wJ=h um;xJuae jynfwiG ;f jynfyaºuG;awG txyfxyfwufvmcJ&h w,fqadk wmh pOf;pm;om=unf=h uyg
awmhvkd@ ajym&r,fhudef;jzpfygw,f?
rqv wygwDtm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH; 'kuQa&muf=u&+yD; tcsrf;
omqkH; tºuG,f0qkH; jzpfvm=uwmuawmh ppftkyfpkEG,f0if xdyfoD;}uD;rsm;/ ygwDaumifpD tm%m
ykid tf zGŒJ }u;D rsm;yJjzpfygw,f? ygwaD umifpaD cwf}u;D twGi;f rSm uke0f ,fpmtkyef @J aps;0,fpm;&wJh ukw d m
pepf/ &m&Sipf epf/ wef;pDw;dk pm;pepfawG ay:aygucf +hJ yD; tjcm;wzufrmS arSmifcadk ps;uGu}f uD; ay:ayguf
cJh&ygw,f?
ppftkyfpkd;r_atmufrSm rqv wygwDwnf; EkdifiHhOD;aqmifygwD}uD;tjzpf wnf&SdcGifh&SdcJh&+yD;/
rqv a&mausmft,ltqukd enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ od'<dwifum jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;ukd vdrfnmr_dif;
wku d f tkypf ;dk cJw
h t
hJ wGuf ynma&;avmuwckv;Hk / pmay tEkynm ,Ofaus;r_avmuwckv;Hk tzsuf
tqD;cHc&hJ ygw,f? ynma&;avmuwckv;Hk tqift h wef;edru hf sc&hJ ovk/d pmay,Ofaus;r_/ tEkynm
avmuwckv;Hk tarSmifz;Hk cJ&h ygw,f? pme,fZif;vGwv f yfciG rhf eS of r# wprSruse&f atmif ¶ku d cf sK;d cHc&hJ
ygw,f? ynm&SifrSefor# ppfzdeyfatmuf usa&mufzdpD;jcif;cHcJh&ygw,f? Oya'avmuwckvkH;u
ajymif;ujyefjzpfcJh&ovkd w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf wckvHk;vnf; ysufpD;cJh&ygw,f?
ppfwyfppftkyfpku pdwfóudufa&;qGJxm;wJh (1974 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya') qkd
wm}uD; ay:ayguv f mcJ+h yD; rqv wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfudk tckid t f rmxlaxmif usm;uefcyhJ gw,f?
47 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'ukd puULpkwv f yk yf pfcwhJ hJ ppftyk pf [k m 74 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk
tajccHOya'ukad wmh bk&m;ocifAsm'dwaf wmft& ajymif;vJr&aom tajccHr}l u;D ozG,f wav;wjrwf
vkyjf ycJyh gw,f? aemufyidk ;f jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGreS o f r#udk “74 ckEpS f tajccHOya'” }u;D eJ@yJ
ukdifayguf+yD; zsufodrf;ypfcJhygw,f?
twkta,mifqkd&S,fvpf0g'eJ@ rqv ygwDukd zefwD;+yD; rqvygwDukd r0ifrae&avmuf
eD;eD;jzpfatmif usKH;oGif;vkyfaqmifcJhwJhtwGuf rqvygwD0if (1) oef;ausmfavmuf pm&if;jyEkdifcJh
&mu/ (trawygw/D jynfoŒl ygwq D w
dk mawGe@J wqif+h yD;wqifh vdrn f mwnfaqmufc&hJ mu) aemuf
qk;H rSmawmh b,fou l rS xGucf iG ahf wmif;qkzd @dk rvkyd J “xGucf iG ðhf yvku d o f nf” qkw
d hJ a=unmcsuw f apmif
wnf;eJ@ rqvygwD}uD; pm&Gufay:rSm csKyf+idrf;oGm;cJhygw,f?

ESpfwkd ESpf&Snf pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;trsKd;rsKd;/ pDrHudef;pD;yGm;a&;trsKd;rsKd;ukd ESpf (20) pD;yGm;a&;

pDru H ed ;f qkw
d mtxd cyfwnfwnf jyÏmef;csrw S f taumiftxnfazmfc+hJ y;D / ESppf Of ESppf Of *s'D yD &D mckid Ef e_ ;f
b,favmufw;dk wufcw hJ ,fqw dk mawG azmfjy&if; azmfjyae&if;u/ 1987 ckEpS x f u J s urBmt h qif;t&Jq;Hk
Ekid if pH m&if; oGwo f iG ;f azmfjyvku d &f ygawmhw,f? ppftm%m&Sit f pk;d &&JŒ (26) ESpw f mausmf vkyaf qmif
taumiftxnfazmfvkdufr_[m tm&SrSm tcsrf;omtºuG,f0qkH; EkdifiHwckjzpfcJhwJh Armjynf}uD;
olawmif;pm;EkdifiHjzpfoGm;&jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f?
wkid ;f jynf}uD;wckv;Hk u olawmif;pm;Ekid if pH m&if;0ifomG ;&ayr,fh ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk csrw S f
taumiftxnfazmf OD;aqmifcJhol}uD; OD;ae0if; (ac: ) AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; uawmh urBmhcsrf;om
ºuG,f0olrsm;pm&if;rSm pm&if;0if}uD;wa,muf jzpfoGm;&ygawmhw,f?
(26) ESpfwm ppftkyfpk tkyfpkd;r_wckvkH;ukd csKyfvkdufr,fqkd&if jynfwGif;ppf}uD; ykdrkd}uD;us,f
vmcJ+h yD;/ 'Dru dk a&pDtcGit hf a&;rSeof r# wprSruseaf tmif ¶ku d cf sK;d cHvu
dk &f +yD;/ wwkid ;f jynfv;Hk tzdEydS f
rcH&zl;wJh vlwef;pm;/ tESdyfuGyfrcH&zl;wJh vlrsKd;pk wckrSrusefawmh+yD;/ azmufjyefqkd;0g;vSwJh wygwD
tm%m&Sipf epf&ŒJ atmufrmS Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ tkycf sKyfa&;/ ynma&;/ vlra_ &;/ bufaygi;f pkH uaomif;
ueif; upOfu h vsm;jzpfc&hJ um/ e,fy,ftm;vk;H uyfoifch &hJ um/ wwkid ;f jynfv;Hk olawmif;pm; pm&if;
0ifEkdifiHtjzpf usa&mufoGm;cJh&wJh rqkH;Ekdifatmif &Snfvsm;eufarSmifvSwJh/ aoG;pGef;n nwm&Snf
tarSmifacwf}uD;jzpfcJhygw,f?
ppftpkd;& tm%modrf;wufvmpu jzpfay:vmor# t=uyftwnf;rSefor#ukd “pyful;
rwfu;l umvrk@d yg” qkw d hJ vufo;Hk pum;eJ@ qifajcay;cJ+h yD; umvwm q,fpEk pS cf sv D mwJt h cgrmS awmh
“pyful;rwful;” ajymvdk@r&awmhyJ “rluaumif;ygw,f/ vla=umifhyg” vkd@ ajymif;vJajymqkd&if;/
aemufqkH;rSmawmh vla&m/ rla&m wckrSraumif;wm bGm;bGm;}uD;ay:vmcJh&&if; rqv wygwD
tm%m&Sifpepfacwf}uD; ed*kH;csKyfoGm;cJh&wmjzpfygw,f? ed*kH;csKyfatmif vkyfaqmifay;vkdufwmu
awmh &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykH}uD;u jzpfygw,f? ed*kH;csKyfatmif vkyfaqmifay;vkdufwmuawmh
&Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykH vlxkwkdufyGJ}uD;jzpfygw,f?

1988 &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD; odk‹r[kwf

1350 jynfhta&;awmfyHk
473
1988 &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD; udk
zufqpfppftm%m&Sifwdk‹ Todk‹ zdESdyfòzdcGif;
474
vl x k a cgif ; aqmif
trsd K ;om;'D r d k u a&pD t zG J @ csKyf /
taxG a xG t wG i f ; a&;rS L ; a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf
475
ArmEk d i f i H v H k ; qd k i f & mausmif o m;or*~ r sm;tzG J @ csKyf O uU Ï
ausmif ; om;acgif ; aqmif rif ; ud k E k d i f
476
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHtrsdK;om;!Gef‹aygif;tpdk;&
1990 jynfhESpf/ 'DZifbmv (18)&uf
477
478
jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD
1998 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv (16) &uf
a&SŒwef; (0J rS ,m) - OD;vGif/ OD;at;omatmif/ OD;atmifa&$/ OD;oef;xGef;? OD;wifOD;
aemufwef; (0J rS ,m) - OD;vSaz/ ocifpdk;jrifh/ OD;vGef;wif/ OD;!Gef@a0/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf
1350 jynfhta&;awmfyHkESifhwqufwpyfwnf;
tm%m& ppftkyfpkxdyfoD; ordkif;w&m;cH}uD;rsm;
rqvygwDOuUÏ EdkifiHawmforw
OD;ae0if; OD;pef;,k
Adkvfrª;csKyf pdefvGif a'gufwmarmifarmif e0w OuUÏ

AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD;apmarmif
etz OuUÏ AdkvfcsKyfarmifat; AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@

AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD; oef;a&$
479
tydkif; (5)
e0w/ etz acwf
1988 =2000
e0w _id r f y d v rf ; pOf e J ‹
ta&;awmf y k H } uD ; &J Œ r_yD ; qk H ; ao;aomwk d u f y G J p Of
1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (18) &ufae@rSm jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvkH;&JŒ wcJeufazmfjyae

=uwJh 'Drkdua&pDa&;qENukd rsufuG,fðy+yD;/ 'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfykH}uD;ukd aoewfeJ@òzdcGif;+yD; xyfqifh
ppfwyftm%modr;f jcif;enf;eJ@ Ekid if aH wmf+idr0f yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGŒJ (e0w) ay:ayguv f mcJh
ygw,f? e0wtpkd;&tzJGŒ ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? e0w&JŒ OuUÏ[m AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif jzpfovkd/
e0w&JŒ tpkd;&tzJGŒ&JŒ t}uD;tuJ[mvnf; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif yJjzpfygw,f?
wufwufvmcsi;f &meJ@csw D hJ jynfov l xl k toufaoG;ajrus&ygw,f? rJrjJ rif&m tukeyf pfcwf
òzdcGif;+yD; wufvmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? trdef@a=unmcsuf 2§88 ukd xkwfjyefa=unm+yD;/ jynfolvl
xk}uD;&JŒ v_yf&Sm;r_awGukd wm;qD;ydwfyifygw,f?
pufwifbm (19) &ufae@rmS Oya' (3) ckudk y,fzsuaf =umif; a=unmygw,f? y,fzsuv f u
dk f
wJhOya' (3) ckuawmh -
(1) 1964 trsKd;om;pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;ukd umuG,fonfhOya'?
(2) 1974 Ekid if aH wmfudk OD;aqmifonfh jrefrmhq&dk , S v
f pfvrf;pOftm; umuG,o f nfOh ya'?
(3) 1974 jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDtm; axmufyHhaiGay;a&;Oya' wkd@jzpfygw,f?
pufwifbm (22) &ufae@rmS e0wOuUÏu “ygwpD 'Hk rD u dk a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyu JG si;f y
a&;aumfr&Sif tufOya'” qkw d mukd vufrw S af &;xk;d xkwjf yefygw,f? a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&D iS u f awmh
a'guw f marmifarmif zGŒJ pnf;ay;xm;cJw h hJ OD;baX; OuUÏ tjzpfaqmif&u G wf hJ aumfr&D iS yf jJ zpfygw,f?
rqv zGJŒpnf;ay;cJhwJhtwkdif; e0wu qufcHvkdufygw,f?
e0w [m wufvmvmcsif; wywfvkH;vkH; ppfcsDaw;oHawG em;uavmavmufatmif zGifh
azmfv$ifhxkwfjy&if; oydwfpcef;awGukd òzdzsufygw,f? &efukefwòrdŒvkH;&Sd vrf;r}uD;awG/ &yfuGufawG
wavsmuf tckdiftrm ydwfqkd@um&Hxm;wJh uyfawG/ opfwkH;awG/ pnf;¶kd;0if;x&HawGukd oHcsyfum

um;}uD;awG woDwwef;}uD;eJ@ &Sif;vif;òzdzsuf z,f&Sm;wmawGvkyfygw,f? *sDo&D;/ *sDzkd; armifjyef

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w,f? odrf;qnf;xm;wJh/ okd0Sufxm;wJh vufeufawG jyefvnf&&Sda&;qkdwmawGukd vkyfaqmifyg
w,f? wcsKŒd òrŒd e,f a'oawGrmS qk&d if &Jpcef;/ &JXmersm;u oydwt f wGi;f yl;aygi;f vm=upOfu vuf
eufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufawGukd oydwfaumfrDwDxH ay;tyf tyfEHSwmawG&SdcJhwJhtwGuf vlxkvufxJ
bmvufeufrSrusefa&;ukd ta&;w}uD;vkyfaqmifwmjzpfygw,f? &efukefrSmvnf; ukefoG,fa&;¶kH;
csKyf ta&;tcif;wkef;u vufeufawGtodrf;cHvkduf&wm&SdwJhtwGuf vufeuftm;vkH; jyefvnf
odr;f yku d Ef idk af &; ta&;w}uD;vkyaf qmifwmjzpfygw,f? vlxv k ufxJ vufeufawGuse&f adS erSm tpk;d
&drf}uD; pkd;&drf+yD;/ *sifuvd/ avmufav;*G/ av;jrm;utp ppfwyfukd vma&muftyfESH&r,fvkd@
awmif;qkad ewmjzpfygw,f? e,fawGrmS vnf; oydwpf cef;awGtm;vk;H ukd òzdzsu+f yD; vufeufyek ;f awG
azmfxkwfodrf;qnf; a&;ukdvkyfaqmifygw,f?
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w,f? umv&Snf=um tm%mukd&,lxm;rSmr[kwfwJhtwGuf tpkd;&ukd zGJŒpnf;wJhtcgrSm wOD;w
a,mufwnf;pDu wm0efawG trsm;}uD;&,lxm;wm=unfh&if odEkdifyga=umif; qkdwmukdvnf; ajym
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tjypfrzkd@/ &efrvkyfyJ/ tm%m&Siftpkd;&ukd qef@usifwGef;vSefcJh=uwJh jynfolvlxk}uD;ukdom &efvkyf
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wwkid ;f jynfv;Hk vSn;f aeavSatmif;jrif;aZmif;rusef [de;f [de;f nHatmif ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;ukd
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pGJukdifwkdufyGJ0ifvmcJhwJh vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;awG[m bma=umifh ppftpkd;&ukd
vufeufukdifenf;eJ@EkdifatmifrwkdufEkdifcJh=uovJ? vufeufukdifwkdufyGJo¾mefukd t"duxm;+yD;
wjcm; vlxkwkdufyGJo¾mefaygif;pkHeJ@ rSefrSefuefuef aygif;pyfay;&r,f? aygif;pyfay;&r,fvkd@ vrf;pOf
ay:vpD csrSwfxm;=uwJh vufeufukd EkdifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;/ awmfvSefa&;tzGJŒtpnf;}uD;rsm;
bma=umifhtEkdif&wJhtxd aygif;pyfray;EkdifcJh=uovJqkdwm jynfolvlxk}uD;u rcsifhr&JjzpfcJh&yg
w,f? wu,fu awmfveS af &;tzGŒJ tpnf;tm;vk;H &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;ukd axmufct H m;ay;
*k%fðycJh=uygw,f? t"du twkduftcHEkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD;vnf;jzpf/ t}uD;qkH;vufeufudkif tiftm;

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ta&;}uD;a=unmcsuf/ xkwfjyefcsuf/ ta&;}uD;aºuG;a=umfoH wifjycsufawG vkyfaqmifaecJhovkd/
A[kad cgi;f aqmif}uD;awGu, dk w
f idk f wkid yf ifnEd‡ id_ ;f aqG;aEG;=uwmawG tqufrjywfvyk af qmifaecJo h vk/d
ppfa&;t& ta&;}uD;wkdufyGJ}uD;wckudk azmfaqmifcJh=uygw,f? tJ'guawmh rkdif;,ef; wkdufyGJ}uD;ukd
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(21) uae (28) &ufae@txd (8) &ufwidk w f idk f rkid ;f ,ef;odr;f yku
d af &;xk;d ppf}u;D ukd tjyif;txef qifEJ$
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tjyif;txef ckcHwkdufckdufcJhwJhtwGuf ESpfzuftustqkH;}uD;rm;pGmeJ@ ppfa&;&nfrSef;csuf tx
rajrmufjzpfcJh&ygw,f? ppfwyfu ava=umif;tultnD tiftm;tomeJ@ jyefvnfckcHwm;qD;oGm;
EkdifcJhygw,f? wkdufyGJ}uD; (14) }udrf/ wkdufyGJi,f (23) }udrf/ vHSpGyfxkd;wkdufyGJ t}udrf (30) jzpfyGm;cJh&wJh
orkdif;0ifwkdufyGJ}uD;wyGJawmh jzpfoGm;cJh&ygw,f?
Auy wkd@vkdyJ autif,lawmfvSefa&;tzGJŒ}uD;uvnf; vlxkwkdufyGJawGtwGuf tm;jzpf
Ekid zf @dk rJoa0gwu dk yf }JG uD;ukd &Gy&f yG cf |cH |H qifEóJ$ ud;yrf;cJyh gw,f? ppfwyfu tjyif;txef ckcw H udk cf u dk wf t hJ
wGuf xifwkdif;raygufjzpfcJh&ygw,f? rkdif;,ef;wkdufyGJa&m/ rJoa0gwkdufyGJ[m vlxkwkdufyGJawGeJ@
aygif;qufEkdifa&;twGuf óud;yrf;cJh=uwJh wkdufyGJ}uD;awGqkdwmawmh trSefyJjzpfygw,f?
e0w ppftpkd;&[m ppftm%m&SifpepfukdumuG,fzkd@ tpGrf;ukef qufvuftm;xkwfcJhyg
w,f? oydwfpcef;awGtm;vkH;ukd tjynfht0 òzdzsuf+yD;wJhaemuf oydwfaumfrDwDawGtm;vkH;ukd
jyif;jyif;xefxef zrf;qD;ESdyfuGyfEkdifzkd@ óud;yrf;ygw,f?
&Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykH}uD;ukd ¶kyfysufqif;ysufjzpfatmif toa&zsufzkd@óud;pm;&if; y&rf;
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a&pDpepfukd taumiftxnfazmfay;zkd@ vkyfaqmifaeyg+yD? wm0ef}uD; (4) &yf&JŒ aemufqkH;pwkwW
wm0ef}uD;[m ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pDa&G;aumufyJG}uD; usif;ya&;yJjzpfygw,fvdk@vnf; wGifwGifajymqkdyg
w,f? vkyfray;&if rjzpfwJhtwGuf EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm; w&m;0if zGJŒpnf;wnf&Sday:aygufcGifhukd cGifhðy
vkduf&ygw,f? pufwifbm (27) &ufae@rSm EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSwfykHwifOya'ukd Oya'tjzpf jyÏmef;
xkwfjyefcJhygw,f? ta&;awmfykH}uD;&JŒ &v'fwcktjzpf EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGay:aygufvm&ygawmhw,f?
'Drkdua&pDygwD trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf (NLD) wkd@ ay:xGef;vmygw,f?
e0wppftpkd;&&JŒ rw&m;ojzifh tm%modrf;,lwufvmr_eJ@ qufwkduf t=urf;zufzdESdyf
vmr_a=umifh ay:ayguv f mcJ&h wJh xl;jcm;r_}uD;wckuawmh ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk qufvufwu dk yf q JG if
oGm;Ekdifzkd@twGuf 'Drkdua&pDbufawmfom;rsm; tpkvkduftðyHvkduf awmckdoGm;&jcif;yJjzpfygw,f?
trsm;pk}uD;uawmh ausmif;om;vli,fawGjzpfygw,f? aomif;eJ@csDwJh ausmif;om;vli,fxk awm
wGif;a&muf&SdoGm;=uygw,f? txl;ojzifh autif,ltzGJŒtpnf;}uD;wnf&Sd&m rme,fyavmXme
csKyfqD OD;wnfa&muf&SdoGm;=uovkd/ e,fpyfa'otoD;oD;eJ@ tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHawGbufqDvnf; tESH@
tjym; a&muf&SdoGm;&ygawmhw,f? trsm;pku xkdif;EkdifiHbufxJa&muf&SdoGm;=u+yD; tdENd,/ w¶kwf
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awGqD ajy;0ifckdv_H a&muf&SdoGm;olawGvnf; trsm;tjym;&SdcJhygw,f?

autif,l/ autkdifat/ Auy/ ytkd0f@/ u&ifeDawmfvSefa&;a'otoD;oD;xJ a&muf&SdoGm;

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a&;tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; a&muf&Sdvm=uwJh ausmif;om;vli,f 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pk0ifawGukd
aumif;pGm vufcHcJh=uygw,f?
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wJhpum; txyfxyfajymygw,f? +idrf0yfydjym;atmiftwGufqkd+yD; rm&S,favmppfOya'eJ@ xifovkd
tkyfcsKyfygw,f? trdef@trSwf 2§88 ukdxkwfjyef+yD; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rSefor#ukd wm;jrpfygw,f?
wzufuae rv$Jra&Smifom zGifhay;vkduf&wmuawmh EkdifiHa&;ygwDawG w&m;0ifzGJŒpnf;
wnfaxmifciG jhf zpfygw,f? wòydief ufwnf;rSm rvGrJ a&Smifom rajz&Si;f rjzpf&ifqidk v f m&wmuawmh
tpkvkduftòyHvkduf axmifaomif;csD+yD; awmxJa&mufoGm;=u&wJh ausmif;om;rsm;jy\emjzpf
ygw,f? ausmif;om;vli,fawG axmifaomif;csD+yD; awmxJa&mufoGm;&wm/ tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHawGxJ
a&muf oGm;&wm[m ppftpkd;&tzkd@ tE W&,fwckjzpfovkd/ t&SufwuGJtusKd;enf;p&m udpPwck
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'ga=umifh ausmif;om;ausmif;olawG awmxJa&mufroGm;apa&;twGuf e0wppftpkd;&[m
‘ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;ESifhywfoufI wyfrawmf. oabmxm;a=unmcsuf’ qdkwmukd
'kwd,umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyf 'kwd,AkdvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ u pufwifbm (26) &ufae@ae@pGJeJ@
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tmCmww&m;r# rxm;onft h jyif twd'u k aQ &mufapvkad omqEN vk;H 0r&Syd ga=umif; a=unmtyf
ygonf? okd@jzpfI ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;taejzifh a&Smifwdrf;ykef;atmif;jcif;/ aomif;usef;ol
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ppftpkd;& ynma&;0ef}uD; a'gufwmazodef; uvnf; 'kAkdvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ . a=unmcsufeJ@
wae@wnf; “ynma&;0ef}uD;. rdbrsm;ESifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;okd@ arwWm&yfcHcsuf”
qkw d mukd xkwjf yefygw,f? a'guw f m azode;f &JŒ arwWm&yfccH suq f wdk muawmh “,cktcg ausmif;ol
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tzGŒJ csKyf}uD;udk r¾dKifðy+yD; Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG azmfaqmifcsi=f u/ wyfaygi;f pk}uD; jzpfay:ap
csif=uwJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;u trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf}uD;udk tm;rvdktm;r&jzpf
=uwmvnf;&Sdygw,f? tJ'Dvdk aemufcHtajctaeawGrSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ a':atmifqef;pk
=unfA[dkðywJh tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;tay: jyif;jyif;xefxefa0zefwJh tdwfzGifhay;pmwapmif ay:vmygw,f?
trsm;jynfola&SŒarSmufrSm us,fus,fjyef@jyef@odatmif azmfxkwfa0zefwmrsdK; r[kwfayr,fh
a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd acgi;f pnf;wifa0zefxm;wJh tJ'aD 0zefpm tdwzf iG ahf y;pm[m awmfawmfukd
jyif;xefaeygw,f? a0zefot l w d zf iG ahf y;pm&Siu f vlŒabmifopfygwOD uUÏ rd;k oD;ZGef jzpfygw,f? tzGŒJ csKyf
[m Edik if aH &;ygweD @J rwly/J vltyk }f uD; wtkyw f pkozG,o f m jzpfaeyk/H ygw0D ifav#mufvm$ awG ygw0D if
odr;f oGi;f pkaqmifra_ wGe@J yJ tvky±f y_ af e+yD;/ vkyaf qmif&r,fEh ikd if aH &;vrf;a=umif; aysmufaeykaH wGukd
wpfwpfcGcGa0zefxm;ygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf tzdk@ pdwfuoduatmufjzpfp&m jzpfygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf u pnf; ±kH;a&;c&D; vSnfhvnfyGJawG/ tzGJŒcsKyfqdkif;bkwfwifyGJawGrSm
'Drdkua&pDw&m;awGudk a[majym&if;/ jynfolvlxkbufuae ppfwyfudka0zefwm/ tpdk;&udk a0zef
wmawG xufxufjrufjruf vkyfaqmifvmcJhygw,f?
tzGŒJ csKyfu tywfpOfowif;v$mxkwjf yefwm/ tzrf;tqD;cH&olawGbufuae e0wtpd;k &
udkuef@uGufwm/ jyefv$wfay;a&; awmif;qdkwmawG csufusvufus taumiftxnfazmf jycJhyg
w,f? EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGtoD;oD;uvnf; e0w&JŒ zrf;qD;r_/ vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufr_awGeJ@ywfouf+yD;/
uef@uu G w f m/ jyefvw $ af y;a&;awmif;qdw k m/ w&m;rr#wr_awGukd azmfxw k w
f ifjywmawG tqufr
jywf vkyfaqmifv_yf&Sm;vm=uygw,f?
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf tygt0if EdkifiHa&;ygwDtoD;oD;&JŒ EdkifiHa&;qdkif&maqG;aEG;
yGJawG/ awGŒqkHnd‡Ed_if;yGJawGvnf; tqufrjywf ay:aygufvmcJh+yD;/ yl;wGJxkwfjyefa=unmcsufawG/
yl;wGJ vufrSwfa&;xdk; awmif;qdkr_awG/ yl;wGJuef@uGufwifjycsufawG tqufrjywf xGufay:vmcJhyg
w,f? a=unmcsuf/ awmif;qdkcsuf/ uef@uGufwifjycsufawG vkyfaqmif=uwJhtcg/ ygwDwckcsif;
tvdkuf/ wyfaygif;pk wckcsif;tvdkuf/ vkyfaqmif=uwmawG&Sdovdk/ ‘wl&mwGJvkyf’ rlt&/ wqifhwdk;
pkpnf;vkyaf qmif=uwmawGvnf;&Syd gw,f? tJ'v D kd wl&mwl&mudp&P yfawGtay: aqG;aEG;ndE‡ i_d ;f =u+yD;/
vufrw S af &;xd;k xkwjf yefa=unm awmif;qdv k y_ &f mS ;=uwmawGukd a*satpD (JAC) v_y&f mS ;r_awGv@kd
twdkaumuf ac:a0: cJh=uygw,f? JAC qdw k mu ( Joint Action Committee) udk qdkvdkwmjzpf+yD;/
yl;wGJaumfrDwDzGJŒ pkaygif;v_yf&Sm;=uwmjzpfygw,f?

rif;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd u;D wd@k acgi;f aqmif+y;D ajratmufypHk eH @J v_y&f mS ;ae&wJh Auo uvnf; Edik if aH &;
tajctaetvdkuf vdktyfwJha=unmcsufawG/ oabmxm;xkwfazmfr_awGudk tqufrjywf vkyf
aqmifaeygw,f? txufArmjynfrSmvnf; txufArmjynf AuotzGJŒ}uD; wnf&Sdae+yD;/
ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk ajratmufo¾mefeJ@ v_yf&Sm;aecJhygw,f? txufArmjynf Auo
OuUÏuawmh/ ‘oef@pif’ jzpfygw,f? Auo vdkyJ wuo/ &uo wdk@tjyif tajccHausmif;om;rsm;
or*~ (tuo) qdw k myg ay:ayguaf e+yD;/ ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_awG yko H ¾mefrsKd ;pkeH J qh ufvufxu G f
ay:aecJyh gw,f? OD;wnfcsuu f awmh r+yD;qk;H ao;wJh ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒ tqk;H owfatmifyu JG kd t&,l
Edik af &;eJ@ ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;/ csKyf+idr;f aysmufu, G af &;yJ jzpfygw,f? ppfrw S w f 'hJ rD u kd a&pD
pepf taumiftxnfazmfa&;jzpfygw,f?
e0wppftpdk;&&JŒ ta&;awmfykH}uD;udk t=urf;zufòzdcGif;wufa&mufvmr_eJ@ tqufrjywf
qufvufzdESdyfaer_a=umifh autJif,l vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tzGJŒtpnf;&Sd&m awmwGif;udk
a&muf&o dS mG ;=u&wJh ausmif;om;awGuawmh/ ‘r'w’ A[dXk mecsKyfrmS 1988 Ed0k ifbmv (1) &ufu
ae (5)&ufae@txd ausmif;om;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD; usif;yygw,f? Edk0ifbmv (1)&ufae@rSm
‘jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D ’ (ru'w)/ (All Burma Student's Demo-
cratic Front) (ABSDF) udk w&m;0ifzGJŒpnf;vdkufygw,f?
ppftpd;k &udk qef@usiw f eG ;f vSew f u kd cf u
kd zf @kd atbDtufp'f t D ufzf ausmif;om;wyfrawmf}uD;
ay:xGuv f mygw,f? ausmif;om;wyfrawmfqw kd m ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ordik ;f rSm wcgrS ray:zl;ao;wJh
vufeufudkiftzGJŒtpnf;trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f? urBmhordkif;rSmvnf; ‘ausmif;om;wyfrawmf’
qdkwm r&SdcJhzl;ao;yg? Armjynfppftm%m&Sifrsm;&JŒ &uf&ufpufpuf zdESdyfr_a=umifh ay:aygufvmcJh&
wJh &v'fjzpfygw,f?
yxrqk;H atbDtufp'f t D ufzf &JŒ A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmifaumfrw D 0D if (13) OD;pm&if;udk Ed0k if
bmv (10) &ufae@rmS a=unmcsut f rSwf (2) eJ@ xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? OuUÏu xGe;f atmifausm/f
'kOuUÏ 0if;rdk;eJ@ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;u oef;0if; wdk@jzpfygw,f?
awmwGi;f rSm us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ ay:xGe;f vmwJh tzGŒJ tpnf;}u;D wckuawmh/ ‘r'rc’ jzpfyg
w,f? 1988/ Edk0ifbm (14)&ufuae (18) &ufae@txd autif,le,fajr ‘cvma';pcef;’ rSm
‘jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ppftpdk;&qef@usifa&;nDvmcH}uD;’ usif;yygw,f? &v'ftjzpf ‘r'rc’ tzGJŒ
}uD; ay:xGe;f vmcJyh gw,f? trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (r'w) 0if (11) zGŒJ tygt0if tzGŒJ tpnf;
pkpkaygif; (21) zGJŒeJ@ zGJŒpnf;vdkufwJh “ jrefrmjynf'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwftzGJŒcsKyf” (r'rc) ac:
‘'DatbD’DAB (Democratic Alliance of Burma) tzGJŒ}uD;jzpfygw,f? OuUÏtjzpf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
apmbdkjr jzpfygw,f?
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ ausmif;om;or*~rsm;/ trsdK;rsdK;aom vlwef;pm;or*~rsm;vdk/ Armjynf
Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_rmS ta&;}uD;tcef;u¾uae yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;aewmuawmh &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ
tzGJŒtpnf;awGyJjzpfygw,f// ‘oHCmhomr*~D’ ‘&[ef;ysdKrsm;or*~’ ‘&[ef;i,frsm;or*~’ wdk@[m
xif&mS ;wufºuGwhJ oHCmhtzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;jzpfygw,f? awmxJrmS txd jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m &[ef;ysKd
rsm;or*~ (awmfvSefa&;e,fajr) qdkwm&Sdae+yD;/ ‘'DatbD’ tzGJŒ0iftjzpf yg0ifv_yf&Sm;EdkifcJhygw,f?

