OBJECTIVES OF THIS LECTURE

To understand how oblique shock waves are formed To derive the relations for oblique shock waves To learn how to calculate the flow properties for oblique shock waves To learn how to -M diagram

HIGH-SPEED AERODYNAMICS
MACE 31321

Lecture 6 Oblique shock waves I

OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVES

Formation of a weak compression wave
Turning of a supersonic flow around a minute deflection angle
ion

OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVES

Formation of an oblique shock wave
Turning of a supersonic flow around a finite deflection angle
O wa bliq ve ue sh oc k

W c o eak wa mp ve res s

B M2

A weak compression wave forms. Minute changes in flow properties, across a weak compression wave

B2

B1 M1

Weak compression waves merge to form a strong oblique shock wave. Abrupt changes in flow properties, across an oblique shock wave

M1

1
A

M2

1 = sin 1

1 M1
3

1 = sin 1

1 M1

2 = sin 1

1 M2

2 > 1 since M2 < M1

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OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVES

Oblique shock at a corner
sh oc k

OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE

Decomposition of flow velocity

Ob liq ue

M2 < M1

M1>1 p1 T1

T2

p2
t,1

U
1,

U M
n, 1
, w2

1,

2,

M
n, 2

t,2

Oblique shocks around a wedge

k oc sh
ch Ma ve wa

V1, M1

V2, M2

V1

d V2

: The deflection angle : The wave angle To determine the flow properties after the oblique shock M1>1

ue liq b O

>
b

Control volume
5 6

CONTINUITY EQUATION
Apply mass conservation to the CV
a
U
t,1

MOMENTUM EQUATION 1
Apply momentum conservation to the CV: w-component
d V2
t,1

a
U
1,

U M
n, 1
2 M t, , w2

U M
n, 1
2 M t, , w2

1,

2,

M
n, 2

V1 c

1,

2,

M
n, 2

w1

w2

1,

V1, M1

V2, M2

Control volume

V1, M1

V2, M2

Control volume

No mass entering from ad and bc w1 and w2 tangential to the inlet and outlet Only u1 and u2 carry mass in and out of CV Hence

No viscous force around CV Pressure forces on ad and bc cancel out Hence

1u1 A = 2u2 A

1u1 = 2u2

(1u1 A)w1 = ( 2u2 A)w2

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1 u1 A = 2 u2 A

w1 = w2
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MOMENTUM EQUATION 2
Apply momentum conservation to the CV: u-component
a
U
t,1

ENERGY EQUATION
Apply energy conservation to the CV
a
U U M
n, 1
,

d V2

d
1,

t,1

U M
n, 1
2 M t, , w2

2,

M
n, 2

V1 c

1,

1,

2,

M
n, 2

u1 p1 b

p2 u2

w2

M t,

1,

V1, M1

V2, M2

Control volume

V1, M1

V2, M2

b Control volume

No viscous force around CV Hence ( 2u 2 A)u 2 (1u1 A)u1 = p1 A p 2 A

2 2 p1 + 1 u1 = p2 + 2 u2
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No mass entering from ad and bc No external work and heat addition to CV 1 1 Hence 1u1 A C pT1 + V12 = 2u2 A C pT2 + V22 2 2 w1 = w2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 C pT1 + u1 = C pT2 + u2 + w1 = C pT2 + u2 + w2 C pT1 + u1 2 2 2 2

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ALL GOVERNING EQUATIONS

1u1 = 2u2
t,1

OBLIQUE SHOCK RELATIONS

Mn,1 =M1 sin
M
n, 2 2,

U
M

U M
n, 1
2 M t, , 2 w

A normal shock wave is a special case of oblique shocks where = / 2.

2

1,

t,1

p1 + u = p2 + u
2 1 1

2 2 2

1 1 2 CpT1 + u12 = CpT2 + u2 2 2

w1 = w2

p2 2 2 = 1+ Mn ,1 1 p1 +1

1,

V1, M1

V2, M2

( + 1) M n,1 2 = 2 1 2 + ( 1) M n ,1

1,

U M
n, 1
2 M t, 2,

1,

2,

M
n, 2

V1, M1

V2, M2

Changes across an oblique shock wave are governed ONLY by the velocity component normal to the wave The governing equations are precisely the same as for a normal shock. This leads to identical expressions for changes across an oblique shock when Mn,1 =M1 sin is used.
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2 2 + ( 1) M n ,1 T2 2 2 = 1 + M n ,1 1 2 T1 +1 ( + 1) M n ,1

