India - Afghanistan Relations: Indias Role in Reconstruction of Afghanistan

India and Afghanistan have a strong relationship based on historical and cultural links. India has played a significant role in the reconstruction and rehabilitation of Afghanistan. India, Afghanistan believes that democracy and development are the key instruments to ensure that Afghanistan becomes a source of regional stability. This has been reflected in the trategic !artnership Agreement, signed bet"een Afghanistan and India during Afghan !resident #amid $ar%ai&s visit to India in 'ctober ()**, "hich reinforced the strong, vibrant and multifaceted relations bet"een the t"o countries and at the same time formali%ed a frame"ork for cooperation in various areas bet"een the t"o countries: political + security cooperation, trade + economic cooperation, capacity development and education, and social, cultural, civil society + people-to-people relations. This agreement is a strong signal of our abiding commitment to peace, stability and prosperity in Afghanistan during this critical period of security and governance transition. The commitment is also reflected in our e-tensive developmental assistance programme, "hich no" stands at around . /( billion, making India the 0thlargest bilateral donor in Afghanistan after the . , .$, 1apan and 2ermany. This, by any reckoning, is a substantial amount for a non-traditional donor like India. In ()**, 3anmohan ingh, !rime 3inister of India said that 4violence in Afghanistan "as undermining security in outh Asia and India "ould tand by Afghanistan after . troops 5ithdre" from the country in ()*67 India shares the collective commitment of the international community to the unity, integrity and prosperity of Afghanistan. A peaceful and stable Afghanistan is in Indias interest, as also the interests of the region and the 5orld. The trauma and the destruction Afghanistan faced in the *88)s re9uires a comprehensive effort to rebuild and reconstruct a "ar torn society and economy. India as a close neighbour and friend has sought to play its role in this effort.:Indias e-panding partnership "ith Afghanistan has gro"n into multi-sectoral activities in all parts of Afghanistan. Indias reconstruction and developmental programmes in Afghanistan follo" priorities of the Afghan 2overnment and people. These encompass education, medical services, transport, telecommunications, civil aviation, agriculture, irrigation, po"er generation, industry, and rural development. India is building in Afghanistan structures from public toilets to transmission lines. A strong political relationship under"rites this partnership. 'ne of Indias important infrastructure pro;ects in outh-5estern Afghanistan, the high"ay from <aran; to =elaram, "as inaugurated by !resident #amid $ar%ai and Indias >-ternal Affairs 3inister !ranab 3ukher;ee on ((nd 1anuary, ())8. ?uilt at the cost of precious Afghan and Indian lives lost in the course of its construction, the high"ay is a symbol of Indias commitment to Afghanistan.

In keeping "ith Afghanistans priorities, in the latest phase of its development activities, India has focussed on capacity building and human resource development. 2iven the decades of destruction and dismantlement of state structures, Indias latest efforts are helping accelerate the massive institution-building currently under"ay in Afghanistan. There has been an enthusiastic response to the 0)) short and medium-term training slots provided annually to Afghan public servants, as also to the 0)) scholarships to Afghan students to study in India at the under-graduate and post-graduate levels. ?oth these activities are being substantially augmented. >ducation has been the greatest single factor catalysing Indias transformation, and so it shall be for Afghanistan. @rom mid-())8, the first of the Afghan graduates "ill begin returning to Afghanistan and commence their contribution to the reconstruction of their country. Afghanistan became the latest member of the outh Asia Association of Regional Aooperation at the *6th AARA ummit in Be" =elhi in ())C, making AARAs "estern boundaries contiguous to Iran and Aentral Asia. 5ith this, Afghanistan could once again become the cross-roads bet"een Aentral and outh Asia, linking the regional countries together in a trade, transportation and energy hub. The region has the "orlds largest and most rapidly e-panding markets. $andahari anars are a treasured delicacy, of "hich India consumes almost half of the Afghan e-ports. Together, India and Afghanistan intend to "ork "ith our neighbours to dismantle trade and transit barriers for free movement of goods, investments, and peoples and unfettered and constructive regional relationships. ince ())D the rising spectre of terrorism and violence has targeted Indian developmental pro;ects in Afghanistan. The effectiveness and popularity of these programmes has led to attacks on them by the enemies of Afghanistans progress and stability. A number of Indian technicians along "ith an even larger number of their Afghan colleagues have been killed in such terrorist attacks. The Indian >mbassy in $abul "as itself directly attacked on Cth 1uly, ())E leading to the death of a number of >mbassy personnel and scores of Afghan nationals "aiting to receive visas to travel to India. India is determined to continue the "ork of these martyrs to India-Afghanistan friendship. Indias commitment to the reconstruction and development of Afghanistan remains un"avering.