txufArmjynfrSmawmh ‘av;jyifav;&yf oHCmhomr*~D’ [m txif&Sm;qkH;jzpf+yD;/ OuUÏ

q&mawmfu OD;a&0w jzpfygw,f?
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u w&m;0ifenf;/ or*~rsm;u ajratmuf,l*sDenf;/ vufeufudkiftzGJŒ
tpnf;rsm;u vufeufudkifenf;awGeJ@ ppftm%m&Sifpepfòzdcsa&;/ ppfrSefwJh ygwDpkH'Drdkua&pDpepf
ay:xGef;a&;awGtwGuf/ e0w ppftpdk;&udk wufwufºuGºuG tefwkqef@usif v_yf&Sm;cJh=uygw,f?
1989 ck E S p f Armjynf t ajctae
1989 ckESpf Armjynf&JŒ t&yf&yftajctaeudk =unfhr,fqkd&if ppftpkd;&[m tm%mukd

ykid yf idk Ef idk Ef idk f xde;f csKyfxm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? ‘rm&S,af vm’ tvHuadk xmif+yD; wEkid if v H ;Hk tay: wif;wif;
=uyf=uyf csKyfukdifxm;&if; 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawGtay: wqifh+yD;wqifh apmfum;armfum; ðyae+yD
jzpfygw,f?
wufvmvmcsif; xkwfjyefcJhwJh e0w a=unmcsuftrdef@trSwf 2§88 eJ@ (19-10-88)
ae@rSmxkwfjyefcJhwJh a=unmcsuftrdef@trSwf 8§88 [m EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGukd enf;enf;av;rS
acgi;f jyLxGurf vm&atmif ydwyf ifwm;qD;zdEydS x f m;wJh trde@f a=unmcsuaf wGjzpfygw,f? 8§88 [m
t"dutm;jzifh EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGukd OD;wnf&nf!¸ef; xkwfjyefwJhtrdef@jzpfygw,f? 8§88 &JŒ tykd'f
(3) yg “EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;[m yk*~dKvfwOD;wa,muf/ tzGJŒtpnf;wckckudk rxdckdufapbJ a&G;aumuf
yGJrSm rdrdygwDtEkdif&&Sda&;twGuf rdrdygwD. rl0g'vrf;pOfawGudk jynfolvlxk ,kH=unfaxmufcHr_&&Sd
apzkd@ rSefuefpGm pnf;±kH;v_yf&Sm;cGifh&Sda=umif;/ 'gayr,fh wyfrawmfòyduGJatmif&nf&G,f+yD; pnf;±kH;v_HŒ
aqmfwm/ a[majymwm/ wD;wkd;vkyf}uH0g'jzef@wm/ a&;om;v_HŒaqmfwmawG rðyvkyf=uzkd@ wm;jrpf
a=umif;/ wm;jrpfcsufawGukd usL;vGefu xda&mufpGmta&;,lrSmjzpfa=umif;” qkdwJh azmfjycsufu
Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wGudk rv_yEf idk af tmif uef@owfwm;jrpf OD;wnf&nf!e¸ ;f xm;w,fqw dk m &Si;f aeygw,f?
EkdifiHa&;ygwDawG zGJŒpnf;cGifhay;+yD; bmpum;rS ajymcGifhray;wJh oabmjzpfygw,f? “yk*~dKvf
wOD;wa,muf/ tzGŒJ tpnf;wckcu k dk rxdcu
dk af pbJ” qkwd muvnf; wdwv d if;vif;ajym&&if OD;ae0if;
eJ@ rqv xdyfoD;a[mif;}uD;rsm;ukd rxdckdufapbJ/ rqv ygwD 'grSr[kwf rqv wjzpfvJ
wpnygwD ukd rxdckdufapbJvkd@ qkdvkdwmjzpfygw,f? wyfrawmfukd rxdckduf&qkdwmuawmh
cyf a jymif a jymif u d k wd w d v if ; vif ; azmf j y+yD ; +yD j zpf y gw,f ? ol r sm;uk d o m rxd c k d u f & vk d @
owday;wm;jrpfayr,fh olukd,f wkdif (e0w) uawmh EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGudk oa&mfarmfum;
xifovkdajymqkdaecJhygw,f? “t±l;u vGJvkd@ tukefvkH; EkdifiHa&;ygwDzGJŒcGifhay;xm;wmyJ/
'Davmufrsm;wJh ygwDawGudk b,fvkdvkyfawGŒqkH aqG;aEG;&rSmvJ” eJ@ rJhum&GJŒumajymqkdaecJhygw,f?
EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGuawmh zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fwJhOya'awGjzpfwJh 2§88/ 8§88 qkdwmawGudk
±kyfodrf;ay;zkd@/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGeJ@ awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;zkd@ awmif;qkd=uygw,f?
ta&;awmfykH}uD;udk ypfcwfòzdcGif;wufvm±kHru vlŒtcGifhta&;awG ae@pOfcsKd;azmuf zdESdyf
aewJh e0w ppftpkd;&ukd EkdifiHwumuawmh ESmacgif;±_HŒae=uygw,f? taemuftkyfpku e0wukd
±_wfcsygw,f? uef@owfydwfyif ta&;,lwmawG jyif;jyif;xefxef csrSwfusifhokH;ygw,f? EkdifiHwum

aiGa=u;tzGJŒtpnf;awGeJ@ rqv acwfuwnf;u ykHrSefaxmufyHhulnDae=uwJh EkdifiHawGuvnf;
tultnDawG&yfqidk ;f vku d wf t
hJ wGuf e0w tpk;d &tzk@d rcHcsrd cHom jzpfvmygw,f? taemuf*smref
u 88 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvuwnf;u rwfaiG (65) oef;wef axmufyHhr_ukd &yfqkdif;ypfcJhovkd/ +Adwdefu
vnf; 88 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbm (4) &ufup+yD; Armjynfo@dk ay;ae=u tultnDawGtm;vk;H &yfqidk ;f ypfcyhJ g
w,f? Ekid if w H umaiGa=u;&efyaHk iGtzGŒJ (IMF) eJ@ tm&SzŒHG òzd;a&;b%f (ADB) wk@d uv dk nf; Armjynfudk
aiGacs;iSm;jcif;rvkyfzkd@ tar&dueftpkd;&u zdtm;ay;wm;jrpfvkdufygw,f? Armjynfukd b¾ma&;
axmufyHhulnDr_ trsm;qkH;ay;aewJh *syefuvnf; 1989 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dup+yD; ,ef;aiG (927)
oef;wef tultnDESpfckukd &yfqkdif;ypfvkdufwJhtwGuf e0wtzkd@ El&m0JpGJudef;qkdufvmygw,f?
e0weJ@ qufqw H mqkv d @dk tdref ;D csi;f xkid ;f Ekid if t
H pk;d &eJ@ w±kwt
f pk;d & yJ&adS wmhovkd jzpfvmyg
w,f? tdENd, uvnf; e0w udk a0zefjypfwifwmawGvkyfae+yD;jzpfygw,f? bDbDpD/ ADGtkdat toH
v$ifhXmeawGuvGJ&if e0w ukd jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zef±_wfcscJhwm[m tdENd, u ‘atmvftif'd,’
toHv$ifhXmejzpfvmygw,f? xkdif;tpkd;&uawmh e0w tpkd;&ukd yxrqkH;qufqHwJh tpkd;&vkdjzpf
vmygw,f? 1988 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (14) &ufae@rSm xkdif;EkdifiHu AkdvfcsKyf}uD; csmAmvpfa,mifcsKdif
,k('f) [m AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ zdwf=um;csufeJ@ Armjynfukd cspf=unfa&;c&D; vma&mufvnf
ywf+yD;/ avqdyfrSmwif vnfyif;zufvkduf=uum tukd}uD;&,f nDav;&,f vkyfvkduf=uygw,f?
Akv
d cf sKyf}uD; apmarmifu xkid ;f Ekid if aH &muf Armausmif;om;awG jyefy@dk ay;a&;udpP ulnzD @dk arwWm&yfcH
wmukd xdik ;f u acgi;f ndwjf ycJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifh Akv d cf sKyf}uD;apmarmif uvnf; xkid ;f Ekid if u H dk Armjynf
pD;yGm;a&;pm;usufrSm wGifwGifus,fus,f vma&mufvkyfudkifcGifh tcGifhta&;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ay;
vkdufygw,f?
w±kwfjynfuvnf; oefvsifwHwm;}uD; qufvufwnfaqmufay;zkd@ vkyfaqmifazmfjy
vkdufjcif;eJ@ e0w&JŒ tm;udk;zG,f&m EkdifiH}uD;jzpfvmcJhygw,f?
'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pk0if EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;awGu e0w eJ@ zufvJwuif; qufqHr_ðy
jyvmwJh xkdif;EkdifiHeJ@ w±kwfjynf&JŒ azmfjyr_awGukd awmfawmfrsm;rsm; rausreyfjzpfcJh=uygw,f?
oH±;Hk awGudk uef@uu G pf may;yk@d wmawGvnf; ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? Ekid if aH &;ygwt D zGŒJ tpnf; awmfawmf
rsm;u EkdifiHwumtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;ygod&Sd&atmif rdwWLtjzpfay;ykd@wJh xkwfjyefay;ykd@v$mawGrSm
xkdif;EdkifiHeJ@ w±kwfEkdifiHudk ray;ydk@=uawmh±kHru “ rdwWLukd (xkdif;EkdifiHESifh w±kwfEkdifiHoH±kH;ryg) EkdifiH
wumoH±kH;tm;vkH;”odk@ qkdwJh azmfjyr_rsKd;awGeJ@yg wdwdvif;vif; azmfjyokH;pGJvmcJh=uygw,f?
txD;usefjzpfaewJh e0wppftpkd;&[m taemuftkyfpk&JŒ ydwfyifuef@owfr_awGa=umifh
e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;pum; wGifwGifajym=um;vmygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;uwnf;u b,fwkef;urS
e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;pum; rajym=um;cJhzl;wJh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; vuQ%mvnf; b,fwkef;urS r&SdcJh
zl;wJh ppftyk pf [k m e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;pum; tajymqk;H jzpfvmygw,f? txl;ojzifh tar&duef/ t*Fvyd f
qef@usifa&;pum; tajymqkH;jzpfvmygw,f? t"duuawmh olwkd@udk aq;azmfa=umzufrvkyfwJh
tay: rcHcsrd cHomjzpf+yD; ajymqkv d mwmjzpfovkd 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkawGbufu axmufcrH a_ y;wm/
&yfwnfulnDwmawGtay: rauseyfwJhtwGuf ajymqkdvmwmjzpfygw,f? taemuftkyfpku

axmufcHvkdvm;w,fvkd@ ,lq&wJh a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒ a&yef;pm; vlóudufrsm;vmr_ukdvnf;

remvkd0efwkdjzpf&if;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf [m e,fcsJŒóudufjzpfw,f/ e0wuawmh e,fcsJŒudk
jywfjywfom;om;qef@usifwJh rsKd;cspfjynfcspfrsm;jzpfw,fqkdwJhtoGifukd }uHzef*kdufxkwf=unfh
wmvnf;jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh Armjynfolvlxku trSefukd em;vnfae=uygw,f? e0wppftpkd;&
bma=umifh e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;pum; wazmifazmifajymqkdaeovJqkdwm&JŒ tESpfom&ukdyg odjrif
ae=uygw,f? e0w ajymqkad ewJh e,fcsŒJ orm;rsm; ukv d edk vD ufopf0g'rD sm;u e0wuko d m rsuEf mS om
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vkyftau|;ðyzkd@ wnfaxmifcJhwmjzpfw,f” qkdwmawGajymqkdvmwJhtcg ppftkyfpk xdyfoD;}uD;rsm;
[m wyfrawmfòzdcGJa&;vkd@jrif+yD; xdwfxdwfjymjym jzpf=uygw,f? “wyfrawmfukd òzdcGJzkd@t}uH 'kd@
vufrcH” wkd@ “b,folcGJcGJ 'kd@ruGJ t+rJpnf;vkH;rnf” wkd@ “wyfrawmfomtrd wyfrawmfomtz”
wkd@qkdwJh qkdif;bkwf}uD;awG òrdŒvkH;tESH@axmif+yD; ppfwyfpnf;vkH;a&;/ ppfwyf=oZmxlaxmifa&;awG
aoG;±l;aoG;wef; vkyfaqmifygw,f?
“wyfrawmfonftrsKd;om;a&;ukd b,fawmhrS opPmrazmuf” “ukdvkdeDvufopf0g'Drsm;
udq k ef@usi=f u” “aoG;ajymwmud, k Hk ab;ajymwmudk r,keH @J ” qkw d hJ {&mrqkid ;f bkw}f uD;awG &efuek òf rdŒ
&JŒ tcsut f csmae&mawGwidk ;f rSm ay:ayguv f mygw,f? e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &; aºuG;a=umfoH {&mrqkid ;f
bkw}f uD;udk tar&duefo±H ;Hk eJ@rsuaf pmif;xk;d rSm oGm;pku d x f x l m;wmrsK;d awGvnf; e0wu vkyaf qmif
ygw,f?
AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu rdef@cGef;&Snf}uD;awG xxay;wm r=umc%vkyfovkd/ owif;
xkwf jyefa&;tzGJ@qkdwmuvnf; tywfpOfowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ}uD;awGvkyf+yD; EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGudk
ykwfcwf wm/ taemuftkyfpkukd apmif;yg;&dyfajc &efaxmifwm/ bDbDpD/ AGDtkdat/ atmvftif'd,
wkd@ukd ESmacgif;±_HŒwmawG r+yD;EkdifrpD;Ekdif vkyfaqmifygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ awmifpOfa&r&
rde@f ceG ;f rsm;eJ@ owif;xkwjf yefa&;tzGŒJ &JŒ ava=um&Sn&f n S &f iS ;f vif;yG}J uD;rsm;[m noefacgi, f t H xd
r+yD;Ekid rf pD;Ekid f v$ix hf wk jf yoaewJt h wGuf tdyaf &;ysurf cHEidk o f al wGu wDA/DG a&'D,dk xydw+f yD;tdy=f u&
ygw,f? “uae@owif;pm &Si;f vif;yG&J w dS ,f/ apmapmtdyrf ”S qkw d hJ [mojyufv;Hk awGawmif ay:vm
ygw,f?
88 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvxJwek ;f u Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;uawmf a':cif=unf uG,v f eG t
f edpaP &muf
cJh+yD; a':cif=unfpsmyerSm ppfwyfeJ@ vlxk xdyfwkdufwkd;vkeD;eD; jzpfcJhayr,fh a':atmifqef;pk=unf
uvnf; xde;f xde;f odr;f odr;f vkycf o hJ vkd ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif rif;ukEd idk f wk@d uvnf; ausmif;om;
xkukd xdef;odrf;cJhwJhtwGuf psmyeudpP at;at;+idrf;+idrf; +yD;pD;oGm;cJhygw,f? psmyeukd acwWvm
a&muf=unf±h w _ hJ Akv
d cf sKyf}uD;apmarmif ukd psmye&Sif a':atmifqef;pk=unf u avmu0wfoabm
“tefu,f usrukad jymp&m&S&d ifvnf; yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif;ajymyg” vk@d ajymrdwmukd Akv d cf sKyf}uD;apmarmif
u tom;,l+yD; umvawmfawmf=umrS “yGifhyGifhvif;vif;ajymr,f/ wyfrawmfukd xdyfwkdufrvkyf
ygeJ@” vkd@ wDAGDuae ajymwmqkdwmrsKd;awG vkyfygw,f?

EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGu a&G;aumufyGJb,fawmhvkyfay;rvJ/ 2§88/ 8§88 trdef@Oya'awG

±kyfodrf;ay;qkdwJh awmif;qkdoH ar;jref;oHawG wkd;+yD;xGufay:vmovkd EkdifiHjcm;oHwrefrsm;uvnf;
a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifukd oGm;a&mufawGŒqkH+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ b,fawmhusif;yay;rvJqkdwJh tcsdef
Z,m;ar;jref;oHawG pkHprf;oHawG xlxyfrsm;jym;vmcJhygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifuvnf; bm
tm%mrS&Sdwmr[kwfwJhtwGuf e0w u oabmxm;csray;rcsif; bmrS wdwdusus rajzqkdEkdifwJh
tajctaejzpfygw,f?
awmwGif;udk a&muf&SdoGm;=u&wJh vli,fausmif;om;awG&JŒ tajctaeukd=unfhr,f qkd&if
awmh autJe, f l bufa&muf&o dS mG ;=uwJh ausmif;om;vli,f ta&twGu[ f m trsm;qk;H jzpfygw,f?
autJef,lwkd@&JŒ tajccHa'oxJrSmyJ ABSDF ausmif;om;wyfrawmfv_yf&Sm;ae+yDjzpfovkd/
autkdifat wkd@&JŒ a'oxJrSmvJ ABSDF (ajrmufykdif;A[kd) ay:xGef;ae+yDjzpfygw,f? tdENd,buf
rSmvnf; ABSDF ay:xGef;ae+yDjzpfygw,f? Auy wkd@&JŒ vGwfajrmufa'oxJ a&muf&SdoGm;=uwJh
vl i ,f a usmif ; om;rsm; uawmh DPA ( Democracy Patriotic Army) “'D r k d u a&pD
rsKd;cspfwyfrawmf” qkd+yD; ay:xGufae+yDjzpfygw,f?
1989 ckEpS x f rJ mS e0w ppftpk;d &eJ@ 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ xdyw f u dk w
f ;dk yGu
J awmh rwfv
(13) &ufae@ “zkef;armfusqkH;&jcif; ESpfvnftcrf;tem;yGJ” jzpfygw,f? zkef;armfaoG;ajruscJh&wJh
&efuek f pufrw _ uUov dk af usmif;0if;twGi;f rSm Auo u OD;aqmif+yD; usi;f ycJw h mjzpfygw,f? axmif
aomif;csDwJh 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pk0if y&dowf}uD; wufa&mufcJh=uygw,f? ausmif;om;or*~rsm;/
or*~rsm;eJ@ zdwf=um;xm;wJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm; wcJeufwufa&mufcJh=uygw,f?
e0wppftpk;d &u tcrf;tem; rusi;f yEkid af tmif trsK;d rsK;d +cdr;f ajcmufcyhJ gw,f? tcrf;tem;
usif;yae&mpifjrifh y&dowfxkeJ@ tkwfeH&HwHwkdif;om jcm;xm;wJh tif;pdefvrf;r}uD;ay:uae &efukef
wkdif; wdkif;rª; Akdvfrª;csKyfrsKd;!Gef@ ukd,fwkdifOD;pD;wJh ppfwyf[m ppfum;awGay:uae toHcsJŒpufeJ@
“vlpkcGJay;zkd@” trdef@ay;aecJhygw,f? 2§88/ 8§88 eJ@ +idpGef;ae+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf tjrefqkH; vlpkcGJay;&
r,fv@dk awmif;qkcd yhJ gw,f? ausmif;om;y&dowfxk trsm;qk;H yg0ifwhJ 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pk0if y&dowf
}uD;[m ppftpk;d &&JŒ trde@f ay;oHawGukd qef@usi+f yD; tcrf;tem;+yD;pD;atmif yg0ifqifEcJ$ =hJ uygw,f?
q&mawmf OD;ajyndEN/ rkd;oD;ZGef/ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif; OD;wifOD; (NLD)/ 0d"l& ocifcspfarmif/ awmf
bk&m;av; OD;atmifaZ/ OD;cifarmifjrifh (jynfolŒwdk;wufa&;ygwD)/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf wdk@wawG
wufa&mufa[majymcJh=uygw,f? ‘2§88/ 8§88 ukd tck±kyfodrf;ay;vkdufyg/ wyfrawmf[m
bufrvku d b f ;l qk&d if bmvk@d OD;ae0if; ukxd &d if wpnukx d &d if emae&wmvJ’ vdk h zGichf swu dk cf ukd &f if;/
AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif &JŒaemufrSm OD;ae0if; &Sdaewm/ ppfwyf[m OD;ae0if; &JŒtvkdtwkdif; vkyfae&
wmukd yxrqk;H OD;ae0if; emrnfuydk g azmfxw k +f yD; jywfjywfom;om; a[majymzGichf s wku d cf udk o f mG ;
oluawmh jynfoŒl wk;d wufa&;ygwD OuUÏ OD;cifarmifjrifh jzpfygw,f? OD;cifarmifjrifh t+yD; tvSnu hf s
a[majymoGm;wJh a':atmifqef;pk=unf uvnf; “owWdqkdwm vkyf&Jwmukd ajymwmr[kwfbl;/
cH&JwmrS owWdtppf/ w&m;r#wr_eJ@ vlŒtcGifhta&;awGudk csKd;azmufwm[m +idrfcsrf;a&;ukd csKd;
azmufwm” vkd@ a[majymoGm;cJhygw,f? zkef;armf ESpfvnfae@tcrf;tem;aemufykdif;rSm qufwkduf
usa&mufvmwJh wHwm;eDta&;tcif; txdrf;trSwfv_yf&Sm;r_awGudkvnf; ausmif;om;xku azmf

xkwf txdrf;trSwfðy v_yf&Sm;cJh=uygw,f? e0w u ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif rif;udkEkdif udk rwfv

xJrSmbJ zrf;qD;vkdufygw,f?
Auy}uD ; òyd u G J j cif ; eJ ‹ _id r f ; tzG J Œ awG p wif j cif ;
1989 ckESpfxJrSm e0wppftpkd;&&JŒ 2§88/ 8§88 qkdwJh rw&m;csKyfcs,f uef@owf ydwfyif

zdESdyfwJh trdef@a=unmcsufawG=um;xJrSm trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyftygt0if EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒ
tpnf;toD;oD;u &Sd&ma'gifhuae v_yf&Sm;vm=ucsdef/ autJef,ltygt0if topfay:xGef;vmwJh
ausmif;om;vufeufukdifwyfrawmftygt0if vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pktoD;oD;u
vnf; tm;,lvy_ &f mS ;vm=ucsed rf mS ArmjynfEidk if aH &;orkid ;f rSm 0gt&ifq h ;Hk txif&mS ;qk;H jzpfcw
hJ hJ Armjynf
uGejf rLepfygw}D uD;[m ykrd w dk ;kd wufvy_ &f mS ;vm&r,ft h pm; xifrw S rf xm;cJw h hJ tjzpfq;dk awGe@J &ifqidk f
óuHawGŒ&+yD; òyduGJr_}uD;jzpfay:cJh&wmukdawmh txl;jcm;qkH;tjzpftysufwcktjzpf rSwfwrf;wif&rSm
jzpfygw,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDbufu =unfhr,fqkd&if rkd;xJavxJ tcsdefa&mufrS avSavSmf&if;
wufusKd;&wJhtjzpfrsKd;jzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawGzufu =unfhr,fqkd&ifvnf; wu,fh
tcsed }f u;D rSm ta&;}u;D wJh vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;tzGŒJ tpnf;}u;D wck qk;H ±_;H epfem&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
1989 ckESpf/ {+yD (18) &ufae@rSm Auy tzGJŒtpnf;}uD; òyduGJjcif;jzpfay:cJh&ygw,f? ausmuf
nDvdkif/ ayguf,kdcsef wkd@acgif;aqmifwJh Auy twGif;&Sd 0 trsKd;om;wyfu ykefuefjcm;em;vkduf+yD;
Auy A[kdaumfrwDudk armif;ESifxkwfvkdufygw,f? 0 e,fajrxJuae z,f&Sm;ypfcJhygw,f? 0
e,fajrxJ&Sd yef;qef; A[kdXmecsKyftyg/ 0 e,fajrxJ&Sd Auy vGwfajrmufe,f ajra'otm;vkH;udk
0 wyfu odrf;ykduf&,lvkduf+yD; cGJxGufwyftjzpf xlaxmifvkdufygw,f? OuUÏ ocifAodef;wiftyg
Auy A[kdaumfrwDwckvkH; 0 e,fajrukd pGef@cGmvkduf&+yD; w±kwfjynf}uD;xJ0ifoGm;&ygawmhw,f?
wu,fuawmh A[kXd mecsKyfjzpfwhJ ‘yefqef;’ todr;f yku d cf &H wJh 0 ykeuf efjcm;em;r_ay:ayguf
vmwJh {+yDv (18) &ufae@rSmrS Auy òyduGJr_}uD; pwifcJh&wmr[kwfbJ 1989 ckESpf/ rwfv (14)
&ufae@up+yD; òydurJG Z_ mwfvrf; pwifc&hJ wmjzpfygw,f? rwfv (14) &ufae@rmS Auy xJu uk;d uef@
rsm; pwifykefuef cGJxGufcJh=uygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kdcGJ/ ajrmufykdif;AsL±kdtajcpkduf&m
rkH;ukd;a'o&Sd ukd;uef@wyfzGJŒrsm;u Auy ukd z,f&Sm;+yD; tm%modrf;vkduf=u&muae Auy òyduGJr_
}uD; pwifjrpfzsm;cHcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
ukd;uef@ cGJxGufr_udpPay:wJhtcsdefrSm 0 wyfzGJŒeJ@ 0 acgif;aqmifrsm;u Auy A[kdeJ@twl
&yfwnfr,ft h a=umif;/ ud;k uef@cx JG u
G rf u _ kd ±_wcf sa=umif;awG ajymqkad zmfjy+yD;rS/ {+yDv (18) &ufae@
rSm 0 wyfzGJŒawGukd,fwkdifuvnf; qufvufykefuefcGJxGuf+yD; tm%modrf;vdkuf=uwmjzpfygw,f?
Auy A[kdu DPA udk vufeufwpfaomif; wyfqifay;a&;[m peufwHjzpfoGm;cJh&w,fqdkygw,f?
Auy A[ku d kd ykeu
f efarmif;xkw+f y;D uk;d uef@a'owckv;Hk ukd v$r;f rk;d vkud =f uwJh ud;k uef@wyfzŒJG 0if cGx
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oabmjzpfvmcJhygw,f? e0w ppftpkd;&u rkH;ukd;a'o (udk;uef@cGJxGufrsm;&JŒ ukd;uef@a'o) udk

txl;a'o (1) vkd@ owfrSwfac:a0:vkdufygw,f?
Auy uae cGJxGufvkdufwJh 0 wyfzGJŒ[mvnf; ppftpkd;&eJ@ tjyeftvSef oabmwlnDr_awG
&&SdcJh+yD;/ aemufxyf txl;a'owckjzpfvmcJhygw,f? ukd;uef@tzGJŒeJ@ 0 tzGJŒ[m tOD;qkH;aom +idrf;
tzGJŒawGjzpfvmcJh+yD; ppftpkd;&eJ@ ppf&yfpJoGm;cJh=uygw,f?
tJ'Dvkd Auy }uD; òyduGJoGm;&wJhtwGuf Auy udk wavsmufvkH; OD;wnf&efoltjzpf wkduf
ckdufae&wJh ppftpkd;&[m ppfajrjyifrSm aumif;aumif; touf±laygufacsmifoGm;cJh&ygw,f? ta&SŒ
ajrmufppfa'orSm ðryfae&wJh ppftiftm;awGukdvnf; aumif;aumif; jyefvnfqGJxkwf,lEkdifcJh+yD;
aemufausmwckvkHovkd jzpfoGm;cJh&ygw,f? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tustqkH;rsm;pGm}uD;cJh&wJh t"du
ppfajrjyif}uD;wckrSm aoewfwcsufrS razmufvkduf&wJh tifrwef}uD;us,fwJh atmifyGJ}uD;wckudk
&vkdufwJh oabmjzpfoGm;ygw,f? ppftpkd;&u tjrefqkH; tóudufay;vkdufavsmr_awGeJ@ ppf&yfpJa&;
ukd vkyfvkduf+yD; Auy r&Sda&;udk azmfaqmifvkdufygw,f? 88 ckESpf ta&;awmfykH}uD;aemufykdif; ay:
aygufvmwJh tkHºuGr_vufeufukdiftiftm;pkawGukd ‘Auy’ u xda&mufwJh tultnDawG ray;Ekdif
awmhatmif zefwD;vkduf+yD;/ +idrf;tzGJŒawGay:aygufa&;twGuf jrefjrefqefqef vkyfudkifaqmif&GufcJh
ygw,f? ppftyk pf w k avsmufv;Hk acgi;f rmrmeJ@ qkyu f ikd cf w
hJ hJ tcsut
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aEG;yGJawGrSm Auy u wifjycJh+yD; ppftpkd;&u b,fvkdrSrjzpfEkdifygbl;vkd@ t+rJjiif;qefcJh&m tcsuft
vufawGjzpfwJh ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;wnf&SdcGifh/ wyfwnf&SdcGifh/ e,fajrwnf&SdcGifhqkdwmawGtm;vkH;ukd
oGufoGufvufvuf ay;tyfvkdufygw,f? twkdcsKyfajym&&ifawmh rwfv eJ@ {+yDvtwGif; pwif
azmfaqmifcJhwJh +idrf;tzGJŒawGudk “ppfwyfeJ@a'oudk rxdyg;&if óudufwJhpD;yGm;a&;vkyfcsifovkdvkyf”
qkwd t hJ cGit hf a&;udk ay;tyfvu dk yf gw,f? vGwvf yfpmG pD;yGm;a&;vkycf iG &hf o
dS vkd vGwv
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tzGJŒtpnf;wnf&SdcGifh/ wyfwnf&SdcGifh/ e,fajrwnf&SdcGifh&SdwJh Auy cGJxGuf+idrf;tzGJ@awG ay:
aygufvmcJh+yD;/ ppftpdk;&tzkd@ Auy tE W&m,fwm;qD;a&;udk taumif;qkH; atmifatmifjrifjrif
taumiftxnfazmfvkdufEkdifovkd jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? +idrf;tzGJŒawG qufvufay:aygufa&;ukdvnf;
tpysKd;vkdufEkdif+yD;jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f?
zkH=um;&Sif/ zkH=um;zk wkd@&JŒ Auy cGJxGuf ukd;uef@tzGJŒ}uD; txl;a'o (1) tjzpf w&m;0if
ay:aygufvmcJhovkd/ cGJxGuf 0 tzGJŒuvnf; “0 jynfaoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;ygwD” emrnfeJ@ ay:ayguf
vmcJhygw,f? vufeufudkifwyftjzpfeJ@uawmh “ UWSA” qkdwmjzpfygw,f? yxrqkH;aom
udk;uef@ cGJxGufr_Zmwfvrf;rsm;&JŒaemufuG,frSm bdef;bk&ifa[mif; (avmfppf[ef) yg0ifaecJhygw,f?

wif ; rmvmr+ r sm;/ uG e f z &ef a w;&S i f ; eJ ‹ Armjynf E k d i f i H a &;v+ y f & S m ;r+ r sm;
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ayguf acsmifovkv d jdk zpfvmcJah yr,fh e0w ppftpk;d &tzk@d Ekid if aH &;*k%o f u
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trJuu G w f pufav;rS r&Sad o;wJh a':atmifqef;pk=unf tay: vlx&k ŒJ cspjf rwfE;dk r_e@J ar#mv f ifrh [
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vm;Ekid f r±_prd Ehf idk jf zpfvmcJyh gw,f? oabmxm;rrSew f hJ ppftpd;k &[m NLD ESihf a':atmifqef;pk=unf
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awGu&dk &Scd +hJ yD; atmifjrifwchJ &D;pOfawGjzpfcyhJ gw,f? rE aW v;c&D;rSm “vlxak cgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;
pk=unf” qkdwJh tokH;tE_ef;ukd “trsKd;om;EkdifiHa&;wyfaygif;pk” uae pwifac:a0: *k%fðycJhygw,f?
ppftpk;d &&JŒ tm%mydik t f qifq h if[h m a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒc&D;pOfwidk ;f vkv d u
dk dk wm;qD;
ydwyf if aemuf,u S [ f ef@wm;wmawG yko H ¾meftrsK;d rsK;d eJ@ vkyaf qmifc=hJ u+y;D ppftpd;k &&JŒ oabmxm;
trSefukd azmfjycJh=uygw,f?
rk&H mG c&D;rSm nbufrmS a':atmifqef;pk=unf aqG;aEG;yGv J yk af wmh r0w u wòrŒd vk;H ukd rD;jzwf
ypfcJhygw,f? wyfukef;c&D;rSm ppfwyfu a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ um;ukdydwfqkd@+yD; “a&SŒqufoGm;
cGirhf ðybl;/ vrf;qif;av#muf&r,f” vk@d apmfum;cJyh gw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf vrf;qif;av#muf
&ygw,f? ykord rf mS “a':atmifqef;pk=unf ukd róud&bl;/ a':pk=unfjzwfomG ;&if vufcyk rf wD;&bl;”
qkd+yD;trdef@xkwfwJhtjyif a':atmifqef;pk=unf ukdvnf; òrdŒxJ um;awGeJ@oGm;cGifhrðybl;vkd@ uef@
owfwJhtwGuf pufbD;pD;+yD; vlxk}uD;eJ@ awGŒqkHcJh&ygw,f? aemuf òrdŒwòrdŒrSmawmh a':atmifqef;
pk=unf wkd@tzGJŒukd ppfwyfu vrf;ydwfqkd@±kHru a':atmifqef;pk=unf wkd@tzGJŒa&SŒuae aoewf
armif;wif+yD; toifhtaexm;eJ@ ypfzkd@jyifcJhygw,f? acgif;aqmifvkyfwJh ppfAkdvfu “vrf;ray:uae
oGm;cGihf ray;Ekid b f ;l ” vk@d wm;jrpfwt hJ wGuf a':atmifqef;pk=unf u vrf;ab;uqif;av#mufawmh
vnf; “vrf;ab;uvnf; oGm;cGirhf ðyEkid b f ;l ” vk@d wrif±idk ;f ys npfywfcyhJ gw,f? rawmfrw&m; ±kid ;f ys
vGe;f r_udk vufrcHEidk af wmhwhJ a':atmifqef;pk=unf u twlygvmolawGudk ab;z,fcidk ;f +yD; ppfom;
awGydwfqkd@xm;wJh roGm;&qkdwJ@vrf;rtwkdif; “ypfcsifypfprf;” qkdwJh taocHpdwf"mwfeJ@ wdk;0if
jzwfav#mufypfvkdufygw,f? ppfAkdvfu ajcmufvkH;jyL;eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd xkd;csdef+yD; armif;
ðzwfawmhrJh taetxm;avmufrSm txuft&m&Sd}uD;wa,muf a&mufvm+yD; ppfAkdvfvufu
aoewfqGJvk,lvkduf&wJh taetxm;rsKd;txd jzpfay:cJhygw,f? rypfvkduf&wJh ppfAkdvfu pdwfqkd;

rmefq;dk eJ@ yck;H ay:u &mxl;wHqyd af wG qGðJ zwfvi$ yhf pfwt hJ xd wif;rmr_awGay:cJ&h ygw,f? txl;ojzifh
{&m0wDwidk ;f xJrmS wif;rmr_awGy+kd yD; }uD;rm;cJo h vkd wkid ;f rª; Akvd rf ;ª csKyfjrifah tmif uvnf; a':atmif
qef;pk=unfeJ@ NLD tay: wl;wl;cg;cg;qef@usifcJholwOD;jzpfygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ c&D;pOfawG[m atmifjrifr_&cJhovkd ppftpdk;&&JŒ ppfbDvl;±kyfvkH;
[mvnf; yk+d yD; trku d ±f idk ;f qk;H ay:vGiv f mcJyh gw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf c&D;xGuw f idk ;f NLD ygw0D if
awG óudtzrf;cH&wmawG ay:aygucf o hJ vkd jyefomG ;wJth cgrmS vnf; ygw0D ifawG tzrf;cH&r_ ae&mtES@H
ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk óudqv dk @dk vufcyk w f ;D vk@d yef;uk;H pGyv f @dk tzrf;cH&w,fqdk
wmrsK;d awGtxd ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? zrf;qD;+yD;wJt h cgrmS vnf; ppfc±Hk ;Hk qkw d mawGuae tusO;f enf;eJ@
tjypfay;vkdufw,fqkdwmrsKd;awG wjynfvkH; ae&mtESH@ay:aygufcJhygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif
ukd,fwkdifu tckppfwyfu tkyfcsKyfaewm ‘rm&S,favm’ jzpfw,f? rm&S,favmqkdwm ppfAkdvfcsKyf
}uD;tay:rSmyJwnfw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;uajymwm[m Oya'yJ? óudufovkd vkyfcGifh&Sdw,fqkdwJh
oabmrsKd;txd ajymifajymifwif;wif; ajymqkdvmcJhygw,f?
Ekid if aH &;ygwrD sm;u a&G;aumufyb GJ ,fae@vyk af y;rvJqw dk m wk;d +yD; ar;jref;awmif;qkv d m=u
csdefrSm OD;Ek OD;aqmifwJh 'D§+idrf; tzGJŒ}uD;uvnf; e0wukd a&G;aumufyGJae@&ufudk wdwdususowf
rSwfay;zkd@ owfrSwfray;bl;qkd&if tm%mzDqef±kHuvGJvkd@ wjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sdawmhyga=umif; qkdwJh
oabmrsKd;/ wjcm;EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;eJ@ !‡dE_dif;+yD; awmif;qdkvmcJhygw,f? e0wu 'Dtcsdef[m awmif;
yGJwkdufyGJawGvkyfae=u&r,fhtcsdefr[kwfvkd@ wkef@jyefajymqkd&if;/ uef@uGufr_awG awmif;qkdr_awGvkyf
ae=uwJh tzGŒJ tpnf;awGudk +cdr;f ajcmufwm ac:,lowday;wmawG vkyaf qmifygw,f? uef@uu G pf m
awmif;qkpd mawG tqufrjywfvdk xkwjf yefvy_ &f mS ;aewJh 'Dru dk a&pDr[mrdwt f zGŒJ csKyf ('rz) taxG
axGtwGi;f a&;rª; ‘OD;!k0d if;’ udk e0wtzGŒJ 0if &efuek w f idk ;f wkid ;f rª; Akv
d cf sKyfrsK;d !Ge@f u òrdŒawmfcef;rrSm
ac:,l+yD; owday; +cdrf;ajcmufwmvkyfygw,f?
arv (25) &ufae@rSm t}udrf (40) ajrmuf e0w owif;pm;&Sif;vif;yGJuae Burma
tpm; Myanmar vk@d toHxu G o
f ifah =umif;/ aemif Union of Myanmar ( jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf)
vk@d ac:a0:tok;H ðyrSmjzpfa=umif; a=unmygw,f? b,fEidk if aH &;tzGŒJ tpnf;eJ@rS wkid yf if !‡Ed id_ ;f jcif;rðy
bJ e0w oabmtwkdif; xkwfjyefa=unmvkdufjcif;jzpfygw,f?
e0w ppftpkd;&[m wzufuxifovkd zrf;qD;tjypfay;axmifcswmawG vkyfaqmif&if;/
wzufu Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wG&ŒJ xkwjf yefa=unmcsuaf wG jzef@a0+y;D Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG tqufrjywf
vkyaf qmifae=u[mtay: uef@owfcsKyfcs,Ef idk zf @dk / Ekid if aH &;ygwrD sm;ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cGihf rSwyf w Hk ifav#uf
xm;&r,fqkdwmukd jyÏmef;owfrSwfvmcJhygw,f? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; AkdvfcsKyfbkef;jrifh vufrSwfeJ@
(6-6-89) rSm a=unmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;awG&JŒ pk±kH;cGifh pnf;a0;cGifh v_yf&Sm;
cGifhawGukd 2§88/ 8§88 qkdwJh trdef@a=unmcsufawGeJ@ ydwfyifwm;qD; uef@owfxm;wmawmif
tm;r&ao;bJ Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wG&ŒJ 0g'jzefcsd oabmxm;xkwaf zmfciG /hf ynmay;pnf;±k;H v_y&f mS ;ykid cf iG hf
awGukdawmif xyfqifh ydwfyifcsKyfcs,fEkdifzkd@ óud;pm;tm;xkwfvmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? 0g'jzef@csda&;
twGuf ±ku d Ef ydS jf zef@csad e=uwJh pmapmif pmwrf; pmtkyaf wGudk (Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wG&ŒJ pmtkypf mapmifpm

wrf;awGudk) vG,fvG,fulul xGufay:cGifhr&atmif tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd csKyfcs,fuef@owfEkdifzkd@ vkyfaqmif

jyÏmef;vmjcif;jzpfygw,f?
EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGu 'DvkdcsKyfcs,f jyÏmef;vmr_ukd róudufrESpfouf=uyg? EkdifiHa&;ygwDtjzpf
w&m;0ifrw S yf w Hk if+yD; w&m;0ifwnf&adS e+yD;jzpfwt hJ wGuf ygwaD wG&ŒJ 0g'jzef@csad &;ynmay;a&;qkid &f m
ykHESdyfxkwfa0jzef@csdwmawG[m rv$JraoGvkyf&r,fhudpPawGomjzpfw,f? vkyfaqmifcGifh&Sd&r,fh udpP
awGomjzpfw,f? w&m;0ifEidk if aH &;ygwaD wG&ŒJ w&m;0if tcGit hf a&;abmiftwGi;f u “uif;vGwcf iG ”hf
udpo P mjzpfw,fv@dk ,k=H unf=uovkd tckvdk e0w u ykEH ydS x f w
k af 0cGihf rSwyf w
Hk ifav#mufxm;zk@d jyÏmef;
vmwm[m wrifoufouf zdEydS zf @dk vyk v f mwmvk@d vnf; jrif=uygw,f? rw&m;ojzifh uef@owfcsKyf
cs,fvmwmvkd@vnf; jrif=uygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf udk,fwkdifvnf; tJ'DvkdyJjrifygw,f?
ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifhudpP rSwfykHwifrvm;/ rwifbl;vm;/ b,fvkdvkyf=urvJqkdwm jy\emw&yftjzpf/
jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? e0wukd uef@uGufwifjy=uwmawGvnf; jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? “rSwfykHwif”
rav#mufxm;yJ ±kdufESdyfjzef@csdp&mawGukd ukd,fh[mudk,f qufvuf ±kdufESdyfjzef@csd=uwmawGvnf;
ukd,fh&yfwnfcsufeJ@ukd,f azmfjyvm=uygw,f?
ZGefv (21) &ufae@ ajreDukef; ESpfywfvnftcrf;tem;usif;y+yD;/ &efukefwkdif; NLD ±kH;rSm
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu w&m;a[mygw,f? tapmifht=uyfawG csxm;wJh=um;uae ausmif;om;
av;awG usqkH;cJh&wJhae&mtxd oGm;a&muf+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unf u vGrf;olŒyef;acGcsygw,f?
ppfwyfu a':atmifqef;pk=unf udk zrf;wJhtwGuf a':atmifqef;pk=unf tzrf;cH&&m ykvdyfXme
txd vlxk}uD;u pk±kH;a&muf&Sdvm=uygw,f? +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;eJ@ajz&Sif;+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd
jyefvnfv$wfay;vkdufayr,fh pk±kH;a&muf&SdvmwJh vlxk}uD;udkawmh ppfwyfuaoewfeJ@ ypfcwfwJh
twGuf vlwOD;aoqk;H &ygw,f? (uHq;dk csiaf wmh vlxx k uJ aoewfreS f aoqk;H oGm;&ol[m ‘wpn’
ygwD0ifwOD;jzpfaew,fvkd@ qkdygw,f?)
e0weJ@ NLD wkd@&JŒ xdyfwkdufjzpfr_[m wpxufwp ydk+yD;jrifhrm;vmygw,f? e0w&JŒ
pwifr_a=umifh ay:aygufcJh&wmcsnf;jzpfygw,f?
e0w &JŒ wzufowfuswhJ ajymqkðd yrlra_ wGa=umifh rw&m;ojzifh zdEydS &f rf;um; apmfum;csKyf
cs,v f mr_awGa=umifh Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wGukd zGŒJ pnf;cGio hf may;+yD; bmwckrS pnf;±k;H v_y&f mS ; pkpnf;cGirhf &
atmif ajymcGifhqkdcGifh oabmxm; xkwfazmfcGifhr&Sdatmif tqufrjywf vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufaer_awG
a=umifh ZGefvxJrSm tm%mzDqefa&;oabmxm;awG[m EkdifiHa&;ygwDawmfawmfrsm;rsm;twGif;
us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ ay:ayguaf e+yjD zpfygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD;aqmifwhJ NLD twGi;f rSmvnf;
“trsm;jynfoloabmrwlwJh trdef@tm%mrSefor# wm0eft& zDqef=u” qkdwJh aºuG;a=umfoH
ay:aygufae+yDjzpfygw,f? 'DaºuG;a=umfoH[m “[ife&Da';Apfaomf±kd;” &JŒ pmykd'fukd ukd;um;+yD; NLD
twGi;f a&;rª;tzGŒJ 0if OD;0if;wif u wifjycJ+h yD;/ NLD A[kt d vkyt f r_aqmif aumfrw D t
D pnf;ta0;u
oabmwlncD w hJ hJ aºu;G a=umfojH zpfygw,f? (Zlvidk v f xJrmS yJ OD;0if;wif udk e0wu tr_qif+y;D zrf;qD;
ygw,f?)
ZGev f wwd,ygwx f rJ mS &efuek wf idk ;f NLD ±k;H rSm NLD eJ@ r[mrdwf Ekid if aH &;ygwrD sm; tpnf;
ta0;usi;f yygw,f? wufa&mufvm=uwJh Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wGukd OD;wifO;D eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfu

pum;ajymqkdygw,f? NLD u xkwfa0wJh pmwef;wapmifukd EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGudk ay;a0&mrSm

