1. Sporogenesis a) Microsporogenesis b) Megasporogenesis 2. Gametogenesis 3. Pollination (Pendebungaan) 4. Fertilization (Persenya aan) !.

"mbryogeny# seed and $ruit de%elopment

Reproductive Process in Angiosperms

Sexual Reproduction
& Seeds & Fundamental o$ propagation ('sas pembia(an) ) meiosis (se*) & Fundamental o$ propagation ('sas pembia(an) ) mitosis (ase*) + ,ccur in o%ary-pistil and stamen-ant.er

& Meiosis

/ 0ucleus undergo reduction di%ision

(2n)# diploid c.romosome numbers reduced to .aploid (n) and genetic segregation occurs / Fundamental o$ se*ual propagation / 1ell di%ision in ant.er-stamen and o%ary-pistil (reduction di%ision)

& Sporogenesis 1) Pollen mot.er cells undergo process meiosis to $orm microspores
Diploid (2n)

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Haploid (n)

Sporogenesis 2) Megaspore mot.er cells undergo meiosis and $orm megaspores

Diploid (2n)

Meiosis I Meiosis II

Haploid (n)

& Gametogenesis / Forming male gametes 2 ) Forming pollen grain (2 sperm nuclei)
Haploid (n) Haploid (n) Haploid (n)

Mitosis

Mitosis

& Gametogenesis / Forming $emale gametes 2 ) Forming embryo sac (3 nuclei)

Haploid (n)

Mitosis

Mitosis

Mitosis

Haploid (n)

Haploid (n)

Haploid (n)

Seed Forming Process in Angiosperm

& & & & & Sporogenesis Gametogenesis Pollination (Pendebungaan) Fertilization (Persenya aan) "mbryony and seed and $ruit de%elopment

& Pollination / Pollen trans$er $rom ant.er to stigma

'nt.er Pollen

Stigma

Pollen

& Fertili ation Dou!le "ertili ation Fusion o$ 2 nuclei4

/ 1 sperm nucleus $use it. an egg cell ) zygote (2n+diploid) ) embryo / 1 more sperm nucleus $use it. 2 polar nuclei ) endosperm (3n+ triploid)

& Fertili ation#Persen$a%aan / 5ouble $ertilization-persenya aan ganda dua 1 sperm nucleus 6 egg 7 zygote (2n) 1 sperm nucleus 6 2 polar nuclei 7 endosperm (3n)

& &m!r$ogen$' seed and "ruit development

& Homo $gous / .omologous c.romosomes it.in a nucleus contain simillar alleles

& Hetero $gous / .omologous c.romosomes it.in a nucleus contain disimillar alleles / .eterozygous plants can be propagated %egetati%ely to produce clones

& Homo $gous plants propagated t.roug. seeds P 7 parental generation ) (omo $gous

)
4

P gametes

RR R(red)

rr ( .ite)

& F* .ybrids / (etero $gous F1 4

Rr (red)

)
Rr (red)

F1 gametes 4 8 r F2 plants 4 (omo $gous or (etero $gous F2 4

RR (red) Rr (red) rr ( .ite)

F* gametes R

RR (red)

Rr (red)

Rr (red)

rr ( .ite)

F2 p.enotypics and genotypics ratio + 4 * (3 red) ( 1 .ite) (p(enot$pic ratio)

RR

Rr

Rr

rr

* 1 88

2 2 8r

* (genot$pic ratio) 1 rr

Apomixes / "mbryo $ormation (seed) it.out $ertilization e.g4 zygote $orm it.out meiosis and $ertilization / Genotype zygote and embryo same it. mot.er plant (seed parent)

*) Recurrent apomixes + embryo $orm t.roug. egg nucleus it.out $ertilization and %it(out meiosis + embryo remained diploid (2n) e.g. onion# 9entuc(y blue grass# apple 2) ,oncurrent apomixes + embryo $orm t.roug. egg nucleus it.out $ertilization !ut meiosis (ad occurred + embryo .aploid (1n) # rarely occurred

& Poliem!r$on$ + nucellar or ad%entitious embryony-apomi*is + a $e embryo $orm ad%entitiously t.roug. nucellar cell + embryo genotype same it. mot.er plant (apomi*is) e.g. citrus and mangoes .a%e more t.an one embryo in one seed