Reconstruction of Afghanistan by India

India has played an active role in the reconstruction of Afghanistan, based on the understanding that social and economic development is key to ensuring that Afghanistan becomes a source of regional stability. Indias pledged assistance to Afghanistan stands at *.( billion . dollars. Indian pro;ects cover all parts of Afghanistan, in a "ide range of sectors, identified by the Afghanistan as priority areas for reconstruction and development. All the pro;ects are undertaken in partnership "ith the Afghan government, in total alignment "ith the Afghanistan Bational =evelopment trategy, and "ith focus on local o"nership of assets.

An innovative element has been the focus on small and community-based development pro;ects, "ith a short gestation period and having a direct impact on community life, unveiled during !rime 3inister =r. 3anmohan inghs visit to Afghanistan in August ())0. The latest phase of the bilateral development partnership focuses on capacity development and building Afghan institutions. Indias assistance activities and development partnership "ith Afghanistan covers four broad areas:

Humanitarian Assistance
*. =aily supply of *)) grams of fortified, high-protein biscuits to nearly ( million children under a chool @eeding !rogramme administered through the 5orld @ood !rogramme. (. 2ift of (0),))) metric tonnes of "heat, announced in 1anuary ())8 to help Afghanistan tide over its current food crisis, to be shipped immediately, sub;ect to transit and transportation arrangements being finalised. F. @ree medical consultation and medicines through 0 Indian 3edical 3issions to over F),))) Afghans monthly. 6. Reconstruction of Indira 2andhi Institute of Ahild #ealth in $abul. 0. 2ifting of vehicles G6)) buses and ()) mini-buses for mass urban transportation, *)0 utility vehicles for municipalities, (E0 military vehicles for the Afghan Bational Army, and *) ambulances for public hospitals in five citiesH. D. @ive toilet-cum-public sanitation comple-es in $abul.

Major Infrastructure Projects

*. Aonstruction of (*E km road from <aran; to =elaram to facilitate movement of goods and services from Afghanistan to the Iranian border and, on"ard, to the Ahahbahar !ort GcompletedH. (. Aonstruction of (()kI =A transmission line from !ul-e-$humri to $abul and a (()J**)J() kI sub-station at Ahimtala to bring additional po"er from the northern grid to $abul Gcompletion by April ())8H. F. Aonstruction and commissioning of alma =am po"er pro;ect G6( 35H in #erat province Gcompletion by ()**H. 6. Aonstruction of the Afghan !arliament Gcompletion by ()**H. 0. Restoration of telecommunication infrastructure in ** provinces GcompletedH.

D. >-pansion of national TI net"ork by providing an uplink from $abul and do"nlinks in all F6 provincial capitals for promoting greater integration of the country GcompletedH.

Small and community-based development Projects

These are in vulnerable border areas, "ith focus on local o"nership and management and e-tend to agriculture, rural development, education, health, vocational training, and solar energy. These have a direct, immediate and visible impact on community life. *. E6 small pro;ects are under different stages of implementation in *8 provinces of Afghanistan

Education and capacity development

*. Reconstruction of #abibia chool, $abul. (. 0)) annual long-term university scholarships sponsored by the Indian Aouncil for Aultural Relations for under-graduate and postgraduate studies for Afghan students in India. F. 0)) annual short-term IT>A training programmes for Afghan public servants in Indian technical and professional institutions of their choice. 6. =eputation of () Indian civil servants as coaches and mentors under Aapacity for Afghan !ublic Administration GAA!H programme supported by .B=! and the 2overnments of Afghanistan and India. 0. IndiaKAfghanistan Iocational Training Aentre for training Afghan youth in carpentry, plumbing, "elding, masonry and tailoring e-ecuted by the Aonfederation of Indian Industries. D. 5omens Iocational Training Aentre in ?aghe-<anana for training of Afghan "omen G"ar"ido"s and orphansH in garment making, nursery plantation, food processing and marketing, e-ecuted by the "ell-kno"n Indian B2' >5A G elf->mployed 5omens AssociationH. C. Aapacity building programmes are also under"ay in the fields of diplomacy, media and information, civil aviation, agricultural research and education, health care and medicinal science, tourism, education, standardisation, rural development, public administration, electoral management and administration, and local governance.

