Engineering (Civil Engineering)

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering
Mr.SIENG Peou, Mcs of Geotechnical engineering , Tel. (855) 11 874 974,Email: sieng_2000@yahoo.fr
esckIepIm
cMNat;fak;rbs;RKwH
EdlehAfaRKwH KWCaEpkmYyEdlenAxageRkambMputnsMNg;mantYnaTITTYlnUvbnkTaMg Gs;rbs; sMNg;
tamrysrsr rW CBaaMg bBaneTAeGaydIEdlenAxageRkam rW CuMvij)atRKwH .
eKetagEckRKwHecjCa 3 RkmFMKW
1-RKWHrak; Shallow foundation EdlehAfaRKwHrak;KWCaRbePTRKwHEdlbgb;enAEk,rpdIxagelI.
EdlCaTUeTAva manpleFob dB < 4 .
RKwHrak;man 3 RbePTKW
1-1 RKwHeCIgtag Spread footing
kgkrNIEdllkNvisVkmPUKBsaRsnpdIEpkxagelImanlkNl RbesIreKEtgEteRbIRKwHeCIgtag.
RKwHeCIgtagGacmanRKwHragkaer rW ctuekaNEkg rW mUl Edl TTYlbnkBIsMNg;tamrysrsr .
CaTUeTApleFob BL < 10 .
1-2 RKwHRTEvg Strip footing
KWCaRbePTRKwHrak;EdleKeRbIR)as;eTAelIdIEdlmanlkNvisVkm PUKBsaRsmFm. RKwHRTEvg TTYl
kbnkBIsMNg;tamryCBaaMg. CaTUeTAeKcat;TukfaRKwHenaHCaRKwHRTEvgluHRtaNaEtpleFob BL > 10 .
1-3 RKwHcak;eBj Mat foundation
kgkrNIEdllkNvisVkmPUKBsaRsnpdIxagelImanlkNGn;EdlminGnuBaatieGay eKeRbIRKwH eCIg
tag rW RKwHRTEvg )anenaHeKnwgeRbIRKwHkMral . b:uEnkareRbI R)as;RKwHEbbenHcuH fvikar xaMgNas;. dUecHeK KYrEt
eRCIserIsRKwHRbePTepSgeTotEdlcuHfvikartic.
xageRkamenHKWCarUbPaB RbePTRKWHrak;TaMg 3 RbePTxagelI EdlTMnak;TMngxageRkam B KWCaTTwgRKwH /
L KWCabeNayRKwH / d KWCaCMerAbgb;RKwH .
Page1

d
L
L
RKwHeCIgtag
RKwHcak;eBj
RKwHRTEvg
2-RKwHCMerAmFm Semi-profound foundation

kgkrNIEdldIEpkxagelImanlkNGn;EdlminGnuBaatieGayeKeRbIRKwH rak;)aneKcaM)ac;RtveRbI RKwH
CMerAmFmEdlswgEtdUcKaebHbiTnwgRKwHrak; EdlxusKaRtg;CMerA bgb; man CMerAeRCA . CaTUeTA vaRtv
eKarBTMnak;TMng 4 dB < 10 .
3-RKwHCMerA Pile foundation kgkrNIEdldIenAEpkxagelIminGnuBaatieGayeKeRbI)anTaMgRKwHrak;
nig RKwHCMerAmFm enaHeKcaM )ac;RtveRbIRKwHCMerA . eKEckRKwHCMerAecjCa 3 RkumKW
B
qf
qp
qp
f rW RKYs
dITn; rW xSac;
RKwHCMerAQrelI f
RKwHCMerAkkit
dIRCay
RKwHCMerAbENt
3-1 RKwHCMerAQrelIf End bearing pile CaRbePTRKwHCMerAEdlQrelIf rW RKs xSac;Edlman lkN
hab; xaMgsit enACMerAeRCA . RKwHRbePTenHeFVIkarEter:suIsg;enAEpkxagcugRKwHEtb:ueNaH .
Page2

3-2 RKwHCMerAkkit Combined end & friction bearing pile KWCaRbePTRKwHCMerAEdlQrelIdI Tn; rW
xSac;EdlmanlkNRtsuH . RKwH RbePTenHlTPaBRTRTg;EckecjCa 2 KW enAcugRKwHpg nig kMlaMgkkitp
xagpg .
3-3 RKwHCMerAbENt Floating pile KWCaRbePTRKwHCMerAEdlgaybgab;dI Ed;;lkgkrNIEdl dIenaHva
RCayxaMg edayKMlatBIRKwHmYyedImeTARKwHmYyedImesI B .
4-TMgn;lImIt Ultimate strength
RbsinebIeyIgmanRKwHmYymanTTwg B nig CMerAbgb; d QrelIdIEdlmanlkNminpas;br enaHeyIg nwg
segteXIjkrNIdUcxageRkamenH
(KPa)
dIFmta
a'
1
a''
dIsuIm:gt_
dIRCay
S(mm)
ExSekagtageGaysMrut
-RbsinebIeyIgmankUnbnkmYydEsntUcsgt;eTAelIdIenaHdIeyIgnwgRsutkglkN yWt KW)anesc kIfa

ebIeyIgdkbnkecjvijdInwg Fak;mkrksPaBedImvij .
-ehIyRbsinebITMgn;enaHkan;EtekIneLIgdIEdlenAxageRkamenaHmanlkNesIryWt .KW)an esckIfa
RbsinebIeyIgdkbnkenaHecjvijenaHdIeyIgnwgFak;ecjmkvijEtvaminmkrksPaB edIm eLIy .
- ehIyebITMgn;enaHkan;EtekIneLIg dIxageRkamRKwHnwgmanlkN)asic . KW)anesc kI faenA eBl
EdleyIgdkbnkecjvij dIEdlenAeRkam RKwHFak;fyeRkay vijticbMputEdlswg Et esIsUn.
- ebIdIenAxageRkammansPaBENnrwgenaHExSekag sMrutman lkNdUcrUbTI 1 ehIycMNuc a CaTMgn;
lImItEdldIenAeRkamRKwHGacTTYl nUvTMgn;sMNg;)an .
Page3

- ebIdIenAxageRkammanlkNrwgR syenaHExSekag sMrutman lkNdUcrUbTI 2 ehIycMNuc a CaTMgn;

lImItEdldIenAeRkamRKwHGacTTYl nUvTMgn;sMNg;)an .
- ebIsinCadIenAeRkamRKwHmanlkNTn; RCayenaHExSekagsMrutmansPaBdUcrUbTI 3 ehIy cMNuc a''
KWCaTMgn;lImItEdldIGacTTYlBITMgn;sMNg;)an.
sUmeFVIkarkt;sMKal;faTMgn;lImItkgEpknimYyxagelIenH vamanTMnak;TMngy:ageRcIneTot eTA CamYynwg
vimaRtnRKwHenaHnwg CMerAEdleyIgbgb;va .
5-RbePTnkar)ak;Rsut Type of settlement
enAmuneBlEdleyIgdak;bnk eTAelIRKwHdIEdlenAxageRkamRKwHmanlkxNlMnwg rhUt Tal;EteyIgpk
bnkeTAelIva enaHeyIgnwgeXIjfa
-CadMbUgdIenAeRkamRKwH vakERbRblenAkglkN)asic KW)aneskIfaebIeyIgdkbnkecjvijdI GacFak;mkrk
PaBedImvij.
-RbsinebIlkNemkanicrbs;dIERbRblRTg;RTayedaytMldEsntUcmuneBlEdlvadac; ecj BIKa krNI
dIhab;.enaHRKwHrbs;eyIgswgEtKanRsutesaH KWkgxNEdldIeyIgminTan;qgputRBMEdn)asic.kg krNIenH enA
CuMvijRKwHmansameRbHtictYcbMput b:uEndIEdlenACuMvijRKwH RtveBIgeLIgeday sar kMlaMgrujRcan rbs;RKwH
(General shear failure condition).
RKwH
nIv:UdIFmCati
pe)a:geLIgCuMvijRKwH
ExSrGilrbs;dI
RKwHQrelIdIrwg sameRbHdac;CuMvijRKwH
lkNenHvaeqIytbeTAnwgExSekagelx 1 nig 2 kgrUbxagmux .
-pyeTAvijebIlkNemkanicrbs;dIcab;epIm)asicPameRkayeBlBIeKsgt;enaH dITn;. pdIxagelI
e)a:g eLIg tictYcswgEtmincab; GarmNEdlkgkrNIenHeKBi)ak kMNt;enAsameRbHdac;edaysarkMlaMg sgt;.
dUecH eKsegteXIjfaExSrGilrbs;dIenAEtEk,rRKwHb:ueNaH (Local shear failure condition). RkahVicTI 3
bBaak; GMBIlkN RbePT rbs;dIenH .
Page4

ExSe)a:geLIgtictUc
RKwHQrelIdITn; sameRbHdac;enAEk,rRKwH
ExSrGilrbs;dIswgemIlmineXIj
-RbsinebIdIxageRkamRKwHCaRbePTxSac;RtsuH rW dIEdlmanlkNRCayxaMgenaHsMrutrbs;RKwHKan
TMnak;TMngCamYynwgdIEdlenACuMvijRKwHeLIy(Punching shear failure codition) .
kgkrNIenHeKmineXIjmanExSrGilrbs;dIeT ehIy TMnak;TMngrvagsMrut nig kMlaMgsgt;dUcRkahVic TI 3 .
RKwHQrelIdIRCay KansameRbHdac;CuMvijRKwH

Page5

CMBUk 1
lTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHrak;
Bearing capacity for shallow foundation
eyIgcab;epImsikSa GMBIRKwHEdlmanlkNsamBaCaTIbMput KWCaRbePTRKwHRTEvgEdlman pl eFob

L/B> 10 rW 5.
EdlRKwHenaHQrelIRbePTdIesIsac;manprabesIehIyrgnUvkMlaMgsgt;EkgcMGkSrbs;RKwH. RKwHEdl
manTTwg BRtv)anbgb;enAkgdIkgCMerA D. kgrUbEdlPab;mkCamYyeyIgeXIjman tMbn; 3 Edl sitenAeRkam
RKwH . tMbn;elx I KWCatMbn;tulPaBkgkarrujcuHEdlsikSaedayelak Rankine. tMbn;elx II KWCatMbn;tul
PaBnkarrGilrbs;dIEdlenAeRkamRKwH ehIyRtv)ansikSa edayelak Prandtl. F BC KWCa tMbn;vildac;rbs;
dI . tMbn;elx III KWCatMbn; tulPaB nkMlaMg Tb; EdlsikSa eday elak Rankine. eyIg GaceFVIkarkt; sM
Kal;)anfakgtMbn; elx I & III ExSekagrGil rbs;dICabnat;Rtg; pyeTA vijkg tMbn; elx II ExSekagrGilCa
GnuKmn LkarIt . enABIelIRKwHtamExS AA' EdlCa)atrbs;RKwH Rtvrg nUvbnkefr E;kg mYy EdlmanGaMgtg;
suIetesInwg sD ehIyeyIg )anbMePc ecalnUvkMlaMgsMBaF kat;pac; kg RsTab; dIEdlsit enABIelI bnat;AA'.
kglkNenH eyIgGac sikSa GMBIlTPaBRTRTg;lImIt q kgsan PaBBIr epSgKa
1- lkNEdl sD 0 ehIydIEdlenAeRkamRKwHKWCaRbePTdIEdlmanlkN = 0 ; C 0 & 0
enaHeyIgnwg)anTMnak;TMng
d
q1= CNc + sDNq
Edl
q1 lTPaBRTRTg;lImIt (KN/m2)
CaPaBsitrbs;dI (KN/m )
Nq CaemKuNGaRsynwgCMerAbgb;RKwH
C
tg
2
Nq = tg + e
4 2
s TMg;maDrbs;dIEdlbgb;RKwH (KN/m3)
CaCMerAbgb;RKwH (m)
Nc CaemKuNGaRsynwgPaBsitrbs;dI
D
Nc = (Nq 1 ) . Cotg
kglkNenHlTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHEckecjCa 2
- CNc : EdlCalTPaBRTRTg;GaRsynwgPaBsitrbs;dI
- sDNq : CalTPaBRTRTg; GaRsynwg CMerAbgb;RKwH
Page6

2-lkNEdldIenAxageRkamRKwH C= 0 ; 0 ; 0 nwg sD = 0 enaHeyIgnwgmanTMnak;TMng

q2 =
1
BN
2
Edl q CalTPaBRTRTg;lImItEdl 0 ; C =0 ; 0 & sD = 0

KWCaTMgn;maDrbs;dIEdlenAeRkamRKwH (KN/m)
B KWCaTTwgrbs;RKwH (m)
N KWCaemKuNGaRsynwgTTwgrbs;RKwH (KN/m)
2
N = 2(Nq + 1)tg
enAkgqaM 1943 elak Terzaghi & elak Caquot )aneFVIkarsikSa nig eGayrUbmnsMrab;eFVIkar KNna
lTPaBRTRTg;lImItrbs;RKwHRTEvgsMrab;RbePTdI EdlmanlkN 0 ; C 0 ; 0 & sD 0 EdlCapl
bUkrvag q &q
1
qd = q1 + q2
qd = CNc + sDNq +
1
BN
2
sMrab;emKuN Nc ; Nq ; N eyIgGaceFVIkarKNnaehIybBaleTAkgtaragEdlPab;mkCamYy enH .

elak TerzaqhiRtv)aneKRbsiTinamfaCabitaemkanicdI nig RKwH mansBaatiedImCaCnCati eqkU ekIt enATIRkug
R)ak (1883 1963).elak Caquot CavisVkrsMNg;CnCati)araMgEdlmanekr_ eQaH l,Il,aj xagsagsg;
TMnb;Twk (1881 1976) .elak RanKine visVkrCnCatistLg;Edl sikSaGMBI kMlaMg ruj Rcanrbs;dImun eK
bgs; (1820 1872).
manGk)aCJCaeRcInnak;eTot )aneFVIkarsikSabn BIelak Terzaghi GMBIlTPaBRTRTg;rbs;dI nig )an
beBaj nUvemKuNlTPaB RTRTg;rbs;dIepSgKa. b:uEnkgeBlcugeRkayenH eKsMerc yk
emKuN Nq tam karrkeXIj rbs;elak Reissner(1924) Nq =tg2 4 + 2 e tg
emKuN Nc tam karrkeXIj rbs;elak Prandtl(1921) Nc = (Nq 1 ) . Cotg
emKuN N tam karrkeXIj rbs;elak Caquot and Kerisel(1953) N = 2(Nq + 1)tg
b:uEneTaHCa y:agNakedaykeKenAEteRbIrUbmnrbs;elak Terzaghi dEdl edayRKan;Etman kar ERb
RblxHnUvemKuNmYycMnYn EdlnWgmanbBaajenAkgCMBUkxagmux.
sMrab;emKuNlTPaBRTRTg; nig manbgaj enAkgtaragEdlPab; mkCamYyenH .
kgeBl bcb,n enH edIm,IgayRsYldl; karKNnalTPaBRTRTg; rbs;RKwH eKGac sageLIgnUv kmviFI
kg Computer(Soft ware) Edl kgkrNIenH GnuBaati eGayeK eFVIkarKNna)any:agelOnbMput nUv lTPaB
Page7

/4 /2
/2
/4 + /2
RTRTg; rbs; RKwH kdUc Ca karKNnasMrut EdlekIteLIgedaybnkrbs;RKwH .

sUmbBaak;fakgkrNIEdleyIigyk C & mkeRbIR)as;sMrab;eFVIkarKNnalTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwH eyIg
RtvemIllkNxageRkam enH
-RbsinebIdIeyIgCaRbePTdIEdlmanlkNhab;xaMg rW rwgxaMg (N>30 sMrab;dI\d rW N >50sMrab;dI xSac;)
enaHeyIgGacyk C & mkeRbIR)as;Etmg .
-pyeTAvijRbsinebIdIeyIgCadImanlkNTn;rWminsUvhab;enaHeyIgRtvyktMlxageRkamenHmkeRbI
R)as;.
C' =
2
2
C & tg ' = tg
3
3
dUecHkareRCIserIsyk C & mkeRbIR)as;eGay)anRtwmRtUvenaHKWCakarmYycaM)ac;bMput edIm,IeFVI eGay

karKNnarbs;eyIgmanPaBRtwmRtv nig eKcputBIeRKaHfak; .
Page8

Bearing factor
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Nc
5.14
5.38
5.63
5.90
6.19
6.49
6.81
7.16
7.53
7.92
8.34
8.80
9.28
9.81
10.37
10.98
11.63
12.34
13.10
13.93
14.83
15.81
16.88
18.05
19.32
20.72
22.25
23.94
25.80
27.86
30.14
32.67
35.49
38.64
42.16
46.12
50.59
55.63
61.35
67.87
75.31
83.86
93.71
105.11
118.37
133.87
152.10
173.64
199.26
229.92
266.88
Nq
1
1.09
1.20
1.31
1.43
1.57
1.72
1.88
2.06
2.25
2.47
2.71
2.97
3.26
3.59
3.94
4.34
4.77
5.26
5.80
6.40
7.07
7.82
8.66
9.60
10.66
11.85
13.20
14.72
16.44
18.40
20.63
23.18
26.09
29.44
33.30
37.75
42.92
48.93
55.96
64.20
73.90
85.37
99.01
115.31
134.87
158.50
187.21
222.30
265.50
319.06
emKuN lTPaBRTRTg;
N
0
0.07
0.15
0.24
0.34
0.45
0.57
0.71
0.86
1.03
1.22
1.44
1.69
1.97
2.29
2.65
3.06
3.53
4.07
4.68
5.39
6.20
7.13
8.20
9.44
10.88
12.54
14.47
16.72
19.34
22.40
25.99
30.21
35.19
41.06
48.03
56.31
66.19
78.02
92.25
109.41
130.21
155.54
186.53
224.63
271.75
330.34
403.65
496.00
613.14
762.86
Page9
Nq/Nc
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.43
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.75
0.77
0.80
0.82
0.85
0.88
0.91
0.94
0.97
1.01
1.04
1.08
1.12
1.15
1.20
tg
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.65
0.67
0.70
0.73
0.75
0.78
0.81
0.84
0.87
0.90
0.93
0.97
1.00
1.04
1.07
1.11
1.15
1.19

lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarKNnalTPaBRTRTg;lImItrbs;RKwHRTEvgEdlmanTTwg 2 m nigbgb;nUvCMerA 1/5 m. eyIg
snt;fadITMrRKwHCaRbePTdIEdlmanlkNesIsac; . = 18KN/m ; C = 4KN/m
3
= 30o
D = 1,5m
B = 2m
dIl,ay
dMeNaHRsay
edaydIxageRkamRKwHCaRbePTdIl,ayehIymanlkNminhab;xaMg ( = 18KN/m )enaH eyIgmin Gac
yktMl C & mkeRbIR)as;)aneT . dUecH C' = 23 C = 4. 23 = 2,66KN / m ehIy
2
2
tg' tg = tg 30 = 0.38 ' = 21 .
3
3
tamrytaragkgkrNI ' = 21 NC = 15,82 ; Nq = 7,07 nig N = 6,20 . dUecHeyIg)an TMnak;TMng
3
1
qd = CNc + sDNq + BN
2
qd = 2,66 x 15,82 + 18 x 1,5 x 7,07 +
1
x 18 x 2 x 6,20 = 344,57KN/m
2
sMrab;RKwHRTEvgvaCaRbePTRKwHEdlTTYlbnktamryCBaaMg . dUecHRbsinebIeyIgcg;dwgfaetIkg CBaaMg

1m vaRT)anTMgn;b:unanenaHeyIgnwg manTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH
Q = qd x B
Q = 344,57 x 2 = 669,14KN/m
dUecH )anesckIfasMrab;CBaaMgRbEvg 1mRKwHeyIgGacTTYl)annUvbnklImIt 669,14KN/m.

kgkrNIEdl eyIgKansmtikmRKb;RKan;kgkarBiesaFnrk C & edayeyIgeRbIEtkar BiesaFn eTAelI
dI\dtam]bkrNsgt;bM)ak;dIenaHeyIgTTYl)annUvtMl Cu PaBsitrbs;dIgkrNImin bgrTwkenaH eyIgnwg)an
u = 0. EdlkgkrNIenHeyIgnigTTYl)an Nc = 5,14 ; Nq =1 & N = 0. dUecH rUbmnxag elInwgeTACa
qd = 5,14 x Cu + sD
sMrab;BBYkdI\drUbmnTI 2 enHeKniymeRbIR)as;CaTIbMput .
Page10

I - lTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHeCIgtag
nig RKwHkMral
kgkarKNnalTPaBRTRTg;lImItrbs;RKwHeCIgtag nig RKwHcak;eBjva)anCYbnUvbBaaenARbBnGkS 3.
)anesckIfaeKmindwgbegItnUvRTwsINaeGay)anRtwmRtv 100% elIkElgEtRKwHeCIgtagenaHman rag mUlEdl
manlkNsuIemRTI eFVIeGaykMlaMgrujRcaneTAeRkammanlkNeTogTat; .
pyeTAvijebIRKwHeyIgmanragCactuekaNEkgenaHeyIgnwgGaceRbIR)as;nUvrUbmnTI1 kgkarKNna lT
PaBRTRTg;lImItrbs;RKwHRTEvgedayRKan;EteKbBalnUvemKuNkMENxH edIm,IeGaykarKNnaman suvtiPaB .
elak Terzaghi )aneGaynUvrUbmnmundMbUgeKbgs;sMrab;RKwHmUlEdlmanGgt;pitesI Bnig RKwHkaer:Edlman
RCug esI B . sMrab;RKwHmUleyIgmanTMnak;TMng
qd = 1,3CNc + sDNq + 0,3 BN
sMrab;RKwHkaer: eyIgmanTMnak;TMng
qd = 1,3CNc + sDNq + 0,4 BN
kgkarsikSafIeRkayenH eyIgsegteXIjfarvagRKwHkaer: mUl rW ctuekaNEkg EdlQrelI Rb ePTdI

dUcKaebHbiTmanlkN swgEtRbhak;RbEhlKa rvaglTPaB RTRTg;rbs;RKwHTaMg 3 enaH . dUecH elak
Terzaghi, Vesic(1973)& de Beer(1967-1970))anbegItnUvrUbmnfImYyedIm,I GnuBaatieGay eKKNna
)annUvlTPaBRT RTg; sMrab;RKwH RKb;RbePT mUl kI kaer kI ctuekaNEkgkI
B
B
B B
qd = 1 + 0,2. CNc + sDNq(1 + tg ) + 1 0,4. N
L 2
sMrab;rUbmnenHeyIgGaceFVIkarKNna)anrhUtdl;RKwHRTEvgeTot . eyIgsegtemIlkenSam
B
B
1 + 0,2 & 1 0,4 RbsinebIRKwHeyIgCaRKwHRTEvgenaH L RtvFMCag 10B. dUecH

L
L
B
L
y:agehacNas;ktUcCag 0,1. dUecHkenSam 1 + 0,2 BL esInwg 1+ 0,2 x 0,1 = 1,02 1,00
cMENkkenSam 1 0,4 BL = 1- 0,4 x 0,1 = 0,96 1 .

lMhat;
cUreFVIkarKNnaGMBIlTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHkaer:mYyEdlmanRCg B = 1,5m bgb;kgCMerA 2m QrelI
dI\dmanlkNTn;
= 20KN/m ; C = 15KN/m ; = 20 & bgb;edaydIEdlman s = 18,5KN/m
o
Page11

D=2m
B=1,5m
kMEN
edaydITMrRKwHCaRbePTdIEdlmanlkNTn;enaHeyIgnwg)an C' = 23 C ; C' = 153 2 = 10KN / m
2
2
& tg'= tg = tg 20 = 0,24 dUecHeyIg)an ' = 13 Nc = 9,81 ; Nq = 3,26 ; N = 1,97
3
3
tamrUbmnelx 5 eyIgGacsresr)an
2
qd = 1 + 0,2.
1,5
1,5
1,5 1,5
.10.9,81 + 18,5.2.3,26(1 + tg13) + 1 0,4. .20. .1,97 =

1,5
1,5
1,5
2
283,91KN/m
sUmbBaak;falTPaBRTRTg;vaGaRsyeTAnwg TTwgrbs;RKwH B ebI B mantMlFMenaH lTPaBRTRTg;

kekIntamenaHEdr . dUecHcMeBaHlMhat;dEdlRbsinebI B=2m enaHeyIgnwgTTYl)anlTPaBRTRTg;
2
2
2
2
qd = 1 + 0,2 .10.9,81 + 18,5.2.3,26(1 + tg13) + 1 0,4 .20. .1,97 =
289,82KN/m
))
)
II- lTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHeCIgtag
nig RKwHcak;eBjQrelIdI\d
sMrab;dI\dEdlmanlkNsitxaMgenaHeKGaceFVIkarKNnatamsmitkmrbs; Cu (PaBsit rbs;
dIkgkrNIminbgrTwk)EdlkgkrNIenH u=0 enaHeyIg)an Nc = 5,14 ; Nq = 1 & N = 0
dUecHeyIgnwgTTYl)annUvTMnak;TMng
B
qd = 1 + 0,2 .5,14.Cu + sD
b:uEnenAeBlfIenHelak Skempton & Mayerhof )aneFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavrkeXIjfa lTPaB

RTRTg; rbs;dI ekIn eLIgtamCMerAbgb; DsMrab; BBYkRKwHEdlQrelIdI\d . elak Skempton & Mayerhof
)anbgajnUvTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH
Page12

D
B
qd = 1 + 0,2 1 + 0,2 .5,14.Cu + sD
rUbmnmantMleRbIR)as;)ansMrab;EtpleFob DB < 2,50 KWeyIgyk 2,50 mkeRbIEtmg ebI DB >2,5

KW)anesckIfa cab;BIpleFob DB = 2,50 cuHeTAeRkamlTPaBRTRTg;ElgekIneTotehIy . CMerAenaHeK
eGayeQaHehAfa CMerAvinicy .
lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarKNnaGMBIRKwHeCIgtagmYyEdlQrelIdI\dbgb;enAkgCMerA D = 1,5m ; = 20KN/m dITMrRKwHman
= 19,5KN/m ; Cu = 65KN/m ; B = 2m ; L = 2,5m
s = 20KN/m
D = 1,5m
B = 2m
Cu = 65KN/m ; = 19,5KN/m
bMNkRsay
sMrab;lMhat;RbePTenH u =0 ehIyeyIgGacyktMl Cu mkeRbIR)as;Etmg .b:uEneBl xH eKyk tMl
2/3Cu mkeFVIkarKNna edIm,IsuvtiPaBrbs;eKsMrab;krNIdIRCay. dUecHeyIgmanTMnak;TMngdUcxageRkamenH
D
B
qd = 1 + 0,2 1 + 0,2 .5,14.Cu + sD
1,5
2
qd = 1 + 0,2. .1 + 0,2. .5,14.65 + 20.1,5
2,5
qd = 475,69 KN/m
enAkgqaM 1951,1953,1963 elak Mayerhof )aneGaynUvTMnak;TMngsMrab;karKNnarklTPaB RTRTg;

rbs; RKWHrak;dUcxageRkamenH
-sMrab;lkNkMlaMgsrub(Total stress analysis TSA)
B
D
qd = 5,14.Cu.(1 + 0,2 )(1 + 0,2 ) + s D
L
B
-sMrab;lkNkMlaMgBit(Effective stress analysis ESA)

qd = s .D.N q .S q .d q + 0,5. .B.N .S .d
9
Page13

xageRkamenHCaemKuNlTPaB RTRTg; rbs;elak Mayerhof
N q = e .tg .tg 2 (45 + )

2
N = ( N q 1).tg (1,4 )
S q = S = 1 + 0,1.K p .
B
L
D
B
1 + Sin
K p = tg 2 (45 + ) =
2 1 Sin
d q = d = 1 + 0,1. K p .
66666
III- krNIRKwHQrelIdIEdlmanTwk
xSac;CaMTwk
1/RKwHQreRkamnIv:UTwkeRkamdI
-sMrab;lMhat;RbePTenH karsikSamanlkNsksajeyIgnwgedaHRsaymYytMNak;kalmg .
lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarKNnaRKwHRTEvg EdlQrelIdIxSac;tamrUbPaBdUcxageRkamenH
1,5m
1m
nIv:UTwkeRkamdI
2m
xSac;RKab;tUc
= 17,0KN/m ' = 9,0KN/m
sat = 19,0KN/m
= 36o
dMeNaHRsay
eyIgsegteXIjfadIrbs;eyIgCaRbePTdIEdlminhab;dUecHeyIgRtveRbIR)as; 'mkeFVIkarKNna
2
2
tg = tg ' = tg36 = 0,484 ' = 26o
3
3
dUecH Nc = 22,25 ; Nq = 11,85 ; N = 12,54 sMrab;dIEdleyIgeXIjkgrUbPaBxagelIvaCa RbePTdI

EdlmanRbePTEtmYyKWxSac;RKab;tUc. b:uEndIEdlenAelInIv:UTwkeRkamdI vaCaRbePTdIstdUecH = 17KN/m.
enAeRkamnIv:UTwkeRkamdICaRbePTxSac;CaMTwkEdl sat = 19KN/m. edayxSac;Edl enAeRkamnIv:UTwkeRkam
dIvargnUvkMlaMg tMeNal GaksuIEm:Rt . dUecHdg;suIetEdlmanBitkgFmCati
' = sat - (H20)
Page14

