92455EnvironmentalEffectsNoise

ArticulationIndex

Preparedfor

Dr.ColinNovak

FaisalSIDDIQUI
StudentID101963673
3
rd
yearCandidateforBASc.MechanicalEngineering
DepartmentofMechanicalAutomotiveandMaterialsEngineering
1
Table of Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction to Articulation Index .................................................................................................. 2
How is Articulation Index calculated ............................................................................................. 3
Articulation Index in different contexts.......................................................................................... 7
Open Plan Office......................................................................................................................... 7
Classrooms.................................................................................................................................. 8
Medical Decisions....................................................................................................................... 9
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 10
References..................................................................................................................................... 11
Appendix....................................................................................................................................... 12
Raw Data................................................................................................................................... 12
Calculations............................................................................................................................... 13

List of Tables
Table 1: Frequency and Weighting Factor for Articulation Index Calculation.............................. 4
Table 2: Octave Frequency and Upper and Lower level A-weighted Sound Pressure Level......... 5
Table 3: Articulation Index, Privacy Index and Subjective Impressions........................................ 8
Table 4: Articulation Index of Teacher's voice in Untreated and Treated Classrooms with Loud
and Quiet Ventilation Units ............................................................................................................ 9
Table 5: Data for Figure 1............................................................................................................. 12
Table 6: Data for Figure 2............................................................................................................. 12
Table 7: Data for Figure 3............................................................................................................. 12
Table 8: Data for Figure 4............................................................................................................. 12
Table 9: Data for Figure 5............................................................................................................. 12
Table 10: Calculation for Figure 1................................................................................................ 13
Table 11: Calculation for Figure 2................................................................................................ 14
Table 12: Calculation for Figure 3................................................................................................ 14
Table 13: Calculation for Figure 4................................................................................................ 15
Table 14: Calculation for Figure 5................................................................................................ 15

List of Figures
Figure 1: Articulation Index of a person (AI=1 or 100%) .............................................................. 5
Figure 2: Articulation Index of a person (AI=0 or 0%) .................................................................. 6
Figure 3: Articulation Index of a person (AI=0.97 or 97%) ........................................................... 6
Figure 4: Articulation Index of a person (AI=0.94 or 94%) ........................................................... 6
Figure 5: Articulation Index of a person (AI=0.91 or 91%) ........................................................... 7

List of Equations
Equation 1: Articulation Index........................................................................................................ 4
Equation 2: Privacy Index............................................................................................................... 8
Equation 3: Total A-Weighted Sound Pressure Level dB(A)....................................................... 13
Equation 4: Articulation Index...................................................................................................... 13
Abstract

In this paper the concept of Articulation Index will be introduced. The Articulation Index is a
scale for measuring the intelligibility of a sound transmission system. The index has a
tremendous importance in many different aspects of daily life such as architectural design, and
medical decision making etc. There are many different methods of calculating Articulation
Index. But complex methods of calculations have stifled the use of Articulation Index as many
medical practitioners and dispensers do not prefer to use complex equipments to calculate the
index. This paper will discuss a simple method of calculating the index using the lower and
upper level A-weighted sound pressure level dB(A). This paper also looks at the use of
Articulation Index as an indicator of Architectural design criterion and medical decisions.


Introduction to Articulation Index

The Articulation Index (AI) is one of the earliest attempts to measure the intelligibility of a
sound transmission system with the aid of a machine. The concept of Articulation Index was
developed by the Bell Telephone laboratories in 1940's.
4
The intelligibility of a speech pertains
to the accuracy with which a speech or phrase is understood by the listener.
7
The Articulation
Index is the measure of speech intelligibility under a wide variety of communication situations,
such as noise, filtering, transfer through telephony, reverberation, etc.
5
The index is defined by
numerical values ranging from 0 to 1. An Articulation Index of 0.1 is quite low and indicates that
very little if any conversation will be intelligible to the listener if a screen was to be placed
between the voice source and the listener. An AI of 0.6 would on the other hand, indicate poor
speech privacy.
9
The Articulation Index is influenced by noise, interference, and distortion and
can vary significantly.

The Articulation Index in an open office is the reflector of the extent to which intruding speech
from adjacent work stations exceeds ambient sound pressure level at the listeners ear. The sound
pressure level of the intruding speech and therefore the Articulation Index depends on various
factors.
5

3
These include:
The voice effort of the intruding speaker.
The locations, positions and bearings of the intruding speaker with respect to the listener.
The dilution of intruding speech over a particular distance.
The dilution of intruding speech due to the presence of barriers and screens.
The reinforcement of speech due to reflections from surfaces.
5


Articulation Index is of particular importance of in an open office environment because it
correlates well with the portion of population not satisfied with speech privacy. The AI is also
important measuring scale in many other different spheres of life such as in communications
between passengers in an automobile and in decision making to procure a hearing aid for hearing
impaired patients.

The short time Articulation Index is a procedure for time varying Articulation Index from data
on a block by block basis. The short-time AI is useful to provide a running measure for speech
intelligibility for adaptive noise cancellation system as it converges. The classical Articulation
Index calculation is useful for examining a stationary system as it provides a single number
based on long term noise power spectrum measurements. However this calculation fall short of
correctly predicting the sound intelligibility for an adaptive system which is changing with time.
Due to this reason short-time AI can be used with the index being calculated every few fractions
of a second. The short-time AI considers the effects of noise intensity and noise spectrum to
determine the quality of time varying voice communication systems and can serve as a criterion
for the degree of processing necessary to achieve the desired level of speech intelligibility.
6


How is Articulation Index calculated

There are several different methods for calculating Articulation Index. These methods of
calculating Articulation Index vary from being very simple to very complex. While the complex
methods provide for greater accuracy they require complex algorithms and machinery and
infrastructures that are not readily available, the simpler methods require less calculation and
infrastructures while compromise some accuracy.
10
Until recently the clinical use of AI has been
4
held back due to lack of easy to use and understand dB HL calculation method. Some simpler
methods of determining the Articulation Index has been resulted from research on AI. Their
work has led to modifications and simplifications. These days computer programs and probe
microphone units are capable of performing AI calculations. However simpler methods are
generally preferred by clinicians and dispensers.
10
In this report some simple methods for
calculating AI will be discussed.

The first calculation method to be discussed is based on calculations of some signal to noise
ratios in five octave bands with centre frequencies of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz. The calculation
is based on only these frequencies rather than 1/3rd octave band sound pressure level (which
provides greater accuracy) due to the fact that the later requires greater knowledge of speech and
noise spectrums. Since speech level usually refers to long term AI, the octave spectra consisting
of these five frequencies is usually sufficient and do not cause great loss of accuracy.
7


Articulation Index is calculated using the following simple steps:

1. Measure the effective signal to noise ratio for each octave band
2. Apply weighting factor to each ratio and clipping to ensure maximum contribution at +18dB
and minimum at -12dB.
3. Add these results and calculate the average value.

These steps are summed up by equation 1 and table 1:
7


Equation 1: Articulation Index
( )
5
[ ]
1
12
30
i
i i
i
G
AI Lsa Lna dB
dB
=
= +

Where

[ ]
Articulation Index
Weighting factor for each octave band
i
AI
G
=
=




Table 1: Frequency and Weighting
Factor for Articulation Index
Calculation
Frequency
(Hz)
Weighting
Factor (
[ ] i
G )
250 0.072
500 0.144
1000 0.222
2000 0.327
4000 0.234
5
Another simple method of calculating Articulation
Index results from the use of the lower and upper level
A- Weighted sound pressure level dB(A). Table 2
and the following simple steps illustrate this method:
1


1. If A-weighted 1/3 octave level lies between upper and
lower limits then it will be a linear value between 0 and 1.
2. If value falls above the upper limit then result =0 for
that particular 1/3 octave band.
3. If value falls below the lower limit then result =1 for
that particular 1/3 octave band.
4. Multiply all of the calculated values by the AI
weighting and sum all the values to get the AI in
percentage terms.
1


In this method the upper and lower A-weighted sound
pressure levels are the sound pressure levels a speech needs to have for a person to listen the
speech or voice accurately. This method of calculating Articulation Index is used in automotive
industry as wind noise metric.
1


The following are some plots and their respective Articulation Index generated. To see the data
and calculations for these plots please refer to the appendix (table 5-9).


Figure 1: Articulation Index of a person (AI=1 or 100%)

Figure 1 shows that this test subject was
able to hear all the words, syllables etc.
correctly at a sound pressure level which
was lower than the lower level A-
weighted sound pressure level for each
octave frequencies in this method.
Therefore resulting in AI of 100%
Table 2: Octave Frequency and Upper and
Lower level A-weighted Sound Pressure
Level
1/3 Octave
Centre
Frequency
Hz
AI
lower
level
dB(A)
AI
upper
level
dB(A)
AI
Weighting
200 23.1 53.1 1
250 30.4 60.4 2
315 34.4 64.4 3.25
400 38.2 68.2 4.25
500 41.8 71.8 4.5
630 43.1 73.1 5.25
800 44.2 74.2 6.5
1000 44 74 7.25
1250 42.6 72.6 8.5
1600 41 71 11.5
2000 38.2 68.2 11
2500 36.3 66.3 9.5
3150 34.2 64.2 9
4000 31 61 7.75
5000 26.5 56.5 6.25
6300 20.9 50.9 2.5
6

Figure 2: Articulation Index of a person (AI=0 or 0%)


Figure 3: Articulation Index of a person (AI=0.97 or 97%)




Figure 4: Articulation Index of a person (AI=0.94 or 94%)




Figure 2 shows that this test subject was
not able to hear any words, syllables etc.
correctly below the upper level A-
weighted sound pressure level for each
octave frequencies in this method.
Resulting in AI of 0%


Figure 3 shows that this test subject was
able to hear all the words, syllables etc.
correctly at a sound pressure level which
was lower than the lower level A-
weighted sound pressure level for all
octave frequencies except 3150Hz in this
method. Since sound pressure level
required was 44.2 dB(A), was between
lower 34.2dB(A) and upper 64.2 dB(A),
The Articulation Index dropped linearly.

Figure 4 shows that this test subject was
able to hear all the words, syllables etc.
correctly at a sound pressure level which
was lower than the lower level A-
weighted sound pressure level for all
octave frequencies except 3150Hz in this
method. Since sound pressure level
required was 54.2 dB(A), was between
lower 34.2dB(A) and upper 64.2 dB(A),
The Articulation Index dropped linearly.
7

Figure 5: Articulation Index of a person (AI=0.91 or 91%)





Hence, from the figures above it can be seen that if the Aweighted sound pressure level dB(A)
required by the intruding sound for a person exceeds the upper level for this method his/her
Articulation Index drops by the entire weight assigned to that octave frequency. On the other
hand if the Aweighted sound pressure level dB(A) required by the intruding sound for a person
is below the lower level for this method his/her Articulation Index retains the full weight
assigned to that octave frequency. For all other Aweighted sound pressure level dB(A) required
by the intruding sound the Articulation Index is linearly interpolated.

Articulation Index in different contexts

Open Plan Office
In an open plan office the concept of speech privacy is a major concern. It is related to the extent
of speech disturbance between two individuals who are not in a conversation with each other,
one of whom is talking and the other is listening. This is a of concern to both individuals since
the listener would find the speech intrusive as the speech is not of any importance to him/her at
that point of time. On the other hand the speaker will be frustrated by the poor speech privacy as
the speech might be of personal or confidential in nature. An alternative single number rating for
Figure 5 shows that this test subject was
able to hear all the words, syllables etc.
correctly at a sound pressure level which
was lower than the lower level A-
weighted sound pressure level for all
octave frequencies except 3150Hz in this
method. Since sound pressure level
required was 64.2 dB(A), equal to the
upper 64.2 dB(A), The Articulation Index
was reduced by the entire weight
assigned to 3150Hz.
8
speech privacy is called the Privacy Index (PI) and it is related to Articulation Index by the
following expression:
5

Equation 2: Privacy Index
( ) 1 100% PI AI =

Where
Privacy Index
Articulation Index
PI
AI
=
=


Also the Articulation Index and Privacy Index and the related Subjective Impression are
provided in table 3:

Table 3: Articulation Index, Privacy Index and Subjective Impressions
Articulation
Index
Privacy
Index (%)
Speech Privacy
Conditions
Communication
Conditions
1.0 0
0.9 10
0.8 20
0.7 30
Excellent
0.6 40
Nil
Good
0.5 50
0.4 60
Very Poor Fair
0.3 70
0.2 80
Poor Poor
0.1 90 Acceptable Very Poor
0 100 Excellent Nil

To make the open office plan more favorable to speech privacy, the major vertical surfaces such
as walls need to be sound absorptive and sufficiently away from each other. Also the distance
between individual has to be sufficient and their sitting orientations have to be facing away from
each other.
2


Classrooms
While Architects and facility planner regularly specify appropriate lighting, required ventilation,
and environmental temperature levels for classrooms, they often overlook the issue of poor
acoustics. Poor acoustical designs of classrooms include noisy ventilation units, reflective walls,
floors, and roofs etc. For a student to hear the teacher and make sense of his/her speech and the
9
complex academic subject matters, an Articulation Index of 0.7 or more is required. But this is
typically not achieved due to the poor acoustics of the classrooms. The Articulation Index in the
center of a room 9 feet high by 20 feet by 15 feet (constructed with one glass window wall, three
gypsum board walls, a vinyl tile floor, and a painted concrete ceiling.) in eight different
conditions is summarized in the following table.
3

The first condition assumed installation of the "loud" ventilation unit.
The second condition replaces the "loud" unit with the "quiet" unit.
The third and fourth conditions were the same ventilation units as the first and second.

Table 4: Articulation Index of Teacher's voice in Untreated and Treated Classrooms with Loud and Quiet
Ventilation Units
Normal Voice Effort
from teacher
Raised Voice Effort
from teacher
Loud Ventilation Unit 0.0 0.09 Untreated
Classroom
Quiet Ventilation Unit 0.56 0.74
Loud Ventilation Unit 0.16 0.37 Treated
Classroom Quiet Ventilation Unit 0.85 0.94

It can be seen that with the quiet ventilator, speech intelligibility is good in the treated room and
fair in the untreated room. Also even with raised voice effort, speech intelligibility is poor in the
room with the noisier ventilation system. An acoustically treated room includes application of
sound absorbing panels on one wall and a suspended acoustical ceiling.
3


Medical Decisions
Articulation Index also simplify the clinical decision making process of recommending hearing
aid to individuals with hearing loss. A study was based on AI computations for a group of
patients who had previously purchased their first hearing aids. It was found that 96% of patients
purchased a hearing aid had an Articulation Index of 0.50 or less whereas only 4% of patients
having AI less more than 0.50 obtained a hearing aid. From this it could be concluded that an AI
of 0.50 or less can be an excellent predictor of the need for a hearing aid.
8

10
Conclusion

The purpose of this report was to educate the reader about the Articulation Index (both classical
and short), how it is calculated and its usefulness in many different aspects of life such as
classrooms, and offices design and medical decision making. The Articulation Index is a useful
and excellent tool for measuring the intelligibility of sound transmission system and has a
numerical value between 0 and 1 inclusive, where 0 indicate no speech can be understood and 1
means 100% understanding. This index is influenced by noise, interference and distortion.

While classical Articulation Index provides useful basis for examining a stationary system, short
time AI correctly predicting the sound intelligibility for an adaptive system which is changing
with time. While there are many different methods of calculating Articulation Index this report
discusses in depth the use of the lower and upper level A-weighted sound pressure level dB(A) a
speech need to have for a person to accurately listen to the speech.