ontribution to the school feeding Programme

A ma;or initiative of the 2overnment of Afghanistan in ())( "as the 4?ack to chool7 campaign. This has been a success, "ith D.6 million children no" in schools, a third of them girls. A critical component of this programme "as the chool @eeding !rogramme, to encourage attendance and enhance school performance, especially for girl students. In 1une ())(, "hen 5orld @ood !rogramme G5@!H "as facing a serious resource shortfall and "as looking for donors to fund the ne" school feeding operation, India proposed conversion of the one million tonnes of "heat donated by India Gthat could not be transported to Afghanistan due to transit difficultiesH into high protein biscuits to be distributed in schools, in partnership "ith 5@!. *. The distribution started in ())F and is still continuing. @or the school year ())E-)8, F(,))) tonnes of biscuits are being supplied to Afghanistan. (. >veryday, nearly t"o million Afghan school children in FF out of F6 provinces Ge-cluding $abulH receive a packet each of *)) gms of biscuits. F. This provides children necessary nutrients to prevent shortterm hunger and encourages school attendance. It has, thus, been a big factor in increasing school enrolment in Afghanistan.

!e" food Aid

=uring !resident #amid $ar%ais "orking visit to India on *(th 1anuary, ())8, the Indian !rime 3inister =r. 3anmohan ingh announced that in order to help the fraternal people of Afghanistan in tiding over their current food crisis, India "ould gift Afghanistan a 9uarter of a million metric tonnes of "heat. The shipment is to be effected immediately, as soon as transit and transportation arrangements are finalised. 'f this, *))K*0),))) metric tonnes is e-pected to go to"ards creation of Afghanistans strategic food reserves. The supply of the "heat "ill be a considerable logistical e-ercise, involving transportation by sea to Iran and thereafter overland to Afghanistan by road. A faster and cheaper route across !akistan by road and trains "ould depend on facilitation by !akistan.

Public Health
3edical services in Afghanistan "ere badly affected due to decades of fighting. To attend to the massive and urgent medical needs, India rushed a team of *F doctors and paramedics to $abul in end-())*. Aamps for fitting artificial limbs "ere held in different parts of Afghanistan throughout ())(. ince then, five Indian 3edical 3issions GI33sH have been "orking in $abul, #erat, 1alalabad, $andahar and 3a%ar-e- harif, attending and disbursing medicines to F),))) patients per month. The five I33s cater to the poorest of the poor patients, many of "hom come for consultation and free medicines from the contiguous provinces. Bearly FD),))) patients are availing of these services annually.

India undertook the rehabilitation of the Indira 2andhi Institute for Ahild #ealth GI2IA#H in $abul, the largest paediatric hospital in Afghanistan, and completed its ne" threestoried urgical ?lock in ())0. The !olyclinic ?lock "as completed in ())C. Bo", the ne"ly constructed =iagnostic ?lock is being e9uipped "ith diagnostic e9uipment, including AT scan and 3RI facilities. Aapacity building of Afghan doctors is a vital component of assistance and batches of I2IA# specialists train at the All India Institute of 3edical ciences, Be" =elhi. .nder the mall =evelopment !ro;ect cheme, India has built basic health clinics in the border provinces of ?adakshan, ?alkh, $andahar, $host, $unar, Bangarhar, Bimro%, Booristan, !aktia and !aktika. In ())E, India provided the Afghan 3inistry of !ublic #ealth ten ambulances, t"o each for use in $abul and the regional hospitals in 1alalabad, $andahar, #erat and 3a%ar-e- harif. I2IA# and the 3alalai #ospital in $abul are being linked "ith reputed Indian hospitals through a AARA Telemedicine !ro;ect Gthis "ill become operational by August ())8H.