' = 19 KN/m - 10 KN/m = 9 KN/m

(H20) = 10KN/m
eday C = 0 eyIgnwgmanTMnak;TMngdUcxageRkamenH
qd = sDNq +
B
N
2
edaydIEdllubRKwHCadIBIrRbePT enaHeyIgGacEbgEck
sD = ( x 1+' x 0,5)
dUecH qd = ( x 1 + ' x 0,5) Nq + '
B N
2
2
qd = (17 x 1+9 x 0,5) x 11,85 + 9. .12,54
2
qd = 367,63KN/m
TwkeRkamdIenABIeRkam)atRKwH
edIm,IsikSaGMBIlkNenHeKetageFVIkarsikSark cal EdlRtvykmkeFVI karKNnaeKcaM)ac;RtveFVIkar
BIPakSaGMBI Zw & B
- ebI Zw B enaHeyIg)an calcul = ' + Zw
( - ')
B
2/
Zw
B
nIv:UTwkeRkamdI
Edl KWCadg;suIetEdlmanBitenACab;nwg)atRKwH
- ebI Zw > B enaH calcul = KW)anesckIfaTwkeRkamdIKan\TiBleTAelIRKwHeT .
lMhat; sUmeFVIkarKNnalTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHRTEvg tamrUbPaBxageRkamenH
= 18KN/m
sat = 20KN/m
' = 10KN/m
D=1,5m
Zw=1m
B=2m
Page15
= 38o
C=0

dMeNaHRsay
= 38o
2
tg = tg '= 0,52 ' = 27 o
3
dUecH Nc = 23,94 ; Nq = 13,20 ; N = 14,47

eday Zw =1m < B = 2m calcul = 10 + 12 ( 18 10 ) = 14 KN/m
tamTMnak;TMng qd = sDNq + B2 N
2
2
qd = 18 .1,5 . 13,20 + 14. .14,47
= 558,98KN/m
**
*
emKuNsnisux nig lTPaBRTRTg;GnuBaati

lTPaBRTRTg;lImItEdleyIgeXIjenAkgemeron TaMgb:unan xagelIKWeFVIeLIgkglkNlImIt .
eBalKWebIeyIgsagsg;kglkNenH dIEdlenAxageRkamRKwHnwg)ak;RsutedaytMlGtibrma dUecH
eKRtveRbIR)as;emKuNsnisuxedIm,IeGayRKwHrbs;eKQrelIdIEdl sit kglkxNyWt Condition elastic.
enAmanbBaamYyeTotKWenAkgkrNIEdleyIgCIkreNAbBaHRKwHenaH TMgn;rbs;ebtugvaFn;Cag TMgn;rbs;dI
TMgn;maDrbs;dIRbhak;RbEhlnwg 20KN/mTMgn;maDrbs;ebtugRbhak;RbEhlnwg 25KN/m dUecH
eyIgRtvKNnalTPaBRTRTg;edaydknUvTMgn;maDrbs;dIecjenaHKWlTPaBRTRTg; Net.
IV
qnet= qd - s.D
10
qnet - lTPaBRTRTg; Net :
dUecHsMrab;RkumdIxSac;Edlman C = 0enaHeyIgnwgmanTMnak;TMngdUcxag eRkamenH

B
B B
qnet = sD(Nq -1) (1 + tg ) + 1 0,4 N
L
L 2
11
sMrab;RkumdIsitEdlsikSatamryeBlEvg enaHeyIgnwgmanTMnak;TMngdUcxageRkamenH
B
B
B B
qnet= CNc 1 + 0,2 + sD( Nq 1)(1 + tg ) + 1 0,4 N
L 2
12
edayELksMrab;BBYkdI\dEdlsikSatamryeBlxIenaHeyIgnwgmanTMnak;TMngdUcxageRkamenH
D
B
qnet = CNc 1 + 0,2 1 + 0,2 + sD - sD
D
B
qnet = 5,14Cu 1 + 0,2 1 + 0,2
Page16
13

dUecHkgkareRbIR)as;rUbmnTaMgLayeyIgKYreRCIserIsyklTPaBRTRTg; Net mkKNnaeRBaHva

mansuvti PaBCag .
RKb;rUbmnTaMgb:unanxagelI RtvykmkEcknwgemKuNsnisux EdlCaTUeTAeKyk esInwg 3 enAkg lkN
Ultimate & esInwg 2 sMrab;lkN Service.b:uEnCakarBiteTA emKuNsnisuxGactUcCag 3 rW FMCag3ehIyem
KuNsnisuxenaHva manTMnak; TMngeTAnwgCMerA bgb;RKwH D emIlrUbEdlPab;mkCamYysMrab; RKwH mUl.
y = 1.0803x + 0.6085
2
R =1
Safesty factor
Safety factor chart

7.5
7
6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
Depth of footing
lMhat;sUmeFVIkarKNnarkCMerAEdlRtvbgb;RKwHbgr; abdUcrUbEdlPab;nUvxageRkamenH Edlman

emKuNsnisuxesI 3.
q = 120KN/m
36,0 x 60,0m
sat = 18,4KN/m
= 0o
C = 30KN/m
kgkrNIEdldIxageRkam)atRKwHmanlkNGn;;enaHeKcaM)ac;RtveRbIRKwHrabEdlbgb;nUvkgCMerA eRCA
edIm,IykEpkxageRkamrbs;dIenaHeRbIR)as;eFVICacMNtrfyn. enAkglMhat;eyIgenH eyIgmansmitkmR Kb;
Page17

RKan;edIm,IeFVIkarKNna eRBaHeyIgsal;y:agc,as;nUvkMlaMgrayesIelI)atRKwH q = 120KN/m KWeyIgyk bnk

rbs;GaKarTaMgmUlmkEckeGayp)atRKwH .sMrab;lkNenHeyIgsegt eXIjfaeyIgCIk dIecjy:ag eRcIn
EdleFVIeGaysl;RbehagedayKanlubRKwHvijeT .
kgkrNIenHlTPaBRTRTg; RtvbUk edayTMgn;maDrbs;dIEdleyIgdkecj enaHeyIgnwgman TMnak; TMng
qbrut =
qnet
+ sD
3
1
D
B
q = .CNc1 + 0,2 1 + 0,2 + sD
3
14
1
D
36
.30.5,141 + 0,2 1 + 0,2. + 18,4.D

3
36
60
120 = 57,568 1 + 0,2 + 18,4.D

36
120 = 57,568 + 0,3198 .D + 18,4D = 51,411 + 18,72 .D
120 =
D =
120 57,568
= 3,33m
18,72
dUecHedIm,IeGaysMNg;manlMnwg)aneKcaM)ac;Rtvbgb;RKwH rbs;eKkgCMerA 3,33m

kgkrNIEdleKcg;eGayRKwHrbs;eKmansuvtiPaB 100% KWeKeGayRKwHeKGENtelIdIEtmg enaHeK
eGay TMgn;dIEdleKCIkecjesInwgTMgn;sMNg;EtmgenaHeyIgnwgmanTMnak;TMngdUcxageRkamenH
q = s D
120 = sD
D=
120
= 6,52m
18,4
dUecH kgkrNIenHRKwHeKRtvbgb;enAkgCMerA
D = 6,52m
rUbmn TI 14 enHmantMleRbIR)as;)ansMrab;EtRKwHbg;rabEdlmanRbehagBIxagkgEtb:ueNaH . sMrab;

RKwHEdleKlubdIbgb;vij rUbmnenH KantMleRbIR)as;eLIy .
edayELkkgkarKNnaRKWHeKEtgeFVIkarepgpat;lkNlMnwg dUcxageRkamenH
sMrab;karepgpat;CMhandMbUg eKGnuvtn_tamlkN
Q
q =
sMrab;RKWHRTEvg
B
Q
sMrab;RKWHeCIgtag
q =
BL
bnab;mkeKKNnark B&L
eKyktMl B&LeTAKNnark q & q = q + .D
all
net
net
all
net
net
all
net
all
brut
all
net
Page18

sMrab;karepgpat;cugeRkaybMput eKGnuvtn_tamlkN
Qbrut
BL
Qbrut=Qnet+Qf +Qs
all
qbrut
=
V & Q= V
Edl Q Cabnkrbs; srsr rujeGayRKwH
Q CabnkEdlekIteLIgedayTMgn;RKwHxngpal;
Q CabnkEdlekIteLIgedayTMgn;dIsgt;elIRKwH
V CamaDrbs;RKwHEdlplitBIebtug
V CamaDrbs;dIEdlsgt;elIRKwH
CaTMgn;maDrbs;ebtug
CaTMgn;maDrbs;dIEdlsgt;elIRKwH
lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarepgpat;RKwHxageRkamenH EdlmankMras;eCIgtag d=0,3 TTwgsrsr b=0,25m
CMerAbgb;RKwH D=2,0m er:suIsg;sitCab;rbs;dI kgkrNIminbgrTwk Cu=100KN/m TMgn;maD dIEdl lubRKwH
=20KN/m TMgn;maDebtug =25KN/m . Q =600KN. B=L=1,8m
Qf =
net
s
f
net
Qnet
b
D
d
B=L
dMeNaHRsay
KNnark lTPaBRTRTg;lImIt
B
D
1,8
2
qnet = 5,14Cu (1 + 0,2 )(1 + 0,2 ) = 5,14 *100(1 + 0,2 )(1 + 0,2 ) =753,86 KN/m2
L
B
1,8
1,8
q
all
qnet
= net = 251,28KN / m 2
3
sMrab;karepgpat;CMhandMbUg
Q
q =
sMrab;RKWHeCIgtag
BL
all
net
net
Page19

600
all
= 185,18KN / m 2 > qnet
= 251,28KN / m 2 OK
2
1,8
all
all
qbrut
= qnet
+ s D = 251,28+20*2=291,28KN/m2
KNnarkmaDeCIgtag
Vf =1,8*1,8*0,3+0,25*0,25*(2-0,3)=1,078m3
KNnarkmaDdIlubRKWH
Vs =1,8*1,8*2-1,078=5,402m3
KNnarkTMgn;eCIgtag
Qf =25*1,078=26,95KN
KNnarkTMgn;dIlubRKWH
Qs =20*5,402=108,04 KN
dUecH Q =600+26,95+108,04=734,99KN
karepgpat;cugeRkay
brut
Qbrut
BL
Qbrut 734,99
all
=
= 226,85 KN / m 2 < qbrut
= 291,28 KN / m 2 OK
2
BL
1,8
all
qbrut
=
kgkrNIenHRKWHeyIgmansuvtiPaB.

V-RKwHEdlrgnUvbnkmincMpit
rW bnkeRTt
1/RKwHrgnUvbnkEkgmincMpit
kgeBlxHsrsr TTYlrgnUvbnkbBaneTAeGayRKwHmincMpitrbs;RKwH enaH(manm:Um:g;kac;elI k ssr).

kgkrNIenH rUbmn Edl eyIgeRbIR)as;mkBImunTaMgb:unanKWminRtwmRtUveLIy. elak Meyerhof )aneFVIkarsikSa
mundMbUgeKbgs;eTAelIRKwHRTEvgEdlCaerOyEtgEtCYbRbTHnUvehtukarNenH .
kgkrNIenHeKRtUvsikSarkTMhM RKwHBit emIlrUbxageRkam .
Page20

A'
B'
tamrUbxagelIenHTMhMRKwHBitR)akd EdlTTYlrgbnkrbs;sMNg; KW RKwHEdlmanTTwg B' minEmn RKwH

EdlmanTTwg B enaHeT .
B' = B 2eB
dUecHedIm,IKNnalTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHRTEvgenaH
1
2
qnet = CNc + sD (Nq 1) + B'N
15
dUecHlTJPaBRTRTg;GnuBaatisMrab;krNIenH
qallowable = lTPaBRTRTg;GnuBaati
qallowable =
qnet
F
qd =lTPaBRTRTg;lImIt
F = emKuNsnisux
sMrab;BBYkRKwHeCIgtag rUbxageRkamenHbgajGMBIkMlaMgEdlsgt;EkgmincMpit 0. kgkrNIenH RKwHEdl

rgnUvbnkBitR)akdKWRKwHEdlmanvimaRt L' & B' kgkrNIenHrUbmnsMrab;RKwHeCIgtagTaMg b:unan BImunmkGac
ykmkeRbIR)as;dEdledayRKan;EtbrBI Bmk B' nig L eTA L' . kgkrNIEdl L' < B' enaHrUbmn Rtv
brkEng BI B' eTA L' nwg kEng L' eTACa B'.
Page21

o'
B
B'
eB
eL
L'
B' B'
B'
B'
qnet = 1 + 0,2 CNc + sD(Nq 1)(1 + tg ) + 1 0,4 N
L'
qallowable =
L'
L' 2
qnet
F
sMrab;krNITaMg 2 xagelIbnkrbs;RKwHEdlGacTTYlRTRTg;)an
sMrab;RKwHRTEvgkarepgpat;RtveFVItamviFIxageRkamenH
Q
6e
-RbsinebI 6e <B
q = (1 +
)
B
B
-dUecHkg lkNlMnwgeyIgcaM)ac;Rtvman q > q
`
-sMrab;karepgpat;cugeRkay eyIgcaM)ac;Rtvman q = QB (1 + 6eB )
4
Q
-RbsinebI 6e >B
q =
3 ( B 2e )
`
-sMrab;karepgpat;cugeRkay eyIgcaM)ac;Rtvman q = 34 ( BQ 2e )
sMrab;RKwHeCIgtag karepgpat;RtveFVItamviFIxageRkamenH
Q
6e
q =
(1 +
)
-RbsinebI 6e <B
BL
B
`
B
max
all
net
max
brut
max
all
brut
brut
brut
max
max
all
net
max
brut
max
brut
all
brut
max
brut
max
all
net
max
Page22
16

-sMrab;karepgpat;cugeRkay eyIgcaM)ac;Rtvman q
4
Q
-RbsinebI 6e >B
q =
3 L( B 2e )
-sMrab;karepgpat;cugeRkay eyIgcaM)ac;Rtvman q
all
brut
brut
max
Qbrut
6e
(1 + B )
BL
B
4
Qbrut
3 L( B 2eB )
brut
max
max
all
net
all
brut
max
brut
max
brut
max
lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarepogpat;GMBITMhMRKwHeCIgtagxageRkamEdlTTYlrgnUvbnk Q = 1780KN EdlrgnUvm:Um:g;
kac;tamTisedA B KW M = 270KN.m . eKykemKuNsnisux F = 3 kgCMerAbgb; 1,8meTAkgRbePTdIl,ay
dI\d .
B
Q = 1780KN
MB = 270KN.m
1,8m
= 18KN/m
= 36o ; C = 9,5KN/m
1,8 x 1,8m
MB
dMeNaHRsay
m:Um:g;KWCaplKuNrvagbnk nig dXas; . dUecHsMrab;TisedA B eyIgmanTMnak;TMng
M
270
=
= 0,15 kgkrNIdUcKaenHeyIgnwg)an
= Q x eB eB =
Q
1780
B
B' = B 2eB = 1,80 0,30 = 1,50m
edaydIrbs;eyIgCadIminhab;xaMg ( = 18KN/m) enaHeyIg)an

2
2
C = 9,5 x = 6,33KN/m
3
3
2
2
tg = tg' = tg36 = 0,48 ' = 26o
3
3
C' =
sMrab; ' = 26 eyIg)an Nc = 22,25 ; Nq = 11,85 ; N = 12,54 dUecHeyIgnwgmanTMnak;TMng dUcxageRkamenH

o
B'
B'
B' B'
qnet = 1 + 0,2 CNc + sD(Nq 1)(1 + tg ) + 1 0,4 . N
Page23

qnet = 1 + 0,2
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
6,33 22,25 + 18 1,8(11,85 1)(1 + tg 26) + 1 0,4 .18 12,54

1,8
1,8
1,8
2
qnet = 771,59 KN/m
qall(net) =
qnet 771,59
=
= 257,20 KN / m 2
3
3
Q
6e
1780
6 * 0,15
- 6e =6*0,15=0,9m<B=1,8m
q =
(1 +
)=
(1 +
) = 824 KN / m
BL
B
1,8
1,8
-dUecHeyIgman q = 257,2KN / m < q = 824KN / m
kgkrNIenHRKWHeyIgmin epgpat;eLIy.
edayELkkgkarKNna lMGitGMBIRKwH rgnUvm:Um:g;kac; eyIgetageFVIkarsikSalMGitdUcxageRkamenH
-karEbgEckkMlaMgenA)atRKwHKanlkNrayesIeLIyemIlrUb V-1
kgkrNIenHkMlaMgenA)atRKwHEbgEckCaBIRbePTKW
Q 6M
Q 6M
ni
g
q =
+
q =
BL B L
BL B L
B
max
all
net
max
max
min
eday e = MQ enaHeyIg)an q
tamTMnak;TMngxagelIRbsinebI
B
enaH q =0
e=
6
max
rUb V-1
6e
Q
(1 + ) nig
=
BL
B
min
Page24
q min =
6e
Q
(1 )
BL
B

enaH q <0
kgkrNIenHeyIg)an q = 3L( B4Q 2e) kgkrNIenHeyIgGaceRbIrUbmndEdlsMrab;KNnalTPaBRTRTg;
rbs;RKwH edayRKan;EtbrBI B eTA B'=B-2e
eyIgmanTMnak;TMng Q = q B' L'
-kgkrNIRKwHeCIgtagEdlmanm:Um:g;tamTis 2 epSgKaemIlrUb V-2 enaHeyIgmanTMnak;TMng
M
M
e =
e =
ni
g
Q
Q
kgkrNIenHeyIgmanTMnak;TMng Q = q A'
edayRKan;EtbrBI B eTA B'=B-2e nigbrBI L eTA L'=L-2e
karKNnarkmuxkat;BitR)akd A' tam4krNIepSgKa
-krNI eL 16 & eB 16 emIlrUb V-3
e>
B
6
min
max
ult
net
ult
rUb V-2
sMrab;krNIenHeyIgGacKNna muxkat; BitR)akd tamTMnak;TMng
3e
3e
1
B = B (1.5
) nig L = L(1.5
)
A' = B L Edl
B
L
2
B
1 1
Page25

tMl L' KWCatMlEdlFMCageKrvag B & L enaH B' = LA''

-krNI
-k
rNI eL 0.5 & 0 eB 16 emIlrUb V-4
1
rUb V-3
rUb V-4
A' =
1
( L1 + L2 ) B
2
tMl L' KWCatMlEdlFMCageKrvag L & L enaH B' = LA'' tMl L & L GacKNna)ankgrUb
-krNI eL 16 & 0 eB 0.5 emIlrUb V-5
1
A'
A' = ( B + B ) L Edl B'=
tMl B & B GacKNna)ankgrUb V-5b
2
L
-krNI eL 16 & eB 16 emIlrUb V-6
1
A'
A' = ( B + B )( L L ) + L B Edl B'=
tMl L & B GacKNna)ankgrUb V-6b
2
L
1
Page26
V-4b

rUb V-5
rUb V-6
2/bnkeRTtcMpitrbs;RKwH
RbsinebIeyIgmankMlaMg RmYysgt;eRTtcMpitrbs;RKwHbegIt)anCamuM CamYynwg GkS rbs;RKwH

emIlrUbxageRkamenH
R
Page27

elak Meyehof)aneGayrUbmnmundMbUgeKbgs;sMrab;karKNnarklTPaBRTRTg; lImIt sMrab;

RKwHRTEvg tamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH
2
o
o
o
sD ( Nq 1) + 1 o
CNc + 1
qnet = 1
90
90

qall(net) =
B
N
2
17
qnet
F
dUecHbnkEdlGnuBaatisMrab;RKwHRbEvg 1m esInwg
qall(net) =
R Cos
B
kgkrNIEdlkMlaMgrujeRTtEbbenHeFVIeGayRKwHeyIgGacrMkileTAxag dUecHvabegIt)ankMlaMg kkit

rvag)atRKwH nig dI .RbsinebImuM CamuMEdldIkkit nig )atRKwHehIy Ca KWCaPaBsitCab;rvagdI nig)atRKwHenaH.
edIm,I eGaymanlkNtulPaBeyIgRtvmanTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH
R Sin RCos .tg + Ca.B
18
H Vtg + Ca.B
19
rW
sMrab;eGaykarsagsg;mansuvtiPaB 100% enaHeKRtUveRbIemKuNsnisux
H=
1
( Vtg + Ca.B )
F
20
Edl Ca=2/3C & =2/3

dUecHeyIgKrmanTMnak;TMng R Sin RCos .tg(2/3) + 2/3.C.B
emKuNsnisuxEdlykmkeRbIkgkrNIenH F = 2.
sMrab;RbePTRKwHeCIgtageyIgmanTMnak;TMng
B
B
B
B
qnet = ci 1 + 0,2 CNc + qi.sD( Nq 1)(1 + tg ) + i1 0,4 . N
Page28
L 2
21

sMrab;lkNdTeTotKWdUcKaebHbiT nig RKwHRTEvgEdr .

ci = 1 90
2
qi = 1
90
o
i = 1
sMrab;kMlaMgeRTtmincMpitkarKNnaenAdEdledayRKan;EtkgrUbmnTaMgGs;xagelIeKRtvbr
B B' = B 2eB
L L' = L 2eL
lMhat;:sUmeFVIkarKNnaGMBIlTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHeCIgtagmYyEdlTTYlrgnUvbnkrbs;srsreRTt
begIt)anCamuM nig GkSQrrbs;RKwH = 30 .RKwHCaRbePTctuekaNEkgEdl B = 2m nig L = 3m.bnk
EdlrujcuHrbs;srsreRTtKW 1000KN.kgkrNIenHeyIgykemKuNsnisuxesI 2,5. CMerAbgb;RKwHesI D =2m.
o
R = 1000KN
D = 2,00m
s = 20KN/m
60o
= 19,5KN/m
C'= 15KN/m2 ; Cu = 150KN/m
' = 28o
dMeNaHRsay
edayRKwHeyIgrgnUvbnkeRTt R =1000KN
dUecHeyIgmankMlaMgedk
H = RSin = 1000 x Sin30 = 500KN
nigkMlaMgQrEkg
V = RCos = 1000 x Cos30 = 866KN
sMrab;karKNnalTPaBRTRTg;eyIgmanTMnak;;TMngxageRkamenH
B
B
B
B
qd = ci 1 + 0,2 CNc + qi.sD(Nq 1)(1 + tg ) + i1 0,4 . N
30
qi = ci = 1 = 1 = 0,44
90
90
2
Page29
L 2

2

30
i = 1 = 1 = 5,1.10 3
28

2
B
1 + 0,2 = 1 + 0,2. = 1,13

3
L
2
B
1 0,4 = 1 0,4. = 0,73

3
L
o
' = 28 Nc = 25,8 ; Nq = 14,72 ; N = 16,72
2
2
2
qnet = 0,44 .1,13.15.25,8+0,44 . 20 . 2(14,72 1)(1+2/3.tg28)+5,1.10-3 . 0,73.19,5. . 16,72 =

520,69KN/m2
dUecHlTPaBRTRTg;GnuBaat
qall(net) =
qnet 520,69
=
= 208,28KN / m 2
2,5
F
kareRbobeFob
-kgkrNIenHeyIgeXIjlTPaBRTRTg;GnuBaat qallowableFMCagkMlaMgsgt; V
qallowable = 208,28 KN/m >
866
V
=
= 144,33KN / m 2
BL 2 * 3
dUecHcMeBaHkar)ak;RsutKanbBaaeLIyKWRKwHeyIgGacTTYlRTRTg;)an
-ma:gvijeToteyIgGaceFVIkarepogpat;)ankgkrNIeRbIrUbmnryeBlxI
B
D
qnet= ci 1 + 0,2 1 + 0,2 .5,14.Cu

L
B
qd = 0,44 x 1,36 x 5,14 x 150 = 461,36KN/m

qd 461,36
qallowable =
=
= 184,54 KN / m 2
2,5
F
qallowable = 184,54 KN/m >
V
= 144,43KN/m
BL
dUecHkrNITaMg 2 enHepgpat;dUcKa . b:uEnRKwHeyIgminRsutminEmn CalkNRKb; RKan;sMrab; eGaysM

Ng;eyIgmanlMnwgenaHeT.eRBaHkMlaMgEdlbukeTAelIRKwHCakMlaMgeRTt dUecHvabegIt)an Ca kMb:Usg;n kMlaMg 2
KWkMlaMgEkg V nwg kMlaMgedk H. dUecHkMlaMg H vabegIt)anCakMlaMgrujtambg; edkEdlCYnkaleFVI eGay RKwH
eyIgGacrMkil)an .
edIm,IsikSaGMBItulPaBrbs;RKwHkgkrNIenH eyIgsikSaGMBIkMlaMgkkitEdlekItmaneLIgrvag )atRKwH nig
dI . dUecHeyIgRtUveRbITMnak;TMngdUcxageRkamenH . edIm,IKNnarkkMlaMgkkitrvag)atRKwH nig dI
= vtg + Ca ,Edl v = V = 144,43KN/m
BL
eyIgGacKNna)antamtarag
Page30

edayRbePTRKwHeyIgCaebtug eyIgTTYl)an = 32
=
2
x 28o = 18,67o
3
GacKNna)antamTMnak;TMng
-kgkrNIsikSatamryeBlEvg eyIgGacTaj)an Ca=2/3C=2/3*15=10
dUecH =144,43 . tg18.67 +10=58,80KN/m
dUecH allowable = F = 582,8 = 29,4KN / m
H
kgkrNIenHeyIgsegteXIjfa allowablemantMltUcCag BL
;
Ca
allowable = 29,4 KN/m<
H
= 83,33 KN/m
BL
-kgkrNIsikSatamryeBlxI eyIgGacTaj)an
=
Ca
; = 16,715 x Cu 0,7765
Cu
rWeyIgGacKNna)antamrUbEdlPab;mkCamYykgkrNIenHeyIgman Cu = 150KN/m enaHeyIg

TTYl)an = 0,34 Ca = x Cu = 0,34 x 150 = 51KN/m kgkrNIenH u= 0 dUecHeyIgman TMnak; TMng
= Ca = 51KN/m
allowable =
51
= 25,5KN / m 2
2
dUecH sMrab;krNITaMgBIrxagelIenHRKwHeyIgKanlMnwgeTehIyvaGacrMkiledaysarkMlaMgeRTt. Edlkg

krNIenHGaceFVIeGaysMNg;eyIgdYlRbsinebIeyIgxVHkarRbugRbyt .
sMrab;sMNg;RbePTenH eyIgcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarepgpat;elIkrNI TaMg 2 KW
- lMnwgtulPaB nig kar)ak;Rsut
- lMnwgtulPaB nig karrGilrbs;RKwH
sMrab;lMhat;dUckrNIxagelI eyIgcaM)ac;Rtvcak;ebtugeFVIestBIxageRkam)atRKwHedIm,IbegInnUvkMlaMg
Tb;kMueGayRKwHeyIgGacrMkileTAmux)an.EdlviFIsas nig karKNna RKwHRbePTenH nwgmanerobrab;y:agBisar
kg CMBUkTI 3 KWkarKNna GMBICBaaMgTb;dI.
- sMrab;krNIenHeyIgnwgsikSalMGit kgEpkCBaaMgTb;dIkg CMBUkxagmux eRBaHeyIgRtvsikSabEnm GMBIkta
nkMlaMgTb; EdlkgEpkenHeyIgcat;Tuk favaesI 0.
++
+
Page31

VI-RKwHQrelICMral
kgkrNIEdlRKwHeyIgQrelICMralenaHkarKNnaGMBIlTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwH RtUvEckecj Ca 2 krNI KW

RKwHEdlQrenAelIEpkelIbMputnCMral nig RKwHEdlQrenAtamCMral . lTPaB RTRTg; rbs; RKwHEdlQr
tamCMral nig EpkxagelInCMralEdleKKNnaeXIjCaTUeTAmantMltUc CagRKwHEdl Qr elIRKwHFmta .
kgkrNIenHrUbmnTaMgb:unanEdleyIgsal;BIxagmuxGacykmk eRbI)anTaMgGs;eday RKan;EteyIgbremKuN Nc
; Nq ; N ; eTACa N'c ; N'q ; N' tMlemKuN N'c & N'q eyIgGacKNna )antamtaragEdlPab;mkCamYy
sMrab; N' eyIgGaceRbIR)as;tMl N Etmg .
dUecHeyIgmanTMnak;TMngsMrab;RKwHRTEvg
qnet = CN'c + (N'q 1) sD +
22
1
BN
2
ehIysMrab;RKwHeCIgtageyIgman
B
B
B B
qnet = 1 + 0,2 CN ' c + ( N ' q 1)(1 + tg )sD + 1 0,4 N
L 2
lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarKNnaRKwHEdlQrenAelICMralRbePTRKwHRTEvg tamrUbmnxageRkamenH
b = 4m
Q = 200KN
D = 2m
= 20KN/m
H = 20
C = 100KN/m
= 0o
60o
B = 2m
dMeNaHRsay
sMrab; =0 nig =60
o
b 4
= =2
B 2
D 2
= =1
B 2
dUecH
N'c = 5,14 ; N'q = 1,03 ; N = 0
qd = 100. 5,14 + (1,03 1) 20.2

qd = 515,2KN/m
Page32
23

kgkrNIenHemKuNsnisuxesI 3 eyIg)an
qallowable =
qd 515,2
=
= 171,73KN / m 2
3
3
dUecH edIm,IeGayRKwHeyIgmanlMnwgenaHeyIgcaM)ac;eRbIRKwHEdlmanTTwg
B=
200
Q
=
= 1,15m
qallowable 171,73
kgkrNIenHeyIgGnumtykRKwHEdlmanTTwgesI 1,2m .
lMhat;
eyIgeRbI)as;RKwHdEdl EteyIgbrTItaMgva eGayQrtamCMralvijmg.
Q = 200KN
= 20KN/m
= 0o
C = 100KN/m
H = 20m
60
D=2m
B=2m
dMeNaHRsay
sMrab; =0 nig =60
o
b 0
= =0
B 2
D 2
= =1
B 2
dUecH
N'c = 4,70 ; N'q = 0,37 ; N = 0
qd = 100. 4,70 + (0,37 1) 20.2

qd = 444,8KN/m
kgkrNIenHemKuNsnisuxesI 3 eyIg)an
qallowable =
qd 444,8
=
= 148,26 KN / m 2
3
3
dUecH edIm,IeGayRKwHeyIgmanlMnwgenaHeyIgcaM)ac;eRbIRKwHEdlmanTTwg
B=
200
Q
=
= 1,34m
qallowable 148,26
dUecH eyIgGnumtykRKwHEdlmanTTwgesI 1,40m .
Page33

