Active site: where reactants bind and react. Reactants are referred to as substrates. Enzymes are flexible, and change shape (conformation) after binding Substrates have a certain affinity (attraction) to the enzyme active site. Affinity is dependent on hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions with R-groups
Speed - Reactions would be far too slow to sustain life without catalysts ***Do not make rxns more ender/exergonic or change G Temperature - Allow reactions to occur at much lower temperatures Regulation - Allow cell to control where, when, and how fast a reaction takes place
Enzyme regulation
1. Production
of enzyme 2. Location of enzyme 3. Presence of cofactor, coenzyme, or partner 4. Competetive inhibition 5. Allosteric regulation
1. 2. 3.
If the enzymes active site is blocked, the enzyme ceases to function. A lot of drugs compete for active sites on enzymes.
Allosteric means different structure The binding causes the enzyme to change shape and accept the substrates
The products are MORE disordered (have a higher entropy) The potential energy of the products is lower than the reactants
Peptide bonds are only formed in one direction The beginning of a protein is the N-terminus The end of a protein is the C-terminus Proteins run from N to C
Primary structure
Sequence of nucleotides Held together by covalent bonds Base pairing- hydrogen bonds
Secondary structure
DNA: two separate strands in a helical shape RNA: with itself!
Limited to RNA
Phosphate
Deoxyribose
Carbohydrates
11 22 11
Snip off as many glucose monomers as needed Use respiration to convert them CO and H O
2 2
Fats,