#aranj-delaram High"ay
This (*E kms long high"ay provides connectivity to the very end of outh-"estern Afghanistan and Iran by linking <aran; to the $andahar-#erat high"ay. It "ill also further regional cooperation by encouraging ne" trade and transit through the Iranian port of Ahahbahar and provides a supplementary and shorter access of Afghanistan to the sea. The high"ay "as inaugurated by !resident #amid $ar%ai and >-ternal Affairs 3inister !ranab 3ukher;ee on ((nd 1anuary ())8. In addition to the high"ay, the Indian construction team also built 0E kilometres of inner-city roads, 6) kms in <aran;, *) kms in 2urguri and E kms connecting 2urguri to Ra%ai. ince the main road "as built on a ne" alignment, the logistics involved, both in terms of men and materials, "as mammoth: FF8 engineers and "orkers from India and many more from Afghanistan "ere engaged in the pro;ect. Let, compared to the cost of other roads constructed in Afghanistan, the total cost "as modest: *0) million . dollars, a tribute to the pro;ect management team. >leven Indians and *(8 Afghans lost their lives during the construction period. 'f the ** Indians, si- "ere killed in terrorist attacks and 0 died in accidents. The completion of the road reflects the determination of both India and Afghanistan that nothing can prevent or hinder collaboration bet"een our t"o countries.

#aranj $ %elaram& Positive results

The population of <aran; to"n increased from 00,))) "hen the road construction began in ())6 to over *)),))) today.

*. Mand values along the road have gone up. !assenger traffic has picked up, no" regular buses have begun to supplement ta-is. (. The ;ourney from end-to-end, bet"een =elaram and <aran;, that used to take *( to *6 hours, is completed in ;ust over t"o hours no". F.Aompared to an average of five truck or container load of goods coming through <aran;, the average number today is over 0). 6. 5ith trade volumes steadily going up, the customs revenue collection at 3ilak ?ridge, <aran;, is increasing every month.

Po"er and 'ransmission

!o"er generation and transmission is a significant part of Indias assistance package to Afghanistan.

Pul-e-(humri to (abul transmission line and chimtala sub-station

*. Aonstruction of (() $I =ouble Aircuit Transmission Mine G()( $mH from !ul-e-$humri to $abul and (()J**)J() $I ub-station at Ahimtala near $abul Gt"o *D) 3IA transformers and three 6) 3IA transformersH began in ())0. (. The transmission line is already in use, since (*st 1anuary ())8, and the sub-station "ill be fully commissioned by April ())8, before Afghanistan gets additional (() $I electricity supply from .%bekistan. The transmission line passes over the alang Range at a height of 6))) mts. F. In 1anuary ())8, India committed to construct an additional sub-station for local electricity distribution at Aharikar, for "hich the design and tendering "ork has been completed.

Salma dam Po"er Project

India has begun construction of the alma =am !o"er !ro;ect on river #ari Rud G*D( $m east of #erat to"nH in #erat !rovince in ())6. This "ill be commissioned by ()**. The pro;ect envisages generation of 6( 35 electricity, besides adding an irrigation potential of 6),))) hectares and stabilising supply to the e-isting F0,))) hectares irrigated by the #ari Rud.

)ther Projects
In ())C, India supplied e9uipment for a *(0 $m transmission line from Andhkhoi to 3aimana, three **)J() $I sub-stations at 3aimana, @ai%abad and 1uma ?a%ar, and four ()J).6 $I pole-mounted sub-stations in @aryab province.

?et"een ())F and ())C, 0) deep tube "ells "ere dug in ?adgis, ?aghlan, ?alkh, @aryab, #erat and 1a"%;an provinces. India completed the rehabilitation of Amir 2ha%i and Nuargha reservoirs in ())C. In addition, India carried out surveys and feasibility studies for rehabilitation of micro-hydro po"er pro;ects and supplied solar po"er panels in several provinces, including for the Teachers Training Aentre, hignan, ?adakhshan.

'he Salma %am

It is a 00) metres long, *)C metres high-earth and rock-filled dam. It has 0*6 million cubic metres live storage and DDF million cubic metres gross "ater storage capacities. It involves a surface po"erhouse, "ith three units of *6 35 each. It includes **) $I transmission line from Ahisht-e- harif to #erat, "ith 0F( to"ers over a distance of *6F kms.

Support to %emocracy
The emergency Moya 1irgah follo"ed by the Aonstitutional Moya 1irgah restored Afghanistan to its traditional democratic traditions. Thereafter, presidential and parliamentary elections "ere held in ())6 and ())0, respectively, "hen democratic processes under the ne" Afghan Aonstitution attained a firmer footing.