KMlatBIRKwHmYyeTARKwHmYyEdlQrelICMral
2
3
taragemKuNRTRTg;RKwHQrelICMral
Bearing Capacity N'c,N'q for footings on or adjacent to a slope:
0
10
20
25
30
60
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
D/B=0 , b/B=0
10
20
30
40
D/B=0.75, b/B=0
10
20
30
40
5.14
1.03
4.89
1.03
4.63
1.03
4.51
1.03
4.38
1.03
3.62
1.03
8.35
2.47
7.80
2.47
7.28
2.47
7.02
2.47
6.77
2.47
5.33
2.47
75.31
64.20
64.42
64.20
55.01
64.20
50.80
64.20
46.88
64.20
28.56
64.20
5.14
1.03
5.14
0.92
5.14
0.94
5.14
0.92
5.14
0.88
4.70
0.37
8.35
2.47
8.35
1.95
8.35
1.90
8.35
1.82
8.35
1.71
6.83
0.63
75.31
64.20
75.31
33.94
66.81
28.21
62.18
25.09
57.76
21.90
34.84
5.52
14.83
6.40
13.37
6.40
12.39
6.40
11.82
6.40
11.28
6.40
8.33
6.40
0
10
20
25
30
60
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
30.14
18.40
26.80
18.40
23.78
18.40
22.38
18.40
21.05
18.40
14.34
18.40
D/B=1.5 , b/B=0
10
20
30
40
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
0.62
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
8.34
1.04
75.31
64.20
75.31
40.81
75.31
35.14
73.57
31.80
68.64
28.33
41.12
7.80
Page34
14.83
5.85
14.83
5.65
14.83
5.39
14.83
5.39
14.83
5.04
12.76
1.83
30.14
18.40
30.14
14.13
30.14
12.93
30.14
12.04
30.14
10.99
21.37
3.52
14.83
6.40
14.83
4.43
14.83
4.11
14.83
3.85
14.83
3.54
10.55
1.17
30.14
18.40
30.14
11.16
30.14
9.84
28.76
9.00
27.14
8.08
17.85
2.36

10
20
25
30
60
10
20
25
30
60
10
20
25
30
60
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
N'c
N'q
0
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
0
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
0
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
D/B=0 , b/B=0.75
10
20
30
8.33
2.47
8.31
2.47
8.29
2.47
8.27
2.47
7.94
2.47
14.34
6.40
13.90
6.40
13.69
6.40
13.49
6.40
12.17
6.40
28.02
18.40
26.19
18.40
25.36
18.40
24.57
18.40
20.43
18.40
D/B=0 , b/B=1.50
10
20
30
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
14.83
6.40
14.83
6.40
14.83
6.40
14.83
6.40
14.83
6.40
29.24
18.40
28.59
18.40
28.33
18.40
28.09
18.40
26.52
18.40
D/B=1.50, b/B=0.75
10
20
30
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
14.83
6.40
14.83
6.40
14.83
6.40
14.83
6.40
14.83
4.97
30.14
15.79
30.14
16.31
30.14
16.20
30.14
15.85
27.46
9.41
40
D/B=0.75, b/B=0.75
10
20
30
66.60
64.20
59.31
64.20
56.11
64.20
53.16
64.20
39.44
64.20
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
8.35
2.34
8.35
2.47
8.35
1.82
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
40
D/B=0.75, b/B=1.50
10
20
30
40
68.78
64.20
63.60
64.20
61.41
64.20
59.44
64.20
50.32
64.20
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
75.31
47.09
75.31
53.21
72.80
55.20
70.32
56.41
56.60
46.18
40
D/B=1.50, b/B=1.50
10
20
30
40
75.31
45.45
75.31
43.96
75.31
42.35
74.92
40.23
52.00
20.33
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
5.14
1.03
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
8.35
2.47
75.31
49.77
75.31
52.58
75.31
52.97
75.31
52.63
62.88
36.17
((
(
Page35
14.83
5.34
14.83
6.04
14.83
6.27
14.83
6.40
14.83
5.14
14.83
6.01
14.83
6.40
14.83
6.40
14.83
6.40
14.83
6.40
14.83
6.40
14.83
6.40
14.83
6.40
14.83
6.40
14.83
6.40
30.14
13.47
30.14
14.39
30.14
14.56
30.14
14.52
23.94
10.05
30.14
15.39
30.14
18.40
30.14
18.40
30.14
18.40
30.03
18.40
30.14
17.26
30.14
18.40
30.14
18.40
30.14
18.40
30.14
16.72
40
75.31
40.83
71.11
40.88
67.49
40.06
64.04
38.72
45.72
22.56

VII-RKwHQrelIdIeRcInRsTab;
kgkar erobrab;EdleyIg)aneFVImkkugEpkTaMg6BIxagmuxmk.eyIg)aneFVIkarKNna edaysnt; fa RKwH

eyIgQr elIdImYyRbePTminERbRbYlBIelIrhUtdl;;CMerAxageRkam .
b:uEnkglkNFmCatidIeRcInEtmanTMrg;kekItCaRsTab;.EdlCakarTMlak; cuHrbs;silakMeTckMNr .
dUecH RbsinebIRKwHeyIgCYbkrNIEbbenHeyIgcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarBiPakSa dUcxageRkamenH
D
RsTab;dIxSac;
rW dI rwg
B
h
RsTab;dITn; rW RCay
kgkrNIxagelIenHeyIgsegteXIjfadIxagelICaRbePTRsTab;dIl EdlmanlTPaBRTRTg;x<s; dI
RsTab;TI 2 CaRbePTdIGn; . dUecHRbsinebI dIRsTab;TI 1 RTrYcminEmn)anesckIfa dIRsTab;TI 2 GacRTrYc enaH
eLIy . dUecH RtveyIgeFVIkarBiPakSadUcxageRkamenH
kgeBlfIenHelak Brown & Meyerhof(1969) )anbegItnUvTMnak;TMng fIedIm,I KNnalTPaB RTRTg;
rbs;RKwHQrelIdIeRcInRsTab;dUcxageRkamenH
Q
1 c1 1
D
1 c1 1
Bx L
d1
2 c2 2
Page36

1-sMrab;dI\dsikSatam Cu (TSA):
CatMbUgeyIgRtveFVIkarKNnarkCMerA H EdlCakMras;dIEdl RKwHGackat;pac;edaykMlaMgrbs;va
H = 0,5 B tan(45 +
1
2
ebI H<d enaHeyIgGaceFVIkarKNnaedaycat;TukfaRKwHeyIgQrelIdIRsTab;EtmYy.

ebI H >d enaHeyIgGaceFVIkarKNnatamviFIxageRkam
CatMbUgeyIgRtveFVIkarKNnarkpleFob C =Cu /Cu
1- ebI C < 1 enaHeyIgGaceFVIkarKNnatamviFIxageRkam
-sMrab;RKwHRTEvg Nc = 1,5Bd + 5,14C < 5,14
-sMrab;RKwHmUl Nc = 3Bd + 6,05C < 6,05
kgkrNI C > 0,7 enaHtMl NcRtvbny10PaKry
2- ebI C > 1 enaHeyIgGaceFVIkarKNnatamviFIxageRkam
-sMrab;RKwHRTEvg N1 = 0,d5B + 4,14
1,1B
+ 4,14
d1
0,33B
N1 =
+ 5,05
d1
0,66 B
N2 =
+ 5,05
d1
N1 N 2
2
Nc =
N1 + N 2
N2 =
-sMrab;RKwHmUl
Edl
1-sMrab;dIsikSatam C & (general equation):
ebI H<d enaHeyIgGaceFVIkarKNnaedaycat;TukfaRKwHeyIgQrelIdIRsTab;EtmYy.
ebI H >d enaHeyIgGaceFVIkarKNnatamviFIxageRkam
KNna rktMl C' & ':
1
'=
d11 + ( H d 1 ) 2
H
c' =
d1c1 + ( H d 1 )c 2
H
bnab;mkeyIgeFVIkarKNnaRKwH edayeRbI tMl C' & '

RbsinebI RsTab;TI1CaRbePTdIRCayeyIgRtveFVIkarKNna eday eRbI C & 1
RbsinebI RsTab;TI1CaRbePTdIxSac; RsTab;TI2 CaRbePTdI\d rW dI\denABIelIxSac; .eyIgRtveFVIkar
epgpat;dUcxageRkam
-KNnalTPaBRTRTg;RsTab;TI1 edayeRbI C & 1
1
Page37

B
B
B
B
qnet1 = 1 + 0,2 C1 Nc + sD( Nq 1)(1 + tg1 ) + 1 0,4 . 1 N
-KNnalTPaBRTRTg;RsTab;TI2 edayeRbI C
& 2
tamrUbmn
B
B
B
B
qnet2 = 1 + 0,2 C2 Nc + (sD + 1.d1 )( Nq 1)(1 + tg2 ) + 1 0,4 . 2 N
bnab;mkeyIg KNnalTPaBRTRTg;RsTab;TaMg2 edayeRbI rUbmn

qnet = qnet 2 +
P PV K s tan 1 Pd1C1
< qnet1
+
Af
Af
Edl
P
Pv
Ks
Af
= 2(B+L)
= 0.5 1 d12+ s D d1
=1-sin1
=BL
edayELk dIGacmaneRcInRsTab; dUecHeKcaM)ac;RtvKNna tMlmFmrbs;)a:ra:EmRtdI edayEckeGaydI

manEt 2 RsTab;Etb:ueNaH KW xSac; nig dI\d tamTMnak;TMngxageRkam
CiHi
Hi
Hi tg
= arctg
Hi
Cav =
av
lMhat; cUrKNnaGMBIlTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHxageRkam
Cu1=77KPa, 1= 0,1=17,26KN/m2
D=1,83
B x L= 3 x 6 m2
Cu2=115KPa, 2= 0, 2=17,26KN/m2
-KNnark kMras; H=0,5B tg 2 + 45 =0,5x3x tg45 =1,50m

Cu 2 115
=
= 1,5 >1
Cu1 77
N1=4,14+0,5x 3/1,22=5,37
N2=4,14+1,1x 3/1,22=6,84
CR=
Page38
d1=1,22

Nc=
eday C >0,7
dUecH q = Nc.C
Nc=6,02*0,9=5,418
net
all
qnet
=
U1
5,37 6,84
2 = 6,02
5,37 + 6,84
= 5,418 * 77 = 417,186 KN / m 2
qnet 417,186
=
= 139 KN / m 2
3
3
lMhat; cUrKNnaGMBIlTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHxageRkam
C1=0KPa, 1= 34,1=17,25KN/m2
D=1,50
d1=0,6
BxL =2 x2 m2
Cu2=75KPa, 2= 0, 2=17,25KN/m2
-KNnark kMras; H=0,5B tg 2 + 45 =0,5x2x tg62 =1,88m

KNnarklTPaBRTRTg; rbs;dIxSac;
1
=34,B=2m,L=2m,D=1,5m
eyIgman
cal=arctg(2/3tg),cal=arctg(2/3.
tg34)=24,210
B
B
B
B
qnet1 = 1 + 0,2 C1 Nc + sD( Nq 1)(1 + tg1 ) + 1 0,4 . N
emKuN
emKuN
emKuN
L 2
tg
2
Nq =tg + e
=9,81
4 2
Nc = (Nq 1 ) . Cotg =19,60
N = 2(Nq + 1)tg =9,72
qnet1=17,25*1,5*8,81*(1+tg24,21)+0,6*17,25*1*9,72=431,05KN/m2
qall 1= 431,05/3=143,68 KN/m2
KNnarklTPaBRTRTg; rbs;dI\d
=0,B=2m,L=2m,D=2,10m
eyIgman C
cal=
2/3C=2/3x 75= 50KPa
D
B
qnet2= 1 + 0,2 1 + 0,2 .5,14.Cu
Page39

qnet2=5,14.50.1,2.1,21= 373,164KN/m2
qall2=373.164/3=124,39 KN/m2
Ks=1-sin34=0,44
P =2(B+L)=8m
Pv=0.5 1 d12+ s D d1= 1,5x 17,25x 0,6+17,25x 0,62/2=18,63 KN/m
8 18,63 0,44 tg 34
qnet= 373,164+
=384,22 KN/m2 < 431,05 KN/m2
2 2
dUecHlTPaBRTRTg; GnuBaat sMrab;RKwHeyIg KW

qall=384,22/3=128,07 KN/m2
& &
&
VIII-karsMeyaKrUbmnedIm,IdMeNIkarKNnaRKwHrak;
qgkat;karBiesaFnfIEdl)aneFVIeT,Igedayelak De Beer (1970), elak Hansen (1970) nigelak

Mayerhof (1953) eFVIeGaymankarEkERby:ageRcIn kgkareRbI)as;rUbmnedIm,I
KNnaGMBIlTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHrak;tamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH
qd= C.cs.cd.ci..Nc+.D.qs.qd.qi..Nq+
1
s.d.i. .B.N
2
CaTUeTAeyIgGacKNna rkemKuN tamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH

1-emKuNEdlmanTMnak;TMng eTAnwg RTg;RTayrbs;RKwH Shape factors
cs=1+ B . Nq
L Nc
B
qs=1+ . tg
L
s=1- 0.4 B
L
2-emKuNEdlmanTMnak;TMng eTAnwg CMerAbgb; RKwH Depth factors DB 1

qd=1+2 tg.(1- sin)2 D
cd=qd -
1 qd
Nq.tg
d=1
3-emKuNEdlmanTMnak;TMng eTAnwg CMerAbgb; RKwH Depth factors DB >1

qd=1+2 tg.(1- sin)2.arctg( D )
B
Page40

1 qd
Nq.tg
cd=qd d=1
4-emKuNEdlmanTMnak;TMng eTAnwg CMerAbg

rAbgb; RKwH Depth factors DB 1
and =0
cd=1+0.4 D
B
5-emKuNEdlmanTMnak;TMng eTAnwg CMerAbgb; RKwH Depth factors DB >1
and =0
cd=1+0.4arctg( D )
B
6-emKuNEdlmanTMnak;TMng eTAnwg TMertrbs; RKwH Inclination factors

o
ci= 1 o
90
o
qi= 1 o
90
o
i= 1 o

444
IX-karKNnaRKwHtamlTplBiesaFnelIkardanpal;
Bearing capacity from in situ test
lTplkarBiesaFncak;TMluHdIedaykMlaMgsaTicBy Static Cone Penetration test

tamkarBiesaFneKsegteXIjfalTPaBRTRTg;GnuBaatitamer:suIsg;RbqaMg nwg k,al ekaNsaTic
Edlcak;TMluHeTAkgdIxSac;tamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH
1/
sMrab; B<1,22m
sMrab; B>1,22m
qallowable =
qallowable =
qc
15
24
qc 3,28B + 1
(
25
3,28B
)2
tMl qc EdleRbIkgrUbmnxagelIenHRtvyktMlmFm kgCMerA 2B Kitcab;BI)at RKwHcuHeTA eRkam

KitCa KPa.
Page41

sMrab;dI\d eyIgRtveFVIkarKNna tam):ar:aEm:Rt Cu Edl Cu GaceFVIkarKNnatamTMnak; TMngxag eRkam

enH
qc
Cu=
10
qc
Cu=
15
sMrab;k,alekaNEdlKanpkkitxag
sMrab;k,alekaNEdlmanpkkitxag
2/ tamlTplkarBiesaFnbukTMluHdIedaykMlaMgDINamicBy Dynamic Cone Penetration test
tamkarBiesaFneKsegteXIjfa lTPaBRTRTg;GnuBaatitamer:suIsg;RbqaMgnwgk,al ekaN DINamic
EdlbukTMluHeTAkgdIxSac; GacKNnatamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH
kgkrNIEdl DB 1 ehIyRKwHeyIgQrXatqJayBInIv:UTwkenAeRkamdI
qallowable = Rd
25
20
kgkrNIEdldIeyIgCaRbePTdIxSac;hab;enaHeyIg)an
qallowable = Rd
26
15
- qc =
er:suIsg;RbqaMgnwgk,alekaNsaTic mFm kgCMerA 2B Kitcab;BI)atRKwH cuH eTAeRkam KitCa
- Rd =
er:suIsg;RbqaMgnwgk,alekaNDINamic mFm kgCMerA 2B Kitcab;BI)atRKwH cuH eTA eRkam KitCa
KN/m
KN/m
b:uEnkgeBlfIenHelakSchmertmann(1978) )aneGayrUbmnfI edIm,IKNna lTPaB RTRTg; rbs;RKwH

rak; tamlTpl er:suIsg;RbqaMgnwgk,alekaNsaTictamTMnak;TMngxageRkam enHkgkrNI D/B1,5
sMrab;dIxSac;
1-RKwHRTEvgq =28- 0,0052(300-q ) KitCa (kgf/cm )
27
2-RKwHkaer: q =48 - 0.009(300-q ) KitCa (kgf/cm )
sMrab;dI\d;
KitCa (kgf/cm2)
1-RKwHRTEvgq =2+0.28q
28
2-RKwHkaer: q =5+0.34q
KitCa (kgf/cm )
sMrab;krNIenHeyIgyk emKuNsnisux esInwg 3 eTA 6.
d
1,5
1.5
Page42

tamlTpl SPT:
mankarbkRsayepSgKaedIm,IeFVIkarKNnalTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHtamlTplnkar BiesaFn
SPTdUcCa
q ( KPa) = 11,98 N
sMrab;krNI B<1,22 nigsMrut 25 mm
3,28 B + 1
q ( KPa ) = 7,99 N
sMrab;krNI B>1,22 nigsMrut 25 mm
3,28 B
enAqaM1977elak BOWLES)aneFVIkarEkERbrUbmnxagelICafI
D S
q = 19,16 N 1 + 0,33
sMrab;krNI B<1,22
B 25
3/
all
cor
all
cor
all
cor
D S
3,28 B + 1
qall = 11,98
N cor 1 + 0,33
B 25
3,28 B
D
S
1 + 0,33 < 1,33
B
Ncor = Nfield.CN
1
CN= 9,78
<2
'0
sMrab;krNI B>1,22
nig CasMrut KitCa mm
EdltMl
b:uEn bMNkRsayd lRbesIrbMputcugeRkayRtUv)aneroberogeLIg edayGk R)aCJbInak;KWelak GIBBS ,

HOLTZ ,TENG
D
Da
qo
Db
CMhandMbUgbMputedIm,IeFVIeGaykarKNnamantMlRtwmRtUv)aneKcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkMEN snsSn SPT

valuetamkrNIdUcxageRkamenH
RbsinebIxSac;eyIgCaRbePTxSac;CaMTwkenaH tMl N EdlRtUvbBalmkkgkarKNna KW
Page43

N'=15+
RbsinebI
RbsinebI
1
(N-15)
2
N'=N
N>15
29
N<15
edayELkeKenAmankMENtamCMerAEdlmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwgkMlaMgsgt;Karbs;dI q'oEdl KitCa

Kgf/cm.
N' = N.
30
3.50
N
q' o +0.70
kgkrNIEdlmanTwkpgeKcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkMENBIrdgKWkMENTI1 tamrUbmn TI 1tamrUbmnTI 29 ehIy

lTplEdl)anBIkMENenaHykmkeFVIkMENtamCMerAmgeTottamrUbmnTI 30 . dUecH N' CatMlEdl RtUv bBal
eTAkgkarKNna .eyIgmanTMnak;TMngxageRkamenHedIm,IeFVIkarKNnaRKwH
29
31
qd = 0.48.N . B.R'w + 0.80 (100 + N).D.Rw(KN/m)
KWCaemKuNkgkrNIEdlRKwHeyIgsitenAeRkamnIv:UTwkeRkamdI
Da
R = 1sMrab; Da < D
2D
ehIy R = 0,50 kgkrNI Da D
R' KWCaemKuNkgkrNIEdlTwkeRkamdIEdlsitenABIeRkam)atRKwH
R' = 1 sMrab; Db > B
ehIy R' = 0,50 1 + Db sMrab; Db < B
B
lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarKNnaRKwHtamlTplBiesaFn SPTkgCMerA 2m eyIgman N = 25
Rw
w
w
w
=19 KN/m
2m
1m
3m
sat=21KN/m
Page44

dMeNaHRsay
GaRsyedaymanTwkeRkamdIeyIgcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkMEN
N' = 15 +
1
(25 + 15) = 20
2
kMENtamCMerA eyIg)an
q'o = 19 . 1+ ( 20-10) .1 =30 q'o = 30 KN/m = 0,3Kgf/cm

3,5
N' = 20.
= 20 x 3,5 = 70>N
0,3 + 0,7
kgkrNIenHeyIgyk N' = 20 mkeRbIEtmg .

1
R eyIg)an Da < D dUecH R = 1= 0,75
2,2
w
0
= 0,5 1 + = 0,5
3
qd = 0,48 x 20 x 3 x 0,5 + 0,8 (100 + 20)x 2 x 0,75 = 888KPa
qd =888KPa
R'w
eyIg)an Db < B dUecH R'
dUecHeyIg)anlTPaBRTRTg; GnuBaat
qallowable =
qd 888
=
= 296 KPa
3
3
Page45

X-
karKNnarkkMras;rbs;RKwH
Thickness of foundation
kgkarKNnaRKwHEdleyIgeFVIBImunmk GacGnuBaatieGayeyIgKNnark TTwg RKwH)an. b:uEnedIm,I rk

kMras;rbs;RKwHvamankarBak;Bn y:ageRcIn eTAnwg kMlaMgsgt;cuH . RbsinebIkMras;RKwH eyIg esIgeBkvaGac
bNaleGay srsr eyIgbukeTAFHRKwH . pyeTAvij ebIRKwH eyIgmankMras; Rkas;eBk vaGacbegInnUv bnk
EdlekIteT,IgedayRKwHxngpal; sgt;elIRKwH EdleFVIeGay sMrut mantMlFM .
RbsinebI RKwHeyIgeFVIBI ebtug Fmta enaH karKNnakMras;rbs;RKwHvagaybMput KW eyIgebIk muM 45
tamrUbPaBxageRkamenH
o
h2
H
45o
45o
h1
krNIRKwHeFVI BI ebtug Fmta

sMrab;krNIenH kMras;rbs; fak;nimYy rbs;RKwH RtUv Rbtibti tamtarag dUcxageRkamenH
H (cm)
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
150
h1 (cm)
30
45
30
30
30
30
30
45
h2 (cm)
30
45
30
30
45
45
h3 (cm)
30
45
45
60
b:uEnRbsinebIeyIgeFVIRKwHRbePTenH enaHTMgn; EdlekIteLIgeday RKwHxngpal;mantMl FM hYs ehtu.

EdlkgkrNIenHeyIgminGacTTYl)aneLIy dUecHeyIgKYreRbIR)as;RKwHeFVI BI ebtug Gaem: RbePTebtug man
srsEdk . EdleyIg EckkarsikSaCatMNak;kar dUcxageRkamenH
Q
Ho
45o
45o
RKwHeFVIBIebtugGaem:
Page46

1/
RKwHRTEvgeFVIBIebtugFmta
sMrab;RKwHRbePTenHkarKNnarkkMras;rbs;RKwHRtUveFVItamTMnak;TMngdUcxageRkamenH
h
Bb
+ 0,050m
4
32
kMBs; h caM)ac;RtUvEtFMCag 15cm , e 15cm .

b
h
e
]TahrN TI1 sUmeFVIKNnarkkMras;rbs;RKwH RTEvgeFVIGMBIebtugFmta EdlQrelIdI EdlmanlTPaB RTRTg;

GnuBaati 100KN/m nigTTYlrgnUv bnk 300KN/m tamryCBaaMgEdlmankMras; esInwg 30cm.
cMelIy
eyIgGacKNnarkTTwgrbs;RKwH tamrUbmn dUcxageRkamenH
B =
Q
qallowable
300
100
= 3m
kgkrNIenHeyIgmanTMnak;TMng
h
3 0,3
Bb
+ 0.05m =
+ 0,05 = 0,725m
4
4
KNnark maDebtugrbs;RKwHtamrybeNayCBaaMg 1 Em:Rt

Vb = B x 1 x 0,725 = 3 x 0,725 = 2,175m
dUecH TMgn; ebtug rbs;RKwHtamrybeNayCBaaMg 1 Em:RtesInwg
Mb = b x V = 25 KN/m x 2,17m = 54,375 KN
b-TMgn;maDrbs; ebtug CamFm esInwg 25 KN/m
dUecH sMrab;RbEvg CBaaMg mYy Em:Rt RKwHTTYl bnkbEnm 54,375KN/m

Page47

kgkrNIenH bnksrubrbs;RKwH KW 300KN/m + 54,375 KN/m = 354,375 KN/m

edaybnksrubrbs;RKwHmankarEkERb. eyIgRtveFVIkarKNnark TTwgRKwHCafIeT,Igvij
B1 =
Q
354,375
=
= 3,55m
qallowable
100
eyIg yktMl B enH eTAeFVIkarKNnaRKwHmgeTot tamrUbmndUcxageRkamenH

1
qd = CNc + sD (Nq 1) +
1
BN
2
bnab;mkeyIgeFVIkarKNna rkkMras;RKwH CafIehIyeFVIkarepgpat; rvagbnkrbs;RKwHEdl sgt;eTAelI

eTAnwglTPaBRTRTg;GnuBaatrbs;dI rhUtTal;EtRKwHeyIg mantulPaB .
sMKal;GaRsyedaykarKNna RKwHrbs;eyIg RtUveFVIeLIgkglkN Net eday eyIgeRbIkenSam
(Nq 1).enaHCaTUeTA TMgn;rbs;RKwHeKGaceKGacecal)anedaymincaM)ac;eFVIkar epg pat;eLIy.
2/RKwHRTEvg eFVIBIebtugGaem: sMrab;RKwHeCIgtageyIgGacKNnarkkMras;rbs;RKwHtamTMnak;TMngdUcxageRkamenH
B
Q
qall
d
e Max
6 + 6cm
12 + 6cm
Bb
4
C 3cm
33
6 + 6cm
or
15
;
cm
12 + 6cm
34
kgkrNIEdl srs EdkKankac;CaTMBk;

kgkrNIEdl srs Edkmankac;CaTMBk;
b
RKwHRTEvgeFVIBIebtugGaem: srs Edkmankac;CaTMBk;
Page48

]TahrN TI2 sUmeFVIKNnarkkMras;rbs;RKwH RTEvgeFVIGMBIebtugFmta EdlQrelIdI Edlman lTPaB

RTRTg;GnuBaati 100KN/m nigTTYlrgnUv bnk 300KN/m RTRTg; GnuBaati 100KN/m nigTTYlrgnUv bnk
300KN/mtamryCBaaMgEdlmankMras; esInwg 30cm.
cMelIy
eyIgGacKNnarkTTwg rbs;RKwH tamTMnak;TMng dUcxageRkamenH
300
Q
B b 3 0,3
B
=
= 3m dUecH d
=
= 0,68m
4
4
qall 100
KNna rkkMras;rbs;RKwH
h= d + c = 0,68+0,03=0,71m
rebobKNna bneTAeTot eFVIdUcKaebHbiT eTAnwg ]TahrN TI1 .

3-RKwHeCIgtageFVIBIebtugGaem:
sMrab;RKwHRbePTenH eyIgGacKNnarkkMras; rbs;RKwH tamTMnak;TMng dUcxageRkamenH
A a
=
B b
AB
a Q
b Q
Q
orA .
:B .
b qall
a qall
qall
35
6 + 6cm
e Max15cm
12 + 6cm
Bb
(da &db ) Aa
4
Edl B CabeNay RKwH KitCaEm:Rt

A CaTTwg RKwH KitCaEm:Rt
b CabeNay ssr KitCaEm:Rt
a CaTTWg ssr KitCaEm:Rt
b
db da
B
RKwHeCIgtageFVIBI ebtugGaem: ssEdkminBt;CaTMBk;

Page49

]TahrN TI3 sUmeFVIkarKNnarkkMras;rbs;RKwH kgkrNI Edlbnksgt; eTAelIRKwH eCIgtag

300KN. lTPaBRTRTg; GnuBaati rbs;dI EdleK KNnaeXIj KW 100KN/m . ssr manTMhM 30cm x 30cm
RKwHCaRbePT RKwH kaer: .
cMelIy
300
Q
RKwHeyIgCaRKwHkaer naMeGay A=B dUecH eyIgmanTMnak;TMng B qall
=
= 3 = 1,73m
100
dUecH eyIgGnumt ykRKwHEdlman TTwg 1,75m
eyIgKNna rkkMras;rbs;RKwHtamTMnak;TMng
B b 1,75 0,3
=
= 0,3625m
4
4
nigtamTMnak;TMng
A a = 1,75 0,3 = 1,45m
dUecH kMras;RKwH RtUveqIytbeTA nwg TMnak;TMng dUcxageRkamenH

0,3625 < d < 1,45 kgkrNI enH eyIgGnumtyk kMras;RKwH d = 0,5m.
KNnarkmaD ebtug rbs;RKwH
V = B x d = 9 x 0,5 = 4,5m
KNnarkTMgn;rbs;ebtug
Mb =
b .V = 25 4,5 = 112 ,5 m 3
dUecHbnksrub Edlsgt; eTAelIRKwH KW

Q=300x112,5=412,5 KN
KNnarkTTwgRKWHfIsMrab;KMeragenH
B1 =
Q
=
qall
412,5
= 2,03m
100
dUecHeyIgGnumtykTTwgRKwHfI B =2,03m bnab;mkeyIgeFIVkarKNnarklTPaBRTRTg; RKwHCafI

tamrUbmnxageRkamenHedayyktMl B1mkeRbI)as;kgkarKNna
1
qd = (1 + 0,2
B B
B
B1
)CNc + ( Nq 1)(1 + 1 tg )s.D + (1 0,4 1 ) 1 N
L1 2
L1
L1
viFIKNnaepgpat;bneTAeTotKWeFVIdUcKaebHbit nwg]TahrNTI 1 rhUtTal;EtRKwHrbs; eyIg

mantulPaB.
Page50

RKwHeCIgtagkgkrNIkMlaMgmincMpit
sMrab;RKwHRbePTenHeyIgmanTMnak;TMng
-sMrab;krNI eo B6
4/
m = 1 6 e
B AB
M = 1 + 6 eo Q
B AB
eo > B
6
2Q
M = B
3 A e o
2
o
-b:uEnkgkrNIEdl
and
eo
m
enaHeyIg)anTMnak;TMng
Q
M
- kgkrNIEdl
Q
eyIgmanTMnak;TMng 1 + 3 eB AB
qall
B
eo
6
X/3
M
eo
- kgkrNI Edl eo > B6 eyIgmanTMnak;TMng

2Q
M = B
3 A eo
2
M<
1.33 .qall
rW < q kgkrNI Edlm:Um:g; ekIteLIgedaysarxl; bk;.

sMrab;krNIRKwHRTEvg eyIg manTMnak;TMng
Q
krNI e B6 : B 1 + 3 eB qall
M
EdlkgkrNITUeTA
all
Page51

- 1,33 qall kgkrNI TUeTA
- kgkrNI e >
o
B
:
6
2Q
B
3 e o
2
- q krNI m:Um:g; ekItedayxl;bk;

all
sMrab;krNIenH eyIg mincaM)ac; man]TahrN eT KW rebobeFVIdUcKaebHbiTkg ]TahrN TImYy .

enAkgCMBUkenH eyIgRKan;EteFVIkarerobrab;xHGMBI karKNna rkkMras;rbs;RKwHtamviFIgayRsYl Etb:ueNaH .
RbsinebIeyIgcg;dwglMGitGMBIerOgenH eyIg RtUvemIlemeron ebtug Gaem: . Edlkgemeron manniyay y:ag
lMGit GMBI viFIsaRs kgkarKNnark kMras; rbs; RKwH nig TMhM srsEdk EdlcaM)ac; sMrab;PaB rwgmaMrbs; RKwH .