This report also discusses the use of Articulation Index in different context such as classrooms,
and offices design and medical decision making. It was found that offices and classrooms have a
poor acoustical design in general and this leads to loss of privacy in open office designs and poor
classroom instruction conditions. It was found that classroom and offices need to be designed
with quieter ventilation units and sound absorbing surfaces to increase Articulation Index. It was
also found that Articulation Index can be used to decide whether or not to recommend a hearing
aid to a hearing impaired patient. An Articulation Index of 0.5 or less is found to be an excellent
indicator in this decision making.
11
References

[1] Dirac Delta Consultants Limited, (2006). Articulation Index. Retrieved July 1, 2007,
from DiracDelta Science & Engineering Encyclopedia Web site:
http://www.diracdelta.co.uk/science/source/a/r/articulation%20index/source.html

[2] Hegvold, L.W. (1971, 07). CBD-139. Acoustical Design of Open-Planned Offices.
Retrieved July 2, 2007, from IRC - Institute for Research in Construction Web site:
http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/pubs/cbd/cbd139_e.html

[3] Erdreich, J. (1999, 06). TEACHING IN THE DARK. Retrieved July 2, 2007, from
CEFPI, The School Building Association Web site: http://www.cefpi.org/pdf/issue9.pdf

[4] Meyer Sound, (2007). Speech Intelligibility Papers - Glossary. Retrieved July 2, 2007,
from Meyer Sound Laboratories Inc. Web site:
http://www.meyersound.com/support/papers/speech/glossary.htm

[5] Andersson, N. Chigot, P. (2004, 08). Is the Privacy Index a good indicator for acoustic
comfort in an open plan area?. Retrieved July 2, 2007, from Ecophon Acoustic Bulletin
Web site: http://www.acousticbulletin.com/FR/PRIVACY_INTERNOISE.pdf

[6] Kates, J. M. (1987). The short-time Articulation Index. Retrieved July 2, 2007, from
Rehabilitation RandD Service Web Site Web site:
http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/87/24/4/pdf/kates.pdf

[7] Marsh, A. (1999). Speech Intelligibility. Retrieved July 2, 2007, from Department of
Electronics and Multimedia Communications Web site:
http://www.kemt.fei.tuke.sk/Predmety/KEMT320_EA/_web/Online_Course_on_Acousti
cs/intelligibility.html

[8] Roth, A. Langford, J. Meinke, D. Long, G. (2007). Using the AI to Manage Patient
Decisions. Retrieved July 2, 2007, from ADVANCE for Audiologists Web site:
http://audiology.advanceweb.com/Common/editorial/editorial.aspx?CC=10203

[9] Armstrong Australia/New Zealand, (2007). Glossary. Retrieved July 2, 2007, from
Armstrong Australia/New Zealand
Website: http://www.armstrong-aust.com.au/commclgpac/aus/ep/au/article16865.html

[10] Mueller, G. (1990, 09). An Easy Method for Calculating the Articulation Index.
Retrieved July 2, 2007, from Etymotic Research, Inc. Web site:
http://www.etymotic.com/pdf/erl-0020-1990.pdf
12
Appendix

Raw Data

Table 5: Data for Figure 1
200Hz = 23.1 dB(A)
250Hz = 30.4 dB(A)
315Hz = 34.4 dB(A)
400Hz = 38.2 dB(A)
500Hz = 41.8 dB(A)
630Hz = 43.1 dB(A)
800Hz = 44.2 dB(A)
1000Hz = 44 dB(A)
1250Hz = 42.6 dB(A)
1600Hz = 41 dB(A)
2000Hz = 38.2 dB(A)
2500Hz = 36.3 dB(A)
3150Hz = 34.2 dB(A)
4000Hz = 31 dB(A)
5000Hz = 26.5 dB(A)
6300Hz = 20.9 dB(A)


Table 6: Data for Figure 2
200Hz = 60 dB(A)
250Hz = 70 dB(A)
315Hz = 70 dB(A)
400Hz = 70 dB(A)
500Hz = 80 dB(A)
630Hz = 80 dB(A)
800Hz = 80 dB(A)
1000Hz = 80 dB(A)
1250Hz = 80 dB(A)
1600Hz = 80 dB(A)
2000Hz = 70 dB(A)
2500Hz = 70 dB(A)
3150Hz = 70 dB(A)
4000Hz = 70 dB(A)
5000Hz = 60 dB(A)
6300Hz = 60 dB(A)








Table 7: Data for Figure 3
200Hz = 23 dB(A)
250Hz = 30 dB(A)
315Hz = 34 dB(A)
400Hz = 38 dB(A)
500Hz = 41 dB(A)
630Hz = 43 dB(A)
800Hz = 44 dB(A)
1000Hz = 43 dB(A)
1250Hz = 42 dB(A)
1600Hz = 40 dB(A)
2000Hz = 38 dB(A)
2500Hz = 36 dB(A)
3150Hz = 44.2 dB(A)
4000Hz = 30 dB(A)
5000Hz = 26 dB(A)
6300Hz = 20 dB(A)


Table 8: Data for Figure 4
200Hz = 23 dB(A)
250Hz = 30 dB(A)
315Hz = 34 dB(A)
400Hz = 38 dB(A)
500Hz = 41 dB(A)
630Hz = 43 dB(A)
800Hz = 44 dB(A)
1000Hz = 43 dB(A)
1250Hz = 42 dB(A)
1600Hz = 40 dB(A)
2000Hz = 38 dB(A)
2500Hz = 36 dB(A)
3150Hz = 54.2 dB(A)
4000Hz = 30 dB(A)
5000Hz = 26 dB(A)
6300Hz = 20 dB(A)








Table 9: Data for Figure 5
200Hz = 23 dB(A)
250Hz = 30 dB(A)
315Hz = 34 dB(A)
400Hz = 38 dB(A)
500Hz = 41 dB(A)
630Hz = 43 dB(A)
800Hz = 44 dB(A)
1000Hz = 43 dB(A)
1250Hz = 42 dB(A)
1600Hz = 40 dB(A)
2000Hz = 38 dB(A)
2500Hz = 36 dB(A)
3150Hz = 64.2 dB(A)
4000Hz = 30 dB(A)
5000Hz = 26 dB(A)
6300Hz = 20 dB(A)








13
Calculations

Sample Calculation for table 10

Overall Level

Equation 3: Total A-Weighted Sound Pressure Level dB(A)
10
1
23.1 30.4 34.4 38.2 41.8 43.1 44.2 44 42.6
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
41 38.2 36.3 34.2 31 26.5 20.9
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10log 10
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10log 51.58 ( )
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
pi
L
n
pt
i
L
dB A
=

=




+ + + + + + + +

= =


+ + + + + + +

Equation 4: Articulation Index
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Articulation Index AI Weighting Linear Value
1 1 2 1 3.25 1 4.25 1 4.5 1 5.25 1 6.5 1 7.25 1
8.5 1 11.5 1 11 1 9.5 1 9 1 7.75 1 6.25 1 2.5 1 100%
=
= + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + =

Table 10: Calculation for Figure 1
1/3 Octave Centre
frequency Hz
AI lower level
dB(A)
AI upper level
dB(A) AI Weighting
dB(A) requirement
for this person linear value
Weight x
Linear
Value
200 23.1 53.1 1 23.1 1 0.01
250 30.4 60.4 2 30.4 1 0.02
315 34.4 64.4 3.25 34.4 1 0.0325
400 38.2 68.2 4.25 38.2 1 0.0425
500 41.8 71.8 4.5 41.8 1 0.045
630 43.1 73.1 5.25 43.1 1 0.0525
800 44.2 74.2 6.5 44.2 1 0.065
1000 44 74 7.25 44 1 0.0725
1250 42.6 72.6 8.5 42.6 1 0.085
1600 41 71 11.5 41 1 0.115
2000 38.2 68.2 11 38.2 1 0.11
2500 36.3 66.3 9.5 36.3 1 0.095
3150 34.2 64.2 9 34.2 1 0.09
4000 31 61 7.75 31 1 0.0775
5000 26.5 56.5 6.25 26.5 1 0.0625
6300 20.9 50.9 2.5 20.9 1 0.025
Overall Level dB(A) 51.58
Articulation Index 100%

14

Table 11: Calculation for Figure 2
1/3 Octave Centre
frequency Hz
AI lower level
dB(A)
AI upper level
dB(A) AI Weighting
dB(A) requirement
for this person linear value
Weight x
Linear
Value
200 23.1 53.1 1 60 0 0
250 30.4 60.4 2 70 0 0
315 34.4 64.4 3.25 70 0 0
400 38.2 68.2 4.25 70 0 0
500 41.8 71.8 4.5 80 0 0
630 43.1 73.1 5.25 80 0 0
800 44.2 74.2 6.5 80 0 0
1000 44 74 7.25 80 0 0
1250 42.6 72.6 8.5 80 0 0
1600 41 71 11.5 80 0 0
2000 38.2 68.2 11 70 0 0
2500 36.3 66.3 9.5 70 0 0
3150 34.2 64.2 9 70 0 0
4000 31 61 7.75 70 0 0
5000 26.5 56.5 6.25 60 0 0
6300 20.9 50.9 2.5 60 0 0
Overall Level dB(A) 88.28
Articulation Index 0%



Table 12: Calculation for Figure 3
1/3 Octave Centre
frequency Hz
AI lower level
dB(A)
AI upper level
dB(A) AI Weighting
dB(A) requirement
for this person linear value
Weight x
Linear
Value
200 23.1 53.1 1 23 1 0.01
250 30.4 60.4 2 30 1 0.02
315 34.4 64.4 3.25 34 1 0.0325
400 38.2 68.2 4.25 38 1 0.0425
500 41.8 71.8 4.5 41 1 0.045
630 43.1 73.1 5.25 43 1 0.0525
800 44.2 74.2 6.5 44 1 0.065
1000 44 74 7.25 43 1 0.0725
1250 42.6 72.6 8.5 42 1 0.085
1600 41 71 11.5 40 1 0.115
2000 38.2 68.2 11 38 1 0.11
2500 36.3 66.3 9.5 36 1 0.095
3150 34.2 64.2 9 44.2 0.6666667 0.06
4000 31 61 7.75 30 1 0.0775
5000 26.5 56.5 6.25 26 1 0.0625
6300 20.9 50.9 2.5 20 1 0.025
Overall Level dB(A) 51.81
Articulation Index 97%
15
Table 13: Calculation for Figure 4
1/3 Octave Centre
frequency Hz
AI lower level
dB(A)
AI upper level
dB(A) AI Weighting
dB(A) requirement
for this person linear value
Weight x
Linear
Value
200 23.1 53.1 1 23 1 0.01
250 30.4 60.4 2 30 1 0.02
315 34.4 64.4 3.25 34 1 0.0325
400 38.2 68.2 4.25 38 1 0.0425
500 41.8 71.8 4.5 41 1 0.045
630 43.1 73.1 5.25 43 1 0.0525
800 44.2 74.2 6.5 44 1 0.065
1000 44 74 7.25 43 1 0.0725
1250 42.6 72.6 8.5 42 1 0.085
1600 41 71 11.5 40 1 0.115
2000 38.2 68.2 11 38 1 0.11
2500 36.3 66.3 9.5 36 1 0.095
3150 34.2 64.2 9 54.2 0.3333333 0.03
4000 31 61 7.75 30 1 0.0775
5000 26.5 56.5 6.25 26 1 0.0625
6300 20.9 50.9 2.5 20 1 0.025
Overall Level dB(A) 55.89
Articulation Index 94%



Table 14: Calculation for Figure 5
1/3 Octave Centre
frequency Hz
AI lower level
dB(A)
AI upper level
dB(A) AI Weighting
dB(A) requirement
for this person linear value
Weight x
Linear
Value
200 23.1 53.1 1 23 1 0.01
250 30.4 60.4 2 30 1 0.02
315 34.4 64.4 3.25 34 1 0.0325
400 38.2 68.2 4.25 38 1 0.0425
500 41.8 71.8 4.5 41 1 0.045
630 43.1 73.1 5.25 43 1 0.0525
800 44.2 74.2 6.5 44 1 0.065
1000 44 74 7.25 43 1 0.0725
1250 42.6 72.6 8.5 42 1 0.085
1600 41 71 11.5 40 1 0.115
2000 38.2 68.2 11 38 1 0.11
2500 36.3 66.3 9.5 36 1 0.095
3150 34.2 64.2 9 64.2 0 0
4000 31 61 7.75 30 1 0.0775
5000 26.5 56.5 6.25 26 1 0.0625
6300 20.9 50.9 2.5 20 1 0.025
Overall Level dB(A) 64.4
Articulation Index 91%