2 Mn ,2

1 ( 1) M n2,1 2 = 1 M n2,1 ( 1) 2 1+

&

M2 =

sin( )

M n,2

Oblique shock-wave properties depend only on M1 and

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OBLIQUE SHOCK RELATIONS

Since
t,1

-M RELATION
U
2,

U
1,

1,

M
n, 1

M
n, 2

tan( ) =

u2 w2 tan = =

V1, M1

w1 = w2 tan( ) u 2
u1

1 = fn( M 1 , ) 2

It can be proved that

M 12 sin 1 tan = 2 cot 2 M 1 ( + cos 2 ) + 2
--M relation

Shock wave angle, , degrees

u tan = 1 w1

2 M t, , w2

V2, M2

Weak shock wave Strong shock wave Sonic limit (M2=1)

M1

M2

Once any two parameters among M1, and are specified, the oblique shock-wave is uniquely defined.
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Deflection angle, , degrees

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-M RELATION
For a given M1, a max exists.
If >max, the shock becomes detached. As M1, max . As M1 , max = 45.5o.

-M RELATION
For a given <max, there are two straight oblique shock solutions for a given M1.
In nature, the weak shock solution usually prevails. As such, M2 is almost always GREATER than 1.
St r on gs

If =0 (no flow deflection)

Either =90o, normal shock Or = Mach angle, Mach wave.

M1>1

e W

ak

o sh

ho

ck

ck

For a given <max, how does vary as M1 increases? For a given M1, how does vary as increases?
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SUPERSONIC INLET
To increase nozzle effeciency by reducing total pressure losses (See Example 9.4 in Anderson)
p0,2
p0,3

QUESTION
Consider a supersonic flow with M1=2, p1=1atm, T1=288K. This flow is deflected at a compression corner through =20o behind the resulting oblique shock wave. Calculate
The wave angle M2, p2, T2 T0,2 (Answer: 53.4o) (Answer: 1.21, 2.82atm, 400K)
sh oc k

p0,2 p0,1 p0,1

(Answer: 518.4K)
M2

p0 , 2 p0,1

p0,1

p0, 2 p0,1

Ob liq ue

<

p0 , 3

p0 , 3 p0 , 2

p0,2
M1>1 p1 T1
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(Answer: 700atm)

The total pressure loss is smaller for the oblique shock inlet since 1. At the same M1, an oblique shock is associated with a lower total pressure loss than a normal shock. 2. The Mach number before the normal shock is reduced.

p2

T2

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SOLUTION
From -M diagram, for M1=2 and =20o, =53.4o. Hence Mn1=M1sin=2sin53.4o=1.606. From Table B, for Mn,11.60
M n , 2 = 0.6684, p2 T2 = 2.82, = 1.388, p1 T1 p0 , 2 p0 ,1 = 0.8952

SOLUTION
for M1=2, from Table A,
p0 ,1 p1 = 7.824, T0 ,1 T1 = 1 .8

Hence
p0 , 2 = p0 , 2 p0 ,1 p0 ,1 p1 p1 = 0.8952 7.824 1 = 7.00atm

Hence
M2 = sin( ) M n,2 = 0.6684 = 1.21 sin(53.4 20)
M2 M1>1 p1 T1 p2

T0 , 2 = T0 ,1 =

T0 ,1 T1

T1 = 1.8 288 = 518.4 K

M2

p2 = T2 =

p2 p1 = 2.82 1 = 2.82atm p1 T2 T1 = 1.388 288 = 399.7 K T1

1

T2

Note: p0,2/p1 in Table B does not apply to oblique shocks due to the way it was derived. Use this entry only for normal shocks.

p1 T1 p0,1 T0,1

M1>1

p2 T2 p0,2 T0,2
22

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HOMEWORK
Consider an oblique shock wave with =30o. The upstream Mach number is M1=2.4. Calculate the deflection angle of the flow , the pressure and temperature ratios across the shock wave, and the Mach number behind the wave M2. (Answer: 6.5o, 1.513, 1.128, 2.11) Consider an oblique shock wave with =35o and a pressure ratio of p2/p1=3. Calculate the upstream Mach number M1. (Answer: 2.86)
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REFERENCES
In Fundamentals of Aerodynamics by Andersons, 2nd edition.
Chapter 9, p.455-474.

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