RKwHCab; rW RKwH kMral Combined footing and mat foundation
sMrab; RKwHRbePTenH bBaaEdlsMxan;minEmnsitenA elIlTPaBRTRTg; rbs;dI EtmYymuxenaHeT.
eRBaHCaTUeTA eKKNnarklTPaBRTRTg; rbs;RKwHFmta dUcEdleyIg)anniyay enA CMBUk xagmux .
bBaasMxan;enaH edayRKwHeyIgCab;tKa ehIyrgnUvbnksrsreRcIn vaeFVIeGayekIt eLIg nUv kMlaMgkat;
pac;eTAelIebtug)atRKwH.dUecHRbsinebIeyIg KNnarkkMras; rbs;RKwH min)anRtwmRtUveTenaHvaeFVIy RKwH
eyIgeRbH)ak; . karKNnark RbePT ebtug rW kMras; RKwH KWCatYnaTI rbs; GkKNna GMBI RbBn nig TMrg; rW eRKag
rbs; ebtug Structure Analysis Edl Epk enH sitenAkgemeron ebtugGaem: . b:uEn edIm,I
KNnarkebtug)anenaH eK caM)ac; RtUvsal; BI kta m:Um:g; rW kMlaMgkat;pac; EdleyIgnwg sikSakgemeron enH.
XI-
minefr
minefr
Q1
Q2
Q1
RKw Cab;Fmta
Q2
RKwHCab;manragERbRbYl
Page52

RKwHPab;edayFwmRkv:at;
lMhat;
sUmKNnarkTMhMrbs;RKwH nig ktankMlaMgkat;pac; RBmTaMgm:Um:g;TaMgGs;Edl ekItman elI)atRKwH enaH
RbsinebIlTPaBRTRTg;GnuBaat esInwg 150KN/m .
2
Q1=827KN
srs
Q2=1365KN
0,3x0,3m
srs 0,38x0,38m
4,57m
X=2,85m
1,28m
L=6,0m
qall=150KPa
q= qall x B=366KN/m
Shear diagram
1000
900.11
800
Shear stength(KN)
600
400
200
0
0 54.89
-200 0
0
1
0
3
-400
-465.89
-600
-800
-772.11
-1000
Distance(m)
daRkamkMlaMgkat;pac;
dMeNaHRsay
Page53

tamlkxNtulPaB eyIgGacmanTMnak;TMng
(Q1+Q2)X = Q2 x 4,57m
4,57 Q 2
4,57 1365
X=
= 2,85m
=
(Q1 + Q 2) (827 + 1365)
Or
Q1 Q2 Q
=
=
L2
L1
L
L=L1+L2 =4,57m And Q=Q1+Q2=2192KN
eyIgGacKNnarkRbEvgrbs;RKwH tamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH
0,30
0,30
L= 2
+ X = 2
+ 2,85 = 6,0m
2
2
eyIgGacKNnarkTTwgrbs;RKwH tamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH
Moment diagram
400.00
296.59
200.00
4.12
0
0.00
Moment(KN.m)
-1
-200.00
-400.00
-600.00
-800.00
-810.50
-1000.00
Distance(m )
Q1+Q2=BxLxqall
daRkamm:Um:g;
B=
Q1 + Q 2
2193
=
= 2,44m
L qall 6 150
KNnarkkMlaMgkat;pac; nig m:Um:g;

-KNnarkkMlaMgFak;rbs;dIeTAelIGkSsrsTI1
Page54

F1=q x
0,3
0,3
= 366
= 54,9 KN
2
2
dUecHkMlaMgesssl; EdlsrsTI1 rujcuHeTAdI KW

Fa = F1-Q1 = 54,9-827 = -772,1KN
-KNnarkkMlaMgFak;rbs;dIeTAelIGkSsrsT I2
F2 = -q x1,28 = 366 x 1,28= - 468,48KN
dU ecHkMlaMgesssl; EdlsrsTI2 rujcuHeTAdI KW

Fb = Q2+F2 = 1365-468,5 = 897,5 KN
-KNnarkm:Um:g;Rtg;GkSsrsT I1
M1 =
q l 2 366 0,152
=
= 4,12 KN .m
2
2
-KNnarkm:Um:g;Rtg;GkSsrsT I2
M1 =
q l 2 366 1,282
=
= 300 KN .m
2
2
-KNnarkRbEvgdXas; sMrab;krNI Q=0

Q(x)= Fa+q X , Q = 0 X=
Fa 772,1
=
= 2,11
366
q
-KNnarkm:Um:g;Gtibrimar
Mmax = M1-Fa x X+ q
X2
2,112
= 810,3KN.m
= 4,12-772,1x2,11+ 366
2
2
bnab;BIKNna)anlTplTaMgGs;xagelIrYcehIy eyIgGacQaneTAeFVIkarKNnark kMras; RKWH

nigTMhMssEdk.EdlrebobKNna manerobrab;kugemeronebtugGarem:.
lMhat;
Page55

sUmKNnark rkTMhMrbs;RKwHeTAtamrUbPaBxageRkamenH edayKNnarkkMlaMgkat;pac; nig m:Um:g;

EdlekItmaneLIgenA)atRKwH. lTPaBRTRTg;rbs;dI EdlsitenAeRkamRKwH qall=100KPa srsmanTMhM
0,40x0,40m
Q1=578KN
S=6,10m
Q2=890KN
q1=100.B1=288KN/m
q2 =100.B2
C/2
=279KN/m
R1=691KN
R2=777KN
e
L1 =2,40m
2,51m
B2=2,79m
Shear diagram
600
500.8
Shear strength(KN)
400
113.2
200
0
0
111.6
57.6
0
1
0
3
-200
-389.2
-400
-520.4
-600
Dis tance(m)
Page56

Moment Diagram
400
300
271.5
200
Momemt(KN.m)
100
5.8
-100 0
10
-155.7
-200
-300
-400
-442
-500
-465.2
-600
Distance(m)
edIm,I edaHRsaylMhat; RbePTenH eyIgRtUveFVIkarsnt; Camun sin nUvRbEvg e = 1,0m dUecH eyIg )an
S' = S e = 6,10 1 = 5,10m
eyIgeRbIlkNtulPaB MQ = 0
10
-dUecH eyIg)an R = Q . SS' = 578 56,,10
= 691KN
1
R2= Q2 -
Q1e
1,0
= 890 578.
= 777 KN
S'
5,10
eyIgepgpat; F = 0: R = Q + Q - R =777KN OK
sMrab; RKwH TI1 eyIgman A = R /qallowable = 691/100 = 6,91m
V
C
)= 2(1,00 + 0,20) = 2,40m
2
B1= A / L1= 6,91 /2,40 = 2,88m
L1= 2(e +
sMrab; RKwHTI 2 : eyIgman A = R /qallowable = 777/100 = 7,77m

2
B2 =
A2 = 7,77 = 2,79m
eyIgGacKNna rknUv bNakMlaMg kat;pac; nig m:Um:g; EdlmanTaMgGs; enA eRkam)at RKwH
tamTMnak;TMng dUcxageRkamenH .
-sMrab;RKwHTI2 eyIgmanTMnak;TMng
q2 = qall x B2 =100 x 2.79=279KN/m
dUecHeyIg KNnarkkMlaMgFak;rbs;dIeTAelIGkSsrsTI2tamTMnak;TMng
Page57

f2 = -q2 x B2 /2=-279KN/m x 2,79/2= -389,2KN

F2= Q2+ f2 =890-389,2=500,8 KN
-sMrab;RKwHTI1 eyIgmanTMnak;TMng
q1 = qall x B1 =100 x 2,88=288 KN/m
dUecHeyIg KNnarkkMlaMgFak;rbs;dIeTAelIGkSsrsTI1tamTMnak;TMng
f1 = q1 x C/2=288KN/m x 0,4/2= 57,6KN

F1= - Q1+ f1= - 578+57,6= -520,4 KN
-sMrab;EKmRKwHTI2 EpkxagkgeyIgmanTMnak;TMng
fc2 = F2- f2 =500,8-389,2 =111,6 KN
Or
fc2 = Q2- q2 x B2=890-279 x 2,79 =111,6 KN
-sMrab;EKmRKwHTI1 EpkxagkgeyIgmanTMnak;TMng
fc1 = q1 x L1 Q1=288 x 2,4 578 =113,2 KN
-sMrab;karKNna rkm:Um:g; eyIgmanTMnak;TMng

KNnarkm:Um:g;Rtg;GkSsrsT I2
2
1 B
1
2,79
M2= q2 2 = 279
= 271,50 KN.m
2 2
2
2
KNnarkm:Um:g;Rtg;EKmRKwHT I2Epkxagkg
2,79
B
Mc2 = Fc2 2 = 111,6
= 155,7 KN .m
2
2
KNnarkm:Um:g;Rtg;EKmRKwHT I1Epkxagkg
2,79
B
Mc1 = Fc1 2 + 2,51 = 113,2
+ 2,51 = 442 KN.m
KNnarkm:Um:g;Rtg;GkSsrsT I1
2
1 C
1
0,4
M1= q1 = 288
= 5,76 KN .m
2 2
2
2
-KNnarkm:Um:g;Gtibrimar
Mmax=F1x
1.81
1,81
-5,80=465,2KN.m
M 1 = 520,4
2
2
bnab;BIKNna)anlTplTaMgGs;xagelIrYcehIy eyIgGacQaneTAeFVIkarKNnark kMras; RKWH

nigTMhMssEdk.EdlrebobKNna manerobrab;y:aglMGit kugemeronebtugGarem:.
Page58

karKNnasMrut rbs; RKwH: Calculate the settlement of foundation

kgkarsikSaGMBIsMrut eKEckecjCa3 KW sMrutPam Si ;sMrutdMbUg Sc nig sMrutbnab; Ss.
dUecH sMrut srub KW S = Si + Sc + Ss Edl Sc : CasMrut dMbUg nig Ss : CasMrut bnab; . sMrab;
BBYkdIxSac; eKsegteXIj manEtsMrut Pam Si (Immediate settlement)Etb:ueNaH sMrab; sMrutdMbUg nig bnab;
man tMl tic tYc EdlGacecal )an . sMrab; BBYkdI\d nig dIl,ay sMrutEdlmansarsMxan; enaH KW sMrut dMbUg
Sc(settlement of consolidaion) EdlkgkrNI enH sMrut Pam mantMltictYc EdlGacecal)an . dUecH
sMrab; BBYk dI\drW dIl,ay sMrut srub KW Sc. sMrab; BBYk dI CIvsaRs eRkA BI sMrut dMbUg eKsegt eXIj
mansMrut bnab; Ss(Secondary settlement) EdlmantMl FM EdlkgkrNI enH sMrut srub S = Si + Sc + Ss .
KNnasMrut rbs; BBYk dIxSac; elak Boussinesq )aneGaynUvrUbmn mun eKbgs; sMrab; karKNna rk
sMrut rbs; RKwH EdlQrelI dIxSac; .
Edl q : kMlaMgrayesI eRkam)atRKwH q = QS
B : TTwgRKwH
1
Si = q B
Cf
36
E
: emKuN Poisson
E : m:UDul PaByWtrbs; dI
C : emKuN manTMnak;TMng eTAnwg TMrg; nig RbePTRKwH
taragKNnarkemKuN Poisson
XII-
RbePT dI
dI\d EqtTwk
dI\d esIm
dI l,ay
dI xSac;
f
ebtug
0,40 0,50
0,10 0,30
0,30 0,40
0,15 0,40
0,10 0,40
0,15
Page59

tarag KNna rkemKuN C
TMrg; RKwH
RKwH EdlmanlkN rlas;

kNal
RCg
mFm
RKwHmanlkNrwg
mUl
kaer
ctuekaN
1,00
0,64
0,85
0,79
1,12
0,56
0,95
0,82
L
= 1,50
B
5,00
1,36
0,68
1,15
1,06
2,10
1,05
1,83
1,70
10.00
2,54
1,27
2,25
2,10
CaTUeTAkarKNnarkm:UDulnPaBywtRtveFIVeLIgkgmnIBiesaFn.b:uEneBlxHeyIgKansmtikmRKb; RKan;
dUcCasMrab;BBYkdIxSac;.kgeBlfIenHeKGacrkTMnak;TMngedIm,IKNnarkm:UDulnPaBywttamrUbmnxag
eRkamenH
E ( KN/m)=766Nf Edl Nf CasnsSn SPT EdleKkt;)anelIkardanpal;
E ( MN/m)=2qc Edl qc CatMlekaNer:suisg;rbs; Static Penetration Test EdleKkt;)anelI
kardanpal;
E ( KN/m)=250 Cu Edl Cu CaPaBsitrbs;dIkgkrNIminbgTwk
taragKNnarkm:UDl PaByWt rbs;dI
E ( MN/m)
RbePT dI
2,00 4,00
dI\d RCay
4,50 9,00
dI\d Bak;kNalrwg
7,00 20,00
dI\drwg
10,00 25,00
dIxSac; RtsuH
50,00 100,00
dIxSac; hab;
50,00 150,00
RKYs RtsuH
80,00 200,00
RKYs hab;
Page60

]TahrN sUmKNnark sMrut rbs; RKwH EdlQrelI dIxSac; tamrUbPaBdUcxageRkamenH

Q = 780 KN
s = 20KN/m
D = 1,50m
RKwH kaer
B =L=2,00m
qallowable = 200KPa
sat = 22 KN/m
dIxSac; Eqt Twk
E = 35000 KPa
4,50m
dI\d
2,00m
edIm,I edaHRsay lMhat; RbePTenH kg CMhaan dMbUg eyIgRtUvKNnark CMerA lkN Camun sin
eRBaHeyIg cg;dwg fa etI RKwH eyIg man\TiBl dl; dI\d rW Gt; .
lkN sMrab; KNnark CMerA lkN enaH KW 0,20 '
Edl (effective pressure) KWCakMlaMgesssl; eday kMlaMgruj Rcan rbs; RKwH dl;Rtg; CMerA Z.
' (effective stress) CakMlaMgsgt; t Ka rbs;dI Rtg; CMerA Z
dUecH kMlaMgruj Rcan eTAdl; RsTab; dI\d KW
Q
=
Edl B' = B + 4,50 = 2 + 4,50 = 6,50m
B'
v
v =
780
= 18,4 KPa
6,52
KNnarkkMlaMgruj t Ka rbs; dI
'o = i Di = 20 1,50 + 12 4,50 = 84 KPa
dUecH 0,20' = 16,80KPa

eyIgsegteXIjfa ' swg EtesI
o
v = 18,4 'o = 16,80
dUecH dI\dEdlenAxageRkamTTYlrg\TiBl tictYcbMputGMBIRKwHEdlGacecal)an.

KNnarksMrutrbs;RKwHEdlQrelIdIxSac;enaH
Si=q x B x
1 2
Cf
E
edayxSac;eyIgminhab;enaH =0,4
Page61

RKwHeyIgCaRbePTRKwHrwg nigmanragkaer: enaH C =0,82

TTwgRKwH B=2,0m
f
Q 780
=
= 195Kpa
4
B2
1 0,42
Si = 195 x 2 x
0,82 =0,0077m Or 7,70mm
35000
q=
dUecH
Si=7,70mm
kgkrNIEdlCMerAlkxNRtvqgkat;dIeRcInRsTab; Edlmanm:UDulPaByWtxusKa.enaH karKNna

sMrutRtvRbtibtitamviFIsasxageRkam
eyIgRtvEbgEckdIEdlenABIxageRkamRKwH CakUnRsTab;tUcEdlmankMras; RbEhl 0,4B Edl B Ca
TTwgRKwH. dUecHRbsinebIRKwHeyIgman TTwg B=2,0m enaHkUnRsTab;RtUvEckCa kMras; 0,80m.
edIm,IKNnasMrutsMrab;krNIenHeyIgRtvGnuvtntamrUbmnxageRkamenH
Settlement of shallow foundation

Immediate settlement
p
'o
Kpa
Kpa
hi
.zi
B/2Z
L/2Z
V1
(m)
(m)
KN/m3
KN/m2
KN
(m)
(m)
M2+N2+1
(MN)2
1.5
20
30
1.00
195.00
30
2.3
0.8
12
9.6
1.25
1.25
4.13
0.200
155.95
39.6
3.1
0.8
12
9.6
0.63
0.63
1.78
0.153
0.112
87.60
3.9
0.8
12
9.6
0.42
0.42
1.35
0.030
0.064
4.7
0.8
12
9.6
0.31
0.31
1.20
0.010
0.040
5.5
0.8
12
9.6
0.25
0.25
1.13
0.004
0.027
780
I2
0.2x'o
Kpa
cm
7.92
35000
0.3289
49.2
9.84
35000
0.2282
50.07
58.8
11.76
35000
0.129
31.26
68.4
13.68
35000
0.0762
21.08
78
15.6
35000
0.049
0.5
12
0.22
0.22
1.10
0.002
0.022
16.99
84
16.8
35000
0.0223
6.8
0.8
19
15.2
0.19
0.19
1.07
0.001
0.016
12.51
99.2
19.84
25000
7.6
0.8
19
15.2
0.16
0.16
1.05
0.001
0.012
9.58
114.4
22.88
18000
8.4
0.8
19
15.2
0.14
0.14
1.04
0.000
0.010
7.56
129.6
25.92
18000
9.2
0.8
19
15.2
0.13
0.13
1.03
0.000
0.008
6.11
144.8
28.96
18000
IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT
S=
v h
E
Edl S KWCasMrutKitCa m
=Cf KWCaemKuN
Page62
0.834

v KWCakMlaMgsMBaFmFmsitenAcMkNalRsTab;KitCa KPa
v =
p1 + p 2
2
KWCakMras;kUnRsTab; KitCa m
E KWCam:UDulPaByWtrbs;dIKitCa KPa
= 4Ic x CakMlaMgsMBatsitenACMerA 2 Em:Rt
= 4Ic x CakMlaMgsMBatsitenACMerA 3 Em:Rt
h
p1
p2
2 MN V V + 1
2 MN V
+ arctg
V + V1 V
V V1
B
L
M =
N=
V=M2+N2+1
2Z
2Z
1
4
Ic =
/
/
, V =(MN)
]TahrN tamrUbEdleyIg Pab;mkCamYy enH enAkgCMerA 1,8m eyIg segt eXIjfa
= 155,95KPa ; = 87,60KPa ; kMras; kUnRsTab;dI h = 0,8m ; m:UDulPaByWt esI 25000KPa
P1
P2
dUecH eyIg)an = +2 = 155,952+ 87,60 = 121,775KPa

= C = 0,82 dUecH eyIgGacKNnarkkUn RsTab;dI EdlmankMras; 1m tamrUbmn
V
P1
P2
S=
V h
E
0,82 121,775 0,8

= 0,00319m = 0,319cm
25000
kgkarKNnarksMrut tamviFIenH eKcaM)ac; RtUvKNnarkCMerA lkN Edlkg krNIenH eKeFVI karepgpat;

edayl y:agNaeGay
P = 0,2 ' Edl ' KW CakMlaMgsgt; tKarbs; dI sMrab; ]TahrN eyIg . eyIgeXIjfa sMrab;CMerA
O
5.5m :
ehIy 0,2' = 16,08KPa

dUecH kgkrNIenH manCMerAlkN rbs;eyIg sitenA kgCMerA 5,5m. kgkrNI enH mandI 1 RsTab;
EdlRTRTg;RKwH ehIy eyIgRtUv eFVIkarKNnarksMrut sMrab;kUnRsTab; TaMgGs; EdlenA eRkamRKwH rhUt dl;CMerA
5,5mtamviFI saRs EdleyIg )aneFVI kg ]TahrN / ehIy eyIgeFVI plbUksMrut EdleyIg KNna eXIj sMrab;
kUn RsTab; TaMgGs; sMrut Edl KNnark eXIj enaHKWCasMrut Pam srub .
P = 16,99 KPa
Page63

-karKNnasMrut sMrab;dI\d
karKNna sMrutPamrbs;dI\d RtvGnuvttamrUbmnxageRkamenH
qB
EdlemKuN A A manPab;enAkgtaragxageRkamenH
S=AA
E
1
A1
H/B
1
2
4
6
8
10
20
30
D/B
A2
Circle
0,36
0,47
0,58
0,61
0,62
0,63
0,64
0,66
0
1
2
0,9
1
0,36
0,53
0,63
0,67
0,68
0,70
0,71
0,73
4
0,88
6
0,875
L/B
3
0,36
0,64
0,94
1,08
1,13
1,18
1,26
1,29
2
0,36
0,63
0,82
0,88
0,90
0,92
0,93
0,95
8
0,87
10
0,865
12
0,863
4
0,36
0,64
0,94
1,14
1,22
1,30
1,47
1,54
14
0,86
16
0,856
5
0,36
0,64
0,94
1,16
1,26
1,42
1,74
1,84
18
0,854
20
0,85
b:uEnsMrab; BBYk dI\dsMrut EdlmantYnaTI sMxan; bMput KW sMrut dMbUg . KW)anesckIfa eBlEdleyIgeFVIkar
sagsg; Pam sMrutmanbrimaN tictYc b:uEn qgkat;tamry eBld yUrsMrut )anekIneLIgy:agxaMg .
karsikSaGMBI sMrut dI\d eKEckecj Ca 3 KW
1-dI\dsitenAkglkN Fmta EdllkN enH ' '
sMrab;krNIenH eyIgGacKNnarksMrut tamrUbmn S = Cc H . log . +
O
1 + eo
KWCa sMrut KitCa m ; Cc KWCasnsSnnPaBhab;rbs;dI

- H kMras; RsTab;dI KitCa m
-e emKuN es<at FmCatirbs;dI
-'O TMgn; sgt; tKa rbs;dIenAcMkNalRsTab; KitCa KPa
-'p CakMlaMgsMBatrbs;dIkgdMNak;kaldMbUg KitCa KPa
-S
'P = 22 I P 0.48Cu
By Mayne & Mitchell
'P = 7.04Cu
By Michell(1988)
0.83
N
'P = 0.193 0 '.
0 '
0.689
By Mayne & Kemper(1988) 0 ' [MPa ]
KWCakMlaMg sMBaFmFmEdlenA sl; Rtg; Bak;kNal RsTab; kMlaMgsMBaFmFmsl; BIkarruj

Rcan rbs; RKwH
-
1
( t + 4 m + b )
6
Page64

Edl CakMlaMgsMBatenAEpkxagelIrbs;RsTab;dI
CakMlaMgsMBatenAcMkNalRsTab;dI
CakMlaMgsMBatenA)atrbs;RsTab;dI
t
eyIgGacKNnark snsSn nPaBhab; rbs;dI CctamkarBiesaFnn mnIrBiesaFn rbs; GUdUEm:Rt .

b:uEn Rbsin ebIeyIg min)aneFVIkarBiesaFnenHeTeyIg Gacrk CctamTMnak;TMngCaeRcIn enAkg qaM 1985
elak Nagaraj nig elak Mourthy )aneGayTMnak;TMng xageRkamenH rk Cc :
W (%)
Cc = 0.2343 L
.s
100
2-krNIEdldI\deyIgsitenA eRkA sMBaF tMbn;sagsg;eTIbEtCIkdIecjfI

'O 'P EdlkgkrNI enHkarsikSaEckecjCa 2
- 'O + 'P enaHeyIgnwg)anTMnak;TMngdUcxageRkamenH
S =
+
Cs . H
log o
1 + eo
o
Edl Cs KWCasnsSn PaBehIm rbs;dI EdlGacKNnatam mnIrBiesaFn rW tamTMnak;TMng

dUcxageRkamenH
W (%)
Cs = 0,0463 L
.s
100
- 'O + > 'P enaHeyIgnwgman TMnak;TMng dUcxageRkamenH

S=
' +
'
Cs.H
Cc.H
. log o
. log P +
o 1 + eo
1 + eo
'P
b:uEn kgeBlcugeRkayenH eKsegteXIjfa sMrut EdlKNnatamrUbmn TaMgb:unanxagelI sMrab;dI\d

mantMl FMxusBI karBit EdltamBiteTA sMrut BitR)akd man RbEhl 80% b:ueNaH nsMrut EdlKNna
rkeXIj sMrab;dI\dFmta .
Page65

lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarKNnarksMrut Pam nig sMruttMbUgdMbgU rbs;RKwH EdlQrelI dI\d EdlsitenA kg lkN
Fmta kgCMerA 3Em:Rt .tamrUbPaBdUcxageRkam enH
Q = 1000KN
= 19KN/m
D = 1,5m
2 x 3m
dI\d
= 20KN/m
E=25000KPa
WL = 45%
d = 1,70 g / cm3 ; s = 2,70 g / cm3
KNnarksMrutPam rbs;dI\d
Si = A1 A2
qv B
E
H 3
L 3
= = 1,5 & = = 1,5 A1 = 0,47
B 2
B 2
D 1,5
=
= 0,75 A2 = 0,9625
B
2
Q 1000
qv =
=
= 166,66 KPa
BL 2 3
166,66 2
Si = 0,47 0,9625
= 0,00603m = 0,603Cm
25000
sMrutPam rbs;dI\dkgkrNIenHmantMltUcbMput
KNnark sMruttMbUgrbs;dI \d
WL(%)
Cc = 0,2343
s
100
45(%)
.2,70
Cc = 0,2343 100
Cc = 0,2847
KNnark ' = 19 1,5 + 20 1,5 = 58,50KPa

KNnarkemKuN es<at eo
o
eo =
s d 2,70 1,70
=
= 0,59
d
1,70
KNnark kMlaMg sMBaF

Page66
H=3m

1000
= 166,66 KPa
6
1000
m=
= 63,49 KPa
(2 + 1,5)(3 + 1,5)
1000
b=
= 33,33KPa
(2 + 3)(3 + 3)
= 1666,66 + 4 63,49 + 33,33 = 75,66 KPa
6
' +
Cc.H
S=
log o
1 + eo
'o
0,2847 3
58,5 + 75,66
S=
log
= 0,193m
1 + 0,59
58,5
t=
edaysMrut BitR)akd manEt 80% enaHeyIg)an

0,193 80
= 0,154m
100
S=
S = 0,154m
dUecH sMrutmYy GayuCIvitsMNg;KW
kMNt;sMKal; sMrab;sMrut GnuBaati sMrab; mYyGayuCIvit sMNg; KW manRtwmEt 8cm b:ueNaH . dUecH
sMrab;RKwH eyIgenH minGnuBaati eGay sg;eT .
kgkrNI Edl dI\d eyIg sitenA BIeRkamdIxSac;enaH karKNnaeFVI dUcKa ebHbiT KWmundMbUg eyIg KNna
rk sMrut Pam bnab; mkeyIgeFVIkarKNnarksMrut dMbUg sMrab;dI\d ehIy eyIgyk sMrut TaMg BIr enaHbUk cUlKa
enaH eyIg nwg )ansMrut srub .
]TahrN eyIgman dI\d EdlsitenA BI xageRkamRsTab; dIxSac; dUcrUbxageRkamenH
Q = 1000K
= 19KN/m
1,5m
2 x 3m
3m
dIxSac;
= 18KN/m
3m
dI\d dEdldUc rUbTI 1

KNnark ' = 19 x 1,5 + 18 x 3 + 20 x 1,5 = 112,50
KNnark kMlaMg sMBaF
o
t=
1000
= 33,33KPa
(2 + 3)(3 + 3)
Page67

m=
1000
= 20,51KPa
(2 + 4,5)(3 + 4,5)
b= 1000 = 13,89 Pa
(2 + 6)(3 + 6)
= 33,33 + 4 20,51 + 13,89 = 21,54 KPa
6
0,2847 3
112,5 + 21,54
S=
. log
= 0,04m
1 + 0,59
112,5
0,039m 80
S=
= 0,032m
100
dUecH sMrut
dUecH sMrut BitR)akd KW
S = 3,20cm
-sMrutGnuBaat
dUceyIg)anniyayBIEpkxagedIm GMBIsMruteyIgsegteXIjfakarKNnaGMBIlTPaBRTRTg;EtmYymux
minGacFana)annUvPaBKg;vgSrbs;sMNg;eyIgeLIy.eRBaHebIsMrutmantMlFMeBkvaGacbNaleGaysMNg;
eyIgeRbH )ak; rhUtGacbNaleGaymanmhnray.
kgEpkenHeyIgnwgeFVIkarerobrab; GMBIsMrutGnuBaatEdl)aneFVIkarsikSaeday Bjerrum(1963),
Burland & Worth(1974),Polshin & Tokar(1957),Wahls(1981)
xageRkamenHCatMl):ar:aEmRtsMrab;eFVIkarKNnaGMBItulPaBrbs;sMrut
i=RbEvgbMlas;TIcuHeRkamrbs;RKwHRtg;cMNuc i
ij= sMrutxusKarvagcMNuc i &j
= kMeNagrbs;RKwH
= mMuepgrbs;RKWHkgkrNIsMrutrbs;EKmRKwHTaMgBIrmandMlxusKa
ij= sPaBnmMuxUcRTg;RTayrbs;RKwH
l
ij
ij
pleFobxUcRTg;RTayrbs;RKwH
Page68

-taragbgajGMBIlImit sPaBnmMuxUcRTg;RTayrbs;RKwHesIeLIgeday Bjerrum nigerobrageday

Wahls(1981)
cMNat;fak;nlTPaBbMpicbMpaj
eFVIeGaym:asiunnig]bkrNBi esaFn)at;bg;;nUvsuRkitPaB
eFVIeGayeRKagrbs;sMNg;cab;epImmansameRbH
suvtiPaBlImItsMrab;GaKareCosvagsameRbH
eFVIeGayCBaaMgmansameRbH
eFVIeGayk,aldgscmanbBaa
eFVIeGaysMNg;x<s;epgedayGackMNt;nwgEPkTeT)an
eFVIeGayCBaaMgerobBI\dmansameRbH
mhnraysMrab;sMNg;RKb;RbePT
suvtiPaBlImItsMrab;CBaaMgEdleFVI\dEdlmanlkNrlas;
Page69
1/750
1/600
1/500
1/300
1/300
1/250
1/150
1/150
L/H>4
1/150

-taragbgajGMBIsMrutGnuBaatrbs;RKwHesIeLIgedayGtItshPaBkgqaM 1955 nigerobrageday

Wahls(1981)
RbePTsMNg;
xSac ;rW dI\drwg
dI\dTn;
0,002
0,002
0,007
0,001
0,005
0,005
0,004
0,004
0,003
0,003
0,0003
0,0005
0,001
0,0004
0,0007
0,001
sMNg;sIuvil rW ]sSahkm Qr elIRKwHeCIgtag

eFVIBIEdknigRbePTebtugBRgwg
ssrerobeLIgeday\d
sMrab;eRKagsMNg;EdlmanCMnYyTb;Tl;nwgkarxUcRTg;RTaykgxN
RKwHmansMrutminesIKa
PaBepgrbs;bMBg;EpSg rW Gg;Etn
pvrt;rbs;dgsc
/L
RKwHRTCBaaMgerob\d RKwHRTEvg
sMrab;GaKareRcInCan;
L/H<3
L/H>5
sMrab;GaKarmYy Can;
-taragbgajGMBIsMrutGnuBaatrbs;RKwHsMrab;sMNg;sIuvilesIeLIgeday Wahls(1981)
RbePTsMNg;
sMrutGnuBaat mm
GaKarEdlCBaaMgerobBI\d
L/H>2.5
L/H<1.5
GaKarEdlsagsg;eLIgeday\dnigebtugBRgwg
GaKarEdlsagsg;eLIgedayeRKagEdk
RKwHeFVIBIebtugBRgWgnbMBg;EpSg]sSahkm rW Gg;Etn

Page70
80
100
150
100
300

CMBUk 2
RKwH CMerA
Pile foundation
niymny Definition EdlehAfa RKwH CMerA KWCaRbePT RKwH EdlmanPar TTYlnUvbnk rbs;
sMNg;rujRcan eTAeGaydIEdl manlkN rwg rWhab; EdlsitenAkgCMerA dEsneRCA .
eKeRbIR)as;RKwHRbePTenH kgkrNI EdldIEpkxagelI manlkNGn; minGac TTYlrgnUvbnk rbs;
sMNg; )an . sMrab; karKNna lTPaBRTRTg; rbs;RKwHRbePTenH manlkN xusKa BI RKwH rak; EdlsMrab;RKwH
CMerA lTPaBRTRTg;
rbs;RKwH Eckecj Ca 2 KW lTPaBRTRTg; rbs; cugRKwH nig lTPaBRTRTg;edaykMlaMg kkit

p xag .
sMrab; RKwHCMerA eK)anbeBaj nUvTinny CMerA lImIt (Critical depth) EdlkgCMerA enaH RKwH eFVIkarenA
EtEpk xagcug RKwH b:ueNaH . dUecH EdlehAfa RKwH CMerA KW CaRbePT RKwHEdlbBan eTA kg dI elIs CMerA lImIt
enH .
eKGacKNnark CMerA lImItenH tamrUbmndUcxageRkamenH
I-
B.Nq 3
Dc =
4
Edl Dc CaCMerA lImIt

B CaGgt; pit rW TTwgRKwH
Nq CaemKuN lTPaBRTRTg;
Nq = 103.04tg = e 7tg
Caniymny EdleKehAfa RKwH CMerA enaHcaM)ac;eKRtUvmanpleFob DB 10 . EdlenA cenaH RKwH CMerA

nig RKWHrak; eyIgmanRKwH CMerA mFm Edl pleFob 4 DB 10 EdlkgkrNIenH eKcaM)ac;RtUvKit BIkMlaMg
kkit p xagrbs;RKwH bEnm eTA elIlTPaB RTRTg; rbs;cug RKwH .
Page71

Page72

rUbPaBxagelIenH bgaj GMBI RbePT RKwH CMerA EdleKEtgEteRbIR)as; .

