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Why is the volumetric flask stoppered after the standard solution is prepared?

-To prevent contaminants from entering the flask and to prevent evaporation of the solution. Test for sulphate ion. Pour 2cm^3 of sulphuric acid into a test tube.Add in 1cm^3 of hydrochloric acid and 2cm^3 of barium chloride solution. A white precipitate is formed. Test for Cl- ions in HCL. Pour HCL into a test tube followed by silver nitrate solution. The formation of a white precipitate will confirm the presence of chloride ions. Test for H+ ions in HCL. Pour HCL into a test tube followed by a few pieces of zinc. Test the released gas with a lighted splinter. The presence of hydrogen will be confirmed by a pop sound. This will confirm the presence of ions H+ in HCL. Test for NH4+ ions in NH4Cl. Pour NH4Cl solution into a test tube followed by Nesslers reagent. The formation of a brown precipitate will confirm the presence of ammonium ions.(Add in NaOH and warm it, a pungent ammonia gas is given off. This also confirm the presence of NH4+ ions) Preparation of lead(II) sulphate. A beaker is filled with about 25cm^3 of 0.5 mol dm^-3 of lead(II) nitrate. This is followed by 25cm^3 of sodium sulphate solution. The mixture is then stirred with a glass rod. A white precipitate is formed. Pb(NO3)2+Na2SO4PbSO4+2NaNO3. The precipitate is then filtered out by using a filter funnel fitted with a piece of filter paper. The precipitate is washed with distilled water and dried by pressing between two pieces of filter paper. Test for nitrate ion. Add slowly 1cm^3 of concentrated sulphuric acid along the side of the tilted test tube. Do not shake the test tube. A brown ring will be formed. This will confirm the presence of nitrate ions. Test for Pb or Al. Pour 2cm^3 of salt solution into test tubes. Add 2cm^3 of sodium hydroxide solution a little at a time. A white precipitate is formed in the test tubes. Add in excess of sodium hydroxide solution into both test tube. If the precipitate dissolve. Test for Pb2+. Add 3 drops pf potassium iodide solution into lead(II) nitrate solution in a test tube. A yellow precipitate is formed. Test for No3- Add 2cm^3 of dilute sulphuric acid followed by 2cm^3 of dilute iron(II) sulphate solution into solution X in a test tube. Add concentrated sulphuric acid slowly into the mixture. A brown ring is formed. Test for ion(III). Pour about 2cm^3 of the mixture into a test tube followed by potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) K4Fe(CN)6 solution. A dark blue precipitate is observed. The formation of dark blue precipitate confirms the presence of iron(III) ions.

Group1. Alkali metal atom has 1 valence electron. During a chemical reaction alkali metal atom donates 1 electron to form a positive ion. Going down the group, atomic size increases. The distance between nucleus and valance electron increases. The valence is less strongly attracted by the nucleus. Alkali atom loses its valence electron more easily to form positive ion. 2M+cl22MCL 2M+2H2o2MOH+H2 4M+O22M2O M2O+H2O2MOH Group 17. Halogen atom has 7 valence electron. During a chemical reactions halogen atom receives 1 electron to form a negative ion. Going down to group atomic size increases. The distance between the nucleus and valence electrons increases. The electron gained is less strongly attracted by the nucleus. Halohens atoms less readily to accept one electron to form negative ion. X2+H2OHX+HOX 2Fe+3X22FeX3 2NaOH+X2NaX+NaOX+H2O

No of valence Formation of ions Reactivity Melting/Boiling point Reaction with water Atomic size Type of bonds

Group1 1 MM+eIncreases down the group Decreases down the group Produces alkali Increases down the group Metallic bond

Group 17 7 X+e- --X^Decreases down the group Increases down the group Produces acid Increases down the group Covalent bond

Napthalene is in the solid state. As naptalene is heated, heat energy is converted to kinetic energy. Kinetic energy increases and the molecules vibrate faster about their fixed positions. Temperature increases as the molecules receive more heat energy. As the kinetic energy of the molecules increases, the molecules vibrate faster. At point B, some molecules vibrate so much that they break away from their fixed positions. The solid naphthalene begins to melt. Naphthalene now consists of a mixture of solid and liquid. At this region the temperature remains constant because the heat energy supplied by the water bath is the same amount as the heat energy absorbed. Heat energy is absorbed to overcome the forces of attraction holding the naphthalene molecules together in the solid state. The heat absorbed to overcome the forces of attraction is called the latent heat fusuin. Latent heat of fusion of a substance is the heat required to convert a solid into a liquid without a change in temperature. Relative molecular mass. The number of times one molecule of the compound is heavier than onetwelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. One mole is the amount of substance which contains the same number of particles as there are in 12 grams of carbon-12.

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