PREPARED BY SOUMI RAM

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TRANSFORMER
1.) INTRODUCTION
It is static device for transforming electrical energy from one alternating current ithout any change in fre!uency" It changes voltage from high to lo current" value and lo to high circuit to another

ith corres#onding increase or decrease in

If voltage is increased$ then it is said to %e ste##ed u# and if it is decreased then it is said to %e ste##ed do n"

2.) CONSTRUCTION
&ransformer consists of laminated cores made of s#ecial alloy steel having high resistance and lo hystersis loss" Each lamination is insulated from each other %y means of varnish in order to minimi'e eddy current losses" &he t o coils are ound on a closed magnetic circuit"

&he coil connected to su##ly is called #rimary (#) and the other coil is called secondary(s)" A single #hase transformer may %e designed ith #rimary inding ound on one lim% and secondary inding ound on other lim%" &his arrangement results in large se#aration %et een #rimary and secondary indings and hence a large lea*age reactance" In actual #ractice$ each lin* carries one half of the #rimary inding and one half of secondary inding so that the t o indings can %e cou#led closely together to *ee# the lea*age reactance lo " &he lo voltage (+",") inding is ound on the inside nearer to the core and high voltage (-",") inding is ound over the +"," inding a ay from core to reduce amount of insulating material re!uired"

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3.) PRINCIPLE
.araday/s lo of electromagnetic induction"

4.) WORKING
0hen one coil (#rimary) is connected to the A"1" su##ly current flo s and an alternating flu2 is set u# in core" Most of this flu2 lin*s ith the second coil (secondary)" An emf is induced in the coil %ased on the #rinci#le of .araday/s lo of electromagnetic induction" If the circuit is com#leted then current ill flo " &he secondary voltage de#ends u#on the ratio of secondary turns to #rimary turns"

5.) CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMERS

A11RODI34 &O 1ORE56 7) 1ORE &YPE 8) S-E++ &YPE A11ORDI34 &O PURPOSE USED .OR56 7) &RA3SMISSIO3 &RA3S.ORMER 8) DIS&RIBU&IO3 &RA3S.ORMER 9) 4E3ERA&OR &RA3S.ORMER (1urrent and #otential transformers) A11ORDI34 &O ME&-OD O. 1OO+I3456 7) SE+. 1OO+ED 8) AIR .OR1E 1OO+ED 9) OI+ SE+. 1OO+ED :) ROR1ED OI+ 1OO+ED 0I&- AIR OR 0A&ER A11ORDI34 &O .RE;UE31Y 4ROUPS56 7) PO0ER .RE;UE31Y &RA3S.ORMER (<= ->) 8) AUDIO .RE;UE31Y &RA3S.ORMER (8= -> &O <= ->) 9) RADIO .RE;UE31Y &RA3S.ORMER (ABOU& <= ?->) A11ORDI34 &O SPE1I.I1 APP+I1A&IO3S56 7) RE1&I.IER &RA3S.ORMER 8) RE4U+A&I34 &RA3S.ORMER 9) 0E+DI34 &RA3S.ORMER :) &RA1&IO3 &RA3S.ORMER <) .UR3A1E &RA3S.ORMER

6.) EMF EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER

rms value of induced emf in #rimary inding E7 @ :"::fAma237 6666666666667) rms value of induced emf in secondary E8 @ :"::fAma238 6666666666668) 0here$ inding

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f @ fre!uency in -> Ama2 @ #ea* flu2 in 0B 37$ 38 @ num%er of turns in #rimary and secondary

.or ideal transformer on no6load ,7 @ E7 B ,8 @ E8 ,8 C ,7 @ E8 C E7 @ 38 C 37 @ ? ? @ &ransformation ratio .or Ste# U# transformer ?D7 .or Ste# Do n transformer ?E7 Ideally OU&PU& @ I3PU& ,7I71OSA7 @ ,8I81OSA8 I7CI8 @ ,8C,7 @ 38C37 @ ? Ratio of secondary current and #rimary current is inversely #ro#ortional to ?"

7.) TRANSFORMER ON NO LOAD

&ransformer is or*ing on no load hen secondary inding is o#en" 1urrent dra n hen transformer is on no load is often called e2citing current and meets the iron losses of the core" &he no load current to I = has t o com#onents"

8.) MAGNETIZING OR REACTIVE COMPONENT

IF is the no load current lagging %ehind the a##lied voltage %y G= H" &his com#onent of current is res#onsi%le for #roducing flu2 in core"

9.) WORKING ON ACTIVE COMPONENT

I of no load current in #hase ith a##lied voltage ," &his com#onent re#resents losses in the core" IF @ I= 1OSA= I0 @ I= SI3A= I= @ I ( IF8 J I08 ) Po er .actor at no load @ 1OSA= @ I0 C I= Po er re!uired P= @ ,7I=1OSA=

10.) TRANSFORMER ON LOAD

&he transformer under no load condition dra s current I = hich sets u# flu2 A in the core" 0hen the secondary inding is connected across the load$ flu2 A + is #roduced in core due to current I 8" .lu2 A8 acts in o##osition to A" &hus there is tendency of flu2 to reduce RESU+&A3& .+UK in effect tends to reduce the induced emf E 7$ in #rimary inding" &he #rimary inding E7@,7" &his current is sho n as I7" In the figure secondary current I8 is sho n in #hase or resistive$ inductive and ca#acitive load res#ectively" ith secondary voltage

11.) LEAKAGE FLUX IN A TRANSFORMER

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&he flu2 hich lin*s ith the inding of transformer is called lea*age flu2" .igure sho s A 7I as lea*age flu2 of #rimary hich does not lin* ith secondary and A 8I as lea*age flu2 hich does not lin* ith #rimary" &he lea*age flu2 induces self induced emf in that inding to hich it %elongs" Its effect can %e accounted #utting self inductance in series ith inding i"e" K 7 B K8"

12.) TESTING OF TRANSFORMER

&he #erformance of the transformer can %e calculated on the %asis of its e!uivalent circuit hich contains four main #arameter the e!uivalent resistance R =7 as referred to as #rimary$ the e!uivalent lea*age reactance K=7 as referred to #rimary$ the core loss conductance 4 = and the magneti'ing susce#tance B="&his constant or #arameters can %e easily determined %y t o test" (I)OPE3 1IR1UI& &ES& &he #ur#ose of this test is to determine 3o load loss or core loss and 3o load I =$ finding Ro and Ko" hich is hel#ful in

One inding of the transformer6 hichever$ is convenient %ut usually high voltage inding Lis left o#en and other is connected to it s su##ly its normal voltage and fre!uency" As the #rimary no load current Io is small$ 1u loss is negligi%ly small in #rimary and nil in secondary (It %eing o#en)" -ence$ the attmeter reading re#resents #ractically the core loss under no load condition" 0@,7I=cosM=$ &herefore cosM= @ 0C ,7I= IN@ I=sinM=$ I @ I=cosM=$ K=@ ,7CIN R=@ ,7CI

(II) S-OR& 1IR1UI& OR IMPEDA31E &ES& (i) E!uivalent im#edance$ lea*age reactance and total resistance of the transformer as referred to the inding in hich the measuring instruments are re#laced" (ii) 1u losses at full load" &his loss is used in calculating the efficiency of the transformer" (iii) ?no ing >=7 and >=8 the total voltage dro# in the transformer as referred to #rimary or secondary can %e calculated and hence regulation if the transformer determined "

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 Since in this test$ the a##lied voltage is a small #ercentage of the normal voltage$ the mutual flu2 M #roduced is also a small #ercentage of its normal value" -ence$ core losses are very small ith the result that the attmeter reading re#resents the full load 1u loss or I 8 R loss for the hole transformer i"e" %oth #rimary 1u loss and secondary 1u loss" If , sc is the voltage re!uired to circulate rated load currents$ then >=7 is e!ual to ,scC I7" Also$ 0@I78 R=7 &herefore$ R=7@ 0C I7" K=7@I >=786 R=78 (III) BA1? &O BA1? &ES& &his test #rovides data for finding the regulation$ efficiency and heating under load conditions and is em#loyed only hen t o similar transformer are availa%le" One transformer is loaded on the other and %oth are connected to su##ly" &he #o er ta*en from the su##ly is that necessary for su##lying the losses of %oth transformers and the negligi%ly small losses in the control circuit" As sho n in figure$ #rimaries of the t o transformers are connected in #arallel across the same a"c" su##ly ith s itch as o#en$ the attmeter 07 reads the core losses for the t o transformers"

13.) EFFICIENCY OF A TRANSFORMER

&he efficiency of a transformer at a #articular load and #o er factor is defined as the out#ut divided %y the in#ut L the t o %eing measured in the same unit" Efficiency @ out#ut C in#ut But a As sho n in figure$ #rimaries of the t o transformer are connected in #arallel across the same a"c" su##ly ith s itch as o#en $ the attmeter 0 7 reads the core losses for the t o transformer %eing a highly efficient #iece of e!ui#ment$ has very small losses$ hence it is im#ractical ho tried to measure As sho n in figure$ #rimaries of the t o transformer are connected in #arallel across the same a"c" su##ly ith s itch as o#en $ the attmeter 0 7 reads the core losses for the t o transformer$ efficiency %y measuring in#ut and out#ut a %etter method is to determine the losses and then to calculate the efficiency from $ Efficiency @ out#utC (out#ut Jlosses) @ out#utC (out#ut J 1u losses Jiron losses) It may %e noted here that efficiency is %ased on #o er out#ut in atts and not in volt6am#ere$ although losses are #ro#ortional to ,A" -ence at any volt6am#ere load$ the efficiency de#ends on #o er factor$ %eing ma2imum at a #o er factor at unity" Efficiency can %e com#uted %y determining core losses from 3o load or o#en circuit test and 1u losses from the short circuit test"

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1O3DI&IO3 .OR MAK" E..I1IE31Y .or ma2" efficiency 1u losses @ iron losses" 0i@ I78 R=7 or I88 R=8 &he out#ut current corres#onding to ma2" efficiency is I8 @ I0i C R=8"

14.) THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTION

&here are various methods availa%le for transforming three #hase voltages to higher or lo er voltages i"e" for handling a considera%le amount of #o er" &he most common connections are (i) star6star$ (ii) star Ldelta (iii) delta6delta (iv) delta6star (v) o#en delta or ,6, (vi) Scott or &6& connection"

(i) Star L star or Y6Y connection &his connection is most economical for small$ high voltage transformers %ecause the num%er of turns #er #hase and the amount of insulation re!uired is minimum" &he ratio of line voltage on the #rimary and secondary is the same as the transformation ratio of each transformer" -o ever$ there is a #hase shift of 9== %et een the #hase voltage and lie voltage %oth on the #rimary and secondary sides" &his connection or*s satisfactorily only if the load is %alanced" (ii) Star Ldelta connection &he main use of this connection is at the su%station end of the transmission line here the voltage is to %e ste##ed do n" &here is a 9= = shift %et een the #rimary and the secondary line voltages" 0hich means that star L delta transformer %an* cannot %e #arallel ith either a star6star or delta Ldelta %an*" Also$ third harmonics current flo s in the delta to #rovide sinusoidal flu2" (iii) delta6delta connection &his connection is economical for large$ lo voltage transformer in hich insulation #ro%lem is not so urgent$ %ecause it increases the no of turns #er #hase" &he ratio of transformation %et een #rimary and secondary line voltage is e2actly the same as that of each transformer" An added advantage of this connection is that if one transformer %ecomes disa%led$ the system can continue to o#erate in o#en delta or in ,6, although ith reduced availa%le ca#acity" &he reduced ca#acity is <OP and not QQ"RP of the normal value" (iv) delta6star connection &his connection is generally em#loyed here it is necessary to ste# u# of the voltage at the %eginning of the high tension transmission system" &he neutral of the secondary is grounded for #roviding the three #hase four ire service" &his connection is not o#en to the o%Section of the floating neutral and voltage distortion %ecause the e2istence of the delta connection allo s a #ath for the third harmonic current" It ould %e o%served that the #rimary and secondary line voltages and line currents are out of #hase ith each other %y 9=="Because of 9== shift it is im#ossi%le to #arallel such a %an* ith a delta6 delta or star6star %an* of transformers even though the voltage ration are correctly adSusted"

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