- RbePTRKwHCMerA RKwHCMerA RtUv)anplit eLIg edayeQI / ebtugGaem: rW Edk EdlGacmanRTg;RTay
epSg Ka mUl/ kaer/ ctuekaNEkg/ BhuekaN rW rag GkSr I. sMrab;RbEvg nig RkLap rbs;cugRKwH RtUv)an
KNna eLIg tam)a:ra:Em:Rt dIEdl eyIgTTYl)an .
eKEckRbePT RKWHCMerA Ca 2 RbePT sMxan; KW RKwHCMerA Edlcak;ehIy CaeRsc BIeragcRk nig RKwHCMerA
EdleKcak; enA elITIlansagsg;pal; .
1-RKwHCMerAEdlcak;rYcCaeRscBIeragcRk
RKwHCMerARbePTenH RtUv)anbBaneTAkgdI edaykardMBenc / edaysgt; edaykarxYgehIyTMlak;; rW
edaykarGRgn; rMjr . RKwHRbePTenHCaTUeTAmanp muxkat; efr .
2-RKwHCMerAEdlplitenAelITIlansagsg;pal;
eyIgKYrEbgEckCa 2 RbePTsMrab;RKwH RbePTenH
-KWCaRbePTRKWHEdleyIgxYgehIyrYccak;ebtugeTA kgreNAxYg .
-cMENkmYyRbePTeTot eyIg xYg ehIyeTIbeyIgTMlak;bMBg;TIbcUlkgreNAxYgehIy eyIg cak;ebtug
eTAkgbMBg;TIbenaH eTIbeyIg dk bMBg; TIbecjmkvij . sUmemIlrUbxageRkamenH
Page73

3-cMNat;fak;rbs;RKwHCMerA Pile classification

eyIgeFVIkarEbgEck RKwHCMerA tamRbePT dUcxageRkamenH
a-RKwHCMerAbENt RKwHCMerARbePTenH eFVIkary:agsMxan; eTAelIkMlaMgkkit eRBaHkgkrNI enH dIEdl
manPaBrwgxaMg sitkgCMerA d Esn eRCA
Q
dITn;
RKwHCMerA
dIrwg
b-RKwHCMerAQrelIdIrwg
dITn;
dITn;
dIrwg
dITn;
dIrwgxaMg
dIrwg
Page74

RKwHCMerARbePT enH Eckecj Ca 2 kgkrNIEdlvaQrelIdI FmtaEdlminrwgxaMgvamanlT PaB RTRTg;

2 KW lTPaB RTRTg;cugRKwH nig kMlaMgkkit xag . kgkrNI EdlvaQrelI RKYsrW f enaHva manEt lTPaB
RTRTg; cugRKwH b:ueNaH Edlkg krNIenH eKehAfaRKwH CMerA QrelIdIrWg .
LLLLL
II-
KNnalTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHCMerAenAelIkardan
Pile bearing capacity in situ method
eKGacKNnalTPaB RTRTg; rbs;RKwHCMerA tamviFI epSg Ka .eyIgetagEckkarsikSatamrebobxag

eRkamenH
1-RKwHCMerA QrelIf End bearing pile
sMrab;RKwHCMerA RbePTenH karKNnamanlkNgayRsYl bMput KW
qp =
R
F
Edl R KWCaer:suIsg; rbs;ebtug esInwg 20000KPa

F KWCaemKuNsnisux esI 4
dUecH ebIeKcg;KNnarkbnkEdlRKwH mYyedIm GacTTYlRTRTg; )antamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH
QP =
R
.A
F
Edl A KWCaRkLap muxkat;rbs;RKwHCMerA

2-RKwMHCMerAQrelIdIFmta
sMrab;RKwHRbePTenHeyIg manviFICaeRcIn edIm,IKNna
2-1 rUbmnhULg; Dutch formula
RKwHCMerA CaeRcIn RbePTEtgEtbBan eTAkgdIeday kardMBenc . CnCati hULg; )aneFVIkarsikSa
eXIjfa RbsinebI M CaTMgn; jjr/ H CakMBs;EdljjrFak;esrI/ M' CaTMgn; rbs;RKwHCMerA/ e CaCMerAlic
sMrab;mYyjjr enaHeKnwg )anlTPaBRTRTg; GnuBaati KNnatamrUbmn dUcxageRkamenH
Qallowable =
1 MgH
F
e
Page75
1
M'
1+
M

sMrab;krNIenH emKuNsnisux F=6

M
H
M'
dI
e
lTplEdlKNna)an tamrUbmn xagelIenHmantMl 100% swg EtRtwmRtUv sMrab;dIFmta b:uEn sMrab;

f rW dI EdlmanlkN rwg xaMg rUbmnenH minRtwmRtUveLIy . CaBiess sMrab;dI\d rUbmn enHeXIj
lTpltUcNas; Edlxusqay BIkarBit . niyay CarYmrUbmn enH Gnuvtn )ansMrab;Et xSac; nig RKYs Edl
manlkNhab;b:ueNaH .
2-2-rUbmnesIeLIgeday ENR(Engineering News Record)
WR h
S +C
Qu =
Edl
CabnklImItrbs;RKWH
W CaTMgn;jujur KitCa N
S-CaCMerAlickg1jjr KitCa cm
C=2.54cmsMrab;jjr TMlak;esrI xatdUc S & C( h KitCa cm)
C=0.254cmsMrab;jjr eRbIedaycMhay xatdUc S & C( h KitCa cm)
kgkrNIenHeKeRbIemKuNsuvtiPaB esInig 6.
sMrab;jjr Guk2dgeKmanTMnak;TMng
Qu-
R-
Qu =
Edl
E.H E
S +C
CaemKuNRbsiTPaBrbs;jjr
H CafamBlrbs;jjr emIlkg
taragm:asIunxageRkam
E-
E-
Page76

RbePTjjr
E-
jjr Guk2dg
jjr eRbIm:asIunm:asUt
jjr elIkGukFmta
kgeBlcugeRkayenH ENR )aneGaynUvTMnak;TMngfI
Qu =
CaemKuNRbsiTPaBrbs;jjr
0,7-0,85
0,8-0,9
0,7-0,9
EWR h WR + n 2WP
S + C WR + WP
CaTMgn;jujur
S-CaCMerAlickg1jjr
C=0.254cmsMrab;jjr eRbIedaycMhay xatdUc S & C
E CaemKuNRbsiTPaBrbs;jjr
W CaTMgn;RKWH
n CaemKuNTMnak;TMngrvagjjr nig kalRKWH
kgkrNIenHeKeRbIemKuNsuvtiPaB esInig 4 eTA 6
RbePT jjr nig kalRKWH
Edl
WR-
P-
0,4-0,5
RbePT jjr Edk nig kalRKWHebtug
0,3-0,4
RTnab; kalRKWHedayeQI elIRKWHEdk
0,25-0,3
RKWHeQI
enAkgqaM (1965)The Michigan State Highway Commission)aneFVIkarBiesaFnelIRKWH88 edIm
edayTTYl)anlTpl dUcxageRkamenH
1,25H E WR + n 2WP
Qu =
S + C WR + WP
Edl
CaTMgn;jujur
S-CaCMerAlickg1jjr
C=0.00254m xatdUc S & C
W CaTMgn;RKWH
WR-
P-
Page77

CafamBlrbs;jjr emIlkg taragm:asIunxageRkam

kgkrNIenHeKeRbIemKuNsuvtiPaB esInig 6
edayELkelak Danish)aneGaynUvTMnak;TMngsMrab;KNnaRKWHdMBnicdUcxageRkamenH
HE-
Qu =
Edl
EH E
EH E L
S+
2 AP EP
CaCMerAlickg1jjr
H CafamBlrbs;jjr emIlkgtaragm:asIunxageRkam
E Cam:UDlPaByWtrbs;RKWH
A Camuxkat; rbs;RKWH
L CaRbEvg rbs;RKWH
kgkrNIenHeKeRbIemKuNsuvtiPaB esInig 3 rW 6
kgsnisiTGnrCatisIBIsMNg;GaKarqaM(1982)Pacific Coast Uniform Building Code)aneGay nUv
TMnak;TMngsMrab;KNnaRKWHdMBnicdUcxageRkamenH
S-
E-
P-
P-
W + nWP
( EH E ) R
WR + WP
Qu =
QL
S+ u
AP E P
CaemKuNTMnak;TMngrvagjjr nig kalRKWH n=0,25 sMrab;RKWHEdknig n=0,1sMrab;RKWHepSg

kgkrNIenHeKeRbIemKuNsuvtiPaB esInig 4
n-
taragRbePTm:asIunjjredIredaycMhay
Maker of
hammer*
V
V
V
MKT
V
V
R
MKT
R
V
R
MKT
V
V
MKT
MKT
MKT
V
Model
no.
3100
540
060
OS-60
040
400C
8/0
S-20
5/0
200-C
150-C
S-14
140C
08
S-8
11B3
C-5
30-C
Type of hammer
Single acting
Single acting
Single acting
Single acting
Single acting
Differential
Single acting
Single acting
Single acting
Differential
Differential
Single acting
Differential
Single acting
Single acting
Double acting
Double acting
Double acting
Rated energy
(kN-m)
407
271
244
244
163
154
110
82
77
68
66
51
49
35
35
26
22
10
Page78
Blows per minute

58
48
62
55
60
100
35
60
44
98
95-105
60
103
50
55
95
110
133
Ram weight
(kN)
449
182
267
267
178
178
111
89
78
89
67
62
62
36
36
22
22
13

taragRbePTm:asIunjjredIredaym:asUt
Maker of
hammer*
K
M
K
K
M
K
MKT
K
V
L
M
V
L
MKT
MKT
L
Model
no.
K150
MB70
K-60
K-45
M-43
K-35
DE70B
K-25
N-46
520
M-14S
N-33
440
DE20
DE-10
180
Rated energy
(kN-m)
379.7
191.2-86
143.2
123.5
113.9-51.3
96
85.4-57
68.8
44.1
35.7
35.3-16.1
33.4
24.7
24.4-16.3
11.9
11.0
Blows per minute

45-60
38-60
42-60
39-60
40-60
39-60
40-50
39-60
50-60
80-84
42-60
50-60
86-90
40-50
40-50
90-95
Piston weight
(kN)
147
71
59
44
42
34
31
25
18
23
13
13
18
9
5
8
taragRbePTRKWHCMerAniglTPaBRTRTg;GnuBaatlImitrbs;va
Pile
Shape*
S
O
S
O
S
O
S
O
S
O
S
O
S
O
S
O
D
(mm)
Area of
cross
section
(cm)
Perimeter
(mm)
254
254
305
305
356
356
406
406
457
457
508
508
559
559
610
610
645
536
929
768
1265
1045
1652
1368
2090
1729
2581
2136
3123
2587
3658
3078
1016
838
1219
1016
1422
1168
1626
1346
1829
1524
2032
1677
2235
1854
2438
2032
Number of strands
12.7-mm
11.1-mm
diameter
diameter
4
4
5
4
6
5
8
7
10
8
12
10
15
12
18
15
4
4
6
5
8
7
11
9
13
11
16
14
20
16
23
19
Minimum
effective
prestress
force (kN)
Section
modulus
(m x 10-3)
312
258
449
369
610
503
796
658
1010
836
1245
1032
1508
1280
1793
1486
2.737
1.786
4.719
3.097
7.489
4.916
11.192
7.341
15.928
10.455
21.844
14.355
29.087
19.107
37.756
34.794
Design bearing
capacity (kN)
Concrete strength
(MN/m)
34.5
556
462
801
662
1091
901
1425
1180
1803
1491
2226
1842
2694
2231
3155
2655
41.4
778
555
962
795
1310
1082
1710
1416
2163
1790
2672
2239
3232
2678
3786
3186
cMeBaHRbePTm:asuIn sMrab;bBaHRKwH CMerA mandUcxageRkamenH

- jjr Fak;esrI CaRbePTm:asuIn eyagjjr eLIgeday ExS kabehIyTMlak;cuHmkvij. eKeRbIjjr RbePT
enH sMrab;RKwHCMerA Edlmanmuxkat;tUc B 0,2m
Page79

- jjrelIk TMlak;eday cMhay eKniymeRbIjjr RbePTenHNas; KW eKbBal cMhay eTAkg suILaMgedIm,I

elIkjjr eLIg bnab;mkeKbnr cMhay ecj eFVIeGay jjr Fak;cuH . m:asuIn
RbePTenHmanRbsiTiPaBsMBg 60blows/mn EdljjrmanTMgn; BI 3000Kg 10000Kg Fak;kgry
kMBs; efr 0,50m 1,20m.
- jjrelIk TMlak;eday sMBaFxl; EdleKalkarNeFVIkardUcKa ebHbiT nwg RbePTxagelI edaybr BIcM
hay mkxl; ehIymanRbsiTiPaB eFVIkar BI 100 300jjr/naTI EdljjrmanTMgn; BI 350Kg
500Kg.
- jjredIredaykMlaMgm:asUt ]bkrN RbePTenH manRbsiTiPaBCaTIbMput ehIyTan;smy EdleKkMBug

eBjniymeRbIR)as; .
- jjr eRbIkMlaMgGRgn;rMjr]bkrN RbePTenHmanRbsiTiPaB bMput sMrab;xSac; nig RKs ehIyeKGac eRbI
vasMrab;dk ykRKwH CMerA ecjBIkgdI )aneTotpg .
lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarKNnaGMBIlTPaBTTYlbnkrbs;RKwH mYyedIm eFVIBIebtug EdlmanTMgn;maD = 25KN/m
manRbEvg 8m nig B = 0,3m EdlRtUvbBaneTAkgdI edayjjrEdlmanTMgn; 3000Kg Fak;kgkMBs; 0,5m
vayeTAkgdIxSac;lic )anCMerA 0,05m sMrab; 10 jjr .
cMelIy
KNnarkTMgn; rbs;RKwH
b
M' = b B L = 25 0,3 8 = 18KN
KNnarkCMerA lic sMrab;mYyjjr

e=
0,05
= 0,005 m
10
rkbnkGnuBaati sMrab;RKwHmYyedImenH
1 MgH
F
e
1
M'
1+
M
1 3000 9,81 0.5
1
= 306562,5 N = 306,5KN
Qallowable =
1800
6
0,005
1+
3000
Qallowable = 306,5KN
Qallowable =
2-3 RKwHCMerA bBaneTAkgdIeday kMlaMgsgt;

RKwHCMerARbePTenH RtUv)anbBaneTAkgdI edaykMlaMg sgt; dUecH eKGackMNt; )annUv bnkEdleK sgt;
eTAelIRKwHenaH. bnab;mkeKGac sg;)annUvRkahVic eTAtambnkepSg KaEdleK)ansgt;eTAelIRKwH EdlenAelI
Page80

RkahVic enaHeKGacKNna)annUv bnkGnuBaati rbs;RKwHEdleKsgt; eTAelIdIenaH. CaTUeTAkar vas; sMrut man

tYnaTI y:agsMxan; bMput kgry eBlEdleKsgt; enaHehIyeKGac KNna)anlTPaBRTRTg; GnuBaati sMrab;
sMrut 25mm KW ykbnk EdleKsgt; enaH rhUtdl;RKwH Elg cuH eTA eRkam tamrUbmn
dUcxageRkamenH
Qallowable =
Q
F
bnkEdlsgt; eTAelIRKwH ;F:emKuNsnisux esI 2.5 eyeBlEdl eyIgrgcaMsMrutenaH KW mYyEx .
III -
karKNnalTPaB RTRTg;RKwHCMerA tamrUbmn saTic
Pile bearing capacity by statically formula:
eyIgsnt;fa eyIgmanRKWHmYyedImsMrab;vay Benc cYleTAkg dIkgCMerA D Edl RKWH CMerA enaHrg nUv
bnk sgt; Q enaHnwg manehtukarN BIr krNI )anekIteLIg
- enAEpkxagcugRKwH mankMlaMger:suIsg; RbqaMg nwg cugRKwH q EdlCaer:suIsg; ekIteLIg eday kMlaMg RbqaMg
rbs;dI enAcugRKwH.
- enACMuvij RKwHmankekIteLIg nUvkMlaMg kkit rvag dI nig ebtug
P
:kMlaMgkkitpxag
dI
qP : er:suIsg;cugRKwH
Page81

dUecH eyIgGaceFVIkarKNnark bnk EdlRKWH mYyedIm GacRT)an tamTMnak;TMng dUcxageRkamenH

Qallowable =
Edl Q
QP QF
+
2
3
; Edl A KWCaRklap rbs;cugRKwH
= qP AP ;
=Ca/Cu
-0.7765
= 16.715.Cu
Friction ratio chart
1.25
Friction ratio
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Undrained cohesion Cu
Edl A KWCaRklapxagrbs;RKwH
III-1-KNnalTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHCMerA sMrab;dI\d Pile stand on clayey soil(TSA)
qgkat;tamkarKNnarkPaBsitrbs;dIkg krNI minbgrTwk Cu enaHeyIg nwg GaceFVIkarKNna
lTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHCMerAtam TMnak;TMng dUcxageRkamenH
kgkrNI enH u = 0 dUecH eyIgGacKNnark er:suIsg; enAcugRKwH
QF = AF ;
qP = 9 Cu + D
kgkrNI EdleyIgcg;KNnatamlkN Net enaHeyIg manTMnak;TMng tamxageRkamenH

q'P = ( 9Cu + D ) - D = 9 Cu
dUecH eyIg)anlTPaB RTRTg; enAcugRKwH Net

Q'P = q'P AP
Page82

sMrab; karKNnakMlaMg kkit eyIgGac eFVIeTA tamkarKNnark C & tamkarTajpac;dI. kgkrNI

enH eyIgmanTMnak;TMng = C ;(C RtUvtUcCag 100KPa) kgkrNI C FMCag 100KPaeyIgyk
100KPamkeRbIEtmg.
kgkrNI EdlkarBiesaFn Gnuvtntamkarsgt; bM)ak; dI ( Cu ) enaHeyIgGacKNnark kMlaMg kkit
tamrUbPaB Edl Pab;mkCamYyxagelI
=Ca = Cu
= 16.715 Cu-0.7765 <1
dUecH Q
= AF = Ca AF
lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarKNnark bnk GnuBaati sMrab; RKwH CMerA mYyedIm EdlmanRbEvg 8m nig muxkat;
0,3 0,3m Edl vayBnic eTAkg dI tamrUbPaBdUcxageRkamenH
= 19KN.m
Cu = 30KPa
7m
1m
0,3m
= 20 KN/m ; Cu = 150KPa
dMeNaHRsay
KNnark er:suIsg; cugRKHw
qP = 9 Cu = 9 150 = 1350 KPa
bnkcugRKwH
QP = qP AP = 1350 0,3 0,3 = 121,5 KPa
KNnark kMlaMgkkit
Ca = Cu = Cu 16,715 Cu 0.7765
Ca1 = 30 16,715 30 7765 = 35,74 KPa
kgkrNIenH eyIg yk Ca = 30KPa

sMrab;RsTab;TI 2 enaHeyIg)an
1
Ca2 = 150 16,715 150 7765 = 51,22KPa
dUecH eyIg)an
QF = 30 0,3 4 7 + 51.22 0,3 4 1 = 313,46KN
dUecH eyIg)an lTPaBRTRTg; srub GnuBaati
Page83

Qallowable =
QP QF 121,5 313,46
+
=
+
= 165,23KN
2
3
2
3
b:uEn ebIsinNaeyIg niyay GMBI CMerA lImIt

B
D = Nq enaH kMlaMg kkit RtUvkat;CMerA enH ecaleday Nq = e
4
= 0 dUecH Nq = 1 D = 0,075m
dUecH eKGacKNnark kMlaMg kkit mFm q .
2
3
7tg
qF =
.Cai.hi
H
Edl Cai : KWCaPaBsit rvag dI nig RKwH sMrab;RsTab;nimYy

hi : KWCakMras; RsTab;nimYy
H : RbEvg RKwH
sMrab;krNIenH eyIg)an
30 7 + 51.22 1
= 32.65KPa
8
qF =
dUecH sMrab;kMlaMg kkit srub eyIg)an
QF = qF ( H Dc ) P = 32.65 ( 8 0.075 ).0.3 4 = 310.50KPa
dUecH lTPaBRTRTg; srub

Q=
QP QF 121.5 310.5
+
=
+
= 164.25 KN
2
3
2
3
KNnalTPaBRTRTg;RKWHCMerA QrelIdIxSac; ;Pile stand on sandy soil

sMrab;lTPaBRTRTg;RKwH RbePTenH eyIgeFVI karKNnark lTPaB RTRTg; enAcugRKwH tamrUbmn xag
eRkamenH
III-2-
qP = 50Nq.tg + 1.3CNc
Edl Nq = e ; Nc = ( Nq 1) tg1
edayELkkarKNnark kMlaMgkkit RtUv RbRBwt eTAtamviFI xageRkamenH
7tg
Page84

D
2
h = Z K
= h tg
D
Z=
2
QF = AF
]TahrN sUmeFVIkarKNna GMBIRKwHCMerA mYyedImEdlQrelI dI xSac;tamrUbPaB dUcxageRkamenH .

= 20 KN/m ; = 35 .
dMeNaHRsay
kgkrNI enH eyIgeFVI karKNnatamviFI xageRkamenH
eyIgKNnark CMerA lkN lImIt Dc = B4 .Nq
o
2
3
Nq = e7tg = 134.48
dUecH Dc = 2.62m
KNnalTPaB RTRTg; cugRKwH q
= 50 134.48tg 35 = 4708,37 KPa
= 18KN/m3
Dw = 5m
B=0,4 m
D = 12m
= 35o
sat = 20KN/m3
dUecHbnk cugRKwH Q = q A
- KNnark kMlaMg kkit
P
= 4708.37 0.42 = 753.34 KN
Page85

eday manvtman TwkeRkamdI enaHeyIg EckdI eyIg ecjCa 2 RsTab; epSgKa EdldI RsTab;TI1
mankMras; 5m CadIst nig RsTab; TI2 mankMras; 7m CaRbePTxSac; CaMTwk . dUecH sMrab; RsTab;TI 1 eyIg
man
h1= Z1 K
Edl = 18 KN/m ;
Z1=
Dw
= 2.5 ;
2
kMNt;enAkg tarag
dUecH eyIgGacKNna)an
= tg Edl CamuMkkit rvagRKwH nig dI KNnatam tarag .
sMrab; RsTab; TI 2 eyIgman
K
h1
h2 = ( Dw+ ' Z 2 ) K
Edl CamuMkkit rvagRKwH nig dI KNnatam tarag .