“trsm;jynfol oabmrwlEkdifwJh trdef@tm%mrSefor# wm0eft&zDqef=u” qkdwJh pmwrf;eJ@
“tm%mukzd q D efI xkwaf 0onf” qkw d hJ azmfjyr_ukd yxrqk;H t}urd f yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; xkwaf zmf pwif
vkdufygw,f? tm%mzDqefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ pwifvkduf+yDjzpfygw,f?
ZGefv aemufqkH;ywfxJrSm tm%mzDqefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG qufwkdufay:xGufvmygw,f?
&efuek &f dS trsK;d om;Ekid if aH &;wyfaygi;f pk (XmecsKyf) ±k;H cef;rSmusi;f ywJh a[majymyGrJ mS vnf; “tm%mukd
zDqefIusi;f yonf” qkw d hJ tok;H tE_e;f ukd w&m;0if aºuG;a=umf qkid ;f bkwx f v l u dk yf gw,f? a[majym
yGrJ mS OD;wifO;D a&m a':atmifqef;pk=unfyg wufwufºuGºuG wufa&mufa[majymygw,f? ('rz)0if
EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGtm;vkH; wufa&muf=uygw,f? 'rz &JŒ t"duygwD ‘vlŒabmifopf’&JŒ OuUÏu
awmh “atmifaZ,s” jzpfae+yjD zpfygw,f? (vlŒabmifopfygwv D J ESpjf crf;uGaJ e+yjD zpfygw,f? ‘rk;d oD;ZGe’f
uawmh wdrf;a&SmifoGm;&+yDjzpfygw,f? rdk;oD;ZGef rwdrf;a&Smif&rDrSm vlŒabmifopfygwDtwGif; tuGJ
t+yJu odoo d mom ay:xGuv f mcJ+h yD; taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª; ‘&JEidk af tmif’u OuUÏ ‘rk;d oD;ZGe’f ukd
“rd;k oD;ZGef (ok@d r[kw)f óud;rJah vwHceG ”f qkw d hJ pmtkywf tkyef @J xkwaf zmfa0zef±w _ cf swu dk cf udk af ecJ+h yD;+yD
jzpfygw,f? e0wuvnf; rkd;oD;ZGef; ukd zrf;qD;Ekdifa&;óud;yrf;aecsdefrSm rkd;oD;ZGefu a&Smifwdrf;oGm;
cJh&+yD; rdk;oD;ZGefae&m OuUÏ jzpfvmcJholuawmh ‘atmifaZ,s’ jzpfygw,f?)
a':atmifqef;pk=unf eJ@ wmarGòrdŒe,f NLD a[majymyGJ AkdvfwaxmifòrdŒe,f NLD
a[majymyGJawG &J&J&ifh&ifh qufwkdufxGufay:vmcJhygw,f?
ZlvkdifvxJa&mufwmeJ@ (7) &uf Zlvkdif ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykH txdrf;trSwfv_yf&Sm;r_
awG rkcsvmawmhrSmjzpfwJhtwGuf ZGefv aemufqkH;ywfxJrSm ausmif;om;or*~ tr_aqmifa[mif;
rsm;vnf;jzpf wufwufºuGºuG a[majym=ur,fholrsm;vnf;jzpfwJh jynfolŒwkd;wufa&;ygwD OuUÏ
OD;cifarmifjrifh eJ@ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª; OD;vSa&$ wk@d udk e0wu zrf;qD;vku d yf gw,f? ‘'rz’ uvnf;
tzrf;cH&r_eJ@ywfouf+yD; uef@uGufpmxkwfcJhovdk NLD uvnf; uef@uGufcJhygw,f?
AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif u a':atmifqef;pk=unf ukd uGefz&efaw;&Sif;vkyfaewmvkd@ pGyfpGJ±kHr
u ‘uGezf &efaw;&Si;f ’ qdw k m Auy awG&ŒJ enf;yJ/ uGezf &efaw;&Si;f vkyaf ewmukd &yfvu dk yf gv@dk ajymif
ajymifwif;wif;+cdrf;ajcmufvmygw,f?
30-6-89 ae@nrSm a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif&JŒ jynfolŒv$wfawmf “a&G;aumufyGJenf;Oya'
rsm;” ukd xkwfjyefa=unmcJhygw,f?
Zlvidk f (7) &ufae@rmS ppfwyf&ŒJ txyfxyfcsxm;wJh vkòH caH &;qkw d mawG =um;uae (7) &uf
Zlvidk f ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHk txdr;f trSwaf [majymyGaJ wG ae&mtES@H usi;f ycJ+h y;D ppftpk;d &&JŒ zdEydS f
+cdrf;ajcmufr_awGudk EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGu wkef@jyeftHwkcJh=uygw,f?
ppftpkd;&[m EkdifiHa&;ygwDxJrSm tiftm;t}uD;qkH;jzpfwJh NLD eJ@ EkdifiHa&;t&Sdef=oZm
t}uD;rm;qkH;jzpfwJh NLD acgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd t"du OD;wnf+yD; wkdufckduf±_wfcs
wmawG vkyaf qmifvmovk/d Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wGtoD;oD;xJu vuf0EJ , G f Ekid if aH &;orm;awGuv dk nf;
ypfrw S xf m;+yD; ESyd u
f yG Ef idk af &; tm;xkw}f uHpnfvmcJyh gw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf tem;rSm vuf0J
orm;awG 0kdif;&Haew,fvkd@vnf; xifjrif,lqxm;cJhygw,f?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf uawmh NLD zGŒJ pnf;+yD;uwnf;u +idr;f csr;f wJeh nf; t=urf;rzufa&;
enf;ukd ukid pf +JG yD; e0w tpk;d &eJ@ awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;zk@d t}udr}f udraf wmif;qdck yhJ gw,f? xdyw f u
dk jf zpfvm&
wJhtcsdef tm%mzDqefa&;vrf;a=umif;qD a&mufvm&wJhtcsdeftxdvnf; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;zkd@ukd
awmif;qkad eqJjzpfygw,f? e0w u awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;zk@d wavsmufv;Hk jiif;qefcyhJ gw,f? 'Davmufrsm;
jym;vGef;vSwJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGeJ@ b,fvkdvkyf+yD; aqG;aEG;EkdifrvJvkd@ ta=umif;jycJhygw,f? EkdifiHa&;
ygwDaygif; (104) ygwDu a':atmifqef;pk=unf ukd wOD;wnfaomukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wcJeuf
qENðy+yD; tm%mtyfEiS ;f vku d =f uawmhvnf; awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;zk@d vk;H 0rpOf;pm;±krH u wk;d +yD; zdEydS zf rf;qD;
ESdyfuGyfwmawGeJ@yJ e0w&JŒ oabmxm;trSefukd azmfjycJhygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf u tmZmenfae@ukd r[mrdwf EkdifiHa&;ygwDaygif;pkHeJ@ yl;aygif;usif;y
t+yD;rSm ppfrSefwJh wyfaygif;pk}uD;wck zGJŒpnf;a&;ukd vkyfaqmifoGm;zkd@ vsmxm;ygw,f? trwfae&m
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Zlvkdif (18) &ufae@rSmawmh e0w bufu “tmZmenfae@rSm tmZmenfukef;ukd csDwuf

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ppfwyfu vlxk}uD;ukd twif;t=uyf vlpkcGJygw,f? tmZmenfukef;ukd a':atmifqef;
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wdk;wufa&;ygwD/ trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;wyfaygif;pk eJ@ t+rJpdrf;vli,ftzGJŒ jzpfygw,f? wu,fuawmh
a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifuae w&m;0if zsufodrf;y,fzsufvdkufa=umif; a=unmcsufrxGufcif
uwnf;u tJ'DEdkifiHa&;ygwDawG&JŒ acgif;aqmifawGudk e0w axmufvSrf;a&;u vdkufvHzrf;qD;
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vdkuf&+yD;/ xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifol teJpkom vGwfajrmufcGifh&+yD; EdkifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_awGudk qufvuf
vkyfaqmifEdkifcJh=uygw,f?
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vGwv f yfpmG qENraJ y;Edik af =umif;” qdw k mawG xkwaf zmfajymqdyk gw,f? tJ'o D ifwef;qif;yGJ rde@f ceG ;f xJ
rSmbJ “vmr,fh jynfolŒv$wfawmfu zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJjyÏmef;+yD;/ tJ'DtajccHOya'eJ@
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cGe;f t&if Adv k cf sKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymqdck whJ muawmh (5-7-89) ae@ owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGrJ mS “vmr,hf
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udkjzpfap/ 74 ckESpf tajccHOya'udkjzpfap vdktyfovdk jyifqiftwnfðy=u&ef” qdkwJh oabmrsKd;
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qdkwmawG pwifjzpfwnfvmjcif;jzpfygw,f? Auy ,l*sDv_yf&Sm;r_ (4828) ygwDaumfrwDv_yf±Sm;r_/
tHkeJ@usif;eJ@ azmfxkwfzrf;qD;cHvdkuf&+yD;/ e0w tzdk@ t}uD;tus,f0g'jzef@csdp&mudpP}uD; wckozG,f
jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f?
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ygw,f?

1990 jynfh jrefrmEkdifiHa&G;aumufyGJ
Ad k v f c sKyf r S L ;}uD ; apmarmif ES i f h Ad k v f c sKyf cif ! G e f @ wd k @ vnf ;

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e0w ppftpdk;&u ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD; usif;yay;zdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkuf

wm[m EdkifiHwumhtajctae jynfwGif;tajctaersm;t& rusif;yay;&if ydkrdkqdk;0g;vmEdkifzG,f&m
&Sw
d ,fv@kd jrif+y;D usi;f yray;&if rjzpfEikd af wmhwt hJ wGuf usi;f yay;wmjzpfygw,f? aemufxyf t"du
tcsufuawmh 'DtcsdefrSm a&G;aumufyGJ}uD; usif;yvdkuf&if a&G;aumufyGJ&vm'f[m e0w twGuf
tcGit hf vrf;omcsuaf wG xGuaf y:vmvdrrhf ,fv@kd wGuq f ,H=k unf+yD; usi;f yay;zd@k qH;k jzwfcw hJ mjzpfyg
w,f? tiftm;t}uD;qHk;jzpfwJh NLD udk bufaygif;pHk zdESdyfxm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? txufjrufqHk;eJ@
vlxk,Hk=unfr_t&qHk;acgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf udkvnf; zrf;qD;xm;+yD;jzpfovdk/ NLD
twGi;f u xdyo f ;D acgi;f aqmif awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udv k nf; ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ axmifoiG ;f tusO;f cs
xm;Edik +f yD;+yD;jzpfygw,f? OD;0if;wif/ OD;aomfu (armifaomfu)/ OD;xGe;f wif wd@k ukd axmifxx J nfx h m;
+yD;+yDjzpfovdk/ OD;wifa&$/ OD;0if;cuf wdk@vdk a':atmifqef;pk=unf tpkbufu yk*~dKvfawGudkvnf;
w&m;0if &yfwnfaexdik v f @kd r&atmif ðyvkyx f m;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? NLD udk bufaygi;f pHk uef@owf+yD;
“wpn” udk odoo d mom rsuEf mS omay; v$wx f m;ay;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? 'Dvt kd csed rf mS a&G;aumufyJG
usif;yvdkuf&if b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf tedrfhqHk;/ ygwDwckwnf;u tjywftowf tEdkif&wJh taetxm;
rsKd;jzpfrvmbJ tm;eJwJh !¸ef@aygif;tpdk;&yHko¾mefom jzpfay:vmvdrfhr,fvdk@ wGufqxm;ygw,f?
'ga=umifh a&G;aumufyGJudk usif;yay;zdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufwmjzpfygw,f?
a&G;aumufyGJvkyfzdk@ aocsmoGm;+yD;jzpfayr,fh w&m;r#w+yD; vGwfvyfwJh a&G;aumufyGJjzpf
ajrmufz@kd twGuf tajccHvt kd yfcsujf zpfwhJ vGwv f yfpmG pnf;±H;k v_y&f mS ;Edik cf iG t
hf wGuf tmrcHcsuaf y;zd@k
tedrfhqHk; 2§88/ 8§88 trdef@a=unmcsufawG ±kwfodrf;ay;zdk@/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGu awmif;qdk=uyg
w,f? e0w u ±kwfodrf;ray;cJhyg?
w&m;r#w+yD; vGwfvyfwJh a&G;aumufyGJjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tedrfhqHk;vdktyfcsufawGudk
awmif jznfhqnf;vdkufavsmjcif;r&SdwJhtwGuf/ a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;udk oydwfarSmufypf=ur,fqdk&if
vnf; e0w tóudufyJjzpfoGm;r,fhtaetxm;rsKd;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG &ifqdkif&ygw,f? e0w u
‘wpn’ ‘wpn’ EG,fygwDawGeJ@ ygwDpHkqdk+yD; vkyfoGm;r,fhtaetxm;rsKd;rSm a&G;aumufyGJ oydwf
arSmufa&;udkvJ v_HŒaqmfvdk@rjzpfyg?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf tzrf;cH&+yD;wJhaemuf NLD twGif;rSmvnf; rsKd;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;
(abmif;bDc|wf}uD;) rsm;eJ@ t&yfom;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;=um; uGm[r_awG tjrifrwlr_awG wdk;wuf
ay:xGuv f mygw,f? v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af vmif; a&G;cs,af &;udprP mS rsK;d csp}f uD;rsm;u vsmxm;
csiw f meJ@ “rsKd ;csp&f aJ bmf” r[kww f ohJ rl sm;u vsmxm;csiw f m uGm[r_awG ay:xGuv f mygw,f? 'ga=umifh
ndE‡ id_ ;f r&Edik af tmif uGm[r_}uD;rm;vSwahJ e&mawGrmS / rlvu NLD 0ifjzpfygvsuf woD;yk*v ~ tjzpf/
NLD udk,fpm;vS,feJ@yg ,SOfòydifta&G;cHr,fholawG ay:aygufvm&ygw,f?
tzrf;tqD;cHxm;&wJ=h um;u a':atmifqef;pk=unf u A[ef;òrŒd e,fuae 0ifa&muf,OS òf yid f
ta&G;cHzdk@ NLD v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,favmif;tjzpf pm&if;wifygw,f? “wpn” udk,fpm;vS,f
avmif;u tjyif;txef uef@uu G yf gw,f? a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f vnf; e0w tvdu k s a':atmif
qef;pk=unf udk z,f&Sm;ypfcJhygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJOya' yk'fr (10) yk'frcGJ (i) eJ@ +idpGef;w,fqdk+yD;
a&G;aumufyGJ0ifcGifh rðycJhyg?
wu,fu e0w ppftpdk;&u NLD udk a&G;aumufyGJrSm 0ifa&muf,SOfòydifcGifhay;cJhwm[m/
a':atmifqef;pk=unf ryg0if&atmifvyk /f OD;0if;wif wd@k vkd ppfreS w f yhJ *k Kd~ vfawG ryg0ifEikd af tmifvyk +f yD;
rS/ e0wpdwóf uu d f &v'fxu G af y:vmvdrrhf ,f ar#mv f ifch suef @J cGiðhf yusi;f ycJw h momjzpfygw,f? t"du
òydifjrif;udk óud;wkyf+yD;rS tòydifcdkif;cJhwJhoabmomjzpfygw,f?
(90)jynfEh pS af &G;aumufy}JG uD;twGuf rJay;yHpk epfuv kd nf; ajymif;vJxm;ygw,f? qENrv J uf
rSwfyHkpHeJ@jzpf+yD; qENrJvufrSwfrSm udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGtrnf/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDtrnfeJ@ trSwft
om; oauFwawGyg0ifygw,f? rJqENay;r,hf rJqEN&Sifu qENrJvufrSwfudk rJ±Hkrª;qDu xkwf,l+yD;/
uk, d óf uduEf pS o f ufwhJ ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;trnfe@J oauFwab;rSm =uufajccwftrSwf tom;wH
qdy±f u kd Ef ydS zf @kd jzpfygw,f? axmufcw H mudk “=uufajccwf” eJ@jyozd@k jzpfygw,f? NLD &JŒ oauFwt
rSwftom;u “carmuf” jzpf+yD; “wpn” u “pyg;ESH” trSwftom;jzpfygw,f?
a&G;aumufyGJem;eD;wJhtcsdefrSm NLD ±Hk;a&SŒawGrSm “a&$carmuf” }uD;awG/ carmuf trSwf
tom;awG pdu k x f xl m;=uygw,f? jynfo h vl x
l =k um;xJrmS “carmuf” [m a&yef;pm;vmwJt h wGuf
“carmuf” wifvmwJu h ek u
f m;udak wmif &SmazGa&;*dwu f tjypf&mS +y;D zrf;wmqD;wmrsK;d awG ay:ayguf
vmcJhygw,f? rE Wav;bufrSmawmh “ydawmufeJ@ik aEGrSmv_difw,f/ carmufeJ@ ‘pk’ arrSmEdkifr,f”
qdkwJh aºuG;a=umfoHrsKd;awG ysHŒESH@ a&yef;pm;cJhygw,f?
1990 jynfh/ arv (27) &ufae@rSmawmh e0w ppftpdk;&u }uD;rª;usif;yay;r,fh ygwDpHk
'Dru kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD; ay:xGe;f vmygawmhw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pku rJruGaJ &;udk
tav;xm; owday;=uygw,f? Auo eJ@ oHCmhtzGJŒtpnf;uvnf; rJawGuGJukef&ifawmh e0w
tóuu d jf zpfomG ;vdrrhf ,fqw kd m tav;xm;ajymqd=k uygw,f? 0 eJ@ ud;k uef@ wd@k &ŒJ ykeu f efz,f&mS ;jcif;udk
cHvdkuf&wJhtwGuf òyduGJae+yD;jzpfwJh ‘Auy’ uvnf; a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;udk tav;xm;um “wpn
udk pD;csif;xdk;Edkifa&;twGuf 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm; pkaygif;}uHpnfoifhygonf” qdkwJh wdkufwGef;r_eJ@
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ “a&G;aumufyGJESifhywfoufI oabmxm;” qdkwmudk 10-2-90 ae@
ae@pGJeJ@ xkwfjyefygw,f?
ar (27) &ufa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;usif;ywJh reufrSmawmh rJvmxnfhwJh e0w OuUÏ AdkvfcsKyfrª;
}uD; apmarmif udk Edik if w H um owif;rD', D mrsm;u tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;a&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; ar;=uyg
w,f? ygwDaygif; (93) ygwD 0ifa&muf,SOfòydif=uwJh a±G;aumufyGJ}uD;jzpfwJhtwGuf tjywftowf
tEdik &f r,fyh gwD &Srd mS r[kwv f @kd vlyed ;f wGuf wGuq f xm;wJh Adv k cf sKyfr;ª }uD;apmarmif u “tEdik &f wJyh g
wDudk tm%mv$Jay;vdkufrSmaygh? wyfrawmfu ppfwef;vsm;udkjyefr,f” vdk@ ajym=um;cJhygw,f?
(90) jynfh/ arv (27) &ufae@ a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;udk jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;u wufwufºuG
ºuGvma&muf rJqENay;=uygw,f? ArmjynfrSm usif;yðyvkyfcJhwJh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;
aumufyrJG sm;ordik ;f rSm jynfov l x
l rk q J ENay;r_ &mcdik Ef e_ ;f trsm;qH;k aom a&G;aumufy}JG uD;tjzpf/ rSwf
wrf;wif&ygvdrfhr,f? a&G;aumufyGJ 0ifa&muf,SOfòydifwJh ygwDaygif; (93) ygwD/ ygwDudk,fpm;ðy v$wf
awmfudk,fpm;vS,faygif; (2209) OD;/ woD;yk*~v (87) OD;&Sd+yD;/ Armjynfordkif;rSm ygwDta&twGuf

trsm;qHk;/ ,SOfòydifolOD;a&trsm;qHk;aom a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;vnf;jzpfygw,f? 1960 jynfhESpf a&G;

aumufyGJaemufydkif;/ ESpfaygif; (30) wdwd=umrS ay:xGef;cJh&wJh ygwDpHka&G;aumufyGJ}uD;vnf; jzpfwJh
twGuf wurBmvHk;uvnf; tav;xm; apmifh=unfhaecJh=uygw,f?
EdkifiHvHk; rJqENe,f (492) ae&m&SdwJhteuf (485) e,ftwGuf usif;yay;cJhwmjzpfygw,f?
rJqENe,f (245) ck txuf ,SOfòydifta&G;cs,fcHcJh=uwJh ygwD}uD; (4) ck&Sdygw,f? (1) trsKd;om;'Drdk
ua&pDtzGJ@csKyf NLD / (2) wpn (3) UNDP (OD;atmif}uD;ygwD)/ (4) 'D§+idrf; wdk@jzpfygw,f?
Edik if aH &;tawGŒtóuH &ifu h suºf uG,0f ae+yDjzpfwhJ jynfov l x l }k uD;w&yfv;kH u rJawGukd tuGJ
rcHbJ rw&m;ojzifh zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f xm;jcif;cHae&wJh a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ ygwD NLD udk wcJeuf
yHkatmaxmufcHvdkuf=uygw,f? wavsmufvHk; 'kuQay;cJhwJh rqv wjzpfvJ wpnudkvnf; &GHŒrkef;/
rw&m;ojzifh zdEydS af ewJh e0w udv k nf; atmhEv S ;kH emae+yD;/ jynfov l x l &k ŒJ Edik if aH &;a&csed f jrifrh m;r_ukd
azmfjyvdkuf=uygw,f? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD;eJ@ vrf;ray:txdxGuf+yD; wcJeufqENjycJh=uwJh
jynfolvlxk}uD;[m 1990 jynfhESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;eJ@ toHwdwfqENjyyGJ}uD;tjzpf wcJ
euf xyfrH qENazmfjyvdkuf=ujyefygw,f? &v'fuawmh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf NLD u
tjywftowftEdik &f vdu k +f yD; e0w vdv k m;wJh ‘wpn’ u cGucf u G v f efatmif ±_;H edro hf mG ;&jcif;jzpfyg
w,f? NLD [m 0ifa&muf,OS òf ydiw f hJ (447) e,frmS (392) e,f tEdik &f &Sv d u dk yf gw,f? tm;vH;k aygi;f
(485) ae&mteuf (392)ae&m tEdik &f vdu k w f thJ wGuf wjynfv;kH rSm (82) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f tEdik &f vdu k w
f hJ
vlxkaxmufcHr_t&qHk; tzGJŒtpnf;}uD;tjzpf rSwfwdkifpdkufxlvdkufygw,f? Armjynfordkif;rSm a&G;
aumufyGJordkif;rSm r&Sdzl;ao;wJh xl;xl;uJuJ atmifyGJcHvdkufr_}uD;jzpfygw,f?
e0w vdv k m;wJh ‘wpn’ uawmh (10) ae&mom tEdik &f cJ+h yD;/ OD;atmif}uD;&JŒ ygwD uawmh
(1) ae&mom &cJhygw,f? atmifajreif;r,fqdk+yD; ‘a&$bdk’ uae ta&G;cHcJhwJh OD;atmif}uD; udk,fwdkif/
cGufcGufvefatmif ±H_;+yD; jyefajy;vmcJh&ygw,f? OD;Ek &JŒ 'D§+idrf; uawmh wae&mrSawmif r&&SdcJhyg?
(58) ae&m 0ifa&muf,OS òf yid cf &hJ mrSm (23) ae&m tEdik &f cJw h hJ “±Sr;f wdik &f if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf”
u atmifjrifr_rSm 'kwd,vdkufcJh+yD;/ (11) ae&mtEdkif&&SdwJh “&cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf” [m wwd,
ae&m vdkufcJhygw,f?
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ar#mv f ifrh xm;wJh &v'fjzpfwt hJ wGuf t}u;D tus,f tHt h m;oifo h mG ;apcJyh gw,f? ppfom;awG trsm;
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ppftpdk;&tzdk@ wkefv_yfp&mjzpf&ygw,f? tpdk;&tr_xrf;awGcsnf;vdkvdk&SdwJh udkudk;u|ef;òrdŒe,frSm
vnf; NLD uyJ tEdkif&vdkufygw,f?

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*E< D c ef ; rtpnf ; ta0;/ 1§90 eJ ‹ Ek d i f i H a &;v+ y f & S m ;r+ r sm;
tEkid &f wJyh gwu D dk tm%mv$aJ y;vku d rf ,fo h abm ajymqkcd w hJ hJ e0w OuUÏ }uD; Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }uD;
apmarmif[m tm%mv$rJ ay;±krH u avoHyg yk+d yD;wif;rmvmygw,f? (90 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS Akv
d cf sKyf}uD;
apmarmif[m Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }uD;apmarmif tjzpf uk, d [ hf muk, d f &mxl;wuf+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f?) rde@f ceG ;f &Snf
}uD;awGajym&if; uabmufwduabmufcsm pum;awGvnf; ajymqkdvmwm ykd+yD;rsm;vmygw,f?
rdef@cGef;ajym&if; pmtkyf}uD;axmifaxmifjywmrsKd; ‘ukd,fuawmh odyfzwfodyfavhvmw,f? rif;wkd@
vnf; zwf=u avhvm=u’ qkdwmrsKd;awG awmfawmfajymqkdvmygw,f? AkdvfcsKyfrª;}uD; apmarmifeJ@
eifvm;igvm; rdef@cGef;&Snf}uD;awGajymoltjzpf xyfwkd;vmwmuawmh twGif;a&;rª; (1) AkdvfcsKyf
cif!e¸ @f jzpfygw,f? Auy ,l*su D pd P rde@f ceG ;f &Snf &Si;f jycsu}f uD; xGuaf y:cJ+h yD;aemufyidk ;f rde@f ceG ;f &Sn}f uD;
awG rjywfajymqkdvmcJhygw,f?
NLD ukd ykHatmaxmufcHr_awGay;=uwJh jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;uawmh NLD u b,fvkd
wm0ef,lOD;aqmif+yD; tm%mtajymif;tvJukd taumiftxnfazmfay;rvJqkdwm pdwftm;xuf
oefpGm apmifh=unfhae=uygw,f? EkdifiHwumoH±kH;rsm;uvnf; NLD ±kH;csKyfukd vma&muf+yD; awGŒqkH
ar;jref;wm pkpH rf;avhvmwm/ tm;ay;axmufcw H mawG vkyaf qmif=uygw,f? tzrf;qD;cH&wJh NLD
acgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf vGwfajrmufa&;ukdvnf; tEkdif& NLD tygt0if EkdifiHa&;tif
tm;pktoD;oD;u e0w ukd awmif;qkd=uygw,f? ,l*sDtjzpf v_yf&Sm;ae=u&wJh Auo/ wuo
ausmif;om;tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;tyg &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; tzGŒJ tpnf;awGuvnf; v_y&f mS ;awmif;qkd
=uygw,f?
e0w u tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;udpPukd wpufrSrajymqkdyJ/ NLD ukd wkd;+yD; zdESdyfa&;eJ@
a':atmifqef;pk=unf ukdwkd;+yD; tykyfcsa&;ukdom OD;wnfvkyfaqmifaeygw,f? 5-7-1989
ae@wkef;u owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrSm “vmr,fh v$wfawmfu zGJŒpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd a&;qGJ
twnf ð y=u&ef ok d @ r[k w f 1947 ck E S p f zG J Œ pnf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'uk d j zpf a p 1974 zG J Œ pnf ; yk H
tajccHOya'ukdjzpfapvkd tyfovkd jyifqiftwnfðy=u&ef” qkdwJhoabmrsKd; wdwdvif;vif;
ajymqk d c J h w muk d arh a zsmuf y pf v k d u f + yD ; “zG J Œ pnf ; tk y f c sKyf y k H tajccH O ya'a&;qG J a &;” uk d
toHay;vmcJhygw,f? wpn om tEkdif&r,fqkd&ifawmh csufcsif; v$Jay;vkdufrSmjzpf+yD; NLD
tEk d i f & wJ h t wG u f aemuf w qif h ta=umif ; &S m zk d @ jyif v mwmjzpf y g w,f ? wpn om
tEkdif&r,fqkd&if v$wfawmfac:/ v$wfawmfrSm 1947 tajccHOya'jzpfjzpf/ 1974 tajccHOya'ukd
jzpf j zpf u k d oif h o vk d j yif q if ,m,D t wnf ð y+yD ; / tJ ' D t wnf ð yvk d u f w J h tajccH O ya'eJ @
tm%mukv d aJ$ jymif;/ aemufrS tajccHOya'topfudk tJ'v D w$ af wmfu a&;qGaJ &;qkw d m jzpfrmS jzpfyg
w,f? tJ'Dv$wfawmfuyJ t&ifujzpfjzpfcJhor#tm;vkH; oifykef;ajcapqkdwmvkyf+yD; ppftkyfpk&JŒ
&mZ0wfra_ wG jypfra_ wGtm;vk;H ukv d nf; tay;t,l twkid t f azmufnn D D jynfz;Hk um;csay; vku d zf @dk
jzpfygw,f? tckawmh wpn u cGucf u G v f ef+yD; NLD u atmifycJG w H t hJ wGuf rsuEf mS ajymif wku d zf @dk
}uHzefvSD;v$Jajymqkd tm;xkwfvmwmjzpfygw,f? zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wkdif;ukd puULpkwf
vkyyf pf±rHk u/ wzufowf t+rw J rf;zsuq

f ;D vmcJwh hJ ppftyk pf uk zGŒJ pnf;yktH ajccHOya' ta&;}u;D a=umif;/
1990 ckEpS f e0w taeeJ@ ajymqkv d mjyefwmjzpfygw,f? Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }uD; apmarmifu “Ekid if w
H Ekid if rH mS
ta&;t}uD;qkH;u zGJŒpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ayghAsm”vkd@ rJhum&GJŒumeJ@ ajymqkdvmygw,f? (1947 ckESpf
zGŒJ pnf;yktH ajccHOya'ukad &m 1974 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'qkw d mukyd g um,uHajrmuf w&m;0if
zsufodrf;cJhwm ppfwyfyJqkdwmawmh arhaeykH&ygw,f?)
tEkid &f jynfovl x l ak xmufcrH t _ rsm;qk;H & NLD u v$waf wmfudk ac:ay;zk@d e0w tpk;d &ukd
w&m;0ifawmif;qdk wifjyygw,f? NLD uae a&;qGJxm;wJh zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' (,m,D)
eJ@ tm%mv$Jajymif;&,la&;ukd aqmif&Gufr,fqkd&ifvnf; aqmif&Gufvkd@&EdkifwJh tajctaersKd;jzpfyg
w,f? a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; &ufaygif; (60) twGif; ac:ay;&±kd;xkH;pH&SdwJh v$wfawmfukd ac:ray;wJht
wGuf NLD uae (a&G;aumufyjJG zpfwhJ arv 27 &ufuae &uf 60 t=um) Zlvidk f (28) (29) &uf
ae@awGrSm NLD A[kdOD;pD;tzGJŒeJ@ v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;/ yxrt}udrf n‡dE_dif;tpnf;
ta0;}uD;ukd usif;ybkd@ ac:,lvkdufygw,f?
NLD &JŒ tpnf;ta0;rac:cifw&uf/ 1990 jynfh/ Zlvkdif (27) &ufae@rSmyJ e0w ppfpkd;&u
a=unmcsuftrdef@trSwf 1§90udk xkwfjyefa=unmvkdufygw,f? e0w twGif;a&;rª; (1) AkdvfcsKyf
cif!Gef@vufrSwfeJ@ xGufay:vmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? tykd'faygif; (21) ykd'fyg0ifwJh a=unmcsufjzpfyg
w,f? “e0w [m ppftpkd;&jzpfw,f? rm&S,favmOya'eJ@ tkyfcsKyfaewJh ppftpkd;&jzpfw,f?”
qkdwmawG azmfjy±kHwifru e0w [m EkdifiHa&;tpkd;&r[kwfwJhtwGuf b,fvufeufukdifaomif;
use;f oltzGŒJ tpnf;eJ@rv S nf; Ekid if aH &;udpaP wG aqG;aEG;rSmr[kwb f ;l qkwd mvnf; azmfjyygw,f? arv
wkef;u ðyvkyfay;cJhwJh a&G;aumufyGJ[m zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;twGufomjzpf
w,fqw dk mukd azmf!e¸ ;f +yD;/ zGŒJ pnf;&r,fv h w$ af wmf[m zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyaHk &;qGaJ &; v$waf wmfomjzpf
w,fqkdwmukd azmfjyygw,f? vlxku a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvkdufwJh v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f
rsm;[m tem*wfEkdifiHawmftwGuf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;wm0ef&SdolawGomjzpf
w,fqkdwmukd azmfjyygw,f? 1§90 &JŒ tESpfcsKyfoabmuawmh/ zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHa&;qGJa&; v$wf
awmfomjzpfwJhtwGuf tm%m (3) &yfpvkH;ukd tvkdtavsmuf &&SdrSmr[kwf/ zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHt
ajccHOya'ukd a&;qGJ+yD;/ Oya'eJ@tnD ay:xGufvmwJh tpkd;&ukdom e0wu tm%m tyfESif;rSmjzpf
w,f? v$waf wmfudk e0w uom ac:ay;rSmjzpfw,fqw dk meJ@ Ekid if aH wmftm%mukd v$aJ jymif;&,la&;
twGuf tpk;d &w&yf zGŒJ pnf;zk@d ,m,DzŒJG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'w&yf a&;qG+J yD; vkyaf qmifrmS rsKd ;ukd
e0w u vufcHrSmr[kwfbl;qkdwmyJjzpfygw,f?
1§90 &JŒ &nf&G,fcsufu NLD &JŒ v$wfawmfac:a&; óud;yrf;csufrSefor#ukd jiif;y,f+yD;/
wm;jrpfydwfyif +cdrf;ajcmufvkdufwmjzpfygw,f? ukd,fh[m ukd,fv$wfawmfac:cGifhr&Sd ,m,DzGJŒpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'eJ@ tm%mv$Jajymif;&,la&; tpkd;&zGJŒpnf;a&;vkyfcGifhr&Sd/ vkyf&if ta&;,lr,fqkdwJh
ajymifajymifwif;wif; ydwfyifwm;jrpfcsufjzpfygw,f? *E<Dcef;rtpnf;ta0;}uD;rSm v$wfawmfukd,f
pm;vS,frsmu v$wfawmfzGJŒpnf;rSm tpkd;&zGJŒpnf;rSmukd óudwifydwfyifwm;jrpf +cdrf;ajcmufvkdufwm
jzpfygw,f?
tESpfom&tm;jzifh ajym&r,fqkd&if e0w&JŒ 1§90 [m wpn rEkdifyJ NLD tEkdif&cJh+yD;/