Parliament building
As its contribution to the establishment of democratic institutions in Afghanistan, India committed to construct the ne" !arliament building in $abul. Its foundation stone "as laid by ?aba-e-3illat, <ahir hah, in the presence of the !resident of Afghanistan and the !rime 3inister of India in ())0. After finalisation of design "ork and architectural plans, construction commenced in 1anuary ())8 and is e-pected to be finished in FD months time.

Parliamentary e*changes and training of Parliament staffers

The Indian !arliament maintains an e-change of visits "ith the 5olesi and 3eshrano 1irgas. 'fficials of the Bational Assembly secretariat are trained in Indias ?ureau of !arliamentary tudy + Training.

Independent election commission

Afghanistans Independent >lection Aommission and Indias >lection Aommission members and officials have regular e-changes, mutual visits for study and observation, and training activities, based on a 3emorandum of .nderstanding bet"een the t"o institutions.

'ransport and ommunication

In late ())*, after a decade of devastation and faced "ith the pressure of returning refugees, $abul and the provinces found themselves bereft of public transport facilities. Responding to the need, India gifted 6)) buses to Afghanistan, of "hich ()0 "ere deployed in $abul and the balance in (0 provinces of Afghanistan. This "as supplemented by ()) mini-buses, particularly for use in hilly regions and to connect outlaying villages to urban centres. 3unicipalities "ere gifted *)0 utility vehicles, including "ater and cesspit tankers and garbage dumpers.

ivil Aviation
In order to get the national carrier, the Ariana Afghan Airlines, 9uickly operational, India gifted three airbus aircrafts, along "ith essential spares, and retrained airline officials to develop capacity in the civilian aviation sector of Afghanistan. India is currently in the process of e-tending further training opportunities in air traffic control, airport management and pilot and navigational training.

'elecommunication
India undertook the emergency restoration of telecommunication infrastructure in ** provinces in ())0 "ith installation of e9uipment including digital telephone e-changes, "ith infrastructure facilities including to"ers and po"er supply systems. In collaboration "ith .!., I!. and the 2overnment of Afghanistan, India established 3ultipurpose Aommunity Tele-centres G3ATsH to provide IAT services through post offices in *( provincial capitals in Afghanistan. The Indian component of the pro;ect "as completed in eptember ())C.

'+ uplin, and do"nlin, facility

@or Afghanistans national integration and for access to public radio and television all over Afghanistan, India e-ecuted a pro;ect to uplink Radio and Television Afghanistan GRTAH and provide do"n link facilities in all provinces. RTA signals are no" being transmitted to the provinces via the Indian satellite IB AT FA.

Small and ommunity -ased %evelopment Projects

!rime 3inister of India announced an innovative ne" scheme for mall and Aommunitybased =evelopment !ro;ects during his visit to $abul in August ())0. The scheme relates to 9uick-impact, small-scale pro;ects in sectors such as agriculture, rural development, education, health, vocational training, etc., "ith a budget, typically, of less than * million . dollars. These can be implemented very 9uickly Gin si- to t"elve monthsH and are conceived at the grass-root levels. The pro;ects are implemented by local contractors. The ob;ective is to create a sense of partnership and o"nership in the local communities, particularly in the vulnerable border districts in the southern and eastern provinces of Afghanistan, to help develop them and bring visible benefits to the local community.

>ighty-four small pro;ects are under different stages of implementation in *8 provinces of Afghanistan.

apacity for Afghan Public Administration

ince ())C, Indian civil servants have been deputed to government departments in Afghanistan under a tripartite Afghanistan-India-.B=! programme for Aapacity for Afghan !ublic Administration GAA!H for nurturing professional skills in Afghanistan public administration. There are currently t"enty Indian AA! officers in key Afghan ministries. They are strictly there as mentors and guides and for developing training modules for Afghan public servants. They are neither advisors, nor do they perform line functions. They have been positioned e-pressly to develop Afghan capacities. This uni9ue programme has had great success, "ith a demand for more such mentors and guides to be brought in.

Industry and commerce

In order to kick start industrial activity in Afghanistan and promote mutual trade, India has helped restore the Industrial !ark in !ul-e-Aharkhi, provided preferential access in India for items of e-port interest to Afghanistan, and given an >OI3 ?ank credit facility for small and medium Afghan enterprises.

ommon facility and tool room centre. Pul-e-char,hi

5hen the Afghan 2overnment decided to restore the Industrial !ark at !ul-e-Aharkhi, India set up the Aommon @acility and Tool Room there in ())0. This is currently providing facilities and tools re9uired in industrial productions processes, particularly for automotives, te-tiles, general engineering, and consumer products.

Preferential trade Agreement

Through this Agreement, India provides Afghanistan duty-free access to the import of dried figs, mulberries, pistachio, roasted pine nuts, fresh melons, asafoetida, lapis la%uli, ruby and emeralds. A 0) percent duty concession has been e-tended on green, red, golden and black raisins, "alnuts, almonds, fresh grapes, apples, apricots, pomegranates, anise, cara"ay, linseed, alpha and sesame seeds, and dried apricots, plums and sour cherries. The full duty e-emption and 0) percent duty e-emption applies to all items of high e-port interest to Afghanistan. India also assists Afghan e-porters to participate in important Indian trade fairs to e-hibit and promote their products.

redit facility to promote trade and Investment

In order to e-pand entrepreneurship and business-to-business cooperation, especially bet"een small and medium enterprises of India and Afghanistan, India has offered to Afghanistan a 0)

million . dollars line of credit facility. This >OI3 ?ank of India facility, likely to be operationalised by mid-())8 "ill catalyse trade and investment bet"een the t"o countries.

ultural E*changes
India and Afghanistan have common cultural roots and share their classical musical traditions. Afghan musicians have participated in various Indian music festivals. The most recent performances include the band Talaash Gthe P9uestH at the AARA ?and @estival on ()th @ebruary in Be" =elhi and the 9a"ali group led by 3ir Ahmed ham, "hich performed together "ith Indian 9a"ali groups in Be" =elhi on (*st @ebruary ())8. In Bovember ())E, an Indian 9a"ali group led by #yder ?aksh 5arsi performed in $abul, #erat and 3a%ar-eharif. Indian musical groups also participate annually at the Ba"ro% festival at 3a%are harif.

Indian cultural centre. (abul

An Indian Aultural Aentre "as set up in the Indian >mbassy in $abul, "ith the support of Indian Aouncil for Aultural Relations in ())C. It no" has an Indian vocal music teacher and a yoga instructor, both of "hom take classes for Afghan students. The Aentre also screens films and arranges concerts of Afghan and Indian musicians. These sho"s and performances are open to the public. IAAR sponsored a painting e-hibition in Be" =elhi in eptember ())E by *E contemporary "omen artists from Afghanistan Gin the age group *D-(0H at the Indira 2andhi Bational Aouncil of Art, in collaboration "ith the Aentre for Aontemporary Arts of Afghanistan. An e-hibition by 6) Indian "omen artists, PAelebrating 5omen is due in Afghanistan in mid())8.

India-Afghanistan foundation
An India-Afghanistan @oundation for fostering educational, cultural, scientific and technical cooperation bet"een the t"o countries "as set up in ())E. A seminar on P$h"a;a 3oinuddin Ahishti and the Ahistia Tradition "as held under its auspices at the 1amia 3ilia .niversity, Be" =elhi, in @ebruary ())8. Another seminar, on P5omen bet"een Tradition and 3odernity in Afghanistan and India is being planned in $abul at end-1une ())8 in cooperation "ith the Afghan 3inistry for 5omens Affairs. The @oundation has plans to help in translations and publication of several volumes in =ari and !ashto, encourage e-change of scholars and historians, and revival of the 9uarterly literary maga%ine, P#ind.

3edia, Information and culture

India and Afghanistan have commenced e-changes of media persons. >-changes of radio and television programmes are on the anvil. RTA is planning e-tensive coverage of Afghan monuments in India. India has supplied musical instruments to Afghan universities, music academies, the Afghan Bational Army band, and Afghan Radio + Television. India helped

restore the television hard"are in 1alalabad and set up a TI studio, TI transmitter, a mobile TI satellite uplink and 0 TI relay centres. In ())8, India is planning to augment its radio broadcasts in =ari, !ashto and ?aloch languages.

Sources&
*. http://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/afghanistan-aug-2012.pdf (. http://mea.gov.in/Uploads/Publication ocs/1!"#india-and-afghanistan-adevelopment-partnership.pdf