' CaTMgn; maD rbs;dI dk Twk ecj = sat 10
2 = h2 tg
Z2=
1
( D Dw ) = 3.5m
2
kMNt; tamtarag
RbePTRKwH
Edk
ebtug
eQI
tMl K
<30o ; N< 10
> 36o ; N > 30
20o
0.50
1.00
4
2
1.00
2.00
1.50
4.00
sMrab; muM = 35 K = 1.83 ; = 26.25

enaHeyIg TTYl)an
o
1 = 18 2.5 1.83 tg 26.25 = 40.61 KPa

2 = (18 5 + 10 3.5) x 1.83 x tg 26.25 = 112.8 KPa
eyIg KNnark kMlaMg kkit mFm

qF =
1.h1 + 2 .h2
h1 + h2
40.61 5 + 112.8 7
= 82.72 KPa
qF =
12
dUecH bnkekIteLIg edaykMlaMgkkit

QF = (D Dc) .P .qF
Page86

QF = (12 2.62) x 4 x 0.4 x 82.72 = 1241.5KN
dUecH bnk srub EdlRKWH GacTTYl RTRTg; )an

Q=
Qp
2
QF 753.34 1241.5
=
+
=
3
2
3
790.50 KN
KNna lTPaBRTRTg; RKwHCMerA qgkat; dIeRcInRsTab; Pile in layered soil

CaTUeTA eKeRbIRKwHCMerA enAkgkrNI EdldI xagelImanlkN Gn;ehIy minGnuBaati eGay eKeRbI RKwH
rak; )an . dUecH RKwHCMerA CaTUeTA RtUvbBan eGayqgkat;dI eRcInRsTab; epSg Ka eTA QrelIdI rwg kgCMerA d
Esn eRCA .
kgkrNIenH RKwH rbs;eyIgRtUv TTYlrgnUvkMlaMg kkitepSgKa tamCMerA . dUecH karKNna lTPaB
RTRTg; enAcugRKWH KankarEkERb eLIy edayeyIg RKan;EteFVI karEkERb EtlTPaB RTRTg; EdlekIt eLIg eday
kMlaMg kkit b:ueNaH . sUmemIl ]TahrN xageRkamenH
III-3-
B =0.3
dIcak;bMeBj
2.00m
xSac; RtsuH
1.00m
=19KN/m
= 19KN/m ; =26o
= 20 KN/m;C= 15KPa
dI\dRCay
5.00m 12.00m
xSac;RKab;FM
4.00m
hab;mFm
dMeNaHRsay
1-KNnalTPaBRTRTg; cugRKWH
qP = 50Nq tg
= 35o Nq = e7tg = 134.48
2
B
Dc = Nq 3 Dc = 1.97m
4
qP = 50 134.48 tg35 = 4708.2 KN/m
Qp = qP Ap = 4708.2 0.32 = 423.74 KN
Page87
=11o
sat= 21 KN/m ; =35o

2-KNnalTPaBRTRTg;EdlekIt eLIg edaykMlaMgkkit

-sMrab; RsTab;TI1 EdlCadI cak;bMeBj enaHeyIgcat;TukkMlaMg kkitesI sUnS = 0
- sMrab; RsTab;TI2 EdlCadIxSac;RtsuH eyIg)an
1
= 26o = 19.5o ; K = 1
enaHeyIg)an
2 = ( 19 2 + 19 0.5 ) 1 tg19.5o
2 = 16,82KPa
- sMrab; RsTab;TI3 EdlCadI\d manlkNRCay enaH kMlaMg kkitmantMl esInwg

C = 15KPa
3 = 15 KPa
- sMrab; RsTab; TI4 EdlCadI xSac;RKab;mFm hab;CaMTwk

= 35o K = 1.83 ; = 26.25o
enaHeyIg )an
4 = ( 19 2 + 19 1 + 20 5 + 11 2 ) 1.83 tg26.25o
4 = 161.54 KPa
3-KNnark kMlaMgkkitmFm
qf =
0 2 + 16.82 1 + 15 5 + 161.54 4
= 61.49 KPa
12
dUecH bnkEdlekIt eLIgeday kMlaMgkkit

Qf = ( D Dc ) P qf
Qf = ( 12 1.97 ) 0.3 4 61.49 = 740.09 KPa
bnk srub EdlRKWH GacTTYlRTRTg;)an

Q=
Qf
2
Qf
3
423.74 740.09
+
= 458.56 KPa
2
3
Q = 458.56 KN
-KNnakMlaMgkkit bRBaas; Negative friction

sMrab;RKwH CMerA EdlbBanqgkat; dI EdlmanlkN RCayenaHKW CaRbePTdI EdlminTan;)anbBab;
nUvsMrut EdlekIteLIg edaybnkrbs;dI xn gpal;edaykarcak;bMeBj fI . enaHkarGUsbnay nsMrut )an
TajyktameTA CamYy nUvRKwH CMerA BenceTAkgdI . dUecH vaGacekIteLIg nUvkMlaMg kkitbRBaas; Edl
eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvEtKit bBaleTAkgkarKNna . dUecH RbsinebI RKwH eyIgQrelI dIEdlmanlkN minhab; xaMg
( N < 50blows/30cm )rW dIEdlmn
i rwgbMput ( N < 30blows/30cm ) enaHkarKNnacaM)ac; nUv mankarpas;br
tamrUbmn xageRkamenH
- sMrab; lTPaBRTRTg;cugRKWH KW KankarEkERbeLIy
III-4
Page88

- sMrab; lTPaB RTRTg;ekIteLIg eday kMlaMg kkitRtUv eFVIkarEkERbtamrUbmn dUcxageRkamenH

CadMbUg eyIg eFVIkarKNnark kMlaMg kkit bRBaas; tamrUbmndUcxageRkamenH
1-krNIcak;dI \dlubelIdIxSac;
dI \d
dIxSac;
Hf
Hf
L1
dIxSac;
dI \d
rUbkrNITI1
rUbkrNITI2
sMrab;krNITI1eyIgsegteXIjfaedaydI\d vaRtvkarry eBlyUredImIbBab;nUvsMrutrbs;va.

dUecHkgeyIgcak;lubdIPamenaHdIenACMuvijRKWHvaenAEtbnRstehIybegItCakMlaMgkkitbRBaas; EdleyIg
GacKNnatamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH
f n = K ' 0 ' tg
Edl KCaemKuNrujRcanrbs;dI K ' = 1 sin

2
CamMukkitrvagdI nigRKWH =
3
CamMukkitkg rbs;dI\d Edlcak;lubfI
CakMlaMgsMBatrbs;d\
I d Edlcak;lubfI ' =
CaTMgn;maD rbs;dI\d Edlcak;lubfI
-dUecHbnkkkitbRBaas;
0
clay
Hf
2
clay
Qfnegative = 4B
f dZ = 4 BH
n
. fn
]TahrN ebIeyIgman H =2.5m,

K ' = 1 sin =1-sin30=0,5
f
clay=19.5KN/m , B=0,30m,=30
2
3
= =2/3*30o=20o
0 ' = clay
Hf
2
=19,5*2,5/2=24,375KN/m2
Page89
enaHeyIg)an

f n = K ' 0 ' tg 0,5*24,375*tg20=5,522KN/m2

h
Qfnegative = 4B
f dZ = 4 BH
n
. f n =4*0,3*2,5*5,522=16,57KN
1-krNIcak;dI xSac; lubelIdI\d

sMrab;krNITI2eyIgsegteXIjfaedayRtUvdIxSac;sgt;BIelIdI \d vaRtvkarry eBlyUredImIbBab;
nUvsMrutrbs;va.
dUecHkgeyIgcak;lubdIPamenaHdIenACMuvijRKWHvaenAEtbnRstehIybegItCakMlaMgkkitbRBaas; EdleyIg
GacKNnatamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH
f n = K ' 0 ' tg
Edl KCaemKuNrujRcanrbs;dI K ' = 1 sin

2
CamMukkitrvagdI nigRKWH =
3
CamMukkitkg rbs;dI\d
CakMlaMgsMBatrbs;d\
I d bUknigdIxSac; Edlcak;lubfI ' =
CaTMgn;maD rbs;dIxSac; Edlcak;lubfI
CaTMgn;maD rbs;dI\d
H 2 H
LH LH
L CakMras;\TiBl L =
+
L 2
0
sand
H f + clay
L1
2
sand
clay
sand
clay
sand
clay
CaRbEvgRKWH
L
Qfnegative = 4 BL1. f n
]TahrN ebIeyIgman H =2.5m,

enaHeyIg)an
K ' = 1 sin =1-sin30=0,5
f
3
clay=19.5KN/m ,
B=0,30m,=30, L=9m,
2
3
9 2,5 9 2,5 18 * 2,5 2 *19,5 * 2,5
L1 =
+
L1 2
19,5
19,5
= =2/3*30o=20o
L12 + 5L1 65,377 = 0

= 286,508 = 16,93
5 + 16,93
L1 =
= 5,96m
2
L
0 ' = sand H f + clay 1 18*2,5+19,5*5,96/2=103.11KN/m2
2
Page90
sand=18KN/m3

f n = K ' 0 ' tg =0,5*103,11*tg20=18,76KN/m2
Qfnegative = 4 BL1. f n =18,76*5,96*0,3*4=134,2KN
lTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RkumRKwHCMerA Bearing capacity for pile groupe

karKNnaEdleyIg )aneFVIBImunmk sMrab;RKwHCMerA KW eFVI eLIg sMrab; EtRKWH CMerA 1 edIm RKwHeka.
b:uEnkgkrNI eRbIR)as; RKWH CMerA eyIg segt eXIjfa EtgEt mancMnYn eRcIn edIm . dUecH Gksagsg;Etg
Etmankaryl;RcLM fa cMnYn srsrRKwHCMerA esI nwg pl Eckrvag bnkrbs; sMNg; nwg lTPaBRTRTg; rbs;RKwH
CMerA mYyedIm
III-5-
n=
Q
;
Qallowable
cMnYn srsrRKwHCMerA
Q = bnksMNg
Q
= lTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwH CMerA 1 edIm
b:uEn GVI EdleK)anKit dUcxagelIenH KW vaminRtwmRtUv eT . eyIgetag eFVIkarsegt dUcxageRkamenH
- Rbsin ebI dI TMr eyIgCaRbePT dIxSac; RtsuH enaHeBlEdleyIgvay sMBg bBalRKwH eTAkgdI vaeFVI
eGaydI EdlenA xageRkamRKwH kayeTACa dIhab; . dUecH lTPaBRTRTg; RtUv ekIneLIg tamcMnYn srsr RKwH
Edl eyIg )anvaybBal EdlkgkrNIenH rUbmn EdleyIgsresr xagelI Gacxus . b:uEn edIm,I suvtiPaB
eyIg GaceRbIva)an .
- RbsinebIvaysMBgbBaH srsrRKwH rbs;eyIgmanKMlatesI 8B KitBIGkSrbs;srsrRKwHenaH RKwHnimYy
Kan\TiBleTAelIKaeTAvij eTAmkeLIy. kgkrNIenHrUbmn xagelIKWRtwmRtUv .
- RbsinebIRKwHrbs;eyIgvaysMBgBenckgdIxSac;hab; .enaHrUbmnxagelI GacGnumteGayeRbIR)as;)an .
- b:uEnsMrab;RKwHCMerAEdlRtUvbBanedaykarxYgTMlak;eTAkg dIxSac;hab; enaHlTPaBRTRTg;CaRkmrbs;RKWH
CMerA Q = 34 Q
1-kareRbIrUbmn Los Angeles:
kgkrNIEdlRKWHCMerAeyIgeFVIkarnigkMlaMgkkit QQ *100 > 80% enaHenArd LosAngeles eK)an
begItnUvrUbmn edIm,IeFVIkarKNnarkemKuNsuvtiPaB rbs;RkumRKwHCMerAtamviFI xag eRkamenH
1
B
[m(n 1) + n(m 1) + 2 (m 1)(n 1)]
Ce = 1 -
S .m.n
Edl Ce: CaemKuNsuvtiPaBrbs;RkumRKwHCMerA
n=
allowable
gu
Page91

B:
S:
m:
n:
]TahrN
CaTTwgRKwH
KMlatrvagRKwHTaMg2 KitBIGkS
cMnYn CYrrbs;RKwHCMerA
cMnYnsrsr RKwHCMerA kgmYyCYr
sUmKNnarkemKuN rbs;RkumRKwHCMerA xageRkamenH
1m
sMrab;krNIenH m=2 ; n=3

S=1m ; B=0.3m
1m
0.3m
Ce = 1-
0.3
1
2(3 1) + 3(2 1) + 2 (2 1)(3 1)

1 (2 3)
Ce = 0.843
dUecH ebIRKwH 1edIm GacRT)an Qallwable = 50KN enaHRKwH 6 edImGacRT)an

252.9KN
Q = 6 Ce Qallowable = 6 0.843 50 =
2-KNnark Ce tamrUbmn Converse Labarre :

kgkrNIEdlRKWHCMerAeyIgeFVIkarnigkMlaMgkkit QQ *100 > 80%
f
Ce = 1 - .
(n 1)m + (m 1)n
90m.n
B
= artg
S
0.3
o
= artg
= 16.7
1
(3 1) 2 + (2 1) 3 = 0.78
Ce = 1- 16.7o
90 2 3
Edl
KitCadWeRk
dUecH
dUecH sMrab;krNIxagelIenHeyIg)an
Q = 6 0.78 50 =
234 KN
Page92

3-karKNnark Ce tamTMnak;TMngrbs;elak Feld :

kgkrNIEdlRKWHCMerAeyIgeFVIkarnigkMlaMgkkit QQ *100 > 80% eyIgGaceFVIkar KNnark)an Ce kg
krNI S = 3B. KWsMrab;srsrRKwHmYyedImEdl sitenAEk,rsrsrRKWHdTeTotRtUvfy cuHlTPaB RTRTg;
1
nigsMrab;RKwH1edIm.
16
1
sMrab;RKwH a manRKwH 3 Edl sit enAEk,rva dUecH lTPaBRTRTg;vaRtUvfycuH
cMnYn 3 dg
16
13
n lTPaB RTRTg;rbs;va KW 81%.
KWfyenAsl; RtwmEt 16
1
sMrab;RKwH bmanRKwH 5 enAEk,rva dUecH lTPaBRTRTg;rbs;vaRtUv fycuH
cMnYn 5 dg KWfycuH
16
11
enAsl; RtwmEt 16
nlTPaBRTRTg;rbs;va Kw 69%.
eyIgGacKNnark Ce tamTMnak;TMngxageRkam enH
f
Ce =
4 81 + 2 69
= 0.77
6 100
dUecH sMrab;krNIenH eyIg)an Q = 6 0.77 50 = 231 KN

-sMrab;RKWHCMerAvaykgdI\deKeFVIkarsikSaeRbobeFobdUcxageRkamenH
CadMbUgeKKNna Q = m.n.(Q + Q )
u1
Q p = Ap 9.Cu
Q f = .P.Cu .L
Q = m.n.[A .9.C + .P.C .L]

P C L = 2( L + B )C L
u1
bnab;mkeKKNnark
Ap q p = 5,14. ApCu = 5,14.Cu Lg Bg
u2
= 5,14.C u .L g Bg + 2( Lg + Bg ).Cu L
bnab;mkeyIgeRCIserIstMlNaEdltUcCageKmkeRbI
esckIsnidan
- rUbmn TaMgb:unanxagelIKw Ce < 1 EdleBlxHsMrab;xSac;EdlRtsuH Ce > 1 ehIyeKykesImYy .
- sMrab;RKwHCMerA QrelIdIxSac;Edlhab;xaMg Ce = 1
- karKNnark Ce tamrUbmn xagelIKw Gnuvtn)ansMrab;Et RKwHCMerAEdlekIt eLIgeday kMlaMg
kkitEtb:ueNaH
- rUbmnxagelIeFVIeGayeKrk)an Ce xusKa.dUecHkgeBlfIenH eK)anbegItnUvTMnak; TMngkgkar KNnark
Ce tam viFIxageRkamenH
Page93

1234-
sMrab;KMlat S' = 3 B enaH Ce = 0.70

sMrab;KMlat S' = 8 B enaH Ce = 1
sMrab;KMlat 3B < S' < 8B enaHeyIgRtUveFVIviFanRtfan .
kgkrNI S' < 3B ; karKNnaRtUveFVIeLIgtamviFIvaybgab;dI Edl Tergaghi nig Peck )anesIeLIg .
o o o o o o o o o o oo
o o o o o o o o o o o
D
B
eyIgGacKNnarklTPaBRTRTg;tamrUbmnxageRkamenH
QG =
Edl
1
2
B.L qP + ( L + B ) D .Cu
2
3
D
B
qp = 5.14 Cu 1 + 0.2 1 + 0.2
CaTUeTA eKeRbIR)as;RKWHRbePTenH kgkrNIEdldIxagelICadIRCay ehIydIrwg sitenA kgCMerAdEsneRCA .

]TahrN sUmKNnarklTPaBRTRTg;srub rbs;RKWHCMerA bENtEdlvayKMlat S' = 2d kgCMerA
4.00m ehIyman L = 1.90m ; B = 1.10m eTA kgdIEdlmanlkNRCay Cu = 15 KPa .
cMelIy
kgkrNI enHeyIgykTTwgRKwH d = 0.1m ; S = 0.2m
eyIgKNnark q
p
qP = 5.14 15 1 + 0.2
4
1.10
1 + 0.2
= 148.59
1.10
1.90
1
2
QG = B.L . qP + ( L + B ) D Cu
2
3
1
2
QG = 1.10 1.90 148.59 + ( 1.9 + 1.10 ) 4 15
2
3
QG = 275.28KN
Page94

IV- KNnalTPaBRTRTg;RKwHCMerA
tamkarBiesaFnelIkardanpal;
Calculate the bearing capacity by in situ test:
karBiesaFn eb:eNRtUEm:RtsaTic
sMrab;karKNnarkkMlaMgRTRTg;cugRKwH eKRtUvRbtibti tamviFIxageRkamenH
eKRtUvrktMlmFmrbs;er:suIsg;k,alekaN kgRbEvg 8B
Kitcab; BIcugRKwHeLIgmkelI nig rktMlmFmrbs;er:suIsg;
k,alekaNkgCMerA 3.75B Kitcab;BIcugRKwH cuHmkeRkam
eTIbeyIgyktMlTaMg2 mkrkmFmPaK.EdltMlenaHKW
CalTPaBRTRTg;lImitrbs;cugRKwH.
1-
8B
3.75B
]TahrN RKwH rbs;eyIgmanTTwg B = 0.2m vaykgCMerA 4m . enaH 8B = 1.6m & 3.75B = 0.75m
taragnkarBiesaFn
krNIenH
Z (m)
Z (m)
qc (MPa)
qc (MPa)
2.00
3.00
2.90
1.50
2.15
2.00
3.05
1.70
2.30
1.00
3.20
1.80
2.45
1.00
3.35
1.90
2.60
1.00
3.50
2.00
2.75
1.00
3.65
2.50
1 + 1 + 1 + 1.5 + 1.7 + 1.8 + 1.9 + 2 + 2.5 + 5 + 5.7
qc1=
11
qc1= 2.28 MPa
4.2 + 3.5 + 5.5 + 5
qc2 =
= 4.55MPa
4
qc2 = 4.55MPa
q +q
2.28 + 4.55
qp = c1 c 2 =
= 3.415MPa
2
2
q
qpall = p
F
dUecH lTPaBRTRTg;cugRKwHKW
lTPaBRTRTg;GnuBaati
Edl F CaemKuNsnisux esI 2.50
qpall =
3.1415MPa
= 1.365MPa
2.5
dUecH bnkcugRKwH EdlGacTTYlRTRTg;)anKW

Page95
Z (m)
3.80
3.95
4.10
4.25
4.40
4.75
qc (MPa)
5.00
5.70
4.20
3.50
5.50
5.00

Qall = qall Ap = 1.365 0.2 = 0.05464 MN

Qpall = 54.64 KN
cMeBaHkarKNnarkkMlaMgkkiteK RtUvRbtibtidUcxageRkamenH
cMeBaH RbePTdIPk; q < 10Kg/cm eyIg)an qf = 3q0
q
cMeBaH BBYkdI\d 10 < qc < 100Kgf/cm eyIg)an qf = 50
q
cMeBaH dIxSac;
qf =
100
dUecH sMrab;krNIxagelIdIxSac;eyIgmankMlaMgkkit
c
3 + 2 +1
= 2MPa
3
q
2000 KPa
qf = c =
= 20 KPa
100
100
Qf = qf x ( D 8B ) B 4
qc =
Qf = 20 ( 4 1.6 ) 0.2 4
Qf = 38.4KN
dUecH lTPaBRTRTg;srub Qall = Qp + Qf

Qall = 54.64 + 38.4
Qall = 93.04KN
karBiesaFn eb:eNRtUEm:Rt DINamic

karBiesaFn EbbenH GnuBaati eGayeKeRbI)anCamYydIxSac; Etb:ueNaH . rebobKNnadUcKaebHbiT nwg
eb:eNRtUEm:RtsaTic edayRKan;EtxusKakgkarebIemKuN snisux Etb:ueNaH .
2-
qpall =
Rd
6
b:uEneKGacmanTMnak;TMngrvagkarBiesaFn TaMg 2
q
= 0.6 sMrab;dIxSac;
Rd
q
= 1 sMrab;dI\dFmta
Rd
3-karBiesaFn eb:eNRtUEm:Rtsg;da
KWCakarBiesaFn EdlniymbMputkgeBlbcb,n KWGacGnuBaatieGayeK KNna)annUvlTPaBRT RTg;
rbs;dIxSac;)any:agRtwmRtUvbMput . eKKNna rk)an lTPaBRTRT
g;tamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH
c
Qp = 400N.Ap
Qf = 2 N .Af
Page96

1
400 N . Ap + 2 N . Af
4
Q=
]TahrN sUmKNnarklTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwH CMerA mYyedImEdl)anmkBIkarBiesaFn S.P.T.
12.00m
0.3m
N=1
N=2
3.00m
N=5
N=6
5.00m
N=8
2.00m
N=14
2.00m
N = 16
kgkrNIenH 8B = 2.4m & 3.75B = 1.125m

kgkrNIenH tMl N EdlRtUvykmkKNnaRtUvyktMlmFmntMlelI nwg eRkam .
14 + 16
= 15
2
5+6
1+ 2
5 + 8 2 + 14 2
3+
2
2
N=
= 6.3
12
N = 6 .3
1
Q = 400 15 0.3 2 + 2 6.3 0.3 4 (12 2.4 )
4
N=
rktMl
dUecH
Q = 171.3KN
CaTUeTA eKcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkMENtamCMerA nwg TwkeRkamdIdUcmanEcgkg CMBUkTI1 emeron RKWHrak; .

xageRkamenHCatarag sMrab;KNnalTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKWHCMerAEdlesIeLIgedayGkR)aCJ epSg kg
kMLgeBlcugeRkayenH
Page97

emKuNkMlaMgkkit and sMrab;RKWHCMerAdMBnictamlTplmnIBiesaFn :

RbePTdI
smIkar
emKuNkMlaMgkkit
ksareyag
dI\d
= 1.0 (C 25 kPa)
API (1984)
1-
usu
dIxSac;
u = 0.5 (Cu 70 kPa)

C 25
u = 1- u
for 25 kPa < Cu < 70kPa
90
Semple and
u = 1.0 (Cu 35kPa)
u = 0.5 (Cu 80kPa)
Rigden (1984)
C 35
u = 1- u
for 35 kPa < Cu < 80kPa
90
s = 'z
= (1sin ' )(tan ' )(OCR)0.5
Burland (1973)
s = 'z
= 0.15-0.35 (compression)
McClelland (1974)
= 0.10-0.24 (tension)
= 0.44 for ' =28o
= 0.75 for ' =35o
= 1.2 for ' =37o
dIxSac;minsit
2-
RbePTdI
dI\d
s = 'z
= 0.050.1
emKuNkMlaMgkkit
smIkar
Meyerhof (1976)
Poulos (1988)
sMrab;RKWHCMerAxYgTMlak; tamlTplmnIBiesaFn :
emKuNkMlaMgkkit
ksareyag
= 0.45(dI\dTIRkugLg)
Skempton (1959)
Fleming et al.(1985)
= 0.7 dgnRKWHdMBnic
and
s = usu
u
u
u = 0 for Z 1.5m
and Z > L D
u = 0.55
dIxSac;
s = 'z
Rease and ONeill

(1988)
sMrab;krNIepSgBIenaH
=0.1 for ' =33o
Meyerhof (1976)
0.2 for ' =35o

0.35 for =37o
dIxSac;minsit
s = 'z
= 0.50.8
60 kPa s 100kPa
Page98
Poulos (1988)

lTPaBRTRTg;cugRKWH tamlTplmnIBiesaFn :
smIkar
lTPaBRTRTg;cugRKWH
3-
RbePTdI
dI\d
qp = Nc.Cu(b)
ksareyag
Nc=9 for L/B>3

Nc=6(1+0,2L/B)< 9
qp<3,8 MPA
Skempton (1959)
2
Nq=(tg+ 1 + tg ) e
2
qp=Nq.z
( 2 ptg )
sMrab;dIRCay
= 0,58 sMrab;dIrWg
p = /3
dIxSac;
qp= Nq.z
Janbu (1976)
Nq=40
API (1984)
kMlaMgkkit sMrab;RKWHCMerA tamlTplBiesaFn SPT: f =A+BN

RbePTRKWH RbePTdI
A
B
kMNt;sMKal;
ksareyag
RKWHdMBnic
dIxSac;
0
2
NCatMl SPTmFm
Mayerhof (1956)
4-
Shioi & Fukui(1982)
dIxSac; laydI\d
10
3,3
50<N<3
fs<170KPa
dI\d
RKWHcak;enAkEng dIxSac;
dI\d
RKWHxYgTMlak; dIxSac;
dI\d
4-
Decourt(1982)
10
Shioi & Fukui(1982)
30
5,0
5,0
10
Shioi & Fukui(1982)
1,0
Shioi & Fukui(1982)
3,3
Findlay(1984)
Wrigth & Reese(1979)
5,0
Shioi & Fukui(1982)
10
3,3
fs<200KPa
Shioi & Fukui(1982)

fs<150KPa
50<N<3
fs<170KPa
lTPaBRTRTg;cugRKWH sMrab;RKWHCMerA tamlTplBiesaFn SPT:

Page99
Yamashita et al.(1987)
Decourt(1982)
qp=C.N(MPa)

RbePTRKWH
RKWHdMBnic
RbePTdI
dIxSac;
kMNt;sMKal;
NCatMl SPTmFm
kgtMbn;cugRKWHeFVIkar
C
0,45
0,40
0,04
Ls
B
Ls
RbEvgRKWHlickgdIxSac;
0.35
dI\d
dI\d
RKWHcak;enAkEng dIxSac;
dI\d
RKWHxYgTMlak; dIxSac;
dI\d
0,20
Matin et al. (1987)
0,12
Decourt(1982)
0,15
qp< 3.0MPa
Shioi & Fukui(1982)
qp< 7.5MPa
0,15
0,1
0,15
(Calculate the settlement of pile foundation)

V-1-
KNnasMrutPamrbs;RKwHCMerA
sMrab;karKNnasMrutPamrbs;RKwHCMerARtvGnuvttamrUbmnxageRkam
Si = Si1 + Si2 + Si3
Edl Si sMrutEdlekIteLIgedayPaBywtrbs;ebtug
Si sMrutEdlekIteLIgedaykMlaMgcugRKwH
Si sMrutEdlekIteLIgedaykMlaMgkkit
1
2
3
Si1 =
Mayerhof(1976)
Matin et al. (1987)
)))
V- karKNnasMrutrbs;RKwHCMerA
Matin et al. (1987)

Decourt(1982)
C<0,40
dIlayxSac;
ksareyag
(Q pall + Q all
f )L
Ap E p
Edl Q CabnkGnuBaatEdlcugRKwHTTYlRTRTg;
p.all
Page100
Shioi & Fukui(1982)
Shioi & Fukui(1982)

CabnkGnuBaatEdlekIteLIgedaykMlaMgkkit
A muxkat;cugRKwH
E Cam:UDulPaByWtrbs;ebtug
CaemKuNEdlCaTUeTAeKykesI 0/50
Qf.all
p
Si2 = 0.85
q all
p B
E
(1 2 )
Edl q Caer:sIusg;EdlcugRKwHTTYlRTRTgGnuBaat
CaemKuN Poisson
BTTwgcugRKwH
E Cam:UDulPaByWtrbs;dIcugRKwH
enAkgqaM1977elak Vesic )anesIeLIgnUvrUbmnedIm,IKNnark Si
Q C
Si =
Edl q Caer:sIusg;cugRKwH cugeRkaybMput
Bq
C CaemKuNKNnatamtaragxageRkam
RbePTdI
RKwHdMBnic
xSac;BIhab;eTARtsuH
0/02-0/04
dI\dBIrwgeTARCay
0/02-0/03
dIl,aym:d
0/03-0/05
p.all
Si3 =
RKwHxYgTMlak;
0/09-0/18
0/03-0/06
0/09-0/12
Q all
B
f
(1 2 ) I f
PL E
Edl Q CabnkGnuBaatEdlekIteLIgedaykMlaMgkkit
CaemKuN Poisson
BTTwgcugRKwH
E Cam:UDulPaByWtrbs;dIcugRKwH
P CabrimaRtcugRKwH
L CaRbEvgRKwH
f.all
I f = 2 + 0.35
L
B
enAkgqaM1977elak Vesic )anesIeLIgnUvrUbmnedIm,IKNnark Si

Q C
L
C = (0.93 + 0.16
Edl
)C
Si =
Lq
B
sMrab;karKNnasMrutPamrbs;RkmRKwHCMerA RtUveFVIeLIgtamrUbmnxageRkam
3
Page101

Bg
Si g =
Si
sMrab;karBiesaFn SPT
Q
q=
nig
L B
Si g (mm) =
I = 1
0.92q B g
Ncor
L
Bg
8
sMrab;karBiesaFneb:eNRtEm:RtsaTic
Si g =
qB g I
2q c
Edl
qc
CatMlekaNer:sIusg;
999999
9999
V-2-
KNnasMruttMbUgrbs;RkmRKwHCMerA
sMrab;karKNnasMruttMbUgrbs;RkmRKwHCMerA RtUveFVIeLIg dUcKaebHbiTeTAnwg RKwHrak;edayRKan;EteyIg

bMElg BI RKwHCMerA eTACaRKwHrak;dUcrUbxageRkamenH
Q
2
D
3
B
B
B'
RsTab; dI Tn; rW RCay
f rWdI rwg hab; enACMerA eRCA

Page102

)anesckIfaeyIgTTYl)anRKwHrak;fI edayRKan;EtecjBI CMerA 23 D eyIgKUsebIkmuM 1edk 2 Qrecj

BIEKmRKwH eyIgTTYl)an B' nig L' rbs;RKwHrak;snt;. kgkrNIenHbnkrayesIeTA)atRKwHesI nwg q = BQ'.L' .
karKNnasMrutRtvKitcab;BICMerA 23 D
]TahrN KNnarksMrutrbs;RkmRKwHCMerAxageRkamenaH.RKwHmancMnYn 9 edIm manmuxkat; 0/30m
vaybBaleTAkgdIkgKMlat 3B QrelIdI\drwgkgCMerA 8/0m.bnab;BIeFVIkarKNna eyIgTTYl)anCMerA
lkNesInwg 3/0m.cMeBaHsmtikmepSgeTotmanerobrab;dUxageRkamenH
Qp=110 KN, Qf =60KN, qp=1223KPa, qu = 2446KPA, Ep=21000000KPa, E=25000KPa,
L=8.0m,Qg=1500KN,WL= 40.50,e0= 0.65,s=2.70, = 2.0g/cm3, =0.30
Q = 1500KN
WL=25
e0=0.89
E=2000KPa
s=2.65
=1.8
B= 0.3m
8.00m
2.0m
0.9m
0.9m
3.0m
2.1m
KNnarksMrutPamrbs;RKwHmYyedIm
Si1 =
(Q p + Q f ) L
Ap E p
(110 + 0.5 60) 8

= 0.6mm
0.3 2 21000000
1223 0.3
(1 0.3 2 ) = 11.35mm
E
25000
Qf B
60 0.3
(1 2 ) I f =
Si3 =
(1 0.3 2 ) 3.81 = 0.26mm
PL E
1.2 8 25000
8
L
= 2 + 0.35
= 3.81
I f = 2 + 0.35
0 .3
B
Si2 = 0.85
qpB
(1 2 ) = 0.85
dUecHsMrutPamsMrab;RKwHmYyedIm
Si=0.6+11.35+0.26=12.21mm
Page103

KNnarksMrutPamrbs;RkmRKwH 9 edIm
Bg
2.1
12.21 = 33.06mm
B
0.3
Bg =2x3B+B=6x0.3+0.3=2.10m
Si g =
Si =
Sig=33.06mm
KNnarksMruttMbUgrbs;dI\d
sMrab;krNIenH 23 .D = 23 .8 = 5.33m dUecH )atRKwHsnt;RtvKitcab;ecjBICMerA 5/33m)anesckIfa
RKwHeyIgQrelIdIPk;EdlmankMras; h = 6.0 5.33 =0.67m
-sMrab;RsTab;TImYyEdlCadIPk;eyIgman
C c = 0.2343
WL
25
s = 0.2343
2.65 = 0.155
100
100
KNnarkkMlaMgsMBatmFmenAkNalRsTab;TI1
1500
= 340.14 KPa
2.12
1500
m =
= 252.98 KPa
(2.1 + 0.335) 2
1500
b =
= 195.50 KPa
(2.1 + 0.67) 2
340.14 + 4 252.98 + 195.5
=
= 257.92 KPa
6
t =
KNnarkkMlaMgsgt;tKarbs;dIenAkNalRsTab;TI1
0 = 18 (5.33 +
0.67
) = 101.97 KPa
2
dUecHsMruttMbUgsMrab;RsTab;TI1KW
CcH 0 +
Sc =
lg
+
1
e
0
0
Sc1=2.40Cm
0.155 0.67 101.97 + 257.92