tEkid &f wJh NLD ukd tm%mv$aJ jymif;ray;csiw f t hJ wGuf wrifoufouf qifa0S@&efa&Smif ta=umif;
jy&if; ukd,fhwHawG;ukd,fjyefòrd&if;/ rsufESmajymifwkduf+yD; npfywfpkwfyJhjyvdkufwmjzpfygw,f?
Zlvidk f (28) eJ@ (29) &ufae@rmS *E<cD ef;rtpnf;ta0;}u;D ay:xGe;f vmygw,f? OuUÏ OD;wifO;D
eJ@ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; a':atmifqef;pk=unf wkd@ tzrf;tqD;cHxm;&wJhtwGuf ,m,D OuUÏ
OD;=unfarmif u OD;pD;usif;ycJhwmjzpfygw,f? &efukefòrdŒ Akdvfatmifausmfvrf;/ *E<Dcef;rrSm usif;ywJh
twGuf *E<Dcef;rtpnf;ta0;vkd@ trnfwGifcJhygw,f? NLD v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,ftm;vkH;eD;yg;
tygt0if/ NLD tzGJŒ0ifaygif; (500) ausmf wufa&mufcJh=uygw,f? vlxk}uD;u *E<Dcef;r tpnf;
ta0;}uD;u bm&v'fawGrsm; xGuaf y:vmrvJqw dk m 0kid ;f &Hapmif=h unfh em;pGichf =hJ uovkd Ekid if w H umh
owif;rD'D,mrsm;/ oH±kH;rsm;uvnf; teD;uyfapmifh=unfhcJh=uygw,f? “*E<Dcef;rtpnf;ta0;
qk;H jzwfcsu”f qkw d m xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? (10000) avmuf&w dS hJ vltyk }f uD;ukd *E<cD ef;rqk;H jzwfcsuf
ukd zwf=um;jycJyh gw,f? *E<cD ef;rqk;H jzwfcsuu f awmh &ufaygi;f (60) twGi;f (pufwifbmv aemuf
qkH;xm;+yD;) v$wfawmfac:ay;a&;/ (taxGaxGo[Zmwjzpfa&; tmCmwuif;pifa&;rlrsm;eJ@ acsm
arGŒpGm tm%mv$aJ jymif;a&;wk@d twGu)f e0wtpk;d &eJ@ NLD awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;qkw d mukd awmif;qkcd hJ
ygw,f?
1§90 a=unmcsufukd xkwfjyef+yD; v$wfawmfac:,la&;ukd wm;jrpfcJhwJh e0w +idrfyd tpkd;&
[m *E<cD ef;rqk;H jzwfcsuf xGuaf y:t+yD;rSm NLD v$waf wmfu, dk pf m;vS,af wGe@J NLD tzGŒJ csKyftay:
ajymifajymifwif;wif; zdESdyfnpfywf apmfum;wmawG qufwkdufvkyfaqmifygawmhw,f? tm%m
v$aJ jymif;ay;a&;udk jiif;y,f+yD; tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;zk@d awmif;qko d al wGudk tcsKyfxJ axmifxJ yk@d a&;
ukdyJ OD;wnfvkyfaqmifygw,f?
jynfwiG ;f vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;e,fajru tiftm;pkrsm;ua&m/ jynfwiG ;f Auo/ wuo/
oHCmhomr*~D/ &[ef;ysKd pwJhtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;ua&m/ EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;uyg tm%m v$Jajymif;
aya&;/ NLD eJ@ e0w awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&;ukd awmif;qdv k m=uygw,f? Ekid if w H umuvnf; a&G;aumuf
yGJ&v'fukd av;pm;vkdufemzkd@ ajymqkdvmcJhygw,f?
1990 jynfhESpf/ =o*kwfv (8) &uf[m &Spfav;vkH; (2) ESpfajrmufjzpfygw,f? &SpfavvkH;
(2) ESpfajrmuf tóudv_yf&Sm;r_awG &efukefeJ@ rE Wav;òrdŒ}uD;rsm;awGrSm xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? e0w
&JŒ tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;a&; jiif;qefrt _ y:rSm e0w qef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG wk;d +yD; ay:xGuv f myg
w,f? txl;ojzifh txufArmjynf rE Wav;òrdŒ[m EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG&JŒ A[kdcsufrvkdjzpfvmyg
w,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf txdef;todrf;cH&+yD;aemufykdif;/ &efukefòrd@}uD;rSm EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG
,m,D tmaysmo h mG ;&+y;D / rE aW v;òrŒd rSm v_y&f mS ;r_awGw;dk jrifx h u G af y:vmcJyh gw,f? &[ef;oHCmawmf
awG trsm;qkH;&SdwJh rE Wav;òrdŒrSm oHCmawmfawG trsm;pk}uD;uvnf; 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawGukd
tm;ay;axmufu=l uwJt h wGuf rE aW v;òrŒd [m Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ tvkyEf idk q f ;Hk ae&mjzpfvmygw,f?
ppftpkd;&u Auy ,l*sDv_yf&Sm;r_ukd txl;owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ}uD;eJ@ &Sif;vif;+yD;wJhtjyif
+idrf;tzGJŒjzpfoGm;wJh cGJxGufrsm;qDu &&SdcJhwJh &Spfav;vkH;umvtwGif; Auy OuUÏ ocifAodef;wif
tyg A[kdacgif;aqmifwcsKdŒ&JŒ vuf&Sdtajctaetay: okH;oyfaqG;aEG;ae=uwJh AD'D,kdwdwfacGudk
wjynfvkH;odatmif jyo+yD; Auy qef@usifa&;/ ,l*sDv_yf&Sm;r_ o±kyfzsufa&;awG tqufrjywfvkyf

aewmawmif vlxu k Auy ukd rqef@usi/f e0w uko d m qef@usi=f uygw,f? rE aW v;bke;f awmf}uD;
wcsKdŒuqkd&if “[kwfw,fa[h/ 'kd@vJ buy yJ? bkef;}uD;ausmif;om;ygwD buy av” vkd@awmif
ajymqkd+yD; “Auy” nD!Gwfa&; ta&;}uD;a=umif; xkwfazmfvm=uygw,f? q&mawmf OD;a&0w
acgi;f aqmifwhJ “oHCmhor*~”D u OD;aqmif+yD; “trsK;d om;tusK;d pD;yGm;umuG,af pmihaf &;aumfrwD”
(NISC) ,l*st D zGŒJ }u;D ay:ayguv f mygw,f? ‘NISC’ rSm txufArmjynf Auo/ tzsuo f rd ;f cHEidk if H
a&;ygwD (3)ck/ q&mrsm;or*~/ v,form;or*~/ a&SŒaersm;or*~/ aps;csKad wmfor*~ pwJh tzGŒJ tpnf;
awGyg0if+yD; e0w qef@usifa&; EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGukd azmf=uzkd@jzpfygw,f?
&efukefòrdŒrSm aºuG;a=umfoHawGatmf[pf+yD; csDwufqENjyr_awG r&Sdawmhoavmuf jzpfoGm;
ayr,fh rE Wav;rSmawmh ausmif;om;vli,frsm;u pufbD;ukd,fpDeJ@ aºuG;a=umfoHawG atmf[pf+yD;/
ajymufusm; csDwufqENjyyGJrsKd;awG ae&mtESH@ azmfxkwfqifE$J=uygw,f? =o*kwfv (5) &uf (6)&uf
(7) &ufae@awGrmS txu (3)/ txu (5)/ txu (9)/ txu (15)/ txu (16)/ txu (1)/
txu (2) wkd@rSm ausmif;om;awGpka0+yD; aºuG;a=umfoH atmf[pfqENjy=uwmawG ay:aygufvmcJh
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OD;aqmif+yD; Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ypHk o
H pfwckukd azmfaqmifvu dk yf gw,f? &Spaf v;vk;H txdr;f trSwf qGr;f
avmif;yGJ usi;f ycJw h mjzpfygw,f? &[ef;oHCmtyg; (1000) avmufu oydwu f , dk pf u
D idk +f yD; ºuGvm
awmfr=l u+yD;/ owfrw S xf m;whaJ e&mrsm;uae ausmif;om;vli,fxk jynfov l x l u k ae qGr;f avmif;
=uwmjzpfygw,f?
vkòH cHa&;wyf/ ppfwyfawGu oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ pDwef;vSnv hf nfy/JG vli,fx&k ŒJ qGr;f avmif;yGJ
ukd òyduGJatmif òzdcGJzkd@ óud;pm;wJhtwGuf ±kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfyGm;&+yD; aºuG;a=umf atmf[pfqENjyyGJ}uD;
jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? xkH;pHtwkdif; ppfwyfu aoewfeJ@ ypfcwft=urf;zuf+yD; òzdcGJcJhygw,f? xdckduf'%f
&m&cJhwJh oHCmawmfawG&SdcJhygw,f? oydwfawGusuGJatmif rzG,fr&mðyrlwm ouFef;ukd twif;qGJ
&rf;wmrsKd;awG jzpfay:cJh&ygw,f? bDbDpD/ AGDtkdat/ atmvftif'D, owif;XmawGu oHCmawmf
rsm;&JŒ pDwef;vSnfhvnf qENjyyGJowif;ukd xkwfv$ifhcJh=uwJhtwGuf ppftpkd;&ukd,fwkdifu w0ufzkH;
w0ufazmf ykHpHrsKd;eJ@ rE Wav;òrdŒ oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ v_yf&Sm;r_owif;ukd azmfjycJh&ygw,f?
ppftpk;d &u tEkid &f NLD eJ@ v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;tay: yk+d yD; zdEydS zf @dk tm;xkwv f mcJh
ygw,f? rE Wav; oHCmxkukdvnf; ESdyfuGyfEkdifzkd@ wkd;jr‡ifh}uHpnfvmcJhygw,f?
pufwifbm (6) &ufae@rmS NLD ,m,D OuUÏ OD;=unfarmif eJ@ OD;cspcf ikd f wk@d udk e0w ppftpk;d &
u zrf;qD;vkdufygw,f? NLD A[kdtvkyftr_aqmifawGeJ@ A[kdOD;pD;tzGJŒ0if awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ukd
vnf; ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;jy zrf;qD;axmifcswmawG vkyfaqmifvmygw,f? jynfe,f/ wkdif;/ òrdŒe,f/
&yfuGuf/ aus;&Gm toD;oD;u NLD ±kH;awGukd 0ifa&muf&SmazGwm pm&Gufpmwrf;awGukd odrf;qnf;
wmrsK;d awGvnf; ae&mtES@H vkyaf qmifzEd ydS v f mcJyh gw,f? NLD acgi;f aqmifwcsKŒd v$waf wmfu, dk pf m;
vS,fwcsKdŒ tzrf;tqD;rcH&atmif xGufajy;wdrfa&Smif&wmawG jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f?
e0w ppftpkd;&&JŒ v$wfawmfac:ay;a&; jiif;qefr_a=umifh v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fwcsKdŒu
pifòydiftpkd;& zGJŒpnf;a&;ukd óud;yrf;tm;xkwf=uwmawGvnf; obm0uspGm ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f?

pufwifbm (29) (30) eJ@ atmufwkdbm (1) &ufae@awGrSm tr&yl& v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f

OD;bbGm; tdrfrSm rE Wav;taemufawmifòrdŒe,f NLD ±kH;rSm/ rE Wav;aròrdŒ vrf;ab;wae&m&Sd
qefpuftwGi;f rSm v#KŒd 0Suf awGŒqkaH qG;aEG; n‡Ed id_ ;f =uwmawG vkyaf qmifc=hJ uw,fqydk gw,f? tJ'v D dk
pifòydiftpkd;& zGJŒpnf;a&;twGuf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfcJh=uwmawGukd e0w ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u
azmfxkwfzrf;qD;cJh+yD; zrf;qD;&rdcJhwJh v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fawGudk axmif'%f jyif;jyif;xefxef
csrSwfcJhovkd/ v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpfuaevnf; y,fzsufa=umif; a=unmcJhygw,f?
tJ'v D dk +idr§f yd ppftpk;d &&JŒ rawmfw&m; zdEydS v f yk af qmifra_ wGa=umifh NLD v$waf wmfu, dk f
pm;vS,fawGtygt0if NLD ygwD0ifawGawmfawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; awmfvSefa&;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;&JŒ
A[kcd surf ozG,jf zpfaewJh KNU &JŒ “rme,fyavm” XmecsKyfe,fajrqD enf;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ a&muf&o dS mG ;
=uygw,f? tusKd;quftjzpf “trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf (NLD-LA) eJ@ “jynfaxmifpk jrefrm
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zdESdyfzrf;qD;r_awGa=umifh xGufajy;vm=u&wJh ausmif;om;ygwD “vlŒabmifopf” 0ifrsm;uvnf;
“rme,fyavm” ukd tajcðy+yD; awmwGi;f a&muf “vlŒabmifopfygw”D ukd wnfaxmif zGiv hf pS v f u dk f
=uygw,f?
'DZifbmv (18) &ufae@rmS 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;pde0f if; OD;aqmifwhJ ‘jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if H trsK;d
om;!Gef@aygif;tpkd;& a=unmpmwrf;’ xGufay:vmcJh+yD; pifòydiftpkd;& zGJŒpnf; ay:xGef;vmcJhygw,f?
ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&; 'Dru dk a&pDwu dk yf }JG uD;ukd wcJeuf yg0ifqifE=J$ uzk@d jynfoo l @dk yef=um;
csufvnf; xGufay:vmcJhygw,f (22-1-91 ae@ rSm NLD (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) A[dkpnf;§aumf
udpk wifzŒJG pnf;+yD;/ (16-2-91) ae@rmS xyfrw H ;kd csŒJ um NLD-LA udzk ŒJG pnf;ygw,f? pnf;§aumfzŒJG pOf
u a'guw f mpde0f if; OuUÏ wm0ef,cl +hJ y;D / aemufyikd ;f rSm NLD-LA OuUÏ [m OD;0if;cuf jzpfvmygw,f?)
(+idr§f yd ppftpk;d &uawmh tEkid &f NLD tzGŒJ csKyfudk OD;wnfòzdcJG zdEydS &f if; w&m;0ifwnf&adS ewJh
EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGukdvnf; tpkd;&&JŒ xkwfjyefxm;wJh 1§90 ukd vkdufemygr,fqkdwJhta=umif; twif;
t=uyf vku d v f H vufrw S tf xk;d cdik ;f wm vkyyf gw,f? NLD ,m,D OuUÏ OD;=unfarmif zrf;qD;axmifcs
wmcHvkduf&+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf OuUÏ tjzpf wm0ef,lvkdufwJh OD;atmifa&$ udkvnf; +idrf§yd tpkd;&u
jypfru _ sixhf ;Hk yk'rf (160) t& qifah c: +y;D 1§90ukd vku d ef mygr,fqw dk t hJ a=umif; (9-12-90) ae@rmS
twif;t=uyf vufrSwfa&;xkd;ckdif;ygw,f?)
EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;awGukd twif;t=uyf tEkdiftxufðy+yD; Oya'awG trdef@a=unm
csuaf wGukd rvku d ef mrae& tvku d ef mckid ;f aecJah yr,fh e0w uk, d wf idk ;f uawmh olw@dk u,dk wf idk jf yÏmef;
xkwfjyefxm;cJhwJh jynfolŒv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJ Oya' yk'fr (3) yg “v$wfawmfukd rJqENe,frsm;rS
TOya'ESifhtnD a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvkdufaom v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zGJŒpnf;&rnf”
qkdwmukdawmh vkH;0 vkdufemaqmif&Gufjcif;rðyyg? 1§90 rSmyJ azmfjyxm;wJh v$wfawmfukd ‘e0w’
uyJ ac:ay;r,fqkdwmukdvnf; ac:ay;jcif;rðywJhtjyif v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fawGudk zrf;qD;wm
+cdrf;ajcmufwmawGyJ qufwkduf vkyfaqmifaecJhygw,f? tD;,l eJ@ *syef wkd@u a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fukd
av;pm;vkdufemzkd@ wGef;tm;ay;ajymqkdwmukdvnf; r=um;a,mifðyaecJhygw,f? wm0ef}uD; (4)&yf
qkw d mukd xrf;aqmifb@dk aºuG;a=umfwufvmcJw h ehJ 0wuk/d wm0ef}uD; (4) &yfqw dk mukd xrf;aqmifb@dk

aºuG;a=umf wufvmcJhwJh e0wukd wm0ef}uD; (4) &yf&J@ aemufqkH;wm0ef}uD;jzpfwJh ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pD

taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;awmif atmifjrifpGm usif;y+yD;+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf ppfwef;vsm;omjyefzkd@
&Sdawmha=umif; jynfwGif;jynfy 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;u axmufjya0zef awmif;qkd=uwmawGukd
vnf; rsufESmajymifwkdufae±kHru v$wfawmfac:ay;a&; awmif;qkdolawGudk tm%m±l;awGtjzpf
olckd;u vlvl[pfaevkdufygao;w,f?
1§90 a=unmcsu&f ŒJ aemufrmS uk, d [hf muk,
d f wm0efay;+yD; t}uD;tus,f atmf[pftoH
jrnfvmwmuawmh 'kd@wm0efta&; (3) yg;qdkwmjzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifpkròyduGJa&;/ wdkif;&if;om;
pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf r_ òyu
d aJG &;/ tcsKyftcsm tm%m wnfwchH ikd +f raJ &;qdw k hJ ta&; (3) yg;udk aºu;G a=umf+y;D
tm%mudk &wJhenf;eJ@ taozufwG,fxm;a&;udk xyfqifhvkyfaqmifvmjyefygw,f?
tpkd;&&JŒ wapmifwnf;aom owif;pmuae ppfAkdvf}uD;awGukd,fwkdif uavmifemrnf
trsKd;rsKd;cH+yD; 0ifa&;=uwJh oa&mfawmfawmfaighawmhawmh owif;aqmif;yg; qkdwmawGxJrSma&m/
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrSm [kdrSmonfrSm ajym=uqkd=u azmfjy=uwJh w&m;0ifxkwfazmfr_awGxJrSma&m/
xyfrH tmabmfzefw;D ajymqkv d mwmuawmh “a&G;aumufy}JG uD; +yD;+yDqadk wmh aemufxyfvyk &f r,fh
[mbmvJ/ tajccHOya'opf a&;qGJa&;aygh” qkdwmjzpfygw,f? v$wfawmfac:ay;a&;/ wkwfwkwfr#
rv_yfyg? tEkdif& NLD eJ@ awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&; vkH;0rvkyfyg? e0w [m EkdifiHa&;ygwD tpkd;&r[kwfwJh
twGuf EkdifiHa&;t& awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;p&mta=umif; r&Sdbl;vkd@ qkdygw,f?
1990 jynfhESpfxJrSm 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;bufu xGufay:vmwJh xl;jcm;wJh v_yf&Sm;r_
tjzpftysuw f ckuawmh “av,mOftykid pf ;D r_” jzpfygw,f? tdE, dN rSm av,mOfqif;oufc+hJ y;D / OD;wifO;D /
a':atmifqef;pk=unf tygt0if tzrf;tqD;cH EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG jyefv$wfay;a&;awmif;
qkdcJhygw,f?
1990 jynfhESpf tukefrSm ArmjynfvufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG&JŒ tajctae
ukd=unfhr,fqkd&ifawmh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD}uD; òyduGJoGm;&+yDjzpfwJhtjyif Auy tajccHvGwf
ajrmufa'oqkdwmvnf; r&SdawmhyJ Auy [m ,l*sDygwDb0 a&muf&SdoGm;&+yDjzpfygw,f? (yefqef;
A[kd usq;Hk &+y;D aemufyidk ;f rSm/ pckew f ed @f ,ed ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ (101) ppfa'o ‘yef0g’ ukd Auy A[kad &muf
&Sd tajccs=unfhao;ayr,fh e0w eJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;,lzkd@ pckefwdef@,def;u (15/ 10/ 89) ae@rSm qkH;jzwf
vkduf+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf (89) ckESpftukefrSm Auy A[kd[m (101) ppfa'ouae xGufcGmay;vkduf
&+yDjzpfygw,f?)
Auy vGwfajrmufa'oa[mif;awGeJ@ ta&SŒajrmufa'owcGifvkH;[m tzGJŒtpnf;emrnf
topfawGeJ@a&m/ t&ifrlvemrnfawGeJ@yg +idrf;tzGJŒawGjzpfae=u+yD;jzpfygw,f? Oyrm ‘0’ uawmh
“0oy” emrnfe@J / (101) u NDA emrnfe@J jzpf+y;D “aq;xif” OD;aqmifwhJ “SSA” uawmh “SSA”
emrnfeJ@yJjzpfygw,f? e0w&JŒ +idrf;tzGJŒawG ay:xGef;a&;óud;yrf;r_rSm bdef;bk&ifa[mif; avmfppf[ef
vnf; yg0ifv_yf&Sm;ay;cJhygw,f? (yxrqkH; +idrf;tzGJŒjzpfapr,fh udk;uef@tzGJŒu Auy udk ykefuefcGJ
xGufapa&;twGuf avmfppf[ef[m 1982 ckESpfuwnf;u zkef=um;&Sif;xH vl,kHv$wf+yD; óud;pm;cJh
ygw,f? 1984 eJ@ 1987 ckESpfawGrSm aemufxyf (2) }udrfvlv$wf+yD; óud;pm;cJhygw,f// zkef=um;&Sif;u
tajctae r&ifhrSnfhao;bl;vdk@ v#dKŒ0Suf ta=umif;jyefcJh+yD;/ 1989 ckESpfa&mufawmh tcsdefus+yD/

pDpOfz@kd oifah wmf+yDv@kd ta=umif;jyefcw hJ ,fqykd gw,f? avmfppf[ef u tpd;k &ppfwyfe@J aygi;f +yD; ykeu f ef
cGx
J uG af &;udk jyifqifvyk u f ikd af y;cJyh gw,f? tJ't D ajctae tcsut f vufrsm;t&/ zke=f um;&Si;f acgi;f
aqmif wJh ud;k uef@tzGŒJ [m 1989 ckEpS /f rwfv (11) &ufae@rmS ykeu f efcx
JG u G af &;twGuf tcdik t f rm
taumiftxnfazmf vkyfaqmifEdkifcJhwm jzpfygw,f?)
Auy vGwfajrmufa'o aysmufuG,foGm;+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf/ KNU wkd@&JŒ rme,fyavm Xme
csKyf[m vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;pGm awmwGif;a&muf&Sdvm=uol 'Drkdua&pDtif
tm;pkrsm;pGm&JŒ rSDckdtm;xm;&m A[kdcsufjzpfvmygw,f? ppftpkd;&&JŒ tòzdcsifqkH;ae&mwckvnf;
jzpfvmygw,f?
( 1991 ckESpfxJrSm ‘rme,fyavm’ XmecsKyfrSm tajcðy+yD; 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;bufu
ay:xGufvmjyefwmuawmh “jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHtrsKd;om;aumifpD” (NCUB) jzpfygw,f?
NDF, DAB, NLD-LA, NCGUB tzGŒJ (4) zGŒJ ukd qufpyfay;zk@d trsK;d om;aumifpu D dk zGŒJ pnf;cJw
h mjzpf
ygw,f? NCUB &JŒ OuUÏuawmh Adv k cf sKyf}u;D apmbkjd r jzpf+y;D / taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;u OD;wifatmif
(NLD-LA) jzpfygw,f?
1990 jynfEh pS xf rJ mS xl;xl;jcm;jcm; Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;wckuawmh rE aW v;òrdŒ av;jyifav;
&yf “oHCmhomr*~D” tzGJŒ}uD;OD;aqmifwJh oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ ywWeduUKZ…e uHaqmifyGJ}uD;jzpfygw,f?
e0w tm%mykdifrsm;&JŒ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;tay: rzG,fr&m ðyrlqufqH zdESdyfr_tay: qef@usif
uef@uGufvkduf=uwJh 0denf;awmfabmiftwGif;uae aqmif&Gufvkduf=uwJh ‘uHaqmifr_’ }uD;jzpfyg
w,f? e0w tm%mykdifrsm;&JŒ tvªtwef;rsm;ukd vufrcHa=umif;/ e0w tm%mykdiftzGJŒtpnf;
0ifrsm;&JŒ oma&;/ ema&; udpPt00ukd vkH;0 &Gufaqmifay;r,fr[kwfa=umif; qkH;jzwfvkduf=uwJh
uHaqmifyGJjzpfygw,f? e0w tm%mykdifrsm;ukd t±_dufxdoGm;apcJhwJh v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;jzpfygw,f?
rE Wav;òrd@oHCmawmfrsm;&J@ ywWeduUKZ…euHaqmifr_ukd rSefw,fvkd@pmxkwfay;cJhwJh
ydËduwfokH;ykHaqmif q&mawmf OD;okr*Fv tygt0if =o0g'gp&d, q&mawmf}uD;ukd;yg;ukdvnf;
ppftpk;d &u zrf;qD;cJ+h yD; axmifcsypfcyhJ gw,f? axmifxrJ mS tay: jzL atmufjzL t0wfe@J yJ aeapcJyh g
w,f? tm%meJ@ ywfoufvm&if &[ef;a&m oHCma&m b,folŒukdrS csrf;omay;vdrfhr,f r[kwf/
avmuDa&moHo&myg bmukdrS *±kpkdufvdrfhrnfr[kwf qkdwmukd ppftpkd;&u jyocJhygw,f?
90 jynfEh pS f tukeyf idk ;f rSmawmh Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }uD; apmarmif uk, d w
f idk f rE aW v;txd qif;vm+yD;/
ukd,fwkdifOD;pD;!¸ef=um;+yD; bkef;}uD;ausmif;aygif; (350) ausmfukd ppfwyfeJ@ twif;0ifa&muf pD;eif;yg
w,f? oHCmawmfawGukd &meJ@csD+yD;vnf; zrf;qD;ypfcJhygw,f?
1991 ckESpf/ ESpfqef;rSm Auy ,l*sDv_yf&Sm;r_/ 4828 aumfrwDukd xyfrHazmfxkwfzrf;qD;cJhyg
w,f? 89 ckESpfwkef;u azmfxkwfzrf;qD;&rdr_r&SdcJhwJh 4828 aumfrwDtwGif;a&;rª; OD;armifukd eJ@
ukad usmjf r wk@d tpkudk azmfxw k zf rf;qD;vku d Ef idk w
f mjzpfygw,f? 4828 aumfrwDacgi;f aqmif OD;armifudk
ukd ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;awGu ppfa=uma&;tqifhrSmwif taoowfypfcJhygw,f?
1991 ckESpfxJrSm tEkdif& NLD v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,ftrwfrsm;/ NLD A[kdOD;pD;tzGJŒ0if/
A[kdtvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwD0ifawGtyg jynfe,f/ wkdif;/ òrdŒe,f/ &yf/ aus;tqifhtoD;oD;u
tzGJŒ0ifawGtajrmuftrsm; axmifoGif;tusOf;csxm;wm cHae=u&+yDjzpfovkd/ ausmif;om;rsm;/

EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;/ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;yg axmifeef;pHae=u&+yDjzpfygw,f? EkdifiHa&;

tusO;f om; axmife@J cs+D yD;&Sad e+yDjzpfovkd (1991) ckEpS rf mS tif;pdeaf xmifwckwnf;rSmwif oHCmawmf
tyg; (200) avmuf&SdaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? ydËduwfokH;ykHtm*kHaqmif OD;okr*Fv q&mawmftyg/ &Gmr
y&d,wWdpmoifwkduf q&mawmf OD;wDavmu/ ar'deD q&mawmf/ r*~ifq&mawmf/ r[maAm"d q&m
awmfw@dk vdk q&mawmf tausmt f armfawGvnf; axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csxm;cHae&+yjD zpfygw,f? rE aW v;
axmifeJ@ wjcm;axmifawGrSmvnf; oHCmhomr*~D OuUÏ OD;a&0w wkd@vkd OD;u0dEN wkd@vkd emrnf}uD;
oHCmawmfawGtjyif wjcm;aom oHCmawmfawGtajrmuftrsm;vnf; axmifcscHae &+yDjzpfyg
w,f? *ÏKefeDq&mawmf OD;um0d, eJ OD;uvsm% wkd@qkd&if oHCmawmfjzpfygvsuf ao'%fcsrSwf
jcif;awmif cHae&+yDjzpfygw,f?
tm%mv$Jajymif;ray;csifwJh tpkd;&u NLD ukd trsKd;rsKd;òzdzsuf/ EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkawGukd
trsKd;rsKd; zdESdyfapmfum;vkyf&if; jynfolvlxkukdvnf; trsKd;rsKd; 'kuQay;aecJhygw,f? vrf;jyifwHwm;
aqmuf/ xkH;okwfckdif;wmuawmh wjynfvkH; tòrdŒòrdŒte,fe,fjzpfwJhtwGuf AkdvfcsKyfrª;}uD;
apmarmif ukd xkH;apmarmif vkd@ac:oluac:/ ukd,fhukd,fukd,f AkdvfcsKyfrª}uD; apmarmifvkd@ vkyfxm;wJh
twGuf “*sKdukwf±l;}uD;awma=umif” vkd@ uifyGef;wyfolu uifyGef;wyfeJ@ e0w tay: jynfolvl
xku &GH&SmpufqkyfaecJh=uygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD;apmarmif &JŒ w[m;[m; w[d[deJ@ tda¹ENr&
rde@f ceG ;f &Sn}f uD;awG=um; Akv d cf sKyfcif!eG @f &JŒ rm&oGef owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGq J wdk m}uD;awG=um;/ wapmif
wnf;aom owif;pm}uD;twGif;u NLD ykwfcwfa&; 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ ykwfcwfapmfum;a&;
aqmif;yg;rsK;d pk=H um; jynfov l x l }k uD;u e0w &JŒ trsK;d rsK;d aom uvdeu f s ,kwrf mr_awGukd atmhEv S ;Hk
emae=uygw,f? 90 ckESpfxJrSm e0w ukd qef@usifoa&mfxm;wJh “bmawGjzpfukef=u+yD;vJ” qkdwJh
uAsm&Snyf gpmapmifwck xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? a&;om;ol rif;vl eJ@ pmapmifppD Ofxw k af 0jzef@cscd ohJ l
‘rsKd;jrifh+idrf;’ wkd@ukd e0w u zrf;qD;axmifcscJhygw,f? 88§89§90§91 ckESpfawGtwGif; e0w
+idrfydtpkd;&ukd zGifhcsxkd;ESuf wkdufckdufwJh tajymifajrmufqkH;uAsmawG qufwkduf a&;zGJŒcJholuawmh
uAsmq&m ‘wifr;dk ’ jzpfygw,f? wifr;dk ukv d nf; 1991 xJrmS zrf;qD;axmifcsvu dk yf gw,f? ppftpk;d &
qef@usiaf &;jyufv;Hk awGxw k rf a_ =umifh emrnfxif&mS ;vmolwOD;uawmh vl&i$ af wmf “Zm*em” jzpfyg
w,f? Zm*em ukv d nf; +ird §f yd tpk;d &u 90 jynfEh pS x f u J wnf;u axmif (5) ESpcf svu dk yf gw,f? 91
ckEpS xf rJ mS awmh axmifxaJ &mufae=u&ol tEkynmorm;awGvnf; awmfawmfrsm;ae+yDjzpfygw,f?
ta&;awmfyt Hk wGi;f yg0ifcrhJ a_ =umif/h NLD rSm yg0ifcrhJ a_ =umifh ppftm%m&Siq f ef@usiaf &; Ekid if aH &;v_yf
&Sm;r_awGrSm yg0ifcJhr_a=umifh ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ tzrf;tqD;cH=u&wmawGjzpfygw,f?
ppftpk;d &wufvm+yD;uwnf;u awmufavsmuf óud;yrf;tm;xkww f muawmh &Spaf v;vk;H
ta&;awmfykH}uD;ukd oduQmcs o±kyfzsufa&;jzpfygw,f? 'grS e0w wufvmwm w&m;w,f/ ta&;
awmfykH}uD;ukd òzdcGif;wmrSefw,fqkdwJh aumufcsuf&Ekdifa&;twGuf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfwmjzpfygw,f?
ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D ukd qlyt l =urf;zufa&;orm;wk@d &ŒJ rif;rJph ±ku d vf y_ &f mS ;r_}u;D tjzpf Auy wk@d &ŒJ tm%m
ukd jzwfvrf;u&,la&; óud;yrf;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;&JŒ tpdwftykdif;tjzpf vuf0J vuf,m tzsuform;
aygif;pkHwkd@&JŒ twkdiftazmufnDnD vkyf}uHzefwD; azmfxkwf=ur_tjzpf wkdif;jynfòyduGJa&;tE W&m,f
ta&;tcif;}uD;tjzpf trsKd;rsKd;wHqdyfuyf o±kyfzsufzkd@ óud;pm;cJhygw,f? wapmif;wnf;aom

owif;pmuae aqmif;yg;trsKd;rsKd; eJ@o±kyfzsuf/ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJtvDvDuae rxdcvkwf xdc

vkwaf pmfum;/ e0w tm%mykid t f qifqh ifu h ae ay:ay:xifxif ±_wcf sajymqkad ewmawGe@J wif tm;
r&EkdifawmhwJh twGuf 90§91 ckESpfawGtwGif;rSm “v_dif;}uD;avxefjzpf&yfrSef” qkdwJh jyyGJ}uD;yg
cif;usif;jyo+yD; ta&;awmfykH}uD;ukd o±kyfzsuf wkdufckdufum 0g'jzef@csdppfqifyGJ}uD; vkyfaqmifcJhyg
w,f? jynfwGif; jynfy owif;pmq&m}uD;rsm;ukd ac:,ljyowm/ EkdifiHjcm;oH±kH; oHwrefrsm;ukd
zdwf=um;jyowm/ ±kH;0efxrf;rsm; ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ukdyg r=unfhrae& t=unfhckdif;wmawG
vkyfaqmifcJh+yD;/ e0w tmabmfukd ±kdufoGif;jzef@csdEkdifzkd@ óud;yrf;cJhygw,f? axmifxJxnfhxm;wJh
OD;0if;wif ukdyg ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u v#KdŒ0Sufac:xkwf+yD; olwkd@&JŒ tifAGdKif;cef;rSm jyowJhjyyGJ}uD;ukd
=unf±h a_ p+yD; jyyG}J uD;tay: b,fv±dk j_ rifcpH m;&w,fqw dk m oabmxm;ok;H oyfcsuf ta&;ckid ;f cJw h ,f
vk@d qydk gw,f? OD;0if;wif u e0w vkv d m;ovkd oabmxm;ukd razmfjyyJ trSet f wkid ;f &yfwnfum/
'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;bufu &yfwnfum jynfvnfwkef@ jyefa0zefr_ay;cJhwJhtwGuf ppftpkd;&
&JŒ ra=uEkdifrcsrf;Ekdif tòid;taw; trkef;ukd xyf+yD;&&SdcJhygw,f? b,fvkdyJ ppftpkd;&u óud;yrf;tm;
xkwfxkwf jynfolvlxk}uD;=um;rSmvnf; ppftpkd;&&JŒtmabmf zefwD;0g'jzef@csdcsifcsufawGeJ@ qef@
usib f uftajzoabmxm;uko d m qkyu f idk cf ,
H xl m;=u+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? ppftpk;d &&JŒ 0g'jzef@óud;pm;r_
ratmifjrifcJhyg?
ppftpkd;&tzkd@ tlEku|JcwfcHvkduf&ovkd xyf+yD; rcHcsdrcHomjzpf&wmuawmh ppftpkd;&
ukd,fwkdif trsKd;rsKd;o±kyfzsuf jypfwifa0zef±_wfcsaecJhwJh NLD acgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk
EkAd ,fvq f k a&G;cs,af &;aumfrwDu urBmt h jrifq h ;Hk qk}uD;wckjzpfwhJ “+idr;f csr;f a&; EkAd ,fq}k uD;” cs;D jr‡ihf
vkdufjcif;jzpfygw,f? 1991 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbm (15) &ufae@rSm urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&; EkdA,fvfqk}uD;udk
a':atmifqef;pk=unf&&SdcJhygw,f? EkdA,fvfqka&G;cs,fa&;aumfrwDu 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;
twGuf +idrf;csrf; aomenf;vrf; rsm;eJ@ &J&J0Hh0Hh wkdufyGJ0ifoltjzpf jrifhjrifhrm;rm;wefzkd;jzwfcJhygw,f?
&efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;xku pm&Gufpmwef;awGxkwf+yD; axmufcHv_yf&Sm;=uwJhtwGuf
ausmif;awGydwfvkdufygw,f? 1991 'DZifbmvxJrSmawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒ pmtkyfwtkyf
xGufay:vmygw,f? t*FvdyfbmomeJ@ xGufay:vmwJha=umuf&GHŒ jcif;rSvGwfuif;a&; (Freedom
From Fear) jzpfygw,f?
ppftpkd;&u trsKdrsKd; zdESdyfapmfum; ±_wfcsaecJhayr,fh wurBmvkH;uawmh a':atmifqef;
pk=unfudk tr$e;f wif *k%ðf y tav;xm;cJ=h uygw,f? Ekid if w H umtqifh *k%x f ;l aqmif bGŒJ xl;*k%x f ;l
awGcs;D jr‡iahf y;tyfc=hJ uovkd a':atmifqef;pk=unf vGwaf jrmufa&;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf v$waf y;
a&;ukdvnf; enf;vrf;aygif;pkHeJ@ awmif;qkd azmfxkwfcJh=uygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fukd av;pm;zkd@/
tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;udk vkyfaqmifay;zkd@ukdvnf; jynfwGif;'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;eJ@twl EkdifiHw
umtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;uvnf; wkd;jr‡ifhazmfjyawmif;qdkcJh=uygw,f?
“tEkid &f wJyh gwu
D dk tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;vku d rf mS ayg”h qkw
d hJ pum;rsK;d eJ@ “47 zGŒJ pnf;ykH tajccH
Oya'eJ@jzpfap/ 74 zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'eJjzpfap vkt d yfovkd jyifqiftwnfðy=u&ef” qkw d hJ pum;ukd
vlod&Sif=um; ajymqkdcJhwJh AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif [m pum;ukd uajymifujyef ajymqkdvm±kHru/ ±l;
ovkd aygovkd pum;rsKd;awGukdvnf; ajymqkdvmcJhygw,f? “NLD ukd bmvkd@ tm%mv$J&rSmvJ/

v$cJ si;f v$&J if a'guw f marmifarmif ukv d rJ$ mS ayg/h olŒqDu tm%m&,lxm;wmbJ[m” qkw d hJ pum;rsK;d
awGtxd ajymqkdvmcJhygw,f?
1992 ckESpf/ {+yD (24) &ufae@rSm e0w OuUÏ AkdvfcsKyfrª;}uD;apmarmif ukd usef;rma&;
ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ e0w tzGJŒ}uD;uae z,f&Sm;vkdufygw,f?
AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ukd z,f&Sm;vkdufjcif;tm;jzifh AkdvfcsKyfrª;}uD;apmarmif ajymcJhqkdcJhor#
awGtm;vk;H 'k@d e@J rqkid q f w
dk hJ tcsK;d csK;d zk@d jyifqifvmcJo h vm;vk@d ajymwJq h w dk t
hJ oHawGvnf; xGuv f m
ygw,f? Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }u;D apmarmif ae&m a&muf&v dS moluawmh Akv
d cf sKyf}u;D oef;a&$ jzpfygw,f? olvnf;
r=umrDrSmyJ AkdvfcsKyfrª;}uD;oef;a&$ jzpfvmygw,f? (6) vtwGif; trsKd;om;nDvmcH usif;yay;r,f
vkd@ e0w ppftpkd;&u a=unmcJhygw,f?
ajymif ; vJ v mwJ h Ed k i f i H w umtajctaeeJ ‹ e0w acwf O D ; Armjynf & J Œ pD ; yG m ;a&;/

Ed k i f i H a &;/ ppf a &;/ vl r + a &; buf a ygif ; pH k t ajctae
1990 jynfhESpfvGefup+yD; EdkifiHwumtajctae[m ajymif;vJoGm;cJh+yD;jzpfygw,f? 1991

Zlvdkif-=o*kwfrSm qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmf}uD;rSm ratmifjrifwJh uGefjrLepftm%modrf;yGJt+yD; ,Jhqif
wufvmygw,f? “*dkbmacsmh” ðywfusoGm;ygw,f? 91 ckESpftukefrSm oD;jcm;EdkifiH (15) EdkifiHtjzpf
ay:xGufvm+yD; qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk}uD; tpdwfpdwftr$mr$m òyduGJoGm;ygw,f? qdkAD,ufjynf
axmifpk}uD; òyduGJed*kH;csKyfoGm;csdefup+yD; urBmhtiftm;vGefEkdifiH}uD; (2) EdkifiH/ *dk%f}uD; (2) *dk%f;&JŒ
ppfat;umv wdkufyGJ}uD;vnf; tajccHtm;jzifh tqHk;owfoGm;ygw,f? qdkAD,ufacgif;aqmifwJh
qdk&S,fvpf*dk%f;}uD;&JŒ ta&SŒOa&mywckvHk;vnf; tòydòydtvJvJeJ@ tajymif;tvJrsm;pGm tjzpft
ysurf sm;pGm tvSnt hf ajymif;rsm;pGm jzpfay:aecJ+h yDjzpfygw,f? Edik if pH akH umfyakd &;±Si;f }uD;rsm; ay:vm+yD;
rD'D,macwf}uD; pwifvmygw,f?
a,bk,stm;jzifh EdkifiHwuma&pD;a=umif;u 'Drdkua&pDa&pD;a=umif;}uD; jzpfvmygw,f?
vlŒtcGifhta&;toHawG ydkrdkus,favmifvmygw,f? aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf qdkwJhtoHawG ae&m
wdkif;rSm jzpfvmcJhygw,f?uGefjrLepfw±kwfjynf}uD;rSmawmif “qdk&S,fvpfaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;”
qdkwmudk ajymif;vJaºuG;a=umfaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? 89 ckESpfuwnf;u bmvifwHwdkif;}uD; òydusoGm;cJh
+yDjzpfovdk ydkvef/ [efa*&D/ ±lareD;,m;/ csufudkpvdkAuf eJ@ ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m; wdk@rSmvnf; t}uD;t
us,f ajymif;vJoGm;=u+yDjzpfygw,f? ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m; òyduGJr_}uD;uawmh EdkifiHawGuGJxGuf±Hkru/
tqHk;rowfEdkifwJh vlrsdK;a&;jy\emawG aoG;acsmif;pD;jy\emawGyg ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? 1991
rSm tar&duef-tD&wf ppfyGJ}uD;vnf; ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f?
wurBmhvHk;rSm 'Drdkua&pD a&pD;a=umif;}uD; t&Sdeft[kef }uD;rm;vmcsdefrSm Armjynf e0w
ppftpd;k &uawmh ppftm%m&Sipf epfuq kd uf vufqyk u f ikd x
f m;Edik zf @kd enf;rsK;d pHek @J óud;yrf;aecJyh gw,f?
vlxkwdkufyGJt[kefa=umifh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk vufcHvdkuf&ayr,fh/ 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmf ay:
aygufa&;udk vufcHvdkuf&ayr,fh/ qdk&S,fvpf0g' a&yef;pm;pOfu jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef “jrefrmh

qd&k ,S v f pfvrf;pOf” vkycf o hJ vd/k 'Dru kd a&pDukd vufcv H u kd &f awmhvnf; “jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef'rD u dk
a&pD” vkyfcsifaecJhygw,f?
pD;yGm;a&;t&uawmh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudkyJ aºuG;a=umf+yD; EdkifiHjcm;&ifESD;jr‡yfESHr_awG
tvHk;vdkuf t&if;vdkuf 0ifvma&; ar#mfvifhjyifqifcJhygw,f? 30-11-88 ae@rSm e0w Oya'trSwf
10§88 eJ@ “Edik if jH cm;&if;ES;D jr‡yEf rHS O_ ya'” jyÏmef;+yD; wHcg;zGiahf y;cJyh gw,f? 30-5-89 rSmtrde@f a=unm
pmtrSwf 1§89 eJ@Eikd if jH cm;&if;ES;D jr‡yEf cHS iG &hf dS pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awG owfrw S jf yÏmef;&if; Edik if yH ikd vf yk if ef;
tjzpf owfrw S x
f m;wJh vkyif ef;trsK;d tpm; (12) ckrt S y Edik if jH cm;&if;ES;D jr‡yEf o
HS al wGukd vkycf iG ahf y;cJyh g
w,f?
jynfyaºuG; tar&duefa':vm oef; (4000) ausmf/ jynfwGif;aºuG;usyfaiGoef;aygif;
(16000) avmufeJ@ rqv tarGudk qufcHvmcJh&wJh e0w ppftpdk;&[m jynfyaºuG; twdk;t&if;
qyfzdk@ ppfoHk;p&dwfawGudk wdk;csJŒzdk@ jynfyoGif;ukefawGudk rSm,lEdkifzdk@/ ysm;&nfeJ@ 0rf;csa&;twGuf
0efxrf;awGudk vpmwdk;ay;zdk@wdk@twGuf EdkifiHjcm;aiGtvHk;t&if;eJ@ &a&;[m tylwjyif;vdktyfcJh+yD;
enf;rsK;d pHek @J &SmazGcyhJ gw,f? t&HEikd if jH cm;aiGvnf;r&Sw d hJ ppftpd;k &[m opfawmawGukd opfuu G vf u kd f
EdkifiHjcm;udk vuf!kd;xdk; a&mif;pm;wm/ ig;ykpGefaygwJh yifv,fjyifudkyg aps;aygaygeJ@ EdkifiHjcm;ig;zrf;
ukr`%DawGudk a&mif;pm;wm/ "gwfowWKeJ@ ausmufrsuf&wemawGudk t&ifpvdk wl;azmf+yD; qlvG,f
eyfv, G f a&mif;pm;wmawGvyk +f yD; “wdik ;f jynfukd vuf!;dk xd;k a&mif;pm;aeaom e0w” qdw k hJ bGŒJ xl;udk
rsufESmajymifajymifeJ@ &,lcJhygw,f? arSmifcdkvkyfief;tjzpf wnf&SdcJhwJh e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;udkvnf;
w&m;0if vkyfief;tjzpf azmfjyvdkuf+yD;/ vlxk&JŒ pm;0wfaea&; t=uyftwnf;udk ,m,Dxdef;odrf;
xm;Edkifzdk@ touf±layguf&atmif vkyfxm;cJhygw,f? tJ'Dvkd enf;rsKd;pHkeJ@ aiG&SmwmawmifrS vdktyf
wJhaiGu rjynfhwJhtwGuf *syefEdkifiH&Sd jrefrmoH±Hk;ydkifajruGufudk a':vmoef; (270) eJ@a&mif;pm;+yD;/
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aiGazmif;yGr_E_ef; [kef;ueJjrifhwufoGm;cJh+yD; jynfwGif;ukefaps;E_ef;awGvnf; tqrwef jzpfoGm;cJh&yg
w,f? ppftpdk;&u ukefaps;E_ef;jrifhwuf&r_awGtwGuf xHk;pHtwdkif; ukefonf }uD;awGudkyJ vuf!kd;
xdk; w&m;cH&SmjycJh+yD;/ twif; ukefaps;E_ef;tcscdkif;wmawG t±_H;cHcdkif;+yD; aps;av#mha&mif;apwmawG
vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? wzufu aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;atmf+yD;/ wzufu twif;t=uyf ta&mif;cdik ;f wm
awGvnf; a&SŒaemufrnD vkyaf qmifcw hJ thJ wGuf omrefuek o f nf}uD;awG 'kuóQ uH=u&ygw,f? v,f
orm;awGudkvnf; vGwfvyfpGm pkdufysKd;xkwfvkyf a&mif;0,fcGifhðyw,fvdk@ wzufua=unm&if;/
wzufu oD;ESHawG twif;a&mif;cscdkif;&mrSm b,fwkef;ur&SdcJhzl;wJh “ppfwyfpyg;cGJwrf;” qdkwmyg
ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? ppfwyftwGuf ra&mif;rae& ta&mif;cdkif;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? tm%modrf;
umpu (2) odef;avmuf&Sdae+yDjzpfwJh ppfwyf}uD;udkvnf; (Auy awGvnf;r&Sdawmhbl;/ tukefòyd
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v,form;awGu tepfemcH qufoay;ae&ovdk jzpfwt hJ wGuf v,form;awG ausmaumhatmif
cH=u&ygw,f?

EdkifiHjcm;aiG tcuftcJ=um;xJu ppfwyftwGuf ppfvufeuf0,f,lr_udkawmh/ wESpfxuf

wESpf tqaygif;rsm;pGm wdk;+yD;om0,f,lcJhygw,f? tar&duefvufeufzsufodrf;a&; at*sifpD&JŒ
tpD&ifcHpmt& (89) ckESpfrSm a':vmoef; (20) zdk;/ (90) jynfhESpfrSm a':vmoef; (110) zdk;/ (91)
ckESpfrSm a':vmoef; (390) zdk;/ (92) ckESpfrSm a':vmoef; (140) zdk; 0,f,lcJhygw,f? tqrwef
wd;k csŒJ zGŒJ pnf;vdu k wf hJ ppfwyf}uD;twGuf ppfo;kH p&dwu f vnf; 88§89 e0w tm%modr;f wufpESpf
u usyf (1763) oef; (e0w toHk;p&dwf pkpkaygif;&JŒ 22³9µ) &Sd&mu 92§93 ckESpf bwf*swft&
usyf (7365) oef;ausmf) jzpfvmcJh+yD;/ e0w&JŒ w&m;0ifpm&if;Z,m;t&udk umuG,fa&;toHk;
p&dwf (ppfp&dw)f [m e0w toH;k p&dwpf pk ak ygi;f &JŒ (36³65µ) jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? Edik if w H um&JŒ cef@reS ;f
csufuawmh toHk;p&dwfpkpkaygif;&JŒ w0ufausmfawmif&Sdr,fvdk@qkd=uygw,f?
bwf*swfvdkaiGjyr_uvnf; ESpfpOfjzpfay:cJh+yD;/ rawmfrw&m; }uD;xGm;vmwJh ppfwyf}uD;&JŒ
ppfoHk;p&dwf'%fudk wEdkifiHvHk;u ukef;cHae=u&ovdkjzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ pm;0wfaer_b0u
awmh wae@wjcm; ydkydkqif;&Jvm&+yD; ukefaps;E_ef;}uD;jrifhr_'%fudk vdrfhaeatmifcH=u&ygw,f?
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+yDjzpfygw,f? qDwydom (45) usyf&Sd&mu usyf (130) jzpfae+yDjzpfygw,f?
jynfov l xl }k uD;w&yfv;kH pm;0wfaer_'u k Q t}uD;tus,f a&mufae=ucsed rf mS e0w xdyo f ;D
0if}uD;rsm;/ tqifhqifhaom ppfAdkvfxdyfoD;}uD;rsm;uawmh tm%meJ@ vkyfydkifcGifh tydkiftpm;&&Sdr_
a=umif/h ud, k ehf ,frmS ud, k b f &k ifozG,f jzpfvm=ur_awGa=umihf ae@csi;f ncsi;f csr;f omvm=uygw,f?
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xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;avmu vmbfay; vmbf,lavmurSm emrnfxGufvmolawG
uawmh wGi;f §2 }uD; Adv k cf sKyfwifO;D tygt0if/ rE aW v;wdik ;f u Adv k cf sKyfxeG ;f =unf/ ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f u
AdkvfcsKyfausmfb wdk@ emrnfxGufvmygw,f?
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awGudkvnf; ac:,lae+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGtm;vHk;udkvnf; ppfwyfu vuf0g;}uD;
tkyfxm;Edkifa&;twGuf ajcjrefvufjref azmfxkwfvmwmuawmh OD;ydkifvdrdwuf pDrHcsuf}uD;jzpf
ygw,f? (19-2-90) ae@rmS jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H pD;yGm;a&;OD;ydik v f rd wd uf (The Union of Myanmar
Economic Holding Limited) udk trdef@a=unmpmtrSwf 7§90 eJ@ zGJŒpnf;cJhygw,f? (1957§58)
wkef;u ay:aygufwGifus,fcJhzl;cJhwJh DSI vdk tzGJŒ}uD;oabmrsKd;jzpfygw,f? rwnf t&if;tESD;u
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ppfwyf&ŒJ ukaË (1000) OD;ydik v f rd w
d uf}uD;twGuf t&if;tES;D udk 0gZu D xyf±u kd Of ;D r,fh oabmjzpfyg
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ukaË (1000) twGu/f ukaË 400 (40µ) udk Edik if aH wmfjynfov l x l ak iGxu J usco H ;kH pG+J y;D / ukaË (600)
(60µ) udk ppfwyfu xnfh0ifr,fvdk@ azmfjyygw,f? wdkif;jynfudk ppfa&;/ EdkifiHa&;t& csKyfudkifv$rf;rdk;
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ppfa&;t&uawmh Auy A[dkXmecsKyfyefqef;vnf; r&Sdawmhovdk Auy [m ajratmuf
ygwDtjzpf toGifajymif;oGm;cJh+yDjzpfygw,f? Auy uae cGJxGufykefuefoGm;=uwJh tzGJŒawG[m

+idrf;tzGJ@awGjzpfoGm;=uovdk/ &Srf;jynfe,ftESH@tjym;rSmvnf; +idrf;tzGJŒawG xyfrHay:aygufvmcJhyg

w,f? (Oyrmtm;jzifh ytdkifhtrsKd;om;tzGJŒeJ@ yavmifvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf)
autif,w l @kd &ŒJ “rme,fyavm” XmecsKyf[m vufeufuikd 'f rD u kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ A[kd
csufrjzpfvm+yD;/ ppftpdk;&udk EdkifiHa&;t&/ 0g'jzef@csda&;t&/ ppfa&;t& jyif;jyif;xefxef jyefvnf
wkef@jyef wdkufcdkufcJhygw,f? ppftpdk;&uvnf; “rme,fyavm” òzdzsufa&;udk enf;vrf;aygif;pHkeJ@
óud;yrf;aeovdk KNU tzGŒJ }uD;uvnf; e0w udk ppfa&;t& wd;k jr‡iw hf u
kd cf u
kd af &; tm;xkwf v_y&f mS ;
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vmwJh u&ifvufeufudkifwyfawGudk ppftpdk;&u &uf&ufpufpuf xdk;ppfqifwdkufcdkufygw,f?
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ausmif;om;wyfrsm;uvnf; e0w wyfukd qef@usiw f ukd yf q
JG if=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh ausmif;
om;wyf(ABSDF) udk,fwdkifu acgif;aqmifr_ydkif;rSm (2) jcrf;uGJaecJhygw,f? a'gufwmEdkifatmif
acgif;aqmifwJhtpkeJ@ rdk;oD;ZGef acgif;aqmifwJh tpkqdk+yD; (2) jcrf;jzpfaeqJjzpfygw,f? autdkifat
a'obufrmS tajccHxm;&wJh ABSDF (ajrmufyikd ;f ) rSmvnf; owfjzwfy}JG uD;ay:cJyh gw,f? ABSDF
ajrmufyikd ;f OuUÏ xGe;f atmifausmf udo k wfjzwfz,f&mS ;cJ=h uygw,f? aoa=uolawG awmfawmfrsm;
rsm;&SdcJhovdk nD!Gwfr_òyduGJwmawG jzpfay:cJhygw,f?
jynfwGif;zdtm; EdkifiHwum&JŒzdtm;awG a=umifh (4) ESpfausmf (5) ESpfeD;yg; ydwfxm;&wJh
wuUov kd af umvdyaf wGukd jyefziG Ehf ikd zf @kd ppftpd;k &[m jyifqifvm&ygw,f? 'D (4) ESpaf usmf (5) ESpef ;D yg;
twGif;rSm e0w [m e0w ppfAdkvfxdyfoD;}uD;rsm;[m olwdk@&JŒom;orD;awG ynma&;udkawmh
ta[moduH tjzpfrcHyJ EdkifiHjcm;rSm apv$wf ynmoifcdkif;wm/ enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ ynma&;oif=um;
&,lapwmawG vkyaf qmifc=hJ uygw,f? jynfov l x
l w
k &yfv;kH &JŒ ynma&;/ use;f rma&; tajctaeu
awmh tqdk;qHk;taetxm;rSm jzpfaecJhygw,f? ppfoHk;p&dwfeJ@ ynma&;toHk;p&dwf/ usef;rma&;
toHk;p&dwf/ udkE_dif;,SOf=unfhr,fqdk&if 91§92 bwf*swfrSm ppfoHk;p&dwf[m ynma&;toHk;p&dwf
xuf (5³3) q/ use;f rma&;toH;k p&dwx f uf (4³5) qjzpfcyhJ gw,f? 92§93 bwf*swrf mS ppfo;kH p&dwf
[m ynma&;toHk;p&dwfxuf (3³52) q/ usef;rma&;toHk;p&dwfxuf (4³09) qjzpfcJhygw,f?
OD;=unfarmif tzrf;cH&+y;D wJah emufyikd ;f OuUÏ tjzpf OD;atmifa&$ u wm0ef,yl gw,f? e0w
&JŒ trsKd;rsKd;zdtm;ay;r_awGa=umifh NLD ygwD wnf&Sd&yfwnfEdkifa&;udkyJ tav;xm;+yD; OD;atmifa&$
u aqmif&GufwmawG awGŒ&ygw,f? awmwGif;a&muf&SdoGm;=uwJh NLD v$wfawmfudk,f
pm;vS,fawG/ zrf;qD;cH&+yD; tjypf'%fcsrSwfjcif;cH&wJh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawGudk NLD uae
xkwfy,fa=umif; a=unmwmawGrsKd;/ OD;atmifa&$ u vkyfaqmifazmfjycJhygw,f? e0w uvnf;
v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfuae y,fzsufa=umif; a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifuaewqifh woDw
wef;}uD; tqufrjywf vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGukd ta=umif;r&Sd ta=umif;
&Sm+yD; ðzwfy,fypfEikd af &;twGuf (10-7-91) ae@rmS trde@f trSwf 4§91 udx k wk jf yef+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ
Oya'yg +idrf0yfydjym;r_qdkif&m jypfr_ (7) ck/ tusifhpm&dwWysufjym;r_qdkif&m jypfr_ (20) ckwdk@udk owf
rSwfvdkufjyefygw,f? rlva&G;aumufyGJOya'rSm ryg0ifcJhyJ a&G;aumufyGJusif;y+yD; wESpfausmf=umrS

rzG,fr&m owfrSwfjyÏmef;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? tjypf&Smzdk@ owfrSwfcJhwmjzpfygw,f? (10-7-91)

ae@pGJeJ@yJ Oya'trSwf 10§91eJ@ “jynfolŒv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJOya'udk jyifqifonfhOya'”
qdkwmjyÏmef;+yD; “TOya'onf jynfolŒv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJ Oya'udk jyÏmef;onfh 1989 ckESpf
arv (31) &ufae@rSpI tm%mwnfonf[k,l&rnf” vdk@ jyÏmef;um aemufa=umif;jyef tm%m
oufa&mufapwJh Oya'tjzpf npfywfpkwfyJhpGm vkyf}uHzefwD;cJhygw,f? &nf&G,fcsufu v$wfawmf
ud, k pf m;vS,f ta&G;cs,cf x H m;&olawGukd tjypf&mS z,f&mS ;Edik af &;twGuf wrifoufouf rawmfr
w&m; owfrSwfcJhwmjzpfygw,f? t&SufrJhrJh ajymif npfywfcJhwmjzpfygw,f? rlvuwnf;u vkyfydkif
cGifhay;rxm;cJhwmawGudk twif; xyfxnfhvmcJhwmjzpfwJhtwGuf NLD u uef@uGufcJhygw,f?
e0w u vufrcHcJhyg? (1991) ckESpf atmufwdkbmvxJrSmawmh NLD XmecsKyfudkawmif (w&m;0if
zGŒJ pnf;&yfwnfaewJh Edik if aH &;ygw/D tEdik &f ygwq D w
kd mudak wmif *±krpdu k f tav;rxm;bJ) 0ifa&muf
&SmazG+yD; pm&Gufpmwrf; rSwfwrf;rSwf&m tm;vHk;eD;eD;avmufudk ppftpdk;&u odrf;qnf;oGm;cJhyg
w,f? usL;ausmfapmfum;cJhygw,f?
2-10-92 ae@rSm trdef@trSwf 13§92 qdkwmeJ@ trsKd;om;nDvmcH usif;ya&;aumfrD&Sifqdk
wmudzk ŒJG pnf;+y;D (5-11-92) ae@rmS trdet f rSwf 14§92 eJ@ trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd (9-1-93) ae@rmS
pwifusif;yzdk@ e0w ppftpdk;&u a=unmvkdufygw,f?
e0w tm%modrf;+yD; pwifvmcJhwJh ( 18-9-88) ae@uae (31-3-92) ae@ txd (3)ESpf
ausmfumvtwGif;/ pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudk csKyf=unfhvdkufr,fqdk&if bmpD;yGm;a&;zGHŒòzd;r_pDrHudef;rS
wdwdususr&SdbJ tvsOf;oifhovkd aumif;E_d;&m&m vkyfaqmifr_awGeJ@ c|wfòcHusaewJh pD;yGm;a&;udk
toufqufEkdifzdk@ óud;pm;&if; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif acwfed*Hk;csKyfoGm;cJhygw,f? (92) ckESpf {+yDvu
p+yD; Adv k af pmarmif vnf; aysmufu, G o
f mG ;cJyh gw,f? wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ opfawm/ a&jyif/ ajrjyife@J o,HZm
wrSeo f r# vuf!;dk xd;k a&mif;pm;&if;/ wjynfv;kH u &&or#0ifaiG b¾mrSeo f r#&ŒJ w0ufe;D yg;avmuf
udkppfwyf}uD;u (ppftoHk;p&dwfawGeJ@) oHk;pm;ypfvdkufwJhoabmjzpfygw,f? wjcm;wzufuae
ajym&&if wdkif;jynf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tm;vHk;udk ppfwyfu vuf0g;}uD;tkyfvdkuf+yD;/ ukaË (1000)
t&iftESD;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;avmuudkvnf; v$rf;rkd;um ppftm%m&Sifpepf qufvuf wnfwHhcdkifrma&;
udk ajymifajymifwif;wif; ajcvSrf;jyifvdkuf+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? rqv qdkif;bkwfeJ@ ppftm%m&Sifpepf
taumiftxnfazmfco hJ vdk urBmah &pD;a=umif;}uD;tvku d f 'Dru
kd a&pDqikd ;f bkwef @J ppftm%m&Sipf epf
qufvuf &Sio f eftaumiftxnfazmfEikd af &;udk ajcvSr;f jyifqif+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? 92§93 b¾ma&;
ESpfup+yD; 95§96 txd umvwdk (4) ESpfpDrHudef; (pD;yGm;a&;zGHŒòzd;r_pDrHudef;) udk e0w trsKd;om;pDrH
udef;eJ@ zGHŒòzd;wdk;wufa&;0ef}uD;Xmeu a&;qGJcsrSwfvdkufwJhtwGuf tm%mudk qufvufcsKyfudkif
oGm;r,hfoabm azmfjyay:vGifae+yDjzpfygw,f?

trsKd ; om;nD v mcH / ppf w yf & J Œ tm%mavmbeJ ‹

Armjynf E d k i f i H a &;tajctae
(90) jynfhESpf a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;ray:cifu tedrfhqHk; EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf&yfuawmh tjywf

towf tEdkif&rSmr[kwf qdkwJh wGufcsufr_eJ@ tEdkif&wJhygwDudk tm%mtyfvdkufrSmaygh qdkwJh pum;
rsK;d (47) zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'eJ@jzpfap (74) ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'eJ@jzpfap oifo h vdk jyifqift
wnfðy+yD; tm%mv$Jajymif;/ aemufwufvmr,fh tpdk;&opfu zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'opf
a&;=uayghqdkwJh oabmrsKd;ajymqdkcJhwJh e0w ppftpdk;&[m (90) jynfhESpf ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxG
a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;rSm olwdk@wGufcsufar#mfvifhxm;wmeJ@ ajymif;jyef/ tJeft,f'D u tjywftowf
tEdkif&&SdoGm;wJhtcg csufcsif; avoHajymif;oGm;cJhygw,f?
NLD u tjywftowf tEdi k &f &So
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v$Jajymif;ray;bJ zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHka&;qGJa&; jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f?
ac:ay;&r,fh v$wfawmfudk ac:ray;wJhtwGuf *E<Dcef;rtpnf;ta0;}uD;usif;yzdk@ jyif&mrSm/
usi;f ycge;D w&ufrmS bJ uyf+yD; 1§90 udk xkwjf yefcyhJ gw,f? tESpcf sKyfu v$waf wmfukd uk, d [ hf muk, d f
ac:vkd@r&/ wyfrawmfu vufcHrSmr[kwfqkdwJh +cdrf;ajcmufcsufeJ@twl “v$wfawmfukd e0w uac:
ay;r,f” “zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'opfukd ta&G;cs,fcH&wJh jynfolŒv$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f
rsm;u a&;qGJ=u” qkdwJhpum;rsdK; ajymif;vJajymqkdcJhygw,f? Aavmif;AvJ vkyfcJhygw,f?
tJ'Dvkd Aavmif;AvJvkyf&mu v$wfawmfukd b,fawmhac:ay;rvJqkdwJh jynfwGif;jynfy
ar;cGe;f awGukd [kv d v dk 'dk v
D vdk dk qifa0S@&efa&Smifvyk &f if;u ac:ay;&r,fv h w $ af wmfudk ac:ray;yJ “trsK;d
om;nDvmcH” qkdwmukd aºuG;a=umfvmcJhygw,f? wu,fu ‘trsKd;om;nDvmcH’ ukd ac:cGifhr&SdwJh
e0w ppftpkd;&u rsufESmajymifwkduf+yD; ac:vmcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? Auy tygt0if autJef,ltyg
t0if awmwGi;f vufeufuidk t f iftm;pkrsm;ua&m/ jynfwiG ;f jynfy 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pk0if tajrmuf
tjrm;u qef@usiu f ef@uu G f axmufjya0zefaewJ=h um;xJu vufeufuidk pf pfwyf}uD;ukd ykid q f idk x
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wmwckwnf;eJ@ ac:cGifhr&SdwJh trsKd;om;nDvmcHukd twif;t=uyf zefwD;azmfaqmifcJhygw,f?
ac:vku d jf yefawmhvnf; xyf+yD; rsuEf mS ajymifwu dk f vku
d jf yefwmu v$waf wmfu, dk pf m;vS,f
tm;vk;H ukd wufa&mufciG rhf ay;yJ/ cGw J rf;cs wufa&mufcidk ;f wmjzpfaeygw,f? olw@dk u, dk w
f idk f npfywf
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Oya'opfukd ta&G;cs,fcH&wJh jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u a&;qGJ=uzkd@qkdwmukd (ukd,f
ajymcJhwJhpum;ukdukd,f) uajymif;ujyef rvdrfhwywf xyfvkyfvkduf+yD; cGJwrf;eJ@yJwufa&mufapzkd@
zefwD;vkdufygw,f? rsufESmajymifajymifeJ@ xyfrHnpfywfpkwfyJhcJhjyefwmjzpfygw,f?
trsKd;om;nDvmcHwuf&ef tpktzGJŒ (8) zGJŒ owfrSwfcJh+yD; wufa&mufzkd@ owfrSwfcJhwJh
vlOD;a& (702) OD;rSm ygwDukd,fpm;ðy v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f (92) OD;/ woD;yk*~v v$wfawmfukd,f
pm;vS,f (7) OD;aygif; (99) om cGifhðycJhwJhtwGuf tm;vkH;&JŒ (14³10µ)yJ v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f
rsm; wufa&mufciG &hf cJyh gw,f? uset f rsm;pk}uD;[m e0wpdwóf uduf e0w acgi;f acguaf &G;cs,x f m;wJh
olcsnf;vkdvkdjzpfcJhygw,f?
1993 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (9) &ufae@rSm e0w&JŒ trsKd;om;nDvmcH}uD; pwifygw,f? nDvmcH

usi;f ya&;aumfr&Sif OuUÏ uawmh omoema&;0ef}uD;vnf;jzpf/ e0wtzGŒJ 0ifvnf;jzpf/ &efuek w f idk ;f
ppfXmecsKyfwkdif;rª;vnf;jzpfwJh AkdvfcsKyfrsKd;!Gef@jzpfygw,f?
e0w tpk;d &u olw@dk pw d óf uduf zefw;D jyifqif usi;f ywJh trsK;d om;nDvmcH}uD;udk rusi;f yrD
uwnf;u enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ od'd<wif yGJxkwfaºuG;a=umfwmawG vkyfcJhygw,f?
(11-7-92) ae@ trsK;d om;nDvmcH n‡Ed id_ ;f tpnf;ta0; (wwd,ae@) rSmuwnf;u Akv d cf sKyf
rsKd;!Gef@u “ypPKy`efumveJ@ tem*wfumv om;pOfajr;jrpfvufxufwkdifatmif ckdifrmwJh
zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;” vkd@ aºuG;a=umfcJhygw,f?
'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pk0ifrsm;uawmh ppftpk;d &&JŒ ESpaf yguw f aygucf sK;d zk@d rsuEf mS ajymifajymife@J
usi;f yvmwJh 'Dnv D mcH}u;D ukd twkta,miftrsK;d om;nDvmcHv@dk uifyeG ;f wyfc=hJ uygw,f? v$waf wmf
ac:,lzGJŒpnf;ay;&r,fhtpm; trsKd;om;nDvmcHqkdwmeJ@ tpm;xkd;cJhwmjzpfwJhtwGuf e0w &JŒ yuf
pufwJht}uHeJ@ ay:aygufvmcJhwJh nDvmcHomjzpfygw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf NLD &JŒ ajyma&;qkdcGifhukd azmfjyzkd@&mtwGuf OD;atmifa&$ acgif;aqmifwJh
ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ[m nDvmcHukd wufa&mufcJh=uygw,f?
e0w ppftpkd;&[m twkta,miftrsKd;om;nDvmcH}uD;udk t&Sufr&Sd npfenf;aya'om
rsK;d pkeH @J usi;f yðyvkyaf eqJrmS yJ? wzufuvnf; tm%mukd vkt d yfovkd jzef@usu&f mrSm vlxak emufcH
tzGJŒtpnf;}uD;wck vkdtyfwJhtwGuf “jynfaxmifpk}uH›cdkifa&;ESifh zGHŒòzd;a&;toif;” qkdwJh }uH›§zGHŒ
toif;}uD;ukd 1993 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv xJrSm zGJŒpnf;vkdufjyefygw,f? vlxkuawmh “}uH›zGwf”
vkd@ac:a0: =uygw,f? wcsdefu ay:aygufcJhzl;wJh }uH›ckdifa&;toif;awGrsKd; jyefvnfazmfxkwfvm
wmjzpfovkd ppftpk;d & tm;usvw S hJ tif'edk ;D &Sm;Ekid if H ppftm%m&Siq f [ l mwk@d &ŒJ ppftyk pf ;dk r_ oufq;dk
&Snfapa&; a'gufwkdif}uD; “*kdvfum” ygwDrsKd; zefwD;tokH;csEkdifzkd@ zGJŒpnf;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? AkdvfcsKyfrª;
}uD;oef;a&$ ukd,fwkdif em,uðy+yD; zGJŒpnf;cJhwmjzpfygw,f?
trsK;d om;nDvmcHrmS e0w u oljzpfapcsiw f t hJ wkid ;f enf;rsK;d pkeH @J acgi;f acguaf &G;cs,xf m;wJh
uk, d pf m;vS,t f rsm;pkukd ukid +f yD; vrf;a=umif;csrw S w f mawG vkyaf qmifvmcJyh gw,f? e0w rSm e0w
pdwfóuduf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'opfwcktoifha&;qGJxm;+yD;&Sd+yD;jzpfw,fqkdwJh toHawGvJ
EkdifiHa&;avhvmolawG=um;xJ us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ay:aygufae+yDjzpfygw,f?
r=umrDrSmyJ trsKd;om;nDvmcHqkdwJh qkdif;bkwfatmufrSm ppftpkd;&&JŒ &nfrSefcsuf tppf
trSef ay:ay:xifxif ay:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? tajccH zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'opfudk tJ'D OD;wnfcsuef @J
a&;qG&J r,fv@dk azmfjyvmcJyh gw,f? tJ'guawmh “tem*wfEidk if aH wmf. trsK;d om;Ekid if aH &;OD;aqmifr_
u¾wGif wyfrawmfu yg0ifxrf;aqmifEkdifa&;” qkdwJh awmif;qkdr_}uD;jzpfygw,f? rsufESmajymif
ajymife@J awmif;qkv d mcJw
h muawmh jynfov l x l uk a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufz@dk rvkyd J ppfwyfu 25µ tvkd
tavsmufae&m&&Sda&;jzpfygw,f? wnf;enf;tm;jzifh ppfwyfwrwfay:vpDukd zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH
tajccHOya'xJrSmukd tckdiftrm xnfhoGif;azmfjyay;+yD; ae&mtvkdtavsmufay;a&;jzpfygw,f?
ppfwyf[m wkdif;jynf&JŒ EkdifiHa&;rSm ta&;}uD;wJhtcef;u yg0ifOD;aqmifcJh&oljzpfwJhtwGuf trsKd;
om;EkdifiHa&;rSm OD;aqmifoltcef;u yg0ifcGifh&a&;[m tifrwefvkdtyfwJhudpPvkd@ t&Sufr&Sd awmif;

qdkcJhwmjzpfygw,f? wwkdif;jynfvkH;tay: woufvkH; om;pOfajr;qufrusef ppfwyfu t+rJ tay:

pD;uae&m&a&; awmif;qkdcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
e0w [m ppftm%m&Si}f uD; ql[mwk@d &ŒJ tif'edk ;D &Sm;ukd tm;usv+S yD; tif'edk ;D &Sm;v$waf wmf
rSm ae&m (500) &Sw d t hJ euf ppfwyfu cGw J rf;ae&m (100) &&Sx d m;ovk/d ArmjynfrmS tif'edk ;D &Sm;xuf
awmif tykdaqmif;vkduf+yD; 25µ ay;zkd@ awmif;qkdvkdufwmjzpfygw,f? urBmrSm r&Sdzl;ao;wJh
t}uHtpnfrsKd;eJ@/ r&Sdzl;ao;wJh zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'topfrsKd;ukd csrSwfazmfaqmifEkdifzkd@
awmif;qkcd w hJ mjzpfygw,f? e0w &JŒ tm%mavmbukd tpG,w f jyL;jyL;eJ@ jyovku d w f mjzpfygw,f?
ppfwyfeJ@ ppfwyftEG,f0ifrsm;uvGJvkd@ e0w &JŒ tm%mavmbeJ@ rawmfw&m; taumif
txnfazmfvrdk u _ dk b,f'rD u dk a&pDtiftm;pk0ifrsm;urS vufcEH idk jf cif;r&Scd yhJ g? orkid ;f w&m;cHjzpfEidk w f hJ
udpP}uD;ukd b,f'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pk0if EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf; tppftrSefrsm;urSvnf;
oabmwl acgif;ndwfvkdufavsm0Hhjcif;r&SdcJhyg?
e0w u oljzpfcsio f vkd vG,v f ,G uf u l l rjzpf&wJt h cg tEkid &f NLD tay: ykrd zdk Ed ydS w f mawG
vkyaf qmifvmcJyh gw,f? trsK;d om;nDvmcHqw dk hJ qkid ;f bkwef mrnfuadk wmif *±krxm;Ekid af wmhyJ e0w
u csrw S cf siw f hJ ‘rl’ awGudk csrw S af y;wmawG/ bmom&yfwckcu k dk jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk raqG;aEG;&ao;rDrmS yJ
wygwnf; qkH;jzwfcsufcswmawGyg twif;t=uyf usL;usL;vGefvGef vkyfaqmifvmcJhygw,f?
1994 azazmf0g&x D rJ mS tar&duefueG *f &uftrwf “bDv&f pfcswq f ef” Armjynfudk a&muf
&Sv
d m+y;D a':atmifqef;pk=unf tzrf;cH&+y;D uwnf;u a':atmifqef;pk=unf eJ@ (rdom;pk0ifr[kwyf )J
yxrqk;H awGŒcGi&hf oljzpfcyhJ gw,f? e0w eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unf =um; awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;Ekid zf @dk óud;yrf;
tm;xkwfcJhygw,f? ratmifjrifcJhyg?
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ta0; udk e0w ppftpk;d & avhvmoltjzpf wufa&mufciG &hf ygw,f? tmqD,t H ygt0if wurBmvk;H u
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ukid af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawGudk avsmeh nf;atmif zefw;D jy&if; vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;tiftm;
pkawG&JŒ A[kdcsufrvkdjzpfaewJh autJef,leJ@ autJef,l&JŒ ‘rme,fyavm’ ukd tjywfòzdzkd@ t"duOD;
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uvnf; wif;wif;rmrm ajymoGm;w,f/ tar&duefcdkif;or# vkyfay;&r,fhoabmjzpfaew,f?

tar&duefvufukdif'kwf tjzpfrcHEkdifyg” vkd@ ajymoGm;&if; “tckqkd&if vufeufukdiftzGJŒ (15) zGJŒ

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a=umif;/ ya,m*udkvnf; vufrcHa=umif;” jyefvnfwkef@jyef ajymqkdcJhygw,f?
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28-11-95 ae@rSm trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfu trsKd;om;nDvmcHwufa&mufaer_udk
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a&;rsm;ukd taxmuftulðyEkdifvdrfhrnfr[kwfygvkd@vnf; NLD u oabmxm;
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awmif;qkdazmfjycJhygw,f?
twkta,miftrsKd;om;nDvmcH usif;ya&;aumfr&Sif OuUÏ AkdvfcsKyfrsKd;!Gef@ u NLD &JŒ
ausmckdif;xGufcGmoGm;r_tay: jyif;jyif;xefxef wkef@jyefa0zefcJhygw,f? wavsmufvkH; trsKd;om;nD
vmcHudk NLD OuUÏ OD;atmifa&$ acgi;f aqmif+yD; wufae&mu a':atmifqef;pk=unf aetdrt f us,f
csKyfu vGwfajrmufvm+yD;aemufrS tckvkdjzpfay:vm&wmjzpfa=umif;/ 'g wiful;}uHpnfwmomjzpf
a=umif;vkd@ ±_wfcsajymqkdcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒ tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd }uHpnfcsuf/ óud;ukdifcs,f
vS,faqmif&Gufcsuftjzpf &nf!Gef;ajymqkd tjypfwif±_wfcscJhygw,f?
e0w ppftpkd;&u rcHr&yfEkdif ±_wfcsjypfwifcJhayr,fh EkdifiHa&;ygwD tzGJŒtpnf;aygif;ajrmuf
rsm;pGmuawmh twkta,miftrsK;d om;nDvmcHudk ausmckid ;f qef@usif oydwaf rSmufxu G cf mG vmcJw h hJ
NLD &JŒ &J0w hH hJ qk;H jzwfcsut f ay: axmufc=H obmay;jcif;ðycJ=h uygw,f? (1) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if H
trsK;d om;rsm;aumifpD (NCUB)/ (2) NCGUB/ (3) DAB/ (4) r'w/ (5) ABSDF / (6) vlŒabmifopf/
(7) jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;tzGJŒcsKyf (ABSL)/ (8) KNU / (9) u&ifeDvlrsKd;aygif;pkH
vGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD;/ (10) ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (Auy)/ (11) &ckdifjynfolŒvGwfajrmufa&;wyf
OD;/ (12) jynfolŒjynfcspfygwD (yDyDyD)/ (13) u,ef;trsKd;om;rsm;pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒ/
(14) NLD-LA pwJh tzGJŒtpnf;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGu wcJeuf axmufcHcJh=uygw,f?
NLD tzGJŒcsKyfeJ@ e0w ppftpkd;&wkd@&JŒ xdyfwkdufwkd;&r_}uD;[mvnf; 'kwd,t}udrftjzpf
ay:ay:xifxif jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&&JŒ acgif;rmr_/ r±kd;om;r_/ tm%mvufrvGwfvkdr_
rawmfrw&m;ðyrl r_awGa=umifh ay:aygufvmcJh&jyefwmjzpfygw,f?

ppf t pk d ; &J Œ ajcvS r f ; rsm;/ azmuf j yef , k w f r mr+ r sm;/ Ek d i f i H a &;t-uyf t wnf ; rsm;eJ ‹
'D r k d u a&pD a &;v+ y f & S m ; r+ r sm;/ tjzpf t ysuf r sm;
ppftpk;d &[m jynfwiG ;f 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;/ Ekid if wH umhztd m;ay;r_rsm;/ ±_wcf suef@uuG f
a0zefaer_rsm;=um;uae tm%mukd vkH;0vufrv$wfyJ acgif;rmrmeJ@ qufvufcsKyfukdif tkyfpkd;aecJh
ygw,f? trsKd;om;&if=um;apha&; awmif;qkdaer_awGtm;vkH;/ aphpyfaqG;aEG; tajz&Sma&;awGtm;
vkH;ukd rsufuG,fðy+yD; ajymifajymifwif;wif; tkyfpkd;aeqJjzpfygw,f? EkdifiHwumu zdtm;ay;r_awG
jyif;xefvmwJhtcg/ ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh EkdifiHwumhzdtm;ay;r_awGukd av#mhenf;atmifðyzkd@
'grSr[kwf rsufvSnfhjy vSnfhpm;zkd@ vkdtyfvmwJhtcg/ aphpyfaqG;aEG;aeoa,mifa,mif/ aphpyfaqG;
aEG;n‡Ed id_ ;f awmhra,mifa,mif trsK;d rsK;d vdrn f mcJyh gw,f? wu,fuawmh ppfreS w f hJ awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;r_/
tajz&Smr_ukdvnf; rvkdvm;ovkd/ b,fenf;eJ@jzpfjzpf tm%mvufv$wfay;&rSmukdvnf; tjzpfrcH
EkdifyJ/ t+rJxm0& ppfwyftay: pD;uae&a&;/ ppftm%m&Spfpepf qufvuftouf&Sifa&;udk enf;
rsKd;pkHeJ@ óud;yrf;tm;xkwf npfywfpkwfyJhaecJhwmomjzpfygw,f?
tEkdif& NLD [m v$wfawmfoufwrf;wckpmru tcsdef=umanmif; ukefqkH;oGm;cJh&wm
awmif tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;tyfjcif;cH&zk@d aeaeomom/ v$waf wmfac:Ekid zf @dk aeaeomom/ w&m;0if
ygwDtjzpfu csKyf+idrf;roGm;&atmif tcuftcJ trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ &ifqkdifóuHawGŒae&ygw,f?
e0w ppftpkd;&[m ukd,fukd,fwkdif OD;pD;usif;yay;cJhwJh a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fukd vkH;0av;pm;
vku d ef mjcif;r&S±d rHk u/ rsuEf mS ajymifajymife@J jiif;y,f,w k rf maecJw
h mukv
d nf; wurBmvk;H uyg od&o dS
abmaygufae=u+yD;jzpfayr,fh b,ftzGJŒtpnf;urS ðywfusoGm;atmif vkyfray;Ekdif=uyg?
1995 ckESpfukefrSm w&m;0ifEkdifiHa&;ygwDtjzpf&Sdaewm (10) ygwDavmufyJusefygawmh
w,f? ygwDaygif; (200) ausmf[m ppftpkd;&&JŒ zdESdyfr_tvDvDa=umifh uG,faysmufoGm;&+yDjzpfyg
w,f?
“zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'opfay:xGef;a&;onf EkdifiHom;tm;vkH;. y"meusaom
t"duwm0ef” qkdwJh aºuG;a=umfoH}uD;ukd wapmifwnf;aom e0w owif;pm}uD;rSm ae@pOf±kduf
ESdyf azmfjyaºuG;a=umfaecJhayr,fh tajccHOya'opfuvnf; b,fawmhrS ay:xGufrvmEkdifr,fh tae
txm;rsK;d zefw;D xm;ygw,f? e0w vkcd siw f mu ppfwyftay: pD;u xm0&ae&r,fh tajccHOya'/
ppfwyfwrwf tajccHOya'/ EkdifiHawmforwae&mukdawmif ppfwyfukdyJ ay;&r,fhoabm tajccH
Oya'/ tcsdefra&G; ppfwyfu tm%modrf;cGifh&&r,fh tajccHOya'rsKd;jzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxku
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufwJh ukd,fpm;vS,fqkdwm bmt"dy`g,frSr&Sd/ EkdifiHawmftm%m[m jynfolvl
xkxu H qif;ouf&r,fqw dk mukd ajymif;jyefveS yf pf+yD; ppfwyfuae qif;ouf&r,fo h abmjzpfaewJh
tajccHOya'opfrsKd;eJ@ ppfwyfatmufu ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pDpepfukd xlaxmifzefwD;ay;+yD; 'Drkdua&pD
EkdifiHawmfopfvkd@ trnfwyfcsifaewmjzpfygw,f? b,fvkdrS rjzpfoifhrjzpfxkduf rjzpfEkdifwJhtae
txm;rsKd;jzpfaewJhtwGuf jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH; 'kuQaygif;pkH qkdufae&ygw,f? rqv ppftm%m
&Sipf epfatmufrmS yde;f ydwaf tmif arSmifaecJ&h wJh Armjynf}uD;[m e0w ppftm%m&Sif pepfatmuf

rSm arSmif±rHk u bmrSrjrif&awmhavmufatmif rJeufnpfayaecJ&h ygw,f? Armjynforkid ;f rSm tnpf

ywfqkH; tpkwfyJhqkH; tvdrfnmqkH; ppftpdk;&eJ@ ppftkyfpkvkd@ armfuGef;xkd;ay;oifhygw,f?
Armjynf[m rl;,pfaq;0g;eJ@ywfoufvkd@ emrnftxGufqkH;EkdifiH/ rl;,pfaq;0g;&mZm}uD;
awG txGufqkH;EkdifiH/ tpkd;&eJ@ rl;,pfaq;0g;&mZm}uD;awG ykvif;wlAl;qkd@ jzpfcJh=u+yD/ rl;,pfaq;0g;
&mZm bdef;&mZm}uD;rsm;&JŒ w&m;r0ifaiGrJrsm;[m w&m;0if aiGjzLawGjzpfvm&±kHru/ wEkdifiHvkH;&JŒ
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;awGtay: ay:ay:xifxif ðryfESH&if;ESD;EkdifcGifht&qkH; EkdifiHozG,fjzpfvmcJhygw,f?
1996 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv qef;qef;csif;rSmyJ bdef;bk&if}uD; cGefqmeJ@ cGefqm&JŒ MTA armfxkdif;
wyfrawmfqkdwm}uD; Oya'abmiftwGif; jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmygw,f? tºuGif;rJh vufeufcs
tvif;0ify}JG uD; usi;f y+yD; w&m;0ifjyefvnfa&muf&v dS mygw,f? awmxJy@dk xm;wJh uk, d w hf yfzŒJG }uD;ukd
òrdŒay: jyefac:vkdufwJhoabmygyJvkd@ okH;oyfjywJh tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;u okH;oyfjy=uygw,f? bdef;bk&if
cGeqf m[m OD;cGeq f m jzpfomG ;±krH u ppftpd;k &&JŒ aEG;aEG;axG;axG; apmifah &Smufun l rD q_ w dk mawGe@J twl
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;aygif;pkHrSmvnf; &if;ESD;ðryfESH vuf0g;}uD;tkyfEkdifolwOD;jzpfvmcJhygw,f? tar&duef
u rl;,pfaq;0g;r_awGeJ@ cGefqmukd v$Jtyfay;zkd@ awmif;qkdygw,f? e0w jiif;y,fygw,f?
1996 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D (15) eJ@ (16) &ufae@rSm autJef,leJ@ e0w wkd@&JŒ awGŒqkHaqGaEG;yGJ
armfvòrdifòrdŒ ta&SŒawmifwkdif;ppfXmecsKyftwGif; pwifusif;yjzpfygw,f? wzGJŒcsif;raqG;aEG;yJ
wyfaygif;pkeJ@ awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;&efqkdwJhtcsufudk pGef@y,fvkduf+yD; wzGJŒcsif;taeeJ@ aqG;aEG;a&;ukd
autJe, f l u vufcaH qG;aEG;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh vku d af vsmr_udk azmfjy+yD; aqG;aEG;cJw h m
jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd raqG;aEG;jzpfcifrSm (18-12-95) ae@rSm r%mrudk,fpm;vS,fv$wf+yD; awGŒqkHaqG;
aEG;a&;twGuf n‡Ed id_ ;f jyifqifc=hJ uygw,f? n‡Ed id_ ;f jyifqifpnf;a0;wJh awGŒqkrH u _ dk yxrt}udrf awGŒqkH
aqG;aEG;yGt J jzpf owfrw S +f yD; tckw}udrf awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;r_udk 'kw, d t}udrf aqG;aEG;yGt J jzpf owfrw S f
cJhygw,f? autJef,l tzGJŒukd “ref;&Smvzef;” u acgif;aqmif+yD; tzGJŒ0if (8) OD;yg0ifygw,f?
e0w zufu Adkvfrª;}uD; ausmfodef; u acgif;aqmif+yD;/ (8) OD;yg0ifygw,f? autJef,lbufw
wjynfv;Hk typftcwf &yfqidk ;f xm;a&;qkw d thJ csuu f dk xdyw
f if+y;D tcsuf (12) csuu f dk wifjycJyh gw,f?
e0w bufu tcsuf (7) csuu f o
dk mvufc+H yD;/ tJ'D tcsuf (7) csuu f dk aqG;aEG;jcif;rðyrD autJe, f l
taeeJ@ vufeufukdifvrf;pOfpGef@+yD; w&m;Oya'abmiftwGif; 0ifa&muf&efqkdwJhtcsufudk xdyfwif
aqG;aEG;ygw,f? wwd,t}udraf qG;aEG;&ef oabmwlc=hJ u+yD; 'kw, d t}udrf awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;yGJ &yfqidk ;f
cJhygw,f?
96 ckESpf/ rwfvxJrSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒ rE Wav; c&D;oGm;a&;tpDtpOfukd e0w
bufu ydwfyifwm;jrpfcJhygw,f? ZGefv xJrSmawmh e0w bufu a':atmifqef;pk=unf a[majym
yGJukd (jynfolvlxk vma&mufem;qif wufa&mufae=ujcif;ukd vl 5 OD;xuf ykdrkdpka0;jcif;ukd ydwfyif
wm;jrpfwJhtrdef@eJ@) vkH;0 wm;jrpfòzdcGJypfvkdufygw,f?
ppftpkd;&[m 1996§97 b¾ma&;ESpfudk jrefrmhc&D;oGm;ESpftjzpf owfrSwf+yD;/ urBmhvSnfh
c&D;onfrsm; tajrmuftrsm; vma&mufatmif óud;yrf;tm;xkwf qGaJ qmifwmudk urBmt&yf&yf&dS
'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pk0ifrsm;uvnf; Armjynfukd roGm;a&muf=uzkd@ enf;rsKd;pkHeJ@ wkef@jyeftm;xkwf
wm;qD; v_yf&Sm;cJh=uygw,f?

trsK;d om;nDvmcHudk NLD u oydwaf rSmuf ausmckid ;f vdu k +f yD;wJah emufyidk ;f e0w tpk;d &&JŒ
NLD tay: OD;wnfwkdufckdufr_awG[m ykdrkd onf;oefjyif;xefvmcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf
eJ@ OD;wifOD; wkd@tay: yk*~dKvfa&;t& ykwfcwfwkdufcdkufwmawGtjyif v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fawG/
tqifq h ifah om tvkyrf a_ qmifaumfrwD0ifawG/ pnf;±k;H a&;qkid &f mtzGŒJ 0ifawGtay:vnf; trsK;d rsK;d
tjypf&mS wku d cf u
dk f zdEydS af pmfum;vmcJyh gw,f? acgi;f jzwf+yD; uk, d , f ql w dk hJ enf;AsL[mrsK;d eJ@ OD;aqmif
ol xdyfykdif;tqifheJ@ atmufajcpnf;±kH;a&;tqifh toD;oD;awG=um; tquftpyfrJhatmif/ v_yf&Sm;
vk@d r&atmif tpDtpOf&&dS dS tuGucf saqmif&u G w f mawG wk;d jr‡iv
hf yk af qmifvmcJyh gw,f? ygwq D idk ;f bkwf
awGqufvufrwif0ahH tmif taqmuftODyidk &f iS af wGudk ac:,l+cdr;f ajcmufwmrsK;d awG/ qkid ;f bkwðf zwfcs
apwmrsKd;awG vkyfaqmifcJhovkd/ tjypfr&Sd tjypf&Sm+yD; zrf;qD;ta&;,lwmrsKd;awG/ tzGJŒ0iftdrfawG/
tzGJŒcsKyf±;Hk cef; taqmuftODawGtwGi;f twif;0ifa&muf &SmazGppfaq;wmrsK;d awGvnf; wjynfv;Hk
tES@H ðyvkycf yhJ gw,f? tzGJŒcsKyf0if a&SŒaeawG q&m0efawGudk vkid pf iford ;f wm/vkid pf ifxw k rf ay;wmrsK;d
awG/ ±kH;Xmeqkdif&mawG twGif;0efxrf;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifae=uwJh tzGJŒcsKyf0ifawG&JŒ rdom;pk
0ifawGukdtwif;+cdrf;acsmuft=uyfukdif+yD;/ tzGJ@csKyf0iftjzpfu EkwfxGufpmwifckdif;wmrsKd;awG/
tzGJ@csKyf0ifawGudkyJ wrifa&G;+yD;vkyftm;ay;ay:wm/ txrf;orm;tjzpf ckdif;ap !‡if;yef;wmrsKd;awG
ae&mtES@H a'otES@H rmS ,kw, f wk rf mrm taumiftxnfazmfcyhJ gw,f? ppfwyf/ &J/ axmufvrS ;f a&;/
}uH›zGwf/ rD;owfqkdwmawGukd tokH;ðy+yD; NLD zdESdyfa&;tpDtpOfrsKd;pkHukd taumiftxnfazmf
apcJhygw,f?
NLD bufuawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unf aetdrftus,fcsKyfu vGwfajrmufvm+yD;wJh
aemuf tvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwDukd jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;cJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;wifOD;/
OD;=unfarmif wkd@ tzrf;tqD;cHae&pOf ygwDukd jzpfwJhenf;eJ@ qufvuf&yfwnfEkdifatmif xdef;odrf;
wm0ef,lcJhwJh OD;atmifa&$ &J@vkyfaqmifcJhr_awGudk jrifhjrifhrm;rm; wefzkd;jzwfcJh+yD;wJhaemuf/ OuUÏ
tjzpf OD;atmifa&$ 'kOuUÏtjzpf OD;wifO;D eJ@ OD;=unfarmif/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;tjzpf a':atmif
qef;pk=unfq+dk yD; jyefvnfzŒJG pnf;cJw h thJ wGuf e0w &JŒw&m;rJv h yk &f yfawG/ rawmfrw&m; ðyrlzrf;qD;
zdESdyfr_awGtay: OD;atmifa&$ u OuUÏtjzpf vufrSwfa&;xkd; uef@uGufwkdif=um; xkwfjyefwmawG
vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifuvnf; e0w tvkdus a&ikHEkwfydwfvkyfaecJhovkd/
e0w OuUÏ AkdvfcsKyfrª;}uD; oefa&$ uvnf; bmwckrSaqmif&Gufta&;,lay;jcif; [efjyav;awmif
rvkyaf qmifc=hJ uyg? w}udww f nf; w^m%fwnf; tpDtpOf&&dS dS yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmif taumiftxnf
azmfcJh=uw,fqkdwm wurBmvkH;od jzpfaeygw,f?
96 ckESpf/ ZlvkdifrSm tar&duefEkdifiH rufqmcsL;qufjynfe,frSm/ ArmjynfoGm;a&muf pD;yGm;
a&;vkyaf qmif=ur,fh uefx±ku d pf mcsKyfrsm;ukd wm;qD;ydwyf ifwm vkyaf qmifygw,f? pufwifbmv
xJrmS vnf; umvDz;dk eD;,m;tajcpku d f (Unocal) a&eHurk % ` }D uD;udk qef@usiu f ef@uu G =f uwJh v_y&f mS ;
r_awG ay:aygufvmygw,f? Unocal [m ArmjynfrSm ðyvkyfr,fh tar&duefa':vm (1³2) bDvsH
wef a&eHxkwfvkyfa&;y±kd*sufrSm yg0ifaewJh t"duukr`%D}uD;wckjzpfygw,f? tar&dueftpkd;&u
Armjynf e0wppftpkd;&udk vltcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_awGtwGuf tjyif;txef uef@uGufta&;,l
zdtm;ay;wmawG vkyfaqmifaeayr,fh tar&duef ukr`%D}uD;wcsKdŒeJ@ vkyfief;&Sif}uD;wcsKdŒuawmh

ArmjynfrSm pD;yGm;a&; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_awGvkyfzkd@ tjrwfxkwfzkd@ vkyfaqmifaecJh=uygw,f?

e0w ppftpkd;&&JŒ azmufjyefwJh EkdifiHa&;/ ppfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&; ay:vpDt&yf&yfatmufrSm
Armjynf jynfolawG t=uyftwnf;aygif;pkH qkdufae&csdefrSm/ tar&duef/ Oa&myor*~ (EU)
tygt0if taemuftkyfpkEkdifiH}uD;rsm;u pD;yGm;a&;t& ydwfqkd@ta&;,lr_/ oHwrefa&;t& ydwfqkd@
ta&;,lra_ wG tpk;d &rsm;taeeJ@ vkyaf qmifc=hJ uayr,fh tJ'D taemufEidk if }H uD;rsm;uk, d w
f idk &f ŒJ pD;yGm;
a&;vkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;/ ukr`%D}uD;rsm;eJ@ tmqD,H0ifEkdifiHtrsm;pk[m/ ppftpkd;&&JŒ ay;tyfxm;wJh
&mE_e;f jynfh &if;ES;D ðryfEHS ykid q
f idk cf iG ehf @J rufv;Hk tzkzH t
Hk ay: a&jyif ajrjyif opfawmtygt0if wEkid if v H ;Hk
ukd aps;aygaygeJ@ vuf!kd;xkd; a&mif;pm;ae/ vkyfykdifcGifhawGay;aewJhtay:/ olŒxufig vma&muft
jrwfxkwfEkdifzkd@ óud;pm;ae=uwmawGvnf; &ifemp&m awGŒ&ygw,f? romtdrfrSmvm+yD; zJ'kdifcHa&;
óud;yrf;ae=uovkdrsKd;jzpfygw,f?
tmqD,Hu tðyoabmaqmifqufqHa&;qkdwmukd aºuG;a=umfaeovkd/ taemuftkyfpk
xJu &if;ESD;ðryfESHvkdolawGuvnf; tmqD,HeJ@ qifwl±kd;rSm;toHawGukdyJ ay;aecJh=uygw,f? e0w
óuduf ykHpHawGjzpfaecJh+yD; e0w [m qufvuf vufraxmifaecJhygw,f?
e0w [m NLD òzdcGJa&;/ NLD òydysufa&;udk enf;rsKd;pkHeJ@ qufvufvkyfaqmifae±kHru
wqifhwkd;,kwfrmr_awGukd azmfjyvmygw,f? olwkd@ukd,fwkdif em,uðyzGJŒpnf;ay;xm;wJh
}uH›zGwfuaewqifh ay:ay:xifxif azmfjyvmwmawG ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f?
}uH›zGwftoif;twGif;a&;rª; (&xm;ykd@aqmifa&;0ef}uD;) OD;0if;pdef [m Ekd0ifbmv (1)
&ufae@rSm ppfukdif;wkdif; tif;awmfòrdŒe,f v,fjyifaus;&GmrSmðyvkyfwJh }uH›zGwftoif;0if tqkdðyv$m
ay;tyfyrJG mS “a':pk=unfudk okwo f if&iS ;f vif;ypf&r,fjzpfa=umif;/ okwo f if&iS ;f vif;ypf&r,fqw dk m
em;vnf=uovm;/ okwfoif&Sif;vif;ypf&r,fqkdwm owfypf&r,fvkd@qkdwmjzpfa=umif;” ,kwf
,kwfrmrmajymqkdcJhygw,f? (1-11-96) ae@rSmyJ uomòrdŒe,f odrftif;aus;&Gm}uH›zGwf tqkdðyv$m
ay;tyfyrJG mS vnf; “atmifqef;pk=unf ukd owf&v J m;” vk@d ok;H }udro
f ;Hk cg ar;jref;wkid wf nf atmf[pf
ay;&if; w&m;vufvGwf ajr‡mufxkd;yifhaumf aoG;xkd;ay;wmawG ±kdif;±kdif;pkdif;pkdif; ðyvkyfcJhygw,f?
wu,f ,kwf,kwfrmrm rif;rJhp±kdufqefqef vufawGŒvkyfaqmifcsifol[m e0w yJjzpfw,fqkdwm
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; azmfjyaecJhygw,f?
9-11-96 ae@rSmawmh NLD tzGJŒcsKyf axGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ 'k-
OuUÏ OD;wifOD;/ OD;=unfarmif wkd@pD;eif;vkdufygvmwJhum;ukd vlaygif; (200) avmuf&SdwJh vkdifpif&
vl&rf;um;wpku vlukdaoapEkdifavmufwJh wkwf/ "m;/ ausmufcJ vufeufawGeJ@ ,kwf,kwfrmrm
um,uHajrmuf t=urf;zufwkdufckdufcJh=uygw,f? +idrf0yfydjym;a&; w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;vkd@ wzGzG
atmfae=uwJh tm%mykdiftzGJŒtpnf;toD;oD;/ vkHòcHa&;awGtoD;oD;&Sd&m &efukefòrdŒvnfacgif}uD;
twGif;rSmyJ jzpfay:cJhwmjzpfygw,f? 'kOuUÏ OD;wifOD; u A[ef;òrdŒe,f &Jpcef;rSm ueOD; owif;ay;
wkdif=um;csufukd Oya'a=umif;eJ@tnD zGifhvSpfwkdifwef;cJhygw,f? e0w ppftpkd;&u a&ikHEkwfydwf
vkyf+yD; rodusKd;u|HðyaecJhygw,f? w&m;cHazmfxkwfa&; tr_rSefay:aygufa&;ukd vkH;0 vkyfukdifaqmif
&Gufay;jcif;rðyyJ rodusdK;u|HðyaecJhum e0w udk,fwdkif tvdkwltvdkyg ðywJhudpPjzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;
aecJhygw,f? t=urf;zuf ,kwfrmcJh=uolawG[m }uH›zGwf0ifawGjzpfw,fvkd@ qkdygw,f? tpkd;&ukd,f

wkdif aemufuG,fuyg0ifwJh EkdifiHawmft=urf;zufr_ykHpHjzpfygw,f? 'Davmuf qkd;0g;,kwfrmwJh

tpkd;&rsKd;/ Armjynforkdif;rSm r&Sdao;zl;vkd@awmif rSwfwrf;wif&rSmjzpfygw,f? jynfwGif; 'Drkdua&pD
tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ EkdifiHwumuyg qef@usif±_wfcscJh=uygw,f?
autJef,l eJ@ e0w wkd@&JŒ pwkwˆt}udrfawGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yGJtjzpf (21-11-96) ae@uae
(23-11-96) ae@txd usif;yjzpfcJh=u+yD; e0w &JŒ oabmxm;rrSefr_a=umifh bmatmifjrifr_rSr&yJ
tqkH;owfoGm;cJh&ygw,f? wwd,t}udrftjzpf (29-6-96) ae@uae (2-7-96) txd aqG;aEG;cJh
=uwke;f u wjynfv;Hk typftcwf&yfpaJ &;xkwjf yefz@dk autJe, f ul wifjycJah yr,fh e0w u y,fcschJ
ovkd vuf&Sd jynfwGif;ppf[m EkdifiHa&;jy\emtay: tajccH+yD;jzpfcJhwma=umifh jynfwGif;ppf&JŒ
tajccHjy\emukd aqG;aEG;zkd@/ 'grS ppfrSefwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;ukd wnf
aqmufEkdifrSmjzpfa=umif; wifjycJhwmukdvnf; e0w u “e0w [m ppftpkd;&jzpfvkd@ EkdifiHa&;eJ@ywf
oufwmukd raqG;aEG;Ekdifa=umif;” qkd+yD; y,fcscJhygw,f? autJef,lbufuvnf; ppftpkd;&awmif;
qdak ewJh vufeufuidk v f rf;pOfpeG @f Oya'abmiftwGi;f 0ifa&;qdw k m tESpof m&tm;jzifh tnHch aH &;om
jzpfwJhtwGuf vufrcHEkdifa=umif; ajymqkdygw,f? e0w bufu “vufeufukdifvrf;pOfpGef@ Oaya'
abmiftwGi;f 0ifa&;” qkw d t
hJ ESpo f m&ukd rysuaf pbJ/ wjcm;pum;vk;H tok;H tE_e;f ukd &SmazGEidk af =umif;
tpm;xkd;Ekdifa=umif; ajymqkd+yD; autJef,lu tESpfom&rajymif;ygu pum;vkH;topf&Smjcif;[m
t"dy`g,fr&Sda=umif;/ vufeufukdifvrf;pOfukdpGef@ Oya'abmifwGif;0ifqkdwJh óudwifpnf;urf;csufukd
xm;&efrvkad =umif; ajymqk&d iS ;f vif;cJ+h yD; wwd,t}udrf aqG;aEG;r_ukd tqk;H owfc=hJ uwmjzpfygw,f?
aemufqkH;awmh pwkwˆ}udrfrSm autJef,lbufu AkdvfcsKyf}uD; “wmrvmabm” uacgif;
aqmif/ 'kacgif;aqmiftjzpf ref;&SmvzefeJ@ tzGJŒ0ifpkpkaygif; (8) OD; wufa&mufcJh+yD;/ e0w bufu
Akv
d rf ;ª }u;D ausm0f if; u tzGŒJ acgi;f aqmifjzpf+y;D pkpak ygi;f tzGŒJ 0if (8) OD; wufa&mufaqG;aEG;cJ=h uygw,f?
autJ,lbufu (1) e0w eJ@ autJef,l=um; typftcwf&yfpJxm;&ef/ (2) a&&Snfckdif+rJwJh
+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf e0w eJ@ autJef,l qufvufaqG;aEG;&ef/ (3) ESpfzuf typftcwf&yfpJa&;
twGuf ESpfzufwyfrsm;&JŒ vkdufem=u&r,fh tcsufrsm;ukd n‡dE_dif;owfrSwf=u&efqkdwJh tcsuf (3)
csufukd wifcJhygw,f?
autJe, f &l ŒJ tqkðd ycsuf (3) csuu f dk Akv
d rf ;ª }u;D ausm0f if; u e0w acgi;f aqmifawGqD tpD&ifcH
vkduf+yD;/ e0w acgif;aqmifrsm;u tcsuf (6)csuf csrSwfazmfjycJhygw,f? tJ'D (6)csufu (1) vuf
eufukdifvrf;pOfpGef@/ Oya'abmiftwGif;0ifa&mufjcif;eJ@ w&m;0if xkwfjyefa=unmjcif;/ (2) typf
tcwf&yfqidk ;f jcif;/ (3) wyfae&mcsxm;r_nEd‡ i_d ;f jcif;/ (4) e,fajra'ozG@H òz;d a&;vkyif ef;rsm; yl;aygi;f aqmif
&Gufjcif;/ (5) EkdifiHa&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; trsKd;om;nDvmcHwGif wufa&mufavhvmjcif;eJ@ (6) tajccH
Oya'ay:ayguf+yD;ygu vufeuf t+yD;tydkifpGef@+yD; w&m;0if EkdifiHa&;ygwD xlaxmifjcif;qdkwmjzpfyg
w,f? t"dy`g,fuawmh vufeufukdifvrf;pOfpGef@+yD; Oya'abmiftwGif; 0ifa&mufa=umif;ukd t&if
qkH;a=unmzkd@qkdwm jzpfygw,f?
1996 'DZifbm (31) &ufae@rSm autJef,lu autJef,l&JŒ oabmxm;jyef=um;csufukd
e0w OuUÏ Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a&$ xHvyd rf +l yD; jyef=um;cJyh gw,f? tcsuf (1) [m tESpo f m&tm;jzifh
tnhHcHa&;jzpfwJhtwGuf óudwifpnf;urf;csuftjzpfxm;&r,fht&mr[kwf/ tcsuf (5) eJ@ ywfouf

+yD; trsK;d om;nDvmcHu csrw S x f m;wJh Ekid if aH &;ODwnfcsuf (6) csurf mS tem*wf trsK;d om;Ekid if aH &;rSm
wyfrawmfu OD;aqmiftcef;u yg0if&r,fqkdwJhtcsuf[m e0w ukd,fwkdif taumiftxnfazmf
ay;zkd@ vlxkukd uwday;xm;wJh ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pD tajccHrlawGeJ@ qef@usifae+yD;/ tEkdif& NLD uk, d f
wkid f qef@usio f ydwaf rSmufcw hJ thJ jyif jynfov l xl u
k vnf; nDvmcHudk ,k=H unfpw d 0f ifpm;r_r&Sad wmh
wma=umifh autJef,ltaeeJ@ nDvmcH wufa&mufavhvm&efrjzpfEkdif? tcsuf (6) jzpfwJh tajccH
Oya'ay:ayguf+yD;ygu vufeufpGef@&r,fqkdwJhtcsuf[mvnf; ay:aygufvmwJhtajccHOya'ukd
jynfot l m;vk;H wkid ;f &if;om;tm;vk;H vufcEH idk §f rEkid f rod&ao;bJ/ Oya'ay:aygu+f yD;ygu vufeuf
pGef@a&; óudwifuwday;xm;a&;[m a=umif;usKd;,kwWdr&SdwJhtwGuf autJef,lu vufrcHEkdifqkdwJh
ta=umif; tao;pdwf jyef=um;cJyh gw,f? yOPrt}urd f awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;Ekid af &; ESpzf ufóu;d pm;oifah =umif;
vnf; qufvufawmif;qkdazmfjycJhygw,f? rdwWLukd AkdvfcsKyf}uD;armifat;/ twGif;a&;rª; (1)
'kAkdvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@/ twGif;a&;rª; (2) 'kAkdvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD; eJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;tusKd;aqmif (5) OD;vkH;pD
vnf; ay;ykd@cJhygw,f?
97 ck/ Zefe0g&D (31) &ufae@rSm +idrf;csrf;a&;tusdK;aqmifawG KNU qD xyfrHa&mufvm+yD;
“vufeufudkifvrf;pOfpGef@+yD; Oya' abmiftwGif; 0ifa&mufjcif;rðyEdkifygu (uuvSrf;) wyfrawmf
axmufvrS ;f a&;tzGJŒu KNU eJ@ qufvufraqG;aEG;Edik af wmha=umif;” qdw k @J e0w acgi;f aqmifawG&ŒJ
rSm=um;csuu f kd ajymjyygw,f? e0wOuUÏ qDay;yd@k cw hJ hJ (31/ 12/ 96) ae@pyJG g pmyg &yfwnfcsut f wdik ;f
KNU u azmfjywkef@jyef ajz=um;cJhygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ[m edXdwHoGm;&ygawmhw,f?
(aqG;aEG;a&;r+yD;jywfcif/ Zefe0g&DvxJuwnf;u ppftwGuf toifhjyifxm;+yD;/ e0w wyf
awG[m azazmf0g&Dv (11) &ufae@up+yD; KNU a'oawGtwGif; tjyif;txef aemufxyfxdk;ppf
}uD; qifygawmhw,f? tcsKyfuawmh e0w &JŒ oabmxm;rrSefr_a=umifh aqG;aEG;yGJawG ysufcJh&jyef
wmjzpfygw,f?)
0g'jzef@csad &;t& vufeufuikd t f zGŒJ (15) zG@J e@J +idr;f csr;f a&;&atmif aqG;aEG;wnfaqmufEikd f
cJh+yDvdk@ e0w u wavsmufvHk; r*Fvm,lajymqdkaeayr,fh u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD
(KNPP) eJ@ (3) vausmfyJ +idrf;csrf;a&;oufwrf;=umcJh+yD;/ e0w &JŒ pnf;urf;csKd;azmuf oabmxm;
rrSefr_awGa=umifh 95 ckESpf/ ZGefvup+yD; jyefvnf tjyif;txef wdkufyGJawGjzpfyGm;aecJh=uygw,f?
typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsuf ysufjym;oGm;cJh+yD;jzpfygw,f? rGefjynfopfygwD (MMSP)
&JŒ wyfwcsKdŒeJ@vnf; a'owcsdKŒrSm wdkufyGJawG jyefvnfjzpfyGm;ae&+yDjzpfygw,f? EdkifiHa&;t& vHk;0
aqG;aEG;n‡dE_dif;&jcif;r&SdbJ typftcwf&yfpJxm;=uwJh tqifhawGom&SdcJh+yD;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;tqifh
b,ftzGJŒrS a&mufcJh=uwmr[kwfyg? tpuwnf;u EdkifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;oabmr&SdcJhwJh cGefqm
tzGJŒom tºuGi;f rJh vufeufcsjcif;enf;eJ@ udpjP ywfomG ;cJw h t hJ aetxm;jzpfygw,f? bde;f bk&ifceG q f m
uawmh OD;cGeq f mtjzpf (OD;oufatmif tjzpf) pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;}uD;awGtwGi;f / 0ifa&muf&if;ES;D aeEdik f
cJh+yD; bdef;bk&ifa[mif; avmfppf[efenf;wl ppftpdk;&&JŒ tumtuG,f&&SdaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? bdef;eJ@
rl;,pfaq;0g;eJ@ ruif;r&Sif;jzpfae=uwJh +idrf;tzGJŒwcsKdŒ&JŒ raumif;owif;awG[mvnf; jynfwGif;
jynfyrSmwdk;jrifhemrnfxGufay:vmcJhygw,f?
1996 ckESpftukefrSm ay:xGufvmcJhwJh vlxkwdkufyGJ}uD;w&yfuawm/ ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;v_yf

&Sm;r_orkdif;rSm tpOfa&SŒwef;tcef;u yg0ifcJhwJh/ ausmif;om;xk&JŒ “'DZifbm ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_

wdkufyGJ}uD;” yJjzpfygw,f? 'DZifbm (6) &ufae@rSm ay:xGef;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? tiftm; (4000)ausmf
avmuf±SdwJh/ qef@usifqENjy=uolawGeJ@ vkHxdef;&JawG &efukefòrdŒawmfrSm xdyfwdkufwdk;cJh=uygw,f?
ppftpdk;&u t=urf;zuf òzdcGJcJhygw,f? ausmif;om;awGtajrmuftrsm; tzrf;cH}u&ygw,f//
'DZifbm ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ vlxkwdkufyGJ}uD;ray:cif/ atmufwdkbm (21) (22) &uf nawGu
wnf;u &efukefpufr_wuUodkvf/ pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvf/ &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;xk axmifeJ@csD
yg0ifwJh tiftm;jy uef@uGufyGJ}uD; ay:aygufcJhygao;w,f? 6/ 12/ 96 ae@ &efukefausmif;om;qENjy
yGJ}uD;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; ‘jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;om;aumifpD’ u a=unmcsufxkwfjyefcJhygw,f?
,ckt}udrf &efukefausmif;om;qENjyyGJrSm ausmif;om;awGudk rw&m;±dkufESufcJholrsm;udk ta&;,l
tjypfay;&ef/ zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cHausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;udk jyefv$wfay;&ef/ ausmif;om;or*~
w&m;0ifzGJŒpnf;cGifhðy&ef/ pwJhpwJh ausmif;om;rsm;&JŒ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk NCUB u jywfom;pGm
axmufcHa=umif;/ 'DZifbm (9) &ufae@pGJeJ@ NCUB OuUÏ/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmbdkjr u vufrSwfa&;xdk;
xkwfjyefcJhygw,f? etz u ausmif;awGudkydwfvdkufygw,f? 1997 ckESpfxJ0ifwmeJ@ pwifay:xGuf
vmcJhwJh EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_uawmh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;jzpfygw,f? aumfol;
avjynfe,f KNU tajccHa'o “r,foa&mxm” rSm Zefe0g&D (7) &ufu (14) &ufae@txd
usif;ycJhwmjzpfygw,f? u&if/ ucsif/ u&ifeD/ u,ef;/ rGef/ 0/ csif;/ &cdkif/ ytdk0fh/ yavmif/ vm;[l/
&Srf;wdkif;&if;om;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;eJ@ tzGJŒtpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ avhvmolrsm;
pkpak ygi;f (111) OD; wufa&mufc=hJ uygw,f? e0w eJ@ +idr;f tzGJŒvkyx f m;wJh KIO, UWSP, rGejf ynfopfyg
wD/ u,ef;jynfopfygwD wdk@vdk tzGJŒtpnf;udk,fpm;vS,fawGyg wufa&mufcJhygw,f? &v'ftjzpf
“r,foa&mxma=unmcsu”f xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? ppftm%m&Sipf epfzsuo f rd ;f +yD; jynfwiG ;f +idr;f
csr;f a&; wnfaqmuf&ef/ 'Dru kd a&pDpepf usio hf ;kH &ef/ vlrsK;d wdik ;f wef;wla&;ESihf ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGi&hf &dS ef/
zuf'&,f jynfaxmifp}k uD; wnfaqmuf&efqw kd hJ Edik if aH &;&nfreS ;f csuqf ikd &f m oabmwlncD sut f jyif/
twkta,mif trsKd ;om;nDvmcHe@J ywfoufwhJ oabmwlncD su/f oH;k yGiq hf ikd af qG;aEG;a&;eJ@ yufowf
wJh oabmwlncD suaf wGyg &&Scd =hJ uygw,f? NLD udk jynfov l x l &k ŒJ qENe@J tnD tEdik &f ygw}D uD;tjzpf
todtrSwðf yaxmufcaH =umif; azmfjycJo h vdk e0w tkycf sKyfaepOftwGi;f Armjynfukd tmqD,t H zGŒJ
0iftjzpf vufrcHbJ qdkif;iHhxm;a&;awmif;qdkzdk@ atpD,H udk yef=um;zdk@yg oabmwlcJh=uygw,f?
r,foa&mxmoabmwlnDcsufrSm tcsufaygif; (10) csufwdwdyg0ifcJhygw,f?
97ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv (7) &ufu (15) &ufae@txd/ usif;ywJh pwkwÎt}udrf “r'w”
nDvmcH}uD;uvnf; “r,foa&mxm” &v'fudk xdef;odrf;+yD; qufvufóud;yrf;a&; xyfrHazmfjyqHk;
jzwfcJh=uygw,f?
97 ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D (12) &uf tESpf (50) ajrmuf jynfaxmifpak e@tcrf;tem;rSm NLD
acgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf uvnf; r,foa&mxmoabmwlncD suu f kd xyfavmif;xkwaf zmf
ud;k um;ajymqdo k mG ;cJ+h yD;/ ppfreS w
f hJ jynfaxmifp}k uD; ay:xGe;f a&;twGuf NLD eJ@twl yl;aygi;f aqmif
&Gu=f uzd@k / vufeufuikd f +idr;f csr;f a&;&,lxm;wJh tzGŒJ awGuykd g zdwaf c:yga=umif; taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;
rª;&JŒ rdef@cGef;tjzpf ajymqdkoGm;cJhygw,f? rwfvxJrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;armifat; u KNU vufeufcs

wyf&if;rª; ol;rl[Judk 'l;axmufcdkif;±Hkru u&iftrsKd;om;tvHudkyg ppfzdeyfeJ@ eif;acsjycJhygw,f?

,kwfrmvSygw,f?
97 ckESpf/ {+yDvrSm twGif;a&;rª; (2) 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD;aetdrf/ ygq,fAHk; aygufuGJr_jzpfyGm;
cJh+yD;/ orD;jzpfol wuUodkvfq&mr aoqHk;oGm;cJh&ygw,f? twGif;a&;rª; (1)/ axmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;
tuJ 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@u *syefEdkifiHa&muf 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pk0if yk*~dKvfwcsKdŒudk w&m;cHtjzpf
pGyfpGJajymqdkoGm;cJhygw,f? w&m;cHtppf ray:cJhyg?
ppftpdk;&u +idrf;tzGJŒawGudk NLD eJ@ ywfoufqufpyfr_rvkyfzdk@ owday;wm/ +cdrf;ajcmuf
wm/ wm;jrpfwmawG vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? wqufwnf;rSm NLD udv k nf; wjynfv;kH ae&mtES@H rmS /
wdk;+yD;zdESdyfwmawG vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f? }uH›zGwfawGudk toHk;cs+yD; vlxktpnf;ta0;qdkwm}uD;awG
udkvnf; wdk;jr‡ifhzefwD; usif;yapcJhygw,f? NLD udk tpdk;&ydkif rD'D,mawG tm;vHk;uae+yD;vnf;
w&Sdefwdk;wdk;jr‡if hwdkufcdkufygw,f?
EdkifiHwumu ppftpdk;&&JŒ NLD zdESdyfa&;wdk;jr‡ifh vkyfaqmifaer_awGeJ@ vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;
azmufr_awGtay: ±_wfcs tjypfwif uef@uGufwmawG vkyfaqmif&if;/ e0w tay: wdk;jr‡ifhydwfyif
uef@owfwmawG vkyfaqmifcJh=uygw,f? e0w &JŒ atpD,HtzGJŒ0ifjzpfa&; av#mufxm;óud;yrf;
csut f ay: tar&duefe@J EU tzGŒJ u atpD,u H kd vufrcHbJ qdik ;f ihx
H m;zd@k azsmif;zs em;csc=hJ uygw,f?
e0w uvnf; wcsufckwf ESpfcsufjywfenf;rsKd;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;upm;zdk@ upm;uGufxGifygw,f?
tJ'guawmh EdkifiHwumtjrifrSm awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;zdk@ awmif;qdkae=uolawGudk awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;a&;
ajcvSrf; vSrf;vmae+yDvdk@ tjrif&Sdvmatmif/ wqufwnf;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf udkvnf;
ab;z,f+yD;om;jzpfatmif/ Zlvdkif (17) &ufae@rSm OuUÏ OD;atmifa&$ eJ@ A[dktvkyftr_aqmif0if
OD;oef;xGef; eJ@ OD;vSaz udk/ twGif;a&;rª; (1) u ac:,lawGŒqHkygw,f? NLD u tpdk;&eJ@ xdyfwdkuf
awGŒa&;awG vkyaf ew,fv@kd 'kAv kd cf sKyf}uD;cif!eG @f u ajymqdw k mtay: OD;atmifa&$ u r[kwaf =umif;
ajymovdk OD;oef;xGe;f u a&G;aumufyt JG Edik &f NLD udk todtrSwrf ðywJt h jyif zdEydS rf a_ wG qd;k qd;k 0g;
0g; cHpm;ae&a=umif;/ xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifa&;udk e0w uom vkyfaea=umif; vdk@jyefvnfajymqdkcJhyg
w,f? tr_aqmiftzGJŒ0ifjzpfol OD;vSaz uvnf; atmufajcrSm tvGefzdESdyfcsKyfcs,fcHae&ygw,f?
qdik ;f bkwaf wGðzwfcswm vlawGzrf;qD;wmawG cHae&ygw,fv@kd ajymqdck yhJ gw,f? twGi;f a&;rª; (1)u
'gawG tqifajyatmifvkyfay;r,f NLD uvnf; ðyjyifygvdk@ qHk;r=o0g'ay;vdkufovdkvdk ajymqdk
v$wfvdkufygw,f/ wu,fu aqG;aEG;cJh=u&wmr[kwfyg? aqG;aEG;vdkpdwfvnf; r&SdcJhyg? aqG;aEG;r_
vkyfw,fvdk@ txifcH&atmif tay: pD;uae ac:,lawGŒqHkcJhwmomjzpfygw,f?
Zlvikd f (24) &ufae@rmS rav;&Sm;Edik if rH mS usi;f ywJ/h atpD,EH idk if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D rsm; tpnf;ta0;
u ArmEdkifiHudk avmEdkifiHeJ@twl atpD,H0ifcGifhðya&; qHk;jzwfvdkufygw,f? atpD,H[m (8/ 8/ 67)
ae@rmS pwifwnfaxmifcw hJ mjzpf+y;D / atpD,&H ŒJ ESpf (30) ajrmuf (97) =o*kwv f rSm Armjynfukd atpD,H
0ifEikd if t
H jzpf w&m;0if todtrSwðf yvufcv H ukd =f uygw,f? ppftpd;k &u atpD,0H ifEikd if jH zpfvmwm
udk oHwrefa&;t& {&mratmifyGJtjzpf rSwf,l vufraxmifvdkufygw,f?
=o*kwv f (5) &ufae@ ae@peJG @J xGuaf y:vmcJw h muawmh/ Edik if aH &;orm;a[mif;}u;D awGu, kd f
pm; Adv k rf ;ª atmif vufrw S af &;xd;k xkwjf yefwhJ “e0w tzGŒJ od@k yef=um;v$m” jzpfygw,f? Adv k rf ;ª atmif

eJ@ Edik if aH &;orm;a[mif;}uD;rsm;[m jynfxaJ &; 'k0ef}uD; Adv k rf ;ª }uD;wifvi_d ef @J axmufvrS ;f a&;tzGJŒu
ac:,lowday; wm;jrpf+yD;wJhaemufrSmbJ ay;pm/ yef=um;v$m/ o0%fv$m/ qdkwmawG vdktyfovdk
xkwfjyefay;ydk@+rJ ay;ydk@aqmif&GufcJh=uygw,f? trsKd;om;&if=um;apha&;/ awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;a&; &nfrSef;
csuef @J wdu k wf eG ;f E_;d aqmfc=hJ uwmawGcsn;f jzpfygw,f? =o*kwv f (5) &ufae@pyJG g pmrSmawmh/ a&G;aumuf
yGJusif;y+yD;pD; cJhwm (7) ESpfausmf+yDjzpfayr,fh v$wfawmf tckxd ac:qdkEdkifjcif;r&Sdwm[m EdkifiHa&;
t=uyftwnf;}uD;wckvdk@ azmfjycJh+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;rwnfr+idrfjzpfae&wmawGudk ukefaps;E_ef; tqr
wefjzpfae&wm/ aiGa=u;azmif;yGvGef;aewm/ oGif;ukefydk@ukef csdefcGifv#m rnDrr#jzpfae& wmawGeJ@
axmufjycJ+h yD;/ vlra_ &;t& tqifjh r‡iahf usmif;awG ydwx f m;&wm/ atmufajcqif;&Jom;rsm; aq;ruk
Edkifwm/ aiGrsm;w&m;Edkifjzpfaewm/ 0efxrf;rsm; pm&dwWysufjym;ae&wmawGeJ@ yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
axmufjycJhygw,f “txufygtajctaersm;t& jrefrmEdkifiH. taxGaxGjy\emonf wOD;w
a,muf tzGJŒtpnf;wckESifhom qdkifonfhjy\emr[kwfbJ wrsKd;om;vHk; wjynfvHk;ESifhqdkifonfh
trsKd;om;a&;t=uyftwnf;}uD;tjzpf qdkufa&mufaeonf[k u|efyfwdk@u ±dk;om;pGm xifjrif,lq
=uygonf” qdk+yD; yef=um;v$mxJrSm &J&J0ifh0ifh axmufjyvdkufygw,f? wqufwnf;rSm yk*~dKvfa&;eJ@
rdrdwdk@&JŒ tzGJŒtpnf;tusKd;pD;yGm;xuf EdkifiHawmfw&yfvHk;eJ@ jynfoltm;vHk;&JŒ tusKd;pD;yGm;udka&SŒ±_
+yD; tjrefqHk; awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;=uzdk@ wdkufwGef;yef=um;xm;ygw,f?
wu,fvnf; wEdik if v H ;kH eJ@qikd w
f hJ Edik if aH &;t=uyftwnf;/ trsK;d om;a&;t=uyftwnf;}uD;
qdkufa&mufaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f?
csrf;omºuG,f0vm=uwmuawmh ppftkyfpk/ ppftkyfpkEG,f0ifrsm;eJ@ bdef;rl;,pfaq;0g;eJ@
ywfoufolawGomjzpfygw,f?
pufwifbm (15) &ufrmS e0w twGi;f a&;rª; (1) u/ NLD OuUÏ eJ@ tvkyt f r_aqmifO;D pd;k jrif/h
OD;vGef;wif wdk@udk vma&mufawGqHkzdk@ tay: pD;uae ac: jyefygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf udkz,f
+yD; acgif;acguf pdwfóudufac:wJhoabmjzpfygw,f? NLD u taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; a':atmifqef;
pk=unf rygbJ zdwf=um;xm;wmudk vufrcHa&; qHk;jzwfxm;+yD;+yDjzpfvdk@ OuUÏu rvkdufEdkifa=umif;
ajym+yD; OD;pd;k jrifh eJ@ OD;vGe;f wif udo k m awGŒqHzk @kd cGiðhf yapv$wcf yhJ gw,f? e0w u vufrcHbJ y,fzsuf
cJyh gw,f? awGŒcsio f u l kd awGŒcsiof vdak wGŒr,f/ tJ'v D rkd [kw&f if rawGŒbl;qdw k o hJ abm e0w u azmfjy
vdkufwmjzpfygw,f? +yD;rS ajymif;jyef 0gjzef@csdwmu e0w u awGŒqHkzdk@vkyfygw,f? NLD bufu
ygcsiw f o hJ l ryg&vd@k rvmwmawmh rwwfEikd b f ;l / e0w bufu wm0efr&Sb d ;l vd@k ajymqdv k u kd yf gw,f?
97 ckEpS f ESpv f ,fausmu f p+yD; tdref ;D csi;f xdik ;f Ekid if rH mS aiGa=u;t=uyftwnf; ay:ae+yDjzpfyg
w,f? xdik ;f aiGa=u;t=uyftwnf;[m ArmjynftwGuf bmrS xdcu kd ±f u
kd cf wfEikd rf r_ &Sq
d wkd hJ [efyefe@J
cyfwnfwnf ºuGm;vH;k xkwaf eayr,fh Armjynf&ŒJ pD;yGm;a&;tajctae[m tqd;k qH;k taetxm;qD
a&muf&SdaecJh+yD;jzpfygw,f?
1997 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv (15) &ufae@rSm ‘e0w’ uae “EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh
zGHŒòzd;a&;aumifpD” (etz) tjzpf trnfajymif;vJvdkufygw,f? Edk0ifbm (15) &ufae@rSmbJ emrnf
qd;k eJ@ ausm=f um;ae+yDjzpfwhJ ppfAv kd cf sKyf (14) OD;udv k nf; tpkvu kd t
f òyHvu kd f ðzwfy,fypfvu kd yf gw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unf/ AdkvfcsKyfausmfb/ AdkvfcsKyfjrifhatmif eJ@ trsKd;om;nDvmcHusif;ya&; aumfr&Sif

OuUÏ}uD; Adv
k cf sKyfrsK;d !Ge@f vnf; ygomG ;ygw,f? vmbfpm;r_/ pD;yGm;a&;aomif;use;f r_/ t*wdvu kd pf m;
r_awGa=umifh vd@k qykd gw,f? jynfoal wG[m rGjJ ymusae&ayr,fh tz,f&mS ;cH&wJh Adv k cf sKyfawGtrd af wG
udk &SmazGodrf;qnf;zrf;qD;&mrSmawmh a&$yd\maygif; q,fcsD+yD; zrf;qD;&rdwm/ um;awG q,fcsD+yD;
odr;f qnf;&rdwm/ wdu k af wGtvH;k aygi;f rsm;pGm ydik q
f ikd af ewmawG ausmrf aumif;=um;raumif; xGuf
ay:vmygawmhw,f? e0w acwfwavsmufv;kH e0w ppfacgi;f aqmif}uD;awG bmawGvyk cf =hJ uovJ/
b,favmuf tusiyhf suf azmufjyefc=hJ uovJ/ b,favmuf tusn;f wefq;kd 0g; azmufjyefc=hJ uovJ
qdkwm&JŒ jy,k*fozG,fjzpfcJhygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;aomif;usef;r_a=umifhom ðzwfy,f&rSmqdk&if e0w
acgi;f aqmiftm;vH;k wOD;rS vGwaf jrmufz, G &f mr&Sw d t hJ wGuf tckvkd Adv
k cf sKyf (14) OD;udk ðzwfy,fypf
vdkufjcif;[m pD;yGm;a&;oufoufavmufudpP [kwf[efrwlvdk@vnf; toHawGxGufvmcJhygw,f?
tzrf;cH&olawG &meJ@csD &SdcJhygw,f?
23-12-97 ae rh mS ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD (Auy) OuUÏ}uD; ocifAode;f wif w±kwjf ynfrmS
uG,fvGefoGm;ygw,f?
etzacwf Ed k i f i H a &; xd y f w d k u f y G J r sm;/ wif ; rmr+ r sm;eJ ‹ Armjynf
etz qd+k yD; e0w uae trnfajymif;+yD; zGJŒpnf;vdu k w

f t
hJ cg twGi;f a&;rª; (3) qdw k mygxu G f
ay:vmygw,f? twGif;a&;rª; (3) jzpfvmolu 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;0if;jrifh jzpfygw,f?
1998 ckESpf/ ckESpf[m ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;a&$&wkESpfjzpfovdk/ jynfwGif;ppfESpf (50) wdkifwJh
ESpfvnf;jzpfygw,f? NLD u vGwfvyfa&;a&$&wk tcrf;tem;awG usif;y+yD; OuUÏ/ taxGaxG
twGif;a&;rª; rdef@cGef;awG xGufay:vmygw,f? a&$&wkvGwfvyfa&;ae@ a=unmpmwrf;vnf; xGuf
ay:vmygw,f? tESpfcsKyfuawmh wdkif;jynf&JŒ jzpfay:aewJh EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;jy\emawG
udk awGŒqHak qG;aEG;a&;enf;eJ@ ajz&Si;f =uzd@k / vrf;!¸ecf H 'Dru
kd a&pD r[kwb f J ppfreS w
f hJ ygwpD 'kH rD u
kd a&pD
udk xlaxmif=uzdk@qdkwmawGudk wifjyxm;ygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒ rdef@cGef;rSm vGwfvyfwJh
EdkifiH&JŒ jynfoljynfom;awGyDyD owWd&dS&Sd wm0efododeJ@ vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufwmawGudk vkyfoGm;&rSm
jzpfygw,fvdk@vnf; ajymqdkazmfjyoGm;cJhygw,f?
jynfwGif;jynfy 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; awGŒqHkaqG;aEG; tajz&Sma&;udk wdk;jr‡ifh
awmif;qdkazmfjycJh=uygw,f?
NLD OuUÏ OD;atmifa&$ u 98 ckESpf/ ZGefv (23) &ufae@rSm “uae@rSpI &uf (60) jynfh
ajrmufrnfh =o*kwf (21) &ufae@ rwdik rf D v$waf wmfukd ac:,lzJŒG pnf;ay;yg&ef” qdw k hJ awmif;qdck suu f kd
etz xHwifjyawmif;qdkygw,f? ZGefv (30) &ufae@rSm “jynfolvlxku w&m;0if a&G;cs,fwif
ajr‡mufxm;wJh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawGudk ajccsKyfeJ@ cH0ef
tufOya'eJ@ rw&m;ojzifh ta&;,laewmawGudk ±kwfodrf;ay;zdk@ etz OuUÏ/ w&m;ol}uD;csKyf/
a&SŒaecsKyfwdk@xH vdyfrl+yD; wifjyawmif;qdkygw,f?

98 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v
f xJrmS a':atmifqef;pk=unf u e,fxu G pf nf;±H;k a&;c&D;awG qif;zd@k jyifqif
xm;ygw,f? ppftpdk;&u a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒ c&D;awGudk ratmifjrifatmif wm;qD;ydwfyif
wmawG ajymifajymifwif;wif; vkyfaqmifygw,f? &efukefuae rif;vS oGm;c&D;w}udrf/ yef;waemf
oGm;c&D;w}udrf/ ykodrfòrdŒudktoGm; w}udrf (3) }udrfwdkifwdkif wm;qD;ydwfyifwmawG vkyfcJhygw,f?
ykodrfòrdŒtoGm; tnmpkaus;&GmteD; wm;qD;cH&wkef;u (7) &ufwdkifwdkif um;xJxdkif+yD; qENjycJhyg
w,f? e0w tm%mydkifawGu um;xJuae twif;qGJxkwf+yD; &efukefjyefydk@cJhwJhtxd wif;rmr_awG
ay:cJyh gw,f? =o*kwv f xJrmS a':atmifqef;pk=unf u ykord cf &D;udk xyf+yD; 'kw, d t}udrf óud;yrf;cJyh g
w,f? e0w uvnf; xyf+yD; wm;qD;cJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu (13) &ufwdkifwdkif um;xJ
xdkif qENjycJh&if; e0w &JŒ ,kwfrmr_awGudk urBmuodatmif azmfxkwfjyocJhygw,f?
98 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv (16) &ufae@rmS awmh NLD u acgi;f aqmif+yD;/ &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;
'Dru dk a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf/ &cdik 'f rD u
kd a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf/ rGet
f rsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf/ Zdrk ;D uGe*f &ufw@kd yg0ifwhJ
“jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrDwD” (CRPP) udk zGŒJ pnf;vdu k yf gw,f? jynfoŒl v$waf wmfu, kd f
pm;ðyaumfrDwD (CRPP) [m v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f (251) OD;&JŒ v$Jtyfxm;wJh vkyfydkifcGifht&
zGJŒpnf;cJh+yD; v$wfawmfac:,la&;udk OD;wnfóud;yrf;zdk@ jzpfygw,f? OuUÏtjzpf OD;atmifa&$/ twGif;
a&;rª;tjzpf OD;oef;xGef; (NLD) eJ@ OD;at;omatmif (&cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf) jzpfygw,f? OD;at;
omatmif [m &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf/ rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf/ ZdkrD;uGef
u&uf/ &cdkif'Drdkua&pdtzGJŒcsKyfqdkwJh tzGJŒ (4) zGJŒudk udk,fpm;ðywJh udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfygw,f? tzGJŒ0if
rsm;tjzpf OD;wifOD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;vGif/ OD;vSaz/ OD;pdk;jrifh/ OD;vGef;wif/ OD;!Gef@a0 wdk@jzpf=u
ygw,f? pkpkaygif; (10) OD;jzpfwJhtwGuf (CRPP q,fOD;aumfrwD) vdk@vnf; vlodrsm;cJhygw,f?
17-9-98 ae@rSm jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD&JŒ a=unmcsuf trSwf (1) eJ@twl
“TaumfrwDonf (90) jynfha&G;aumufyGJOya'ESifhtnD v$wfawmfac:,lay;a&;rlt&/ v$wfawmf
ac:,lay;a&; jzpfajrmufonft h xd v$waf wmfu, kd pf m; aqmif&u G of mG ;rnf” vd@k a=unmcJyh gw,f?
CRPP udk NCGUB, NCUB, DAB, NLD-LA, KNU, ABSDF, vlŒabmifopfygwD wd@k tyg
t0if jynfwGif;'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; wcJeuf axmufcH=uovdk EdkifiHwumu tzGJŒ
tpnf;rsKd;pHkuvnf; axmufcHcJh=uygw,f?
e0w wjzpfvJ etz uawmh CRPP ay:aygufvmwmudk a'goykefxcJhygw,f? v$wfawmf
udk,fpm;ðyawGudk wdk;jr‡ifh zdESdyfwmawGvkyfaqmifcJhygw,f/ tajrmuftjrm;udk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;wm
awG qufwdkuf vkyfaqmifcJh+yD; {nfha*[mawGrSm ac:,lawGŒqHkaewm/ zdwf=um;aqG;aEG;aewmvdk@
cyfajymifajymif vdrv f nfazmfjy a=unmajz&Si;f cJyh gw,f? zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f xm;wmudak wmif zrf;qD;
xm;wmr[kwf ac:,l awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;aewm/ zdwf=um;{nfhcHaewmjzpfatmif ajymifvdrfajymifpm;
ajymqdkcJhygw,f? wzufuvnf; pufwifbm (24) &ufae@up+yD;/ wjynfvHk; wdkif;eJ@jynfe,f
tvdkuf twkta,mif vlxkqENazmfxkwfyGJawG usif;y+yD; NLD udk OD;wnf wdkufcdkufygawmhw,f?
}uhzH w
G af wGacgi;f aqmif+yD; rwufrae& twif;t=uyf zdtm;ay; azmfaqmif zefw;D usi;f yðy
vkyw f hJ twkta,mif vlxq k ENazmfxw k yf aJG wGrmS a':atmifqef;pk=unf udk &p&mr&Sad tmif xd;k ESuf
wdu k cf u
kd o f u d mQ cswmawGvnf; vkyyf gw,f? NLD udk rw&m;oif;a=unmzd@k a':atmifqef;pk=unf

udk wdik ;f jynfuarmif;xkwzf @kd / jynfEiS 'f %fay;zd@k qw

kd hJ ,kw, f w
k rf mrm awmif;qdak ºuG;a=umfra_ wGtxd
azmfxkwfajymqdkvkyfaqmifcJhygw,f?
etz eJ@ NLD xdyfwdkufawGŒ=ujyefwJhyGJjzpfygw,f? etz eJ@ NLD wdk@ wif;rmr_ xdyfwdkuf
jzpfr_awG wdk;vmcsdefrSm ukvor*~ vufaxmuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;csKyf t,fvfbm±dk'Dqdkwdk
Armjynfa&muf&v dS mygw,f? 28/ 10/ 98 ae@rmS t,fvb f m±dk 'Dqwkd [
kd m twGi;f a&;rª; (1) eJ@awGŒqHk
ovd/k a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J vnf; awGŒqHck yhJ gw,f? “ArmEdik if t H wGi;f vltcGit
hf a&; av;pm;vdu k f
emr_ tajctaetay: zdtm;ay;r_ wnfaqmuf&ef ppftpdk;&acgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;eJ@
a':atmifqef;pk=unfudkyg awGŒqHkcJha=umif;” vdk@ ukvor*~t&m&Sdu xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfcif!¸ef@u 'Dqdkwdkudk “ppfwyfu vlxkudk t"rRcdkif;apjcif;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;udk
n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;rsm; r&Sdvdk@ ajymqdkcJhw,fqdkygw,f?
wu,fhuawmh e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&[m twif;t"rR vkyftm;ay;cdkif;wmawGudk
wjynfvHk;rSm us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f? &xm;vrf;/ um;vrf;azmufcdkif;wmawG/
vrf;jyifwm/ ±dk;zdk@wm/ wl;ajrmif;ayguf/ usHK;qnf ajro,fcdkif;wmrsKd;awGtjyif/ ppfwyftwGuf
xGu, f ufpu kd yf sK;d apwm/ taqmuftOD; aqmufvyk cf ikd ;f wm/ ajr±kid ;f ajrvGwf &Si;f vif;ckwx f iG cf ikd ;f wm
awGtxd enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ twif;t=uyf zdESdyfapcdkif;cJhygw,f? apcdkif;wJhtwdkif; rvkyfaqmif&if/
tjyif;txef tjypfay;wm/ '%f±dkufwm/ n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufwmawGtxd ay:ay:xifxif usL;vGefyg
w,f? EdkifiHwumu vltcGifhta&;apmifh=unfhavhvmolawGu axmufjya0zef=uwJhtcg t"rR
vkyftm;r[kwf vkyftm;ay;wm/ vkyftm;tvªðy=uwm qdkwJhpum;vHk;awGeJ@ jiif;qef wkef@jyef
vdrfvnf ajz&Sif;cJh=uygw,f? Armjynfppftpdk;&&JŒ t"rRvkyftm; toHk;ðyjcif;awGeJ@ ywfowf+yD;
tdik tf ,fvt f kd (ILO) u 96 ckESpfuwnf;u aumfr&SifzGJŒ+yD; pHkprf;ppfaq; ta&;,lEdkifzdk@ tcdkiftrm
jyifqifcJhygw,f? t"rR vkyftm;ay;cdkif;apr_awG[m ae&maygif;pHkrSm us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jzpfay:usL;
vGefaecJhw,fvdk@vnf; aumufcsufydkifydkifqGJcJ@+yD; ppftpdk;&udk tjypfwif±_wfcswm/ zdtm;ay; ta&;
,lz@kd jyifqifwmawG vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awGe@J ywfowfv@kd vnf; wavsmufv;kH
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;r&Sd/ jypfr_usL;vGefolawGom&Sdw,fvdk@ cyfajymifajymif ajymqdkaecJhygw,f/
tusOf;axmifawGtwGif;rSmvnf; &uf&ufpufpuf zdESdyfn‡if;yef;wm/ ðyrlqufqHwm wrifouf
ouf vlrqHpGm vkyfudkifaqmif&GufwmawGa=umifh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;aygif;rsm;pGm e0w/ etz&JŒ
tusOf;axmifawGrSm toufqHk;±_H;cJh&wm wEdkifiHvHk;odjzpfygw,f? NLD acgif;aqmifawGxJu
OD;aomfu (armifaomfu)/ OD;wifa&$ (rH&k mG )/ OD;ode;f wif (wifoed ;f armif)/ OD;vSoef; (udu k ;kd u|e;f v$wf
awmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/ OD;atmifrif; (rE Wav;wdkif;pnf;/ OD;wifarmif0if; - c&rf;v$wfawmfudk,fpm;
vS,f)/ OD;armifudk/ OD;apm0if; wdk@aoqHk;cJh=u&ovdk/ xif&Sm;wJh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifawGjzpf=uwJh OD;cifarmifjrifh (jynfolŒwdk;wufa&;ygwD)/ OD;!dk0if; (jynfolŒwdk;wufa&;)/
OD;uif;pdef (jynfolwdk;wufa&;)/ Adkvfpufa&mif/ OD;pdk;0if; (jynfolŒ&Jabmf)/ OD;pdef0if; (u|ef;jyef)/
oHr%d OD;pdefvS/ udkcsKd}uD; (rew)/ ref;'g0dwf (u&ifacgif;aqmif)/ OD;omxGef; (&cdkif) pwJhyk*~dKvf}uD;
awGvnf; axmifxJrSm toufay;usqHk;cJh=u&ygw,f? OD;aZmwdu/ OD;tmp&/ OD;OwWrpwJh&[ef;
oHCmawmfrsm;vnf; axmifcsc&H &if; ysv H eG af wmfrcl &hJ ygw,f? Armjynfom;rsm;omru/ a':atmif

qef;pk=unfe@J &if;ES;D wJh (qD'G if/ 'de;f rwf/ aemfa0/ oH;k Edik if w
H @kd &ŒJ aumifppf0ef) rpPwm “vD,ekd u D ;dk ” vdk
EdkifiHjcm;om;oHwref 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;olyg e0w &JŒ axmifxJrSm aoqHk;cJh&ygw,f? e0w/ etz
wd@k &JŒtusO;f axmif[m tifrwefvrl qHveG ;f vSw/hJ xifovdk ±dik ;f pdik ;f ,kwrf m&m ae&m}u;D jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
1998 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmv (14) &ufrmS e0w/ etz wd@k &ŒJ OD;aqG;qHjrnfh tr_awmfxrf;/ wavsmufv;kH
e0w bufuae rsufESmajymifajymifeJ@ vdrfnmay;cJh&ol/ EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; OD;tHk;ausmf udkvnf;
etz u z,f&Sm;jypfvdkufygw,f? e0w/ etz twGif;rSm òyduGJr_ rnD!Gwfr_awG&Sdaewmuawmh
trSefbJjzpfygw,f? OD;0if;atmif EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmw,f?
1998 ckESpf twGif;rSm xl;jcm;wJh v_yf&Sm;vmr_wckuawmh/ Adkvfrª;csKyfa[mif; OD;atmif
}uD;&JŒ tar&duefomG ;+yD;/ Adv k rf ;ª csKyfa[mif; armifarmif wd@k e@J awGŒqH&k if;/ tar&duefukd 'Dru kd a&pDa&;
rsupf ypfajymqdw k mawG vkyaf qmifvmjcif;jzpfygw,f? OD;atmif}uD;u e0w ppfwyftwGi;f jzpfcsif
ovdkjzpfaewm/ vlxku &GH&SmatmhESvHk;em ae=uwmawGudkvnf; azmfxkwfajymqdk&if;/ wyfrawmf
}uD;wckvHk; ysufpD;ae&+yDvdk@ azmfxkwfajymqdkoGm;cJhygw,f? tqHk;owf t"duajymqdkcsufuawmh-
“tm%mtm;vH;k Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; udt k yf” qdwk m jzpfygw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u OD;aqmifwm
0ef,l+yD; trsKd;om;&if=um;apha&;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;t=uyftwnf;udk ajz&Sif;ay;qdkwmjzpfygw,f? Adkvf
csKyf}uD;ae0if; udk jyefvnfyGJxkwfa&;twGuf ajymqdkwifjywmjzpfayr,fh/ wyfrawmf}uD;wpfckvHk;
ysupf ;D ae&+yDqw kd mudak wmh acgi;f avmif;xd;k jyoGm;cJyh gw,f? Armjynfwyfrawmf}uD;&JŒ taetxm;
rSefudk wpfwpfcGcG yGifhyGifhvif;vif; azmfjyoGm;yHk[m/ yHkrSeftm;jzifhomqdk&if wyfrawmfòzdcGJa&;qdkwJh
owfrSwfcsufeJ@ tuJqwfvGef;vSwJh e0w acgif;aqmifrsm;u ao'%ft}udrf}udrfcsrSwf tjypfay;
EdkifavmufwJh jypfr_}uD;jzpfygw,f? tHh=op&maumif;wmuawmh e0w u wkwfwkwfrS rv_yfcJhyg?
OD;atmif}uD; udv k nf; vH;k 0ta&;,lcjhJ cif;r&Syd g? wOD;OD;eJ@ wpHw k &m twdik t f azmufðy aqmif&u G cf =hJ u
jcif;jzpfw,fqdkwm xif&Sm;aecJhygw,f?
99 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv (12) jynfaxmifpkae@rSmawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unfu “'Drkdua&pD
vGwfawmfw&yf&SdrSom wdkif;&if;om;jynfawG&JŒ ppfrSefwJhqENawGudk azmfxkwfay;Edkif/ taumift
xnfazmfay;Edik rf mS yg? 'ga=umifh jynfoŒl v$waf wmf ac:,la&;[m wdik ;f &if;om;ta&;/ trsK;d om;a&;/
'Drkdua&pDjynfaxmifpkta&;jzpfygw,f” vdk@ zGifhqdkxkwfaz:cJhygw,f?
99 ckEpS /f rwfv (27) rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ cifyeG ;f a'guw f mrduk u
f ,ft&J pf uifqm
a&m*geJ@ t*FvefrSm uG,fvGefygw,f? ruG,fvGefcif ZeD;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ awGŒqHkEdkifzdk@
Armjynfukd vma&mufa&; óud;pm;cJah yr,fh etz u ADZmxkwrf ay;wJt h wGuf vma&mufciG hf r&cJb h J
qHk;oGm;cJh&ygw,f? psmye udk ta=umif;ðy+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk t*FvefoGm;cGifhðycJhygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu etz &JŒ ,kwf,kwfrmrm ðywwfwJh oabmxm;udk r,Hk=unfwmu
wa=umif;/ Armjynf&JŒ vuf&Sdtaetxm;}uD;udk rsufuG,fðyroGm;Edkifwmu wa=umif;wdk@a=umifh
cifyGef;qHk;wmudkawmif oGm;a&mufjcif;rðyawmhyg? jynfwGif;jynfy 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pktm;vHk;u
a':atmifqef;pk=unf udk pmemaxmufxm;em;vnfa=umif; azmfjycJh=uovdk/ ydkrdk av;pm;wef;zdk;
xm;cJh=uygw,f?
NLD v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG=um;rSmawmh etz eJ@aygif;+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unf

&JŒoabmxm;/ tzGŒJ csKyf}uD;&JŒ oabmxm;eJ@ qef@usicf sio f al wG ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? OD;oef;xGe;f
(a';'&J)/ OD;wifxGef;armif (r*Fvm'Hk)/ OD;=unf0if; (r*Fvm'Hk) wdk@acgif;aqmifwJh (24) OD;yg tpkjzpfyg
w,f? NLD v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f m;vH;k eD;yg; etz &JŒ acgi;f pOftrsKd ;rsK;d &JŒ xde;f odr;f zrf;qD;jcif;
cHae&csdefrSm tJ'Dyk*~dKvf (3) OD;u acgif;aqmif+yD;/ tzGJŒcsKyf&JŒ v$wfawmfac:ay;a&;óud;yrf;csufawGudk
t[ef@twm;ðywJh vkyaf qmifcsuaf wGukd azmfaqmifc=hJ uwmjzpfygw,f? jynfolŒv$waf wmfu, kd pf m;
ðyaumfrwDu 28/ 4/ 99 ae@rmS a=unmcsut f rSwf (25) 4§99 xkwjf yef+y;D / jyif;jyif;xefxef ±_wcf s
cJhwJhtjyif tzGJŒcsKyfu ta&;,lzdk@ qHk;jzwfcJhygw,f? tusOf;us zrf;qD;cHae&wJh yk*~dKvfrsm;u/ OD;oef;
xGe;f (a';o&J)/ OD;wifxeG ;f armif ( r*Fvm'H)k yg (24)OD;udk “jynfoŒl v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;jzpfyg
vsuf ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;&JŒ vufuikd 'f w k t f jzpf aqmif&u G af e=ujcif;udk jyif;xefpmG ±_wcf sa=umif;”
a=unmcsufxkwfjyefcJhygw,f? 4/ 5/ 99 ae@pGJeJ@ “tusOf;uscH trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pk” qdk+yD;
xkwfjyefa=unmcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f?
{+yD (23) &ufrSm “ukvor*~vlŒtcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif&JŒ Armjynfqdkif&mqHk;jzwfcsuf”
vnf; uef@uGufolr&Sd twnfðyxGufay:vmcJhygw,f? wae@wjcm; qdk;0g;vm+yD; pepfwus jzpfyGm;
aewJh vltcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufra_ wGtay: pd;k &draf =umif;azmfjy&if;/ vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfciG /hf zGŒJ pnf;
v_y&f mS ; pk±;kH cGit hf ygt0if vltcGit hf a&;rsm;udk tjynft h 0 av;pm;vdu k ef mzd@k / tEdik u f sihf apmfum;r_/
t"rRcdkif;apr_/ a&$Œajymif;r_/ rw&m;owfjzwfr_awGudk &yfqdkif;zdk@/ a':atmifqef;pk=unftyg EdkifiHa&;
acgi;f aqmifawG&JŒ vHòk cHa&;/ use;f rm;a&;udt k mrcHz@kd / tusO;f om;awG&JŒ tqift h wef;udk jr‡iw hf ifa&;eJ@
vlom;csi;f pmemwJh tzGŒJ tpnf;awGukd tusO;f axmifawGtwGi;f vGwv f yfpmG 0ifciG ðhf yzd@k / tpd;k &{nfh
a*[mrSm xdef;odrf;xm;wJholawGtygt0if EdkifiHa&;a=umifh/ zrf;qD;xm;oltm;vHk; jyefv$wfay;zdk@
wdkufwGef;awmif;qdk qHk;jzwfcJh=uygw,f?
ar (24) &ufrSm tar&duefEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; ‘atmb±dkuf’ u ArmjynfeJ@pyfvsOf;wJh
rdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mrSm Armjynf'Drkdua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk axmufcHa=umif;/ Armppftpdk;&[m
a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk jynfolawGaxmufcHr_r&Sda=umif; trSefwu,f ,Hk=unfcJh&if NLD udk
vGwfvyfpGmpnf;±kH;cGifhðy+yD; trsm;a&SŒarSmufrSm vGwfvyfpGm tjrifzvS,fcGifhðyoifha=umif;/ tar&d
uefu ArmjynfrSm &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_topfawGudk ydwfyifa=umif;/ &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_rSm t"dutusKd;&Sdol[m
ppftpd;k &omjzpf+yD; vlxt k usKd ;cHpm;cGirhf &Sad =umif; t"rRvyk t f m;ay; apcdik ;f r_rsm;vnf;&Sad =umif;vd@k
xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhygw,f?
ZGefvrSm tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJŒ (ILO) (87) }udrfajrmuftpnf;ta0;u
vnf; ‘(tdkift,ftdk) &JŒ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_eJ@ taxmuftulðyr_rsm;udk Armjynftpdk;&odk@ ray;
aqmif rðyvkyf&ef’ qHk;jzwfwJhtjyif tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJŒ}uD;u }uD;rª;usif;yaom
tpnf;ta0;/ aqG;aEG;yGJ/ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrsm;odk@ zdwfac: jcif;rðy&efyg jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,lqHk;
jzwfcJhygw,f?
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OD;wifOD; wdk@eJ@ awGŒqHkcJhygw,f? etz tay: pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@r_wcsKdŒ ðyxm;a=umif;eJ@ ppfvufeuf
a&mif;csr_ydwfqdk@xm;jcif;/ tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;udk jynf0ifcGifhwm;jrpfxm;jcif;eJ@ atpD,H Oa&myor*~

=um; ESpfzufaqG;aEG;r_awGrSm jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ yg0ifcGifhray;jcif;awGjzifh '%fcwfta&;

,lxm;a=umif; &Sif;vif;ajymqdkcJhygw,f?
jynfya&muf'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ “t0ga&mifv_yf&Sm;r_awG” jynfwGif;rSm ay:aygufcJh
ygw,f? EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_aumfrDwD (yD'D) &JŒ EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGvnf; wkd;jr‡ifhay:xGufvmygw,f?
9/ 9/ 99 ae@rSm usa&mufr,fh “9 av;vHk; v_yf&Sm;r_” tóudwdkufyGJac:oHawGvnf; xGufay:vmyg
w,f? Armjynf'Drkdua&pDa&;axmufcHol EdkifiHjcm;om;awGyg xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? +Adwdo#eJ@ =op
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xm;ygw,f?
7/ 9/ 99 ae@rSm +Adwdefol “rpPa&cs,f*dkvf'Gif” (28) ESpf[m bm;vrf;eJ@ taemf&xmxrf;
a'gifh "mwfwdkifrSm (9999) pmwef;csdwf+yD;/ ajcaxmufudk óud;eJ@csnf+yD; “ta&;}uD;+yD nDaemifwdk@/
aoG;pnf;um nDapnD=upd@k ” qdw k ohJ cD si;f udk Armvdk atmf[pfq&kd if; ud;k av;vH;k tóud qENjycJyh gw,f?
ppftpdk;&u zrf;qD;+yD; axmif'%f (7) ESpfcsrSwfcJhygw,f?
16/ 9/ 99 ae@rmS v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;ðyaumfrwD&ŒJ wESpaf jrmuftcrf;tem; NLD tzGŒJ csKyf
rSmusif;yygw,f? ESpfywfvnftcrf;tem;rSm q,fOD;aumfrwDudk rzsufEdkifa=umif;/ a&;&maumfrD
wDrsm;&JŒ tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk twnfðya=umif;eJ@ Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; jyefvw $ af y;a&; awmif;qdk
a=umif;awG qHk;jzwfcJhygw,f? 17/ 9/ 99 ae@rSm a&$*HkwdkifeJ@ xdqufaewJh vrf;wdkif;udk vufeufudkif
vHkxdef;awGcsxm;cJh+yD/ NLD 0if yifeD0wfpHkjynfh 0wfqif (300) cef@eJ@ =unfh±_axmufcHol (400)
cef@[m “a':atmifqef;pk=unfusef;rmygap” qdkwJhaºuG;a=umfoHawGeJ@ a&mufcJh=uygw,f? vHkxdef;
u ±H;k csKyfxJ 0ifciG rhf ðybJ wm;qD;ygw,f? wem&Davmuft=umrSm OD;atmifa&$ vma&mufEw _ q
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ajymqdkrS vlpkcGJay;cJh=uygw,f? CRPP &JŒ 17/ 9/ 99 ae@a=unmcsuf trSwf (1) rSm &cdkif'Drkdu
a&pDtzGJŒcsKyf OuUÏ a'gufwmOD;apmjratmif udk jynfolŒv$wfawmf OuUÏ tjzpf a&G;aumufwif
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CRPP udk tzsufodrf;cdkif;aewJh ppftpdk;&eJ@ NLD OD;aqmifwJh CRPP xdyfwdkufwdk;yGJ}uD;
qufvufjzpfay:aecJyh gw,f? CRPP &JŒ v$waf wmfac:,la&;udk ppftpd;k &u enf;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ zdEydS w f m;
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wpku 0ifa&mufpD;eif; odrf;ydkuf+yD; cGyfa'gif;tvH v$ifhxlvdkuf=uygw,f? aoewfudk;csufazmuf+yD;
“jrefrmausmif;om; ppfonfawmfrsm;tzGJŒ” vdk@ a=unmygw,f? xdkif;vHkòcHa&;wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;u
oH±;kH udk 0dik ;f wm;ygw,f? xdik ;f 0ef}uD;csKyf c|ev f yd ikd u
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ausmif;om;tm;vH;k jyefvw $ af y;zd@k (2) CRPP eJ@ etz aqG;aEG;zd@k (3) a':atmifqef;pk=unf ygweD @J
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+idrf;csrf;pGmajz&Sif;cJh=u+yD; oH±Hk;pD;eif;ol Armausmif;om;rsm;u Arme,fpyfudk xGufcGmEdkifzdk@ &[wf
,mOfwpD; awmif;cHcJhygw,f? 2/ 10/ 99 ae@ ae@vnf (2;20) em&DrSm xdkif;e,fpyf wyfu udk;axmif
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yrf;azmfaqmifcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f?
ouU&mZf (2000) xJ csO;f eif;0ifa&mufvmcsed rf mS awmh CRPP eJ@ etz&JŒ xdyw f u
kd jf zpfr[_ m
qufvuf}uD;rm;aeqJjzpfygw,f? etzu NLD udk qufvufòzdcGJzdk@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk
OD;wnfx;kd ESuw f u kd cf u
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EdkifiHwumtzGJŒtpnf;aygif;pHku wm0ef&Sdyk*~dKvfaygif;pHkudkvnf; Armjynf'Drdkua&pDa&;eJ@ ywfouf
wJh &Si;f vif;wifjy azmfxw k rf r_ sK;d pHu
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twif;t=uyf &efukefòrdŒudk jyefydk@cJhygw,f? ra=ureyf jyefvnfuef@uGuf ajymqdkwJhvli,f (9)
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awG ra&rwGufEdkifatmif rsm;jym;cJhovdk/ ppfajy;'kuQonfawGvnf; ra&wGufEdkifatmifrsm;cJhyg
w,f? xdkif;EdkifiHrSm (8) odef;cef@/ *syefEkdifiHrSm (2) aomif;cef@/ rav;&Sm;rSm (1) odef;cef@/ udk&D;,m;
rSm (6) axmifcef@eJ@ tdENd,/ =opaw;vs eJ@ w±kwfjynfbuf a&mufae=u&olawGvnf;&Sdygw,f?
e0w/ etz [m r=umc% *k%, f al jymwwfwmu b,ftpd;k &vufxufurS rpGr;f aqmif
Edik cf w
hJ hJ “vufeufuikd t f zGŒJ tpnf;}uD; (18) ck&wdS t
hJ euf (17) zGŒJ cGeJ @J +idr;f csr;f a&; &atmifprG ;f aqmif
EdkifcJh+yD” qdkwmjzpfygw,f? wu,fuawmh typftcwf&yfpJa&; ysufjym;oGm;+yD;awGudkyg t+rJxnfh
a&wGujf y±Hrk u/ Edik if aH &;t& bmwckrS aqG;aEG;Edik jf cif;r&Sad o;bJe@J typftcwf&yfpaJ &;vkyx f m;&wJh
tqifhudk +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJŒawGvdk@ ºuGm;&if;/ wzufu a&SŒaemufrnDwmuawmh ppfwyf}uD;udk
}uD;oxuf}uD;atmif tqufrjywf csJŒxGifwnfaqmufaejcif;jzpfygw,f? tm%modrf;umpu
(2) odef;yJ&SdcJhwJh ppfwyf}uD;[m 2000 jynf@ tukefrSm (4) odef;cGJausmf wyf}uD;jzpfae+yDjzpfygw,f?
ppfoHk;p&dwf bwf*swfaiG[m/ bwf*swf}uD;wckvHk;/ wjynfvHk;toHk;p&dwftm;vkH;&JŒ xuf0ufeD;yg;
avmuf oHk;òzHef;ypfaecJhygw,f?
e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&udk vufeufpGJudkif qufvufwdkufyGJqifaewJh awmfvSefa&;tzGJŒawG
uawmh 2000 jynfhtukefrSm KNU, KNPP, ABSDF, SSA (south) wdk@jzpfygw,f? ordkif;tpOf
vm}uD;cJhwJh Auy uawmh ajratmufygwD}uD;jzpfoGm;cJh+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;
aumfrDwDudk zGJŒpnf;+yD; ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGtwGif; yg0ifaecJhygw,f?
e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&taeeJ@ jynfwGif;rSm EdkifiHa&;t& xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifae&+yD;/ OD;wnf&ef
oltjzpf owfrw S &f ifqikd f ae&wmuawmh NLD tzGŒJ csKyfjzpfygw,f? b,fvakd jz&Si;f ay;&rSe;f rodEikd f
awmhavmufatmif tcuftcJawGŒae&wmuawmh (90) jynfh a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fjzpfygw,f?
wjynfvHk;rSm trsKd;om;a&;t=uyftwnf;}uD; ay:aygufaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? jynfyaºuG;+rD
uvnf; a':vmoef;aygif; (6100) ausmf&SdoGm;+yDjzpfygw,f?

ed * k H ;
2000 jynfhESpf/ 'DZifbm (31) &ufae@rSm (20) &mpk}uD; ukefqHk;oGm;cJh+yDjzpfygw,f? (20)

&mpk Armjynfordkif;udk jyef=unfhvdkufr,fqdk&if -
1948 ckESpfrwdkifrDtxd[m e,fcsJŒorm;wdk@vufatmuf aexdkifcJh&wJh olŒu|efb0 udkvdkeD
acwfordkif;jzpfygw,f? (t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒorm;vufatmuf usa&mufcJh&wmuawmh 1885 ckESpfu
wnf;ujzpfygw,f) olŒu|efb0jzpfwJhtwGuf ArmjynfwjynfvHk; tarSmifzHk;cJh&ygw,f?
Armjynfvw G v f yfa&; a=unmEdik cf w hJ hJ 1948 uae 2000 jynfEh pS u f ek tf xd (52) ESpt f wGi;f
rSm (48-58) zqyv q,fEpS q f ,fr;kd acwfe@J (60-62) yxpacwf (2)ESp/f aygi;f (12) ESpf wmumv
uvGJ&if ESpfaygif; (40) wdwd[m ppftm%m&Sifpepfacwf}uD;jzpfygw,f? (20) &mpkukefqHk;oGm;csdef
txdvnf; ppftm%m&Sifpepfacwf}uD;[m rcsKyf+idrf;Edkifao;yJ qufvufwnf&SdaecJhygw,f?
'Davmuf&Snfvsm;vSwJh ppftm%m&Sifpepfacwf}uD;udk xyf+yD; cGJuef@=unfhr,fqdk&ifawmh
(58-60) tdrfapmifh tpdk;&acwf (2) ESpf/ (62-88) rqv wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfacwf (26) ESpf
eJ@ 88 ckESpfuae aemufydkif; e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&acwfqdk+yD; (3) ydkif;awGŒ&r,fjzpfygw,f?
tdraf pmifth pd;k &acwfu ppftm%m&Sipf epf 0wfpjkH ynhZf mwfwu kd wf hJ ed'ge;f ysK;d wJh acwfjzpfyg
w,f? 'Drkdua&pD tarSmifuscJh&ygw,f?
(26) ESpfwm rqv acwf}uD;uawmh 'Drkdua&pDtarSmifuscJ&±Hkru wjynfvHk; tarSmifzHk;
cJ&h wJah cwf/ jynforl sm; 'kuyQ ifv,fa0cJ&h wJah cwf jzpfygw,f? ppftyk pf /k ppftm%m&Sipf epf&ŒJ azmuf
jyefq;kd 0g; &ufpufra_ wGatmufrmS trdArmjynf}uD;/ olawmif;pm; Edik if pH m&if;0ifjzpfomG ;cJ&h ygw,f?
zqyv q,fESpfq,frdk;acwfu tm%m& zqyv EG,f0ifrsm;om acgif;aygif;pwaxmifaxmifeJ@
vGwv f yfa&;&JŒ t&om cHpm;Edik cf =hJ u+yD;/ jynforl sm;b0 tarSmifxu J rwufEikd cf &hJ ovd/k rqvacwf
}uD;xJrmS awmh arSmif±rkH urJ rGo J xufrcJG &hJ ygw,f? euf±i_d ;f vGe;f vSwhJ tarSmifacwf}uD;jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
vGwv f yfa&;eJ@twl a&SŒqifah emufqifh ayguzf mG ;vmcJ&h wJh jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD; ydrk u kd s,jf yef@ euf±i_d ;f vm
cJh&ygw,f?
(88) ckESpfupwJh e0w-etz acwf}uD;uawmh rqv wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ tquf
ppftm%m&Sipf epfacwf}uD;jzpf+yD;/ trdArmjynf}uD;wckv;kH arSmif±rkH u rJ/ rJ±rkH u euf/ t±k%rf wuf
Edkifao;wJh Armjynf}uD;jzpfcJh&ygw,f? ppftm%m&Sifpepfqdk;&JŒ qdk;0g;r_/ &ufpufr_/ uvdefusr_/
,kwfrmr_/ aumufuspfr_rsKd;pHkudk tpHktvif tjynfht0/ rcHcsifp&maumif;avmufatmif awGŒ=u&
wJhacwfjzpfygw,f? Armjynf jynfolrsm;&JŒ qif;&JwGif;euf&r_[m b,facwfueJ@rS rwl&avmuf
atmif qdk;0g;vSygw,f?
Armjynf}uD;[m arSmif&mu arSmif/ wdk;+yD;arSmif/ tarSmifwumhtarSmifawG=um;xJrSmyJ
&ifemp&m wnf&Sdae&ygao;w,f?
Edik if w
H umrSm *vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f acwfv@kd atmf=u/ owif;eJ@enf;ynmacwf/ ynmacwf/
rD'D,macwf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ zGH@òzd;a&;acwf/ æ acwf/ æacwfvdk@ trsKd;rsKd; uifyGef;wyfajymqdk aºuG;

a=umfae=ucsdefrSm trdArmjynf}uD;uawmh ppftm%m&Sifpepfqdk;&JŒ trsKd;rsKd;aom zdESdyf&ufpuf

,kwfrmr_awGatmufuae vGwfajrmufEdkifjcif;r&Sdao;bJ/ acwfaemufuswJh/ zGHŒòzd;wdk;wufr_r&SdwJh/
'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vlŒtcGifhta&;awG qHk;±_H;ae&wJh trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_awGòyduGJae&wJh/ qif;&Jr_
rGJawr_ edrfhusr_ txifao;cH&r_rsKd;pHkeJ@ aomueJ@ y&da'0awGt=um; w0Jvnfvnfjzpfae&qJ
EdkifiHwcktjzpf epf+rJepfae&ygao;w,f?
&mpk0ufausmf=um+yDjzpfwJh jynfwGif;ppf}uD; &Sd+rJ&Sdaeygao;w,f? qdk;0g;azmufjyefvSwJh
ppftm%m&Sifpepfqdk;&JŒ 0J=oCtwGif;u rvGwfuif;Edkifao;wJh Armjynf jynfolrsm;b0 tarSmif
us+rJ usae&qJjzpfygw,f? EdkifiHa&;t=uyftwnf; pD;yGm;a&;/ t=uyftwnf;/ vlr_a&;t=uyft
wnf;/ bufaygif;pHkt=uyftwnf;awGuae/ trsKd;om;a&; t=uyftwnf;}uD;qD qdkufa&mufvm
cJ&h +yD;/ odyo
f nf;jyif;xef euf±id_ ;f vGe;f vSwhJ tarSmifxak wG=um;xJ Armjynf}uD;wckv;kH usa&mufae
&qJjzpfygw,f?
rvif;Edkifao;wJh Armjynf}uD;[m &ifemp&maumif;vSygw,f?
rvif;Edkifao;wJh Armjynf}uD;[m t±k%fwufcsdefudkawmh apmifhvifhaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f?
tckawmh tarSmif=um;u Armjynf/ tarSmif=um;u Armjynf?
0if;wifhxGef;
(20/ 11/ 2002)

usrf;udk;
&nf ! ¸ e f ; ud k ; um; pmtk y f r sm;
1? udkvdkeDacwfjrefrmEdkifiHordkif; - Aef;armfwifatmif
2? udkvdkeDacwfjrefrmhordkif;tbd"mef - jr[ef
3? ESpf-200jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;tbd"gef - OD;pdefjrifh
4? tESpfESpfq,f - Adkvfrª;cspfaumif;
5? wmaw paeom; - OD;Ek
6? jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; c&D;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; - a'gufwmarmifarmif
7? ausmf+idrf; - odef;azjrifh
8? jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&;rSwfwrf; (1492rS 1974) - 0d"l&ocifcspfarmif
9? wdkif;jynfuEkEk rkefwdkif;uxefxef - Adkvfrª;}uD;a[mif;wifarmif
10? zqyv ESifh uGefjrLepfygwDwdk@. - vrf;pOfowif;pmt,f'Dwm
tjyeftvSefay;pmrsm; tzGJ@
11? acwfopfjrefrmEdkifiHordkif; - (pwkwˆESpf 0dZ…mpmay;pm,loif
wef; ordkif;oif±dk; r 402)
12? vGwfvyfa&;a&$&wk (jynfwGif;ppfESpfig;q,f) - OD;atmifapmOD;
13? a&$jynfawmfar#mfra0;+yDrdk@ - pnfolatmif/ armifrSwf
14? Adkvfae0if; Zmwfvrf;&_wfor# - a=u;rHk OD;aomif;
15? jrefrmEdkifiHtusOf;axmifpepf - atmifapmOD;
16? *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif; - atmifol+idrf;
17? vli,fwOD;&JŒ rSwfwrf;rJhrSwfwrf; - 0if;EdkifOD;
18? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;t"rRvkyftm; - ILO
19? KNU ESifh e0w=um;awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;a&;ESifh
ywfoufI KNU . &Sif;vif;csufpmwrf; - KNU
20? wyfrawmfordkif; (pwkwˆwGJ) - wyfrawmfarmfuGef;wdkufrª;±Hk;
21? jrefrmhordkif;tusOf;ESifh wyfrawmfu¾ - wyfrawmfokawoDwOD;
(w§wGJ)
22? aqmif;yg;aygif;csKyf(twGJ30) - jyef=um;a&;Xme (e0w)
23? tm%m&Sifodk@ay;pmrsm; - ru'w/ okawoeXmecGJ
24?wdk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;ordkif; (y/ 'k) - (wdk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;ordkif;
ðypka&;aumfrwD)
25? ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;odk@ - q&mcs,f

26// ordkif;rSefuluGufrsm; - Adkvfrª;csKyfausmfaZm
t*F v d y f b momeJ ‹ pmtk y f r sm;
(1) A Journalist, A General and An Army in Burma - U Thaung

(2) The Shan of Burma - Chao Tzang Yawnghwe
(3) How strong is the military regime - (1CG Asia Report II)
(4) The situation of the elected MPs from NLD - (ABSDF)
(5) Irrawaddy - (vol.8 No.4,5, April, May 2000)
*sme,f r *~ Z if ; pmapmif p mwrf ; rsm;
1? “jynfol@tm%m” rsm; (1985 rS2000 txd)

2? rdk;óud; (owif;pOfrsm;)
3? acwfòydif (*sme,frsm;)
4? oEl;xl; (*sme,frsm;)
5? a&$carmufrSwfwrf;v$m
6? rdk;*sme,frsm;
7? a'gif;tdk;a0
8? e0wacwf b¾ma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tajctae avhvmoHk;oyfcsufpmwrf;

jyKpk a &;om;ol . ud k , f a &;tusOf ;
1954 Zefe0g&DzGm;?
ppfuidk ;f wkid ;f / a&$bòkd rd@e,f/ awm&Gmw&GmrSmarG;zGm;w,f?
1973 ckEpS rf mS rd;k a0r*~Zif;uae uAsmjzifh pmayavmutwGi;f
w&m;0if a&muf&w dS ,f?
1973 rS 1988 twGi;f rk;d a0/ aomif;ajymif;axGvm/ jrwfav; 0if ; wif h x G e f ;
r*~Zif;wk@d rmS uAsm/ 0wˆKwd/k oa&mfpmawG a&;cJw h ,f?
yxrqk;H vk;H csi;f pmtky[ f m uAsmpmtky?f q&mwifr;dk eJ@ !Ge@f =uL; wk@d trSma&;om;
ay;=uwJh vk;H csi;f uAsm&Snpf mtky?f
“ Ed;k aeaom vuFmonf” (1980 jynfEh pS x f w k )f jzpfw,f?
1982 rS 1986 txd/ Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;tjzpf/ yk'rf 5§neJ@ tif;pdeaf xmif om,m
0wDaxmif wk@d rmS aecJ&h w,f?
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyt Hk wGi;f ppftpd;k &udq k ef@usif uef@uu G cf hJ =uwJh pmaytEk ynm
&Sirf sm;vufrSwfa&;xdk;uef@uGufv$mwif&mrSmyg0ifvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhw,f?
ta&;awmfykH}uD; twGi;f pme,fZif;or*~ (,m,D) rSm omref tzG@J 0iftjzpfyg0ifw,f?
Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wG ay:ayguv f mwJt h cg jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygwD A[kad umfrwD twGi;f a&;rª;
tzG@J 0if (1)/ ygwzD suo f rd ;f cH&+yD; 0&rf;ajy;wJt h cg rE aW v;rSma&;om;xkwaf 0jzpfcw hJ hJ
pmtkyf uawmh “ 1350 jynfh ta&;awmfy”Hk (vk;H csi;f uAsmpmtky)f eJ@ “ e0wppftpd;k &.
vl@tcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufr_ rsm; (1990) ” wk@d jzpfw,f?
jynfyudak &mufvm+yD;aemuf a&;om;xkwaf 0jzpfcw hJ hJ pmtkyaf wG uawmh æ
1? cGyaf 'gi;f wk@d &@J wGeu f sL;oH ( uAsmpmtky/f wuUov kd pf ed &f wk txdr;f trSwf
Auo rS xkwaf 0/ 1995)
2? a&$vrD mS odumQ ESpx f yfe@J vl (uAsm/ 1996)
3? axmifpak [mif;udk Ekwq f uf axmifpo k pftwGut f óud æ (uAsmpmtky/f
Ed0k ifbm/ 2000 jynfEh pS )f
4? oHwikd =f um; aºuGomG ;&wJh =u,fpifawG (±kyyf v Hk m$ pum;ajy/=o*kwv f / 2001)
5? (6) wdu k rf mS avmufuu kd wf mcHz;l ovm; (ud, k af wG@axmif0wWKwdrk sm;/ 2006)
rd;k óud;/ acwfòydi/f a'gi;f tk;d a0/ opPm pwJh pmapmifr*~Zif; *sme,f awGrmS uAsm/
0wˆK/ aqmif;yg;av;awGa&;cJ/h a&;aeqJjzpfw,f?

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(teD;acwf Armjynf edik if aH &;vSKy&f mS ;rSK ordik ;f tusO;f )

wefz;kd -10 a':vm (pmydk ch ryg)

trdEikd if aH wmftwGuf pGe@f vw

'Dpmtkyf jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tzufzufrS 0dkif;0ef;ulnDcJh=uoltm;vkH;eJ@ xkwfa0Ekdif&ef

ordkif;trSefawGudk azmfxkwfcGifh vkH;0ray;bl;?

ordkif;trSefawGudk ajymjy axmufjyEdkifpGrf;wJh/ wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifwJh ouf&Sd

q&m}uD; a'gufwmoef;xGef; !¸efjyajymqdkcJhzl;wJh “ordkif;oifwm rt

q&m0if;wifhxGef;&JŒ tm;xkwfvkH;yrf;r_awG/ ordkif;qdkif&m b¾mwdkuf}uD;

ordkif;trSefrsm; rsm;rsm; azmfxkwf zl;yGifhEdkif=uygap?

vl Œ abmif o pf ' D r d k u &uf w pf y gwD (jyef = um;a&;Xme)

1? ppftkyfpk}uD;arG;zGm;jcif;/ ppftm%m&SifpepftwGuf Zmwfwdkufjcif; odk‹r[kwf

1? 1962 ckESpf ppfwyftm%modrf;r_ESifh Armjynfppftm%m&Sifpepf ed'gef; ....................... 304

1? wygwDtm%m&SifpepfeJ‹ tqufrjywfay:xGufvmwJh vlxkwkdufyGJrsm; ....................... 413

1? e0w +idrfydvrf;pOfeJ‹ ta&;awmfykH}uD;&JŒ r+yD;qkH;ao;aomwkdufyGJpOf ............................ 480

8? ajymif;vJvmwJh EdkifiHwumtajctaeeJ‹ e0w acwfOD; Armjynf&JŒ

ed*kH; .................................................................................................................................. 558

&nf!¸ef;udk;um; pmtkyfrsm; ....................................................................................... 560

10 teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)

teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000) 11

Armjynf jynforl sm;&JŒ nnf;nLoH/ idak ºu;G oH/ tH}uw d o

12 teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)

_idrf;csrf;a&;zcif}uD; a'gufwm ocifudk,fawmfrd+if;

teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000) 13

1930 = 1941 wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;tvH

ocifA[def; ocifodef;az ocifEk

teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000) 15

16 teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)

teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000) 17

18 teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)

odomG ; +yD; a'gufwmodef;armifu ‘qlZluD;’ udk ajymjywJhtwGuf ocifatmifqef; eJ@ ocifvSòrdif

teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000) 19

20 teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)

+yD;yg+yD? 'gayr,fh 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;twGif; *syef[m w&m;0ifrygao;yg? tar&duefvnf;

teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000) 21

awmifydkif; ppfwyftrSwf (15) ppfwyf}uD;[mvnf; xkdif;EdkifiHxJa&muf&Sdaeyg+yD? trSwf (15) vuf

22 teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)

teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000) 23

Edkif=ujcif;r&Sdyg? t*Fvdyf&JŒ zdESdyftkyfcsKyfr_atmufrSmom ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmaexkdifvmcJh&bl;olawGjzpf

24 teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)

[m EkdifiHa&;tay:pD;&r_tay:uae *syeftm;udk;eJ@ u&iftrsKd;om;awGtay: Adkvfusvmwm vlrsKd;

teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000) 25

wòydifeuf wkduf&r,fqdkwJh oabmxm;pmwrf;rsm; a&;om;+yD; ‘wdkif;cspf’ ocifodef;az&JŒ wdkif;cspf

26 teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)

jynfrSm rxm;csifawmh/ Adkvfrdk;óud;tcef; ukefoGm;+yDjzpfygw,f? ‘bDtdkifat’udkvnf; &rf;&rf;um;

teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000) 27

udkvnf; vdkufaewJhtwGuf ocifpdk;[m jrpf0u|ef;ay:/ zsmyHk/ a';'&J/ usKdufvwfe,fawGrSm vSnfh

28 teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)

*syefuifaywdik af wG&ŒJ vufoaH jymifajymifEydS pf ufr/_ *syefppfom;awG&ŒJ zufqpfyyD D &rf;um;

teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000) 29

30 teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)

tjzpfyg0ifaewmud=k unf&h if xif&mS ;ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;vnf; ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD taxG

teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000) 31

[m *syefqef@usifa&; pdwf"mwfwavsmufvHk; &SdaecJhw,f? a'gufwm pHpDzdk;/ apmpHzdk;oif/ apmbOD;/

32 teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)

teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000) 33

34 teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)

rif;jym;bufa&mufvm&if;/ tapmqHk; pnf;±Hk;jyifqifcJh=uovdk Adkvf&efatmifwdk@ a&mufvmawmh

teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000) 35

pGm0ifa&mufvmEdkif+yDjzpfygw,f? rHk&GmeJ@ a&$bdkbuftxd r[mrdwfwyfawG xdk;ppfqifvmcJh+yDjzpfyg

36 teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)

teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000) 37

jzef@csum *syefawGudk wdkufcdkuf&if; ausmufqnfbufqD xGufvkduf=uygw,f? wyftoD;oD;[m

38 teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)

jyef@qHk; qifE$JcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;}uD; qifE$JpOfrSm zufqpfawmfvSefa&;atmif

&nf!¸ef;udk;um; pmtkyfrsm; ....................................................................................... 560

syefuifaywdik af wG&ŒJ vufoaH jymifajymifEydS pf ufr/_ syefppfom;awG&ŒJ zufqpfyyD D &rf;um;

yk~dKvfawGudk syefydk@a&;udpP aqmif&GufcJhwJh t"duacgif;aqmif) ocifcspfuawmh qdk&S,fvpfyg