0.80 =
lg
0.8 = 2.40Cm
1
0
.
89
101
.
97
+
-sMrab;RsTab;TI2EdlCadI\drwg
C c = 0.2343
WL
40.50
s = 0.2343
2.70 = 0.2562
100
100
KNnarkkMlaMgsMBatmFmenAkNalRsTab;TI2
1500
= 195.50 KPa
(2.1 + 0.67) 2
1500
m =
= 70.89 KPa
(2.1 + 2.5) 2
1500
b =
= 29.75 KPa
(2.1 + 5) 2
195.50 + 4 70.89 + 29.75
=
= 84.80 KPa
6
Page104
t =

KNnarkkMlaMgsgt;tKarbs;dIenAkNalRsTab;TI2
0 = 18 6 + 20 2.5 = 158KPa
dUecHsMruttMbUgsMrab;RsTab;TI2KW
CcH 0 +
Sc =
lg
1 + e0 0
Sc2=11.59Cm
0.2562 5 158 + 84.80

0.80 =
lg
0.8 = 11.59Cm
158
1 + 0.65
dUecHsMruttMbUgsrubsMrab;RKwHrbs;eyIg KW Sc=Sc +Sc =2.4+11.59=13.99 Cm

eyIgsegteXIjfa sMrutkgkrNIenHmantMlFMCag 8 sm EdlCatMsMrutGnuBaat.EdlkgkrNIenHeyIg
caM)ac;RtvbEnmcMnYnRKwH edIm,IkMueGaysMNg;eyIgmankareRbHRsaM.
sMrab;karKNnasMrutdMbUg eyIgEckecjCa3lkN
- lkNTI1 sMrab; lkNenHRKWHeyIgQrelIdIRCay dUecHecjBIRbEvg 2/3LeKebIkmMu 1edk 2 Qr.
EdlecjBIcMNucenaHeyIgKitfaRKWHeyIgQrelIdIRCayEdlmankMras;Z .
- lkNTI2 sMrab; lkNenHRKWHeyIgQrelIdIrWg edaybukcUldIrWgkgCMerAL dUecHecjBIRbEvg 2/3L
eKebIkmMu 1edk 2 Qr. EdlecjBIcMNucenaHeyIgKitfaRKWHeyIgQrelIdI rWgEdlmankMras;Z .
- lkNTI3 sMrab; lkNenHRKWHeyIgQrelIdIrWgxaMg dUecHecjBIRbEvg L eKebIkmMu 1edk 2 Qr.
EdlecjBIcMNucenaHeyIgKitfaRKWHeyIgQrelIdI rWgxaMgEdlmankMras;Z.
1
2/3L
dIRCay
L1
dIRCay
dIRCay
2/3L2
L2
Z1
dIRCay
dIrWg
Z2
Page105
dIrWgxaMg

VI-RKwHCMerAeRTt (Inclination pile)
kgkrNIEdlkMlaMgeyIgCakMlaMgeRTt . enaHsMrab;BBYkRKwHCMerA kMlaMgFak;eTAxagEdl GnuBaati eGay

eRbI)anKW
Q (KN)
RbePTRKwH
k,alRKwH
RbePTdI
6.70
eQI (B=0.3m)
esrI
xSac;
6.70
dI\d
18.00
eQI (B=0.3m)
bgb;
xSac;
18.00
dI\d
27.00
ebtug (B=0.3m) esrI nig bgb;
xSac;
22.00
dI\d
1- eyIgcat;Tukfa k,alRKwHeyIgbgb;kgkrNI EdlvaliccUleTAkg ebtug rbs;KMrbRKwHy:agehac
Nas; 50cm.
2- sMrab;dI\dEdlmanlkNRCayxaMgenaHGacmanRtwmEt Q = 5KN .
3- RKwHebtug EdlBenceTAkgdIRCay ehIymankMlaMgrujeTAxag Q > 5KN vamanbNaleGay
RKwHenaHekag .
4- karrGileTAxagsMrab;sMNg;TUeTA GnuBaatieGaybMlas;TI)anRtwmEt 6mm Etb:ueNaH .
5- kgkrNIEdlkMlaMgFak;eTAxagmantMlFM ehIyelIstMl GnuBaatieKcaM)ac;RtUveRbIRKwHCMerAeRTt
.EdlRKwHeRTtenaHrgnUvbnk Q EdlmankMb:Usg; bnk Ca Q & Q .
H
QV
QR
QH
CaTUeTAkglkN tulPaBeyIgmanTMnak;TMng
QR =
rWQ
QV
QN
Cos
QN.Cos
sMrab; Q eyIgeFVIkarKNnadUcRKwHEkgFmta .sMrab;muM EdlRtUveRCIserIsmkeRbIenaHeyIgRtUv

GnuvtntamviFIdUcxageRkamenH
N
Page106

RKwHEdlcak;eTAkardan
- ebI B > 1.20 eyIgmincaM)ac;bBanvaeRTteT
- ebI 0.8 B < 1.20 enaH = 12
- ebI B < 0.8 enaH =12 sMrab;xSac;CaMTwk nig = 18 xSac;st.
2- RKwHCMerAdMsMBgBenc
sMrab;RKwHRbePTenHryIgykmuM = 20
kgkrNIEdlkMlaMgrujeTAxagmantMlFMenaH nwgmanRKWHCMerAmYy cMnYneFVIkarsNkecj BIdI begIt)an
CakMlaMgkkit . EdlkgkrNIenH RKWHrbs;eyIgeFVIkarnwg kMlaMgkkitTaMgRsug .
1-
QH
QV
99999
Page107

CMBUk 3
CBaaMgTb;dI
Retaining wall
Fa
FP
W
T
N
I- kMlaMgruj
nig kMlaMgTb;
eRkABITMgn;pal;nCBaaMgTb;dI tamrUbPaBxagelIenH TMgn;pal;enaHKW W eyIgmankMlaMgepSg eTot
EdleyIgGtaFib,aydUcxageRkam
1- enAEpkxagmuxCBaaMg (in front of the wall) dIEdleyIgbMeBjenATIenaH begIt nUvkMlaMg
mYyEdlFak;CBaaMgRTeyIgeGayRkLab;.kMlaMgFak;enaHeyIgehAfakMlaMgrujEdleyIgsresr
faCa Fa ( Pushing strength)ehIy a KWCa active skm .
2- enAxageRkayCBaaMg (behind of the wall) EdleKbMeBjdI bnicbnckMlaMg dIenaH man ekIt
eLIgedIm,I Tb;CBaaMgeyIgkuM eGayRkLab;tamkMlaMg Fa. eyIgsresrkMlaMgpb; Fp (retaining)
P mannyfaCa Passive Gskm .
3- enA)atCBaaMgeyIgmankMlaMg 2
1-CakMlaMgRTndI (N)
2-CakMlaMgEdlekIteLIgGMBIkarkkitrvag)atCBaaMg nig dI . eyIgehAfa T CakMlaMgedIm,ITb;
kuMeGayCBaaMgeyIgrMkil)an (Resistance of friction)
Page108

Soil ;
Z
V
M
v = Z
h = Ko V ; Ko =
h
V
eyIgKitfa pdIEdleyIgmanykmksikSa manTMhMTUlMTUlay (no limit) manPaBdUcKa (smooth)

ehIyGuIsURtUbeTot (isotropy) enARtg;cMnuc M EdlmanCMerA Z eyIgmankMlaMgmYyFak;bBanRtg; BIelIeTAeRkam
. kMlaMgenaHesInwg = Z. enARtg;cMNuc M dEdlebIeyIgsnt;famanpbBarRtg;mYy enaH
eyIgmankMlaMgmYyeTot EdlFak;Rtg;eTAelIpbBarenaH tammuM 90 ehIykMlaMgepkesIenaH mantMl
V
h = Ko.V
h
V
CaktasMBaFpTTwg (Coefficient of stress lateral)

esckIkt;sMKal; kareFVIkarKNnaKWsMrab;EtkarKNnaCa Pressure effective )annyfa eyIg RtUv
EckCakMlaMg 2
1- kMlaMgdI
2- kMlaMgTwk
kMlaMgEdlbegItmkBI dI KWRtUveFVIKNnatam sat - w ebIRbsinNaCa u CakMlaMgsMBaF begIt eLIg
edayTwk enAkgdI ehIyebI Ko = '' h ( 'h & 'v CakMlaMgFak;pal; effective enAkgdI )enaHeyIg)an
Ko =
h = u + 'h = u + Ko.'V
V = u + 'V
tMl Ko CaFmtatUcCag 1 EdlmantMlesInwg Ko = 1- Sin' CamuMnkarkkitkgndI internal friction

angle
Ko = 0.45 0.50
dIxSac;RtsuH
dIxSac;ENnhab;
Ko = 0.40 0.45
dI\dFmta
Ko = 0.50
dI\dEdlrwghYsehtu Ko > 0.50
KwxHEdlrwghYtEhg ENnNab; over consolidated Ko GacmantMFMCag 1 .
Page109

ssssssss
II- PaBnwgnr
lImIt Rankine
Equilibrium limit of Rankine
dIRtsuH : Cohesionless soil ( C=0 ; 0 ) eyIgdwgehIy fa enAcMNuc MmYyenAkgdIeyIgGac man

kMlaMgsMBaF rW kMlaMgFak;pal; h EdlmantMlesInwg h = Ko. V = Ko.Z . ebIRbsinNaCakMlaMgsMBaF
enaH rW kMlaMgFak;pal; enaHCakMlaMgrujndIeTAelICBaaMgeyIg .
enaHeyIgnwg )an = Ko
dUecH tamkarBiesaFn nelak Rankine tMl Ko enHesInwg Ko=KaCakta nkMlaMg sMBaFskm
pTTwg EdlmantMlesInwg
ha
V
Ka =
ha 1 Sin '
=
= tg 45 0
2
V 1 + Sin
eyIgGaceGayeQaH Ka )anfaCaktakMlaMgruj . enAxagEpkkMlaMgTb;vij kMlaMgTb;enH begIt )anCakMlaMg

sMBaFEdleyIgsresrfaCa hP ehIyEdltMl = Kp CaktankMlaMgTb;( Coefficient of retaining ).
hp
V
Kp =
hp 1 + Sin
=
= tg 2 45 o +
V 1 Sin
2
esckIkMnt;sMKal;
1
1- eyIgsegteXIjfa Ka =
Kp
2- enAEpk skm rW EpkkMlaMgrujeyIgman ha = ZKa = .Ka
3- enAEpkkMlaMgTb; hP = ZKp = .Kp
ha & hP CakMlaMgFak;pal; FMcMbg (main pushing and retaining stress)
daRkam Mohr sMrab;dIxSac;
= .tg + c
0'
Page110

daRkam Mohr sMrab;dI\d
= .tg + c
C
0
Soil ;
Cohesionless soil
Z
*
hP = Z.KP
retaining
ha = Z.Ka
ebIdIeygmans
I
PaBecat
pushing
Ka ()
ebIRbsinNaCadIeyIgmansPaBecat manmuM nig prabesI elak Rankine )anbBal nUvkta kMlaMg

rujdI kMlaMgTb;edayrUbmn
Page111

Cos Cos 2 Cos 2

1
Ka() =
=
Kp ( ) Cos + Cose 2 Cos 2
dUecH ha() = Z.Ka() . Cos

hP() = Z.KP() . Cos
dIsit (C 0 ; 0 )
elIprabesI elak Rankine )aneFVIkarBiesaFn teTAeTotenAkgdIsitEdlman nig C xusBI
0.lTplnkarBiesaFn )aneGayelakrkeXIjnUvtMlkMlaMgFak;pal;rabesI kgEpkkMlMagruj nUvtMl
dUcteTA
ha =
1 Sin
1 Sin
. V 2C.
1 + Sin
1 + Sin
ha =
1 Sin
1 Sin
.Z 2C.
1 + Sin
1 + Sin
-2C Ka
(-)
ht
hc
(+)
ebIsinNaCa
1 Sin
= Ka
1 + Sin
enaH
ha = Ka.Z 2C Ka
ebI Z = 0 enaH
ha = 2C Ka
enaH ha = 0
)annyfa enAEpkBI 0 ht kMlaMgFak;pal;enAcMNuc M NamYymantMltUcCag 0 dUecHdIeFVIkarTaj cUlCa
Compression dUecH ebI eyIgCIkRbLayeTAkg dI\d CMerAesInwg hc enaH pbBarnRbLayeyIgBuM)ak;eLIy
edayehtu fa kMlaMgFak;pal;enAelIcMNuc NamYynkMBs; hcEdlesInwg 2ht kMlaMgFak;pal;enaHman tMl esI
Z = ht =
2C Ka
;
Ka
Page112

elIpTaMgmUl . kb:uEnebieyIgTukRbLay eyIgyUrGEgVg enaHdI eyIghYtEhg eRbH manTwk RCab enaH

pmat; RbLaynwg )ak;EbkehIyrlMenAfNamYyCaminxan .
0
**
tMl hc & ht
2C Ka
2C
2C o
.tg 45 +
=
=
Ka
2
Ka
4C o
hc = 2ht =
.tg 45 +
2
ht =
enAEpkkMlaMgTb; retaining.
hP =
1 + Sin
1 + Sin
. V + 2C.
1 Sin
1 Sin
hP =
1 + Sin
1 + Sin
.Z + 2C.
1 Sin
1 Sin
2C Kp
hP = Kp. Z + 2C. Kp
hP
State of retaining
cohesion soil
1-kareFVIKNnankMlaMgruj enAkgdIRbePTRtsuH
]TahrN1 dIKanTwk
sUmeFVIkarKNnanUvkMlaMgruj rabesIeTAelICBaaMgRTtamrUbPaBxageRkamenH .
Sol et
ha
H
Wall
Fra
1
H
3
Page113

ha = Z.Ka = Z.
1 Sin
1 + Sin
H
Fra =
Z .Ka.dZ = Ka
Z
2
O
Fra =
1
. .Ka.H 2
2
kMlaMgrujenAelIcMNucNamYynCBaaMgmantMl
ha = Z.Ka = Z.
1 Sin
1 + Sin
dUecHebIeyIgCMnYskMlaMgFak;TaMgGs;edaykMlaMgeTal Fra mYyenaHeyIg nwg)an

H
Fra=
`H
Z .Ka.dZ = .Ka
Z
2
0
1
. .KaH 2
2
Fra =
sMrab;kMlaMgFak;eTAelICBaaMgmansPaBeRTt enaHeyIgng)an
1
Fra = K a H 2 cos
2
kgkrNIenHeyIgngmankMb:Usg;nkMlaMg2 KW
nig H = F Sin
Fra CakMlaMgrujeTAelICBaaMg Tb;dIkgbeNayCBaaMg 1m. Fra cucenAcMkMBs;
)atCBaaMg eTAelI .
]TahrN sUmeFVIkarKNnakMlaMgEdlrujeTAelICBaaMgtamrUbPaBdUcxageRkamenH
V = Fra Cos
ra
1
H
3
Kit cab;BI
a
'ha = HW .Ka
HW
+
H
Sol , sat ,
(sat - w)(H-Hw)Ka
C
wKa (H - HW)
Page114

'ha = ( HW . + (H - HW).' ).Ka

' = sat - w
H = 10M ; HW = 3M ; = 18KN/m ; sat = 20KN/m
w = 10KN/m ; = 30o
cMNuc a : ha = 0 ; u = 0
1 Sin
=
= 0.333
cMNuc b : Ka = 11 + Sin
Sin 1 + Sin
'ha = HW..Ka = 3 18 0.333 = 18KN/m

u=0
cMNuc
C : 'ha
= 18 + (20 10) (10-3) . 0.333 = 41.33KN/m
u = 10 (10-3) = 70
1
18KPa
2
3
4
70KPa
41KPa
1
18 3 = 27 KN
2
2- Fra 2= 18 7 = 126KN
1
3- Fra3 = 7(41 18) = 80.50 KN
2
1
4- Fra 4= 7 70 = 245KN
2
1- Fra1 =
Fra = 478.50 KN
eyIgEckpCa 4
Fra = No1 + No2 + No3 +No4 = 478.50 KN
Mc = 0
7
7
7
478.50.H = 27 (1+7) + 126 + 80.50 + 245
2
3
3
kMlaMgTaMgGs;Edlruj eTAelICBaaMgmantMlesInwg 478.50 KN kgbeNay 1m nCBaaMgdUecH

Fra1.h1 + Fra2.h2 + Fra3.h3 + Fra4.h4 = Fra.H
ebIsinNaCaeyIgyk C CacMNucvilnm:Um:g;enaHeyIg)an
27 (1+7) + 126.
7
7
7
+ 80.50. + 245. = 478.50.H
2
3
3
Page115
H = 2.95m

]TahrN sUmeFIVkarKNnatMlkMlaMgrujeTAelICBaaMgTb; nig cMNucsgt;nkMlaMgrujenaHeTAtam

rUbPaB dUc xageRkam
3m
Sand
= 20
= 30o
Gravel
= 22
= 30o
7m
3.45m
1 Sin 1 Sin30 o
= 0.333
=
Sand = 30 Ka =
1 + Sin 1 + Sin30 o
1 Sin38 o
= 0.238
gravel = = 38o Ka =
1 + Sin38 o
o
-Sand
CaRbePTdaRkamkMlaMgFak;pal; epkesI
ha = .Z.Ka
Z = 0 ha = 0
Z = 3 ha = 20 3 0.333 = 20KPa
-Gravel
CaRbePTdaRkamkMlaMgFak;pal; epkesI
Z = 3 ha
Z = 10
ebI
= 20 3 0.238 = 14.3KPa
kgdIRKYsenaH ha esInwg
ha = 20 3 0.238 + 22 7 0.238 = 50.71 KN

Fra
Fra =
CakMlaMgrYmEdlFak;rujeTAelICBaaMgeyIgenaH Fra esInwg
1
1
20 3 + (14.3 + 50.71) 7 = 257.50 KN
2
2
eyIg)an M=0 ebI Z CadXas;rbs;kMlaMg Fra enaHeyIg)an

1
7 1
7
Fra Z1 = 257.5 Z1= (20 3)(1 + 7) + 14.3 7 + (50.7 14.3) 7
2
2 2
3
dUecH Fra = 257.50 enaH Z
= 3.45m
BI)atCBaaMgeLIgeTAelI
]TahrN sUmeFVIkarKNnanUvtMl nkMlaMgEdlFak;ruj eTAelICBaaMg nig dXas; nkMlaMg enaH

tamrUbPaBxageRkamenH
Page116

= 20o
8m
Ka() =
= 20
= 30o
Sable
Cos Cos 2 Cos 2

Cos + Cos 2 Cos 2
= 0.441
ebI Z = 0 enaH ha = Z.Ka() = 0

Z = 8m ha = 20 8 x 0.441= 70.56 KPa
1
Fra = .H 2 .Ka .Cos
2
1
265
= .20.8 2.0.441.Cos20 o =
2
8
H
= Z = = 2.67
3
3
dUecH
BI)atCBaaMg.
lMhat; sUmeFVIkarKNnanUvkMlaMgruj eTAelICBaaMg
20o
5m
Sand = 20
= 30o
5m
44,10KPa
20o
26,70KPa
Gravel = 22
= 40o
56,07KPa
Page117

Sand
dUcKa
xSac;
Gravel
Ka() =
RKYs
Cos Cos 2 Cos 2

Cos + Cos 2 Cos 2
= 0,441
Ka() = 0,267
ha = Z.Ka().
xSac; ha = 0
Z = 5 ; Sand xSac; ha = 20 5 0,441 = 44,10KPa
Z = 5 ; Gravel RKYs ha = 20 5 0,267 = 26,7KPa
Z = 10 ; Gravel RKYs ha = (20 5 + 22 5 ) 0,267 =56,07
dUecH eyIgGacrkkMlaMg Fra eXIjeday
Z = 0 ; Sand
Fra = Fra 1+ Fra 2 + Fra 3

1
1
Fra 1 = .H 2 Ka.Cos = .20.52 0,441.Cos20 o = 103,6 KN / m
2
2
o
Fra 2 = 26,7 5 x Cos20 =125.45 KN/m
5
Fra 3 = (56,07-26,70)Cos20o 2 =68,99 KN/m
Fra = 103.6 + 125,45+68,99 = 298,05KN/m
Fra1= Fra 1.Cos=103,6.Cos20o = 97,35 KN/m
Fra2= Fra 2.Cos=125,45.Cos20o =117,88 KN/m
Fra3= Fra 3.Cos=68,99.Cos20o = 64,83 KN/m
Fra= Fra 1+ Fra 2+ Fra 3 =97,35+117,88+64,83 =280,05
5
5
5
280,05. Z = Fra1 + 5 + Fra2 + Fra3 .
2
3
3
97,35 6,67 + 117,88 2,5 + 64,83 1,67
Z =
=3,75m
280,05
Kitcab;BI)atCBaaMg.
2-kareFVIKNnankMlaMgruj enAkgdIRbePT\d
sUmeFVIkarKNnanUv kMlaMgrujEdlsgt;eTAelI CBaaMgTb;enAkgdIsittamrUbPaBxageRkam
Z = 3.75m
-2C Ka = 12.7 KPa
ht
10m
Sol
= 20 KN/m
C = 10Kna
= 25o
Z1
68.3KPa
Page118

ha = .Z.Ka 2C Ka
H
Fra = ha .d .Z
0
Fra = .Ka.Z .d .Z 2C Ka .d .Z
1
. .Ka.H 2 2C Ka .H
2
1 Sin25 o
= 25o Ka =
= 0.405
1 + Sin 25 o
Z = 0 ha = -2C Ka = 2 10 0.405 = -12.7KPa
Fra =
Z = 10 ha = 20 10 Ka 2 10
0.405 = 68.3KPa
2C
2 10
ha = 0 .Z.Ka = 2C Ka Z = ht =
=
= 1.57 m
Ka 20 0.405
kMlaMgdI Edlrujsgt;eTAelICBaaMg KW
1
. .H 2 .Ka 2C Ka .H
2
1
Fra = .20 10 2 0.405 2 10 10 0.405
2
Fra = 278KN/m
Fra =
ebI Z CadXas;nkMlaMg Fra cab;BI)atCBaaMgeLIgeTAelI enaHeyIg)an

1
Fra .Z1 =
1
10 1.57 1
2
68.3(10 1.57 )
12.7 1.571.57 + 10 1.57
2
3
2
3
dUecH
Z = 2.57m
lMhat; sUmeFVIkarKNnanUv tMlnkMlaMgEdlrujeTAelI CBaaMgdUc rUbPaBxageRkamenH .
sUmbBaak;nUvcMNuc EdlkMlaMgenaHsgt; eTAelICBaaMg .
1
-12.3Kpa
ht = 1.81m
3m
ht = 1.19m
Sol
10m
; = 18KN/m
' = 10KN/m
C' = 10KPa
' = 27o(K = 0.376)
34.3KPa
Page119
70KPa

ht =
2C '
Ka
= 1.81m
ha = .Z.Ka 2C Ka
Z = 0 ha = -2C Ka = 210 0.376 = 12.3KPa
Z = 3 ha = 183Ka - 2 10 Ka = 8KPa
Z = 10 ha = (18 3 + 10.7).0.376 2 10 0.376 = 34.3KPa
ebI Z = 10 enaH Z man 2 EpkEdlesInwg

Z = 18 3 + 10 7
(10 Ca ')
dUecH eBl Z = 10
ha = 34.3KPa
enAeBl Z = 10 enaHkMlaMgsMBaFnTwkmantMl
u = 10 7 = 70KPa
Fau= 70x
7
=245 KPa
2
1
Fra1= - 12.3 1.81 = 11.10
2
1
Fra2 = 8(3 1.81) = 4.76
2
Fra3 = 8(10 3) = 56
1
Fra4 = (10 3)(104.3 8) = 337.05
2
Fra = Frai = 631.71 KN/m
1
7 7
1.19
10 3
10 3
+ 10 3 + Fra3
Fra Z1 = Fra 10 1.81 + Fra 2
+ Fra 4
+u x x
2 3
3
2
3
Z1 = 2.35m
Kitcab;BI)atCBaaMg eLIgeTAelI .
III-CBaaMg
Tb;dI Retaining wall

enAkgemeron xagmuxeyIg)aneFVIkarGFib,ay GMBIktankMlaMgruj nig kMlaMgTb; .
enAkgCMBUkenH eyIgnwg niyayGMBI viFIsaRs eFVICBaaMgTb;kuMeGay dI)ak; . enaHKWeyIgnwg eFVIkar sikSa
GMBIsanPaBlMnwg rbs;CBaaMgTb; .
CadMbUg eyIgniyayGMBI TMhM nig vimaRtrbs;CBaaMgEdlcaM)ac;
Page120

CBaaMgeFVIkarTb;dIedayTMgn;xngpal;(Gravity wall)
CBaaMgRbePTenHeFVIkarTb;dIedayTMgn;xngpal;. eKplitvaBIebtugedayKaneRbIsrsEdleT EdlCYn
kaleKerob\d rW erobf eFVICBaaMgEtmg .
1-
Min = 30cm
H
12
Minimal 2%
H
t
t
2
H
H
t t
6
8
1
2
H
2
3
CBaaMgeFVIkarTb;dIedaym:m:g;(Cantilever wall)
CBaaMgRbePTenHeFVIkarTb;dIedaym:Um:g;EdlbegIteLIg edaydIEdlsgt;elIeCIgtagRKH rbs; CBaaMg.
eKplitvaeLIg BIebtugEdlman qwgEdkenABIxagkg TMhMrbs;vaman bgajtam rUb PaB xageRkamenH
2-
(Min 30cm)
H
24
2%
B
3
H
12
H
2
H
12
2H
3
B
Page121

IV-KNnarkPaBlMnwg
rbs; CBaaMg Wall stability tamviFIelak Rankine

eKEckkarsikSaGMBIsanPaBlMnwg rbs;CBaaMgCa 3RbePT
1-sanPaBlMnwgrbs;CBaaMgTb;Tl; nig kardYlrlM (Stability against overturning)
edaymankMlaMgruj Fa rW CYnkaleKtageday Pah enAkgrykMBs; h vaGaceFVIeGay CBaaMgdYl rlM
eday m:Um:g;nkMlaMgvil emIlrUbTI VI-1 xageRkamenH .
Edl W CaTMgn;rbs;CBaaMgbUk nig TMgn;dIEdlsgt;eTAelICBaaMg kgkrNIenHkMlaMg W sgt;cM Bak;
kNal TIRbCuMTMgn;n dI nig CBaaMg .
b1 KWCaRbEvgEdkXas; begIt)anCam:Um:g;CamYy W
h1 KWCaRbEvgEdkXas; begIt)anCam:Um:g;CamYynwg Pah edIm,IrujCBaaMgeGayRkLab; .
Pav KWCabgM vuicTrEkgRbsinebIkMlaMgruj rbs;eyIgCakMlaMgeRTt ( Fa eRTt )
1
Fa2 = Pah2 + Pav2
KWCa TTwgrbs;)atCBaaMg .
sMrab;krNIenHeyIgmanTMnak;TMng F.S = Pah.hWb Pav.B 1.50 or
B
F.S =
Edl
M
M
1.50
Ca plbUknm:Um:g; rbs; kMlaMgTb;rbs; CBaaMg

M Ca plbUknm:Um:g; rbs; kMlaMgrujeTAelICBaaMg
dUecH edIm,IeGayCBaaMgeyIgmanlMnwg luHRtaEt F.S > 1.50
2- sanPaBlMnwgrbs;CBaaMgTb;Tl;nwg karrGileTAmux (Stability against Sliding )
fVIt,itEteyIg)aneFVIkarepgpat;kgkrNITI1 ehIyeXIjfaCBaaMgeyIgmanlMnwg keday b:uEn minEmn
)an esckIfa vaminrGileTAmuxenaHeLIy . dUecH caM)ac;RtUveFVIkaepgpat; sanPaBlMnwg rbs;CBaaMgTb;Tl;
nwgkarrGil emIlrUbTI VI-2 xageRkamenH
M0
Pav
Pa
W
Pah
h1
b1
B
Page122
rUbTI VI-1

Pav
W
Pah
rUbTI VI-2
Rh
B
a
e
Key
Passive resistance
kgkrNIenH Rh KWCakMlaMgkkitEdlekIteLIgrvag)at CBaaMg nig dI

Rh = Wtg' sMrab;dIxSac; nig RKYs rW dIl,ay
Rh = C.B sMrab;BBYk dI\d Edl dac;xatminGacyk C FMCag 100KPa
tMl tg' mandUcxageRkamenH
- xSac; rW RKYssuT tg' = 0.55
- xSac; nig RKYs laydIl,ay rW dI\d tg' = 0.45
- dIl,ay tg' = 0.35
dUecH eyIgnwgmanTMnak;TMng dUcxageRkamenH
F.S =
Edl
Rh
> 1.50 or F.S =
Pah
F
F
> 1.50
Ca plbUknkMlaMgTb;rbs; CBaaMg
F Ca plbUknkMlaMgrujeTAelICBaaMg
(K ) + BKC + P
CaTUeTA eyIg manTMnak;TMng F.S = (V )tanPaCos
Edl K Ca emKuN mantMlenAcenaH 0.5 to 0.67

P Ca kMlaMgTb;rbs;dI enABIeRkayelICBaaMg
FR
Page123
> 1.50

1 2
D K p + 2CD K p
2
Pp =
dUecH edIm,IkuMeGayCBaaMgeyIgrGil eTAmux luHRtaEt F.S > 1.50

kgkrNIEdleyIgeFVIkarKNnaeTAeXIj F.S < 1.50
enaHeyIgcaM)ac;RtUvbegItnUvkMlaMgTb; edayest (Key) dUcmanenArUbxagelI . dUecH eyIgnwg)an TMnak;TMngfI
F.S =
Rh + F ph
Pah
> 1.50
Edl Fph KWCakMlaMgTb;EdlekIteLIg enAmux Key

3- sanPaBlMnwgrbs;CBaaMgTb;Tl; nwg kar)ak;Rsut (Stability against bearing failure)
karsikSakglkN TaMg2 xagelIeTaHCa)anbgajfa CBaaMgeyIgmanlMnwgminrlM min rGil enaHminEmn
)anesckIfa CBaaMgmin)ak;RsutenaHeT .
kglkN enHeyIgcaM)ac;RtUvEtsikSaGMBIlTPaBRTRTg;rbs;dIEdlenABIeRkamCBaaMg .dUecH Rbsin ebI P
CakMlaMgFak;eTAelICBaaMgsitenAkgsanPaBeRTt (Fa). ehIy W CaTMgn;CBaaMgbUk nig TMgn;dI Edlsgt;eTA
elI)atCBaaMg enaHeyIgnwg)an
M.net=
X =
e=
M0
Mnet
W
B
X
2
dUecH eyIg)an
q max =
q max =
W 1 + 6e
B
6e
1
B
B
B
W
dUecH eyIgGaceFIVkarKNnarbs;dIeRkamCBaaMgRbePTRKwHrgnUvbnkeRTtmincMpit tamrUbmn

qd= C.ci.Nc+.D.qi.Nq+
1
i. .B'.N
2
eyIgGacKNna mMueRTt rbs;bnk R tamTMnak;TMngxageRkam

Pa cos
= Arctg
bnab;mkeyIgeFVIkarepogpat; tamlkNlMng xageRkamenH

FS =
qd
>3
qmax
Page124

R
W
Pa
Pha
V
a
b H
e
B
]TahrN sUmeFVIkarKNnark sanPaBlMnwgrbs;CBaaMg Tb;xageRkamenH

0.5m
10o
0.458m
dIxSac;st
= 18KN/m
= 30o
6.7m
Pa = 154.48 KN/m
H=7.158m
1.5m
1
H = 2.386m
3
0.7m
0.7 m
C
0.70m
2.60m
= 19KN/m
= 20o
C=40KPa
B = 4m
edayCBaaMg eyIgRtUvTb; dI CMralenaHeyIg)an

Ka() =
Ka() =
Cos Cos 2 Cos 2

Cos + Cos 2 Cos 2
Cos 20 Cos 2 10 Cos 2 30
Cos 20 + Cos 2 10 Cos 2 30
= 0.335
Page125
43,163KN/m

dUecHeBl Z = 0 h = 0
eBl Z = 7.158m h = 18 7,158 0,335 = 43,163 KN/m
KNnarkkMlaMgFak; Pa :
1
.H 2 .Ka ( ). Cos
2
H
7,158
.Cos10 = 152,13KN / m
Pa = h . . Cos= 43,163
2
2
Ph = Pa.Cos
Ph= 152,13 Cos10o = 149,81KN / m
Pv= Pa.Sin = 152,13 Sin10 o = 26,41KN / m
Pa =
dUecH eyIgnwgmankMlaMgFak;epkesImYy esInwg 149,81KNkgRbEvg 1m rbs;CBaaMg . ehIy

kMlaMgenaHRtUvbukenAcMNucmYysitenA rykMBs; esInwg H3 KitBI)atCBaaMg)anesckIfa 2.386m .
1-KNnasanPaBlMnwg Tb;Tl;nwgkardYlrlM
TMgn;bktam
dXas;m:Um:g;eFob
m:Um:g;
bkelx
RkLap
beNay1Em:Rt
nwgcMNucC
M2
1
2
3
4
5
KN/M2
25x3=75
25x0.6=15
25x2.80=70
18x15.6=280,80
18x0.595=10,71
6x0,5=3
0,5x0,2x6=0,6
4x0,7=2,80
6x2,6=15,6
0,5x2,6x0,458=0.595
Pv=26,41
W=477,92
M
0,5/2+0,2+0,7=1,15
0.2x2/3+0,7=0,833
4/2=2
2,6/2+0,7+0,7=2,7
2,6x2/3+0,7+0,7=3,13
4,0
KNnarkm:Um:g;nkMlaMgruj M
0
M0 = Ph x H/3=149,81x2,386=357,44KN/m
KNnarkemKuNsuvtiPaBTb;Tl;eTAnwgkardYlrlM :
FS=
2-
M
M0
1136,06
=3,178 > 2 OK
357,44
KNnasanPaBlMnwg rbs;CBaaMg Tb;Tl;nwgkarrGileTAmux
F.S =
( W ) tan(K ) + BKC + P
Ph
KNnarkkMlaMgTb;rbs;dIenAmuxCBaaMg
enAeBlEdl Z sitenAesI)atRKwHenaH
PP = 0.5xKp..D2+2CD Kp
Kp =
1 + Sin 1 + Sin 20 o
=
= 2.04
1 Sin 1 Sin 20 o
Page126
KN-M/M
75x1,15=86,25
15x0,833=12,495
70x2=140
280,80x2,7=758,16
10,71x3,13=33,52
26,41x4=105,64
1136,06=MR

edayRKwHeyIgbgb;kgCMerA 1.50m enaHeyIg)an

PP = 0.5x2.04 19 1.52 +2x40x1.5x 2.04 = 215.0KN/m
477,92 tan(0.67 20) + 4 0.67 40 + 215
F.S =
= 2.91 > 1.50 OK
149,81
dUecH RKwHeyIgGacmanlMnwg Tb;Tl;nwgkarrGileTAmux .

3-KNnasanPaBlMnwg rbs;CBaaMgTb;Tl;nwgkar)ak;Rsut
KNnarkRbEvgdXas; e
e= B
2
MR M0
4 1136,06 357,44
=
= 0.37m
2
477,92
0.37<B/6=4/6=0.666
kgkrNIenH qmax = BW 1 + 6Be = 4774,92 1 + 6 40.37 = 185,79KN / M
W
qmin = 1 6e = 477,92 1 6 0.37 = 53,16 KN / M 2
B
KNnarkkMlaMg rklTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwH)atCBaaMg qd
qd= C..ci..Nc+.D..qi..Nq+
KNnark B'
1
.i. .B'.N
2
B' = B 2e = 4 2 0.37 =
3,26m
KNnalTPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwH
= 20o N = 5.39 ; Nq = 6.4; Nc=14.83

2
. ci=. qi
o
90
pa cos
1 149,81
= tan 1
= 17,4 o
= tan
W
477,92
2
17,4
= 0.65
.ci=.qi= 1
90
17.4
i = 1
= 0,017
20
qu=(40)(14.83)(0.65) + (28.5)(6.4)(0.65) + 1 (19)(5.39)(3.24)(0,017)=506,96KN/M2

2
qult
506,96
F.S =
=
= 2.73
q max 185,79
kgkrNIenHkarKNnarbs;eyIgminepgpat;eLIy KWRKHrbs;eyIg Gac)ak;Rsut. dUecHedImIeGay

CBaaM geyIgmansuvtiPaB eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvepgpat; lkN TaMg 3.
sMrab;dIxSac; eyIgRtUvkar Et F.S = 2
Page127

sMrab;dI\d eyIgRtUvkar Et F.S = 3

dUecsMrab; ]TahrN enHCBaaMgeyIgminmanlMnwg GacGnuBaateGayeRbI)as;)aneLIy .
kMNt;sMKal;
fVIt,itEtCBaaMgrbs;eyIg)anepgpat;RKb;lkN TaMg3 keday b:uEnRbsinebI dIenAxageRkamRKwH
rbs;CBaaMgmanlkN RCabTwkxaMg rW manlkNRCayxaMg vabNaleGayCMral rbs;eyIgGacrGil ehIy
naMeGayCBaaMgTaMgmUl dYlrlM Etmg . kgkrNIenH eyIgRtUvsikSaGMBIsanPaBlMnwg rbs;CMral .
V-KNnarkPaBlMnwg
rbs; CBaaMg Wall stability tamviFIelak
Coulomb
sMrab;CBaaMgeFVIkarTb;dIedayTMgn;xngpal; eKniymeFVIkarKNna tamviFIelak Coulomb. Edltam

viFIenH karKNna rkemKuNnkMlaMgruj nig kMlaMgTb; RtUvKNna tamTMnak;TMng xageRkamenH
Ka =
Cos
Cos .Cos ( + ) 1 +
( )
sin( + ) sin( )
Cos ( + ) Cos ( )
sMrab;karKNna rk sanPaBlMnwg rbs;CBaaMgTb;Tl;eTA ng lkN TaMg 3 KWeyIgRbtibti dUcKa ebH

bit ng viFIelak Rankine sUmemIl ]TahrN xageRkam:
sUmeFVIkarKNna GMBI
1-emKuNsuvtiPaB Tb;Tl; eTAngkardYlrlM nig kar rGileTA muxrbs;CBaaMgTb;dI xageRkam
2-kMlaMg sMBat Gtibrima nig Gbrma enA eRkam )atRKHrbs;CBaaMg
Page128

dMeNaHRsay
H = 5 + 1.5 = 6.5m
KNnarkkMlaMgruj tamviFIelak Coulomb (Coulombs active force)

Pa =
1
1H '2 K a
2
eday = 0 , = 15 , = 32 , and = 32 , eyIgman

o
Ka =
Cos
Cos .Cos ( + ) 1 +
Ka =
( )
sin( + ) sin( )
Cos ( + ) Cos ( )
Cos
2
Cos 2 15 .Cos (15 + 32 ) 1 +
3
( 32 15 )
2
32 ) sin( 32 0 )
3
2
Cos (15 + 32 ) Cos (15 0 )
3
sin( 32 +
Ka = 0.4023
1
Pa = (18.5)(6.5)2 (0.4023) = 157.22kN/m
2
2
Ph = Pa cos 15 + ' = 157.22 cos 36.33 = 126.65 kN/m

3
Page129

Pv= Pa sin 15 + ' = 157.22 sin 36.33 = 93.14 kN/m

3
KNnasanPaBlMnwg Tb;Tl;nwgkardYlrlM
TMgn;bktam
dXas;m:Um:g;eFob
bkelx
RkLap
beNay1Em:Rt
nwgcMNucC
1-
M2
1
2
3
4
KN/M
1
(5.7)(1.53) =4.36
102.81
2
(0.6)(5.7) = 3.42
80.64
1
(0.27)(5.7) = 0.77
18.16
2
(3.5)(0.8) = 2.8
66.02
Pv = 93.14
W = 360.77 kN/m
224.13
1.37
110.48
0.98
17.80
1.75
2.83
KNnarkm:Um:g;nkMlaMgruj M
0
H'
Mo = Ph . = 126.65 (2.167) = 274.45 kN-m/m
3
KNnarkemKuNsuvtiPaBTb;Tl;eTAnwgkardYlrlM :
2-
M R 731.54
=
= 2.665 > 2
M o 274.45
OK
KNnasanPaBlMnwg rbs;CBaaMg Tb;Tl;nwgkarrGileTAmux
2 2
(W ) tan 2 + C2 B + PP
3 3
FS(sliding) =
Ph
PP = KP 2 D + 2C2
KP D
24
Kp = tan 45 + = 2.37
2
PP = (2.37)(18)(1.5) + 2(30)(1.54)(1.5)= 186.59 kN/m
Page130
KN-M/M
2.18
* concrete = 23.58 kN/m
FS(overturning) =
m:Um:g;
115.54
263.59
MR = 731.54 kN-m/m

dUecH
2 2
360.77 tan 24 + (30)(3.5) + 186.59
3 3
FS(sliding) =
126.65
103.45 + 70 + 186.59
= 2.84
126.65
RbsinebIeyIgminKit GMBIkMlaMgTb;rbs;dIxagmux CBaaMgeT enaH emKuNsuvtiPaB FS=1.37

-KNnark kMlaMgsMBatGtibrima nig GbrmaenAeRkam)atRKHrbs;CBaaMg
e=
B M R M o 3.5 731.54 274.45

B
= 0.483 < = 0.583

2
V
2
360.77
6
qmax =
qmin=
V
B
6e 360.77 (6)(0.483)
1 + B = 3.5 1 +
= 188.43kN/m
3.5
V 1 6e = 360.77 1 (6)(0.483) =
B
3.5
3.5
17.73kN/m
sMrab;karKNnark emKuNsuvtiPaBrbs;CBaaMg Tb;Tl;eTAngkar)ak; Rst KWeyIg Gnuvtn dUc Ka ebHbit

nwg viFIelak Rankine.

Page131

CMBUk 4
karKNnasanPaBlMnwgrbs;CMral
(Slope Stability)
enAkgCMBUkxagmux eyIg)aneFVIkarerobrab;GMBI sanPaBlMnwg rbs;CBaaMgTb;dI . b:uEn maneBlxHeyIg

minGacsg;CBaaMgTb;)aneday CMraleyIgmanRbEvg Evg fl;/ TMnb;Twk/ RbLay . dUecH
eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvKNnark CMralEdlmanlkN smRsbedIm,IkuMeGaysMNg;rbs; eyIg rGil Fak; eTAeRkam .
enAkgemeronenH eyIg)anelIkykkarsikSaGMBIsanPaBlMnwg rbs;CMralEdlTamTar eGay eyIg
KNnarkemKuN suvtiPaB rbs;CMral F.S .
eyIgetagEckkarsikSaGMBICMraltamdMNak;karxageRkamenH
1- karswkdac;eRkameCIgPM rW CMralEdlmanlkNRtg; rW Ekg 90 ehtukarN enH eKCYbRbTHCa
erOy enAtameCIgPM rW PM emIlrUbelx 1 -4.
o
rUbelx1-4
rUbelx2-4
karrGil)ak;RsTab;dIEpkxagelItamCMral EdlmanlkN eTr ehtukarNenH eKCYbRbTH

enAtamRClg / Ten / swg / rW tMbn;mat;smuRT . emIlrUbelx2-4
3karhUreRcaHdItamCMral ehtukarNenHeKEtgCYbRbTH enAtam tMbn;PM Edl RtUveKkab;
bMpajRBeQI EdlCaehtueFVIeGayTwkePg hUreRcaH dImkeRkam . emIlrUbelx 3-4
4- karsikSaBukpuyrbs;silaPMhUreRcaHtamTwk . ehtukarNenH eKEtgCYbRbTH kgkardan CIk yk Er:
rW kardan)aj;f . emIlrUbelx 4-4
2-
Page132

rUbTI3-4
rUbTI4-4
karrGildIFak;tambg;kgkrNICMralRtg;
kareFVICMralRbePTenH KWCaRbtibtikarNkgryeBlxI dUcCa karCIkRtg;es rW kardanCIk ykdI
sMrab;bMerIkargarcak;bMeBj .
I-
W
H
R
kgkrNIenHCMraleyIgGacrGiltambg;
caM)ac;RtveKarBlkN
R=W=
. dUecH edIm,IeGayCMralmanlMnwg enaHeyIg
BD
1 H2
.
2 tg
kMlaMg RRtUv)anpMeLIgeday kMb:Usg;nkMlaMg

1 H
1- kMlaMgEkg N : N = R.Cos = .
.Cos
2 tg
1
2- kMlaMgkat;pac; rW kkit : T = R.Sin = . .H .Cos
2
2
Page133

T
N
dUecH kMlaMgEkgmFm nwg kMlaMgkkitmFm ttambeNaybg; BD

1 H2
N
Sin 1
n=
=
.Cos .
= . .H .Cos 2
BD 2 tg
H
2
t = T = 1 . .H 2 .Cos . Sin = 1 . .H .Sin .Cos
2
BD 2
H
dUecH tamc,ab;KULM eyIgGacmanTMnak;TMng

= tg + C enaHeyIg)an
1
1
. .H .Sin .Cos = C + . .H .Cos 2 .tg
2
2
H=
2C
Cos
Cos .Sin( )
rW
RbsinebIeyIgsg;RkaPic tambMErbMrYl H nig muM ; enaHeyIgnwgeXIjfavasitenAcenaH

= nig = ehIytMlGb,rimar rbs;vasitenAkg xN Edl = + . emIlrUbTI5-4
2
2 4
rUbTI5-4
Page134

dUecH kMBs;lkNrbs;vaKW
HC =
2C
Cos

Cos. + Sin
4 2 4 2
HC =

.tg +
4 2
4C
- kgkrNIEdlkMBs; rbs;CrM altUcCag kMBs;lkN (H<HC) enaH)anesckIfaCMral rbs;eyIg

manlMnwg dUecH eyIgGacKNnarkemKuNsuvtiPaBtamTMnak;TMng dUcxageRkamenH
FS=
HC 4C
=
.tg +
H
H 4 2
- kgkrNI H = HC enaHCMralrbs;eyIgsitenAkglkNlMnwglImIt .
- kgkrNI H > HC enaHCMralrbs;eyIgsitenAkgsanPaB eRKaHfak; nig PaBrGil)ak; .
emIlrUbTI6-4
rUbTI6-4
Page135

karrGildIFak;tamCMraleRTt
1-karrGilFak;tambg; ( viFI elak Culmann )
II-
KWdUcKaebHbiT eTAnwg CMralRtg;Ekg eyIgeFVkI arKNnarkkMBs; Gtibrma rbs;CMralkglkNmuM

=
Hmax =
2
2C
Sin .Cos

Sin 2
Hmax =
4C
Sin .Cos
1 Cos ( )
sMrab;krNI dI\dsuT ( = 0 )enaHeyIg)an

Hmax =
4C

.tg
2
sMrab;krNIenHemKuNsuvtiPaBRtUvbegIteLIgedaypleFob
sMrab;dIsiteyIg)an
sMrab;dIxSac; eyIg)an
sMrab;dIxSac;suT ( C = 0) enaHeyIg)an
F.S =
F.S =
C
C calcul
tg
tg ( Calcul )
Page136
F.S =
tg
tg

CaTUeTA eyIgyk
FS = 1.50
2- karrGilFak;tamrgVg;
kgkrNIEdlmuMCMral mantMltUcCag 70 . enaHkarrGilFak; KW tamrgVg;rGil. EdlkgkrNI enHkar
KNnamanPaBsksaj y:agxaMgedaykarKNna RtUvBwgEpkTaMgRsugeTAelIRkaPic nig edayd .bBaaEdlsk
saj bMput enaHKWkarkMNt; rgVg; kaM nig pit EdleRKaHfak;bMput sMrab;CMral .
kgeBlbcb,n enHman Program Calculate EdleK)anerobcMeLIgkg Cumputer
o
rUbTI 7 -4
krNI > 53
edayGnuvtntam RTwsI elak Bishop. enAkgRkaPicCaeRcIn EdlPab;mkCamYyenH eyIgGac ykmk

eRbI edIm,IKNnarkTItaMg rbs; pitrgVg; nigRbEvgkaMrgVg;EdleRKaHfak;bMput rbs;CMral emIlrYbTI 7-4 & 8-4.
Page137

n
1
1.5
2
3
5
(deg)
45
33.68
26.57
18.43
11.32
1
(deg)
28
26
25
25
25
2
(deg)
37
35
35
35
37
rUbTI 8-4 krNI<53
EdleRkayBIKUs)an rgVg; ehIyeyIgGacKNnark emKuNsnisux sMrab; rbs;CMral tamTMnak;

TMng xageRkamenH
- viFIEbgEckRbelaHtUc
viFIenHRtUv)anesIeLIgenAkgqaM 1920 edayviskV r suyEGt . edayeyIgEck CMralrbs;eyIg CakUn
RbelaHtUc . manTTwg esInwg b Edlman)at xageRkamCap rGilragCa rgVg; .
eyIgeFVIkarKNnarkplbYk rbs; kMlaMgrGil nig plbUknkMlaMgkkit T . dUecH emKuNsnisux sMrab;
krNIenH emIlrUbTI 9-4 .
rUbTI9-4
Page138

kgkrNImanTkeRkamdIeKRtvmankarERbrUbmnxHkgkarKNna rkemKuNsuvtiPaB
[C.L + (W .Cos u .L ).tg ]
FS =
W sin
n
n)
=19, =10
=18 ,=28
=20,=14
lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarKNnaGMBIemKuNsnisuxrbs;CMralxageRkamEdlmandI3RsTab;epSgKa.EdlkgkrNIenH
CMraleyIgmanmMu 60dWeRk. emIlrUbxageRkamdMeNaHRsay
Page139

sMrab; mMuCMral =60dWeRk tamrUb 7-4 eyIg)an mMu =72dWeRk nig mMu =35 dWeRk .dUecHeyIgKUr)annUv
rgVg;rGil lImitdUcrUbPaBxagelI.
KNnarkTMgn;bknImYy
3.82 2.3
20 = 87.86 KN / M
2
3 1.73 3.82 + 3.4
+
1.73 20 = 171.62 KN / M
W2= 18
2
2
0.795 + 1.67
3.4 + 2.74
1.50 + 18 1.67 3 +
20 1.67 = 227.84 KN / M
W3= 19
2
2
2.74 3.72
W4= 19 1.5 3.72 + 18 3 3.72 +
20 = 408.83KN / M
2
2.08 3
18 = 115.44 KN / M
W5= 19 2.08 1.5 +
2
0.627 1.5
= 8.93KN / M
W6= 19
2
W1=
=19, =10
=18 ,=28
=20,=14
RkahVikbgajGMBIrebobrkmMu nig TMgn;rbs;bknImYy.

taragKNnatMl):ar:aEm:RtsMxan;
Slice
1
2
3
4
5
6
W
(KN/M)
87.76
171.62
227.84
408.83
115.44
8.93
(degree)
5.65
13.75
21.66
35.86
54.4
66
Sin
Cos
0.098
0.2377
0.37
0.586
0.813
0.913
0.995
0.9713
0.93
0.81
0.582
0.407
Page140
L
(M)
2.3
1.73
1.67
3.72
2.08
0.627
W.Sin
W.Cos
8.61
40.79
84.30
239.57
93.85
8.153
87.42
166.69
211.89
331.15
67.19
3.63

KNnarkemKuNsuvtiPaBrbs;CMral
Li
2.3
1.73
1.67
3.72
2.08
0.627
Ci Cosi = 25 0.995 + 25 0.9713 + 25 0.93 + 25 0.81 + 0 0.582 + 15 0.407 = 285.13

Wi Cosi tgi = 87.42tg14 + 166.69tg14 + 211.9tg14 + 331.15tg14 + 67.19tg 28 + 3.63tg10 = 235.12
Wi Sini = 8.61 + 40.79 + 84.3 + 239.57 + 93.85 + 3.63 = 475.273

Li
(Ci Cosi ) + (Wi Cosi tgi) 285.13 + 235.12

FS =
=
= 1.09
475.273
(Wi Sini)
eyIgsegteXIjfaemKuNsnisuxsMrab;CMralrbs;eyIg mantMltUcCag 1/50 dUecHCMralrbs;eyIg

sitkgsanPaBeRKaHfak; nigGacrGilcuHeRkamRKb;eBl.
3- sMrab;krNI dI RbePTEtmYy
kgkrNIEdldIeyIg kgrykMBs; h CadIRbePTEtmYy eyIgGaceRbIRkaPic xageRkamedIm,IeFVIkar
KNnark emKuN suvtiPaB rbs; CMral . emIlrYbTI 10-4
rUbTI10-4
Page141

edayeyIgeFVIkarKNna rk TItaMgrbs;cMNuc B nig kUGredaen nig CH ; bnab;mkeyIgKNnark TItaMg

rbs;cMNuc A.
FS = OB
eGaymkeyI
g
nU
v
emKu
N
su
v
t
i
P
aB
.
pleFob OB
OA
OA
III-karrGilrbs; RsTab;dItambeNayCMral
1-CMraldIst
rUbTI11-4
eyIgKitfa eyIgmandIEdlmanmaD ABCD nig kMBs; H nwg TTwg b Edl rGiltambg; CD .daRkam
nkMlaMgtam AD nig BC esIKa . eyIgmankMlaMg RbqaMg R esInwg TMgn; dI W.
dUecH eyIgman kMb:Usg;nkMlaMgEkg elImuxkat; DC .
eyIgmanTMnak;TMng kMb:Usg;nkMlaMg Ekg N nig kMb:Usg;nkMlaMgkkit T
N = W .Cos = H.b.Cos
T = W.Sin = H.b.Sin
dUecH kMlaMgsMBaFmFm elImuxkat; CD
.b.H .Cos
N
=
= .H .Cos 2
b
b
Cos
Cos
.b.H .Sin
T
=
=
= .H .Sin .Cos
b
b
Cos
Cos
dUecH tamc,ab;elak KULM

= tg +C
enaHeyIg)an
.H.Sin.Cos = .H.Cos2.tg + C
C
Cos
.
H=
Cos Sin( )
P
rW
Page142

ebI < enaHeyIgnwg)an H mantMlGviCmanEdlminGacTTYlyk)an . dUecH )anesckIfa

CMralrbs;eyIgmanlMnwg . enaHeyIg)an emKuNsuvtiPaB
*
FS =
tg
tg
ebI = enaH)anesckIfa H mantMlGnn . dUecH CMralrbs;eyIgsitenA kglkN lMnwglImIt KW

FS = 1
ebI > enaHCMralrbs;eyIgsitenA kglkNKan lMnwg EdlGac rGil)anRKb;eBl .

2- CMralEdlmanCMrabTwkeRkamdI
*
rUbTI11-4
kgkrNIEdlkgCMralrbs;eyIg man CMrabTwkeRkamdI RsbeTAnwg CMral enAkgCMerA Z enaHeyIg

GacbrTMnak;TMng xagelIeTA Ca
{( .Z ) + ( sat W )(H Z )}.Cos2
' = = {( .Z ) + sat (H Z ).Sin .Cos }
' =
enaH
FS =
max { .Z + ( sat W )(H Z ) }.Cos2 .tg '+C'

=
( .Z + sat (H Z ).Sin .Cos )

Page143

Engineering (Civil Engineering)

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Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

2-RKwHCMerAmFm Semi-profound foundation

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

-RbsinebIeyIgmankUnbnkmYydEsntUcsgt;eTAelIdIenaHdIeyIgnwgRsutkglkN yWt KW)anesc kIfa

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

- ebIdIenAxageRkammanlkNrwgR syenaHExSekag sMrutman lkNdUcrUbTI 2 ehIycMNuc a CaTMgn;

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

eyIgcab;epImsikSa GMBIRKwHEdlmanlkNsamBaCaTIbMput KWCaRbePTRKwHRTEvgEdlman pl eFob

q1= CNc + sDNq

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

2-lkNEdldIenAxageRkamRKwH C= 0 ; 0 ; 0 nwg sD = 0 enaHeyIgnwgmanTMnak;TMng

Edl q CalTPaBRTRTg;lImItEdl 0 ; C =0 ; 0 & sD = 0

sMrab;emKuN Nc ; Nq ; N eyIgGaceFVIkarKNnaehIybBaleTAkgtaragEdlPab;mkCamYy enH .

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

RTRTg; rbs; RKwH kdUc Ca karKNnasMrut EdlekIteLIgedaybnkrbs;RKwH .

dUecHkareRCIserIsyk C & mkeRbIR)as;eGay)anRtwmRtUvenaHKWCakarmYycaM)ac;bMput edIm,IeFVI eGay

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

qd = 2,66 x 15,82 + 18 x 1,5 x 7,07 +

sMrab;RKwHRTEvgvaCaRbePTRKwHEdlTTYlbnktamryCBaaMg . dUecHRbsinebIeyIgcg;dwgfaetIkg CBaaMg

dUecH )anesckIfasMrab;CBaaMgRbEvg 1mRKwHeyIgGacTTYl)annUvbnklImIt 669,14KN/m.

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

kgkarsikSafIeRkayenH eyIgsegteXIjfarvagRKwHkaer: mUl rW ctuekaNEkg EdlQrelI Rb ePTdI

1 + 0,2 & 1 0,4 RbsinebIRKwHeyIgCaRKwHRTEvgenaH L RtvFMCag 10B. dUecH

y:agehacNas;ktUcCag 0,1. dUecHkenSam 1 + 0,2 BL esInwg 1+ 0,2 x 0,1 = 1,02 1,00

cMENkkenSam 1 0,4 BL = 1- 0,4 x 0,1 = 0,96 1 .

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

.10.9,81 + 18,5.2.3,26(1 + tg13) + 1 0,4. .20. .1,97 =

sUmbBaak;falTPaBRTRTg;vaGaRsyeTAnwg TTwgrbs;RKwH B ebI B mantMlFMenaH lTPaBRTRTg;

b:uEnenAeBlfIenHelak Skempton & Mayerhof )aneFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavrkeXIjfa lTPaB

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

rUbmnmantMleRbIR)as;)ansMrab;EtpleFob DB < 2,50 KWeyIgyk 2,50 mkeRbIEtmg ebI DB >2,5

enAkgqaM 1951,1953,1963 elak Mayerhof )aneGaynUvTMnak;TMngsMrab;karKNnarklTPaB RTRTg;

-sMrab;lkNkMlaMgBit(Effective stress analysis ESA)

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

xageRkamenHCaemKuNlTPaB RTRTg; rbs;elak Mayerhof

N q = e .tg .tg 2 (45 + )

dUecH Nc = 22,25 ; Nq = 11,85 ; N = 12,54 sMrab;dIEdleyIgeXIjkgrUbPaBxagelIvaCa RbePTdI

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

' = 19 KN/m - 10 KN/m = 9 KN/m

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

dUecH Nc = 23,94 ; Nq = 13,20 ; N = 14,47

qd = 18 .1,5 . 13,20 + 14. .14,47

emKuNsnisux nig lTPaBRTRTg;GnuBaati

qnet - lTPaBRTRTg; Net :

dUecHsMrab;RkumdIxSac;Edlman C = 0enaHeyIgnwgmanTMnak;TMngdUcxag eRkamenH

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

dUecHkgkareRbIR)as;rUbmnTaMgLayeyIgKYreRCIserIsyklTPaBRTRTg; Net mkKNnaeRBaHva

Safety factor chart

lMhat;sUmeFVIkarKNnarkCMerAEdlRtvbgb;RKwHbgr; abdUcrUbEdlPab;nUvxageRkamenH Edlman

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

RKan;edIm,IeFVIkarKNna eRBaHeyIgsal;y:agc,as;nUvkMlaMgrayesIelI)atRKwH q = 120KN/m KWeyIgyk bnk

.30.5,141 + 0,2 1 + 0,2. + 18,4.D

120 = 57,568 1 + 0,2 + 18,4.D

120 = 57,568 + 0,3198 .D + 18,4D = 51,411 + 18,72 .D

dUecHedIm,IeGaysMNg;manlMnwg)aneKcaM)ac;Rtvbgb;RKwH rbs;eKkgCMerA 3,33m

rUbmn TI 14 enHmantMleRbIR)as;)ansMrab;EtRKwHbg;rabEdlmanRbehagBIxagkgEtb:ueNaH . sMrab;

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

kgeBlxHsrsr TTYlrgnUvbnkbBaneTAeGayRKwHmincMpitrbs;RKwH enaH(manm:Um:g;kac;elI k